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A Critical Overview of Plato's Epistemology in Dialectic of Meno

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A Critical Overview of Plato's Epistemology in Dialectic of Meno ORIGINAL ARTICLE European Journal of Theology and Philosophy www.ej-theology.org A Critical Overview of Plato’s Epistemology in Dialectic of Meno Ven. Wadigala Samitharathana ABSTRACT Plato's epistemology precisely seems that a prospective analysis of human knowledge and virtue. The dialectic of Meno often has made up several Published Online: February 20, 2021 attempts to arrive at rather intellectual and ambiguous complexes. It worked ISSN: 2736-5514 on the following critical issues over the dialogue. Mainly, the methodology of DOI: 10.24018/ejtheology.2021.1.1.8 recollection and forms, immortality of the soul, concepts of real and reason have crucially discussed there. In particular, the above theoretical Ven. Wadigala Samitharathana approaches have fundamentally based on virtue and knowledge. Otherwise, Department of Philosophy a few technical terminologies have been utilised continuously in Faculty of Arts University of Peradeniya, the Meno like, 'epistêmê,' 'doxa.' The Meno's Paradoxa could tremendously Sri Lanka stimulate subjective morphemes. Meno's epistemology's succinct scope is that (e-mail: samitharathana23@ gmail.com) the contrasted conversation is constructed between metaphysical matters and facts of the knowledge, belief, or real opinion and other inevitable, formative elements during the acquisition of sensual perception. Keywords: belief, epistemology, knowledge, meno, virtue that it is the valid, reliable opinion and can therefore be I. INTRODUCTION acquired only by divine inspiration (Stone 2010, 1). Thus, the Here it would be hopeful to discuss in contrast Meno's eristic dilemma circumvented a few intellectual epistemology of Plato's Meno. This brief study ought to be aspects and attempted to consist of some epistemological revealed the contextual critique just towards only Meno issues. Insofar it looks forward to analysing how the Meno depicts Phaedo and Theaetetus, which were the most could be in progress theory of knowledge. significant dilemmas of Plato. Primarily, in the Meno and Phaedo, Plato has engaged with the theory of recollection, the II. DISCUSSION theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the concepts A. What is Epistêmê or Epistemology? "true opinion/judgement" and "an explanation of the reason At the whole dialogue of Meno, Plato exclusively used the why" to illustrate a complete epistemological system (Sheng technical terminology of ‘epistêmê.' However; it was always 2015, 1). Plato's Epistemology seems constructed on with some another morpheme called 'doxa’ (Moline 1981, something he interprets epistêmê, often translated 191).2 So this has conventionally been recognised and 1 'knowledge’ (Matthews 1972, 13). In the Meno, there are interpreted as ‘Meno’s Paradoxa’ by the post-commentators making some coherent differences between knowledge and (Suzuki 2011, 2). In the Meno, the proper answer would seem belief. It does mind it has indeed appeared as a central obvious: episteme or epistemology is the knowledge utilising interrogative fact here. Socrates and Meno arrive at two virtue that can teach. However, the platonic dialogues link up different hypotheses: in the first part of the dialogue, that with the theory that there are unchanging and eternal forms, virtue is knowledge and can therefore teach; in the second, which are the objects of knowledge, during the many DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejtheology.2021.1.1.8 Vol 1 | Issue 1 | February 2021 4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE European Journal of Theology and Philosophy www.ej-theology.org controversial perceptible particulars. It might also contrast recollection theory, which figures large in the Meno and with belief. Then the epistemology has been in a contrasted Phaedo, is near contributed to Plato to above intra- conversation between knowledge and belief. Herein taking a distinction. It is between necessary and contingent truths and few passages from the Meno: the intra-distinction between knowledge and belief he aligned 1) More valuable than Doxa (Meno 97d, Republic 476e) with it (Fine ([2009]-2010, 4).8 It did not pursue in later 2) Harder to achieve than Doxa (Meno 85c-d) (Moss 2020: dialogues, except the present acquisition of knowledge that 1) Plato considers always. Particular forms or images of knowledge is indeed By the above facts, it seems, of course, some more striking typically distinguishable from the belief by reference to their similarities on epistêmê. It does mind it is not a surprise to different objects and material facts. Then knowledge deems knowing that episteme is knowledge. The contemporary as necessarily true. In terms of ontological differences epistemologists tend to look at Plato as the founder of the between forms and particulars, timeless truths and shifting discipline. Moreover, even as the author of one of the contingencies, and corresponding different states of mind, but dominant knowledge theories, as justified true belief also in terms of a systematic body of knowledge, (Armstrong 1973, 137).3 Plato says about epistêmê may be hierarchically organised (Matthews 1972, 16-17), (Cornford rather difficult to reconcile with the knowledge as it is a 1935, 154-162).9 There seems no room left for Meno’s slave- variant topographical context. For some examples: boy coming to know what he now rightly believes nor much 1) Requires reasoning out of the cause or explanation (aitias room for being reminded of equality by seeing equal, or logismos, Meno 98a) unequal, sticks. Plato is as ruthless with his argument as with 2) It is more than a well-grounded true belief (Meno 85c-d) his prisoners. According to Meno’s dialogues, belief is at (Burnyeat 2015, 23)4 most the beginning of a long trek, which will take one through 3) Cannot be transmitted by testimony (Theaetetus 201c, all known and foreseeable mathematics towards the Meno passim, Rep. 518b-c) (Moss 2020, 2) philosophical goal and knowledge must be of what timeless These are the several clues which do indicate the and changeless, and must also have a particular starting point 10 epistemological configures in Plato’s Meno unavoidably. (Majeed 2014, 1), (Matthews 1972, 16-17). Now it has been a critical reason to concerning epistêmê in together with knowledge and belief. C. The judgment of Virtue | Virtue as Knowledge? In particular, Plato has acutely concerned with at least a Here the conversation of virtue would seem like the most few of the following philosophical approaches toward prominent and controversial argumentation fact undoubtedly. 5 epistêmê or epistemology in Meno (Matthews 1972). The reason for such a dilemma may probably be the necessity 1) How could it be different between knowledge and belief? of knowing and verifying what virtue is. Based on the Meno, 2) Are our knowledge and belief incompatible? first at foremost, it should precisely be known that (1) what 3) Is knowledge by acquaintance, or is the object of virtue is and (2) what teaching is (Stone 2010, 3). Socrates knowledge necessarily complex? observes that the question 'Is virtue teachable?' cannot be 4) If knowledge is concerned with the case, can a belief be answered until one knows what one means by virtue. In concerned with what is not the case? getting tried to answer the question, Meno a priori says a 5) How do we arrive at knowledge as distinct from belief? different approach to every individual or separate groups of people-men, women, young, old, and so far. The Meno B. The Key Contradictions between Knowledge and remarks that justice and temperance for all humankind are Belief necessary to indicate that at least all truth must be based on The Meno mainly shows that Plato has convinced a couple and comprehend the 'quiet' moral virtues (Bluck 1961, 4-5)11- of issues on this matter. (1) Getting tried to take a position on a hint as to the nature of virtue which Meno should have behalf of belief in between perfect knowledge and blank followed up. ignorance or sensory illusion (2) Getting tried to draw up Meno’s eristic dilemma may divide into the following criteria to differentiate between knowledge and true belief synthetic overview. It does mind help make comprehension (Matthews 1972, 14-15). Here the knowledge and belief of Meno’s epistemology in many perspective ways (Bluck should be identified by themselves in verifying the multiple 1961).12 branches occupied. It is possible to perceive and have beliefs 1) The question 'Is virtue teachable?' raises the foremost about a pair of sticks, whereas although supported to question 'What is virtue?' Then several attempts are made 'recollection' by particulars, it is occurring the mind alone that to define virtue. it already knows equality and the equality there may be 2) The question 'How can you look for something you do between sticks, gradually with other forms and forms-in- not know, or organise it if you find it out? objects.6 3) Meno again asks, 'Is virtue teachable?' Socrates Knowledge of forms recollected and unlike belief.7 That undertakes to investigate the question utilising links the ability to give an account of what is known. The hypothesis, a method used by geometricians: Let us DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejtheology.2021.1.1.8 Vol 1 | Issue 1 | February 2021 5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE European Journal of Theology and Philosophy www.ej-theology.org suppose that virtue is a kind of knowledge. If it is, it will interpreted to be a limiting condition for 'virtue is teachable': be teachable; otherwise, it will not. However, virtue is if the condition is satisfied, virtue will be teachable, but if it knowledge. Therefore virtue is teachable. is not, virtue will not be teachable (Bluck 1961, 17-18). 4) Socrates suggests that there is an objection to this According to Meno’s dialectic context, it has precisely conclusion. If a thing is teachable, there ought to be affiliated with the assumption of knowledge, which is the teachers of it.
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