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A Multidisciplinary Approach to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

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A Multidisciplinary Approach to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) molecules Review A Multidisciplinary Approach to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Aliye Gediz Erturk 1, Arzu Sahin 2, Ebru Bati Ay 3, Emel Pelit 4, Emine Bagdatli 1,*, Irem Kulu 5, Melek Gul 6,*, Seda Mesci 7, Serpil Eryilmaz 8 , Sirin Oba Ilter 9 and Tuba Yildirim 10 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ordu University, Altınordu, Ordu 52200, Turkey; [email protected] 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences—Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, U¸sakUniversity, 1-EylulU¸sak64000, Turkey; [email protected] 3 Department of Plant and Animal Production, Suluova Vocational School, Amasya University, Suluova, Amasya 05100, Turkey; [email protected] 4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli 39000, Turkey; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey; [email protected] 6 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Amasya University, Ipekkoy, Amasya 05100, Turkey 7 Scientific Technical Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Çorum 19030, Turkey; [email protected] 8 Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Amasya University, Ipekkoy, Amasya 05100, Turkey; [email protected] 9 Food Processing Department, Suluova Vocational School, Amasya University, Suluova, Amasya 05100, Turkey; [email protected] Citation: Gediz Erturk, A.; Sahin, A.; 10 Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Amasya University, Ipekkoy, Amasya 05100, Turkey; Bati Ay, E.; Pelit, E.; Bagdatli, E.; Kulu, [email protected] I.; Gul, M.; Mesci, S.; Eryilmaz, S.; * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.B.); [email protected] (M.G.); Tel.: +90-358-2421613 (M.G.) Oba Ilter, S.; et al. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Coronavirus Disease Abstract: Since December 2019, humanity has faced an important global threat. Many studies have (COVID-19). Molecules 2021, 26, 3526. been published on the origin, structure, and mechanism of action of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the https://doi.org/10.3390/ treatment of its disease. The priority of scientists all over the world has been to direct their time to molecules26123526 research this subject. In this review, we highlight chemical studies and therapeutic approaches to Academic Editors: Nazim Sekeroglu, overcome COVID-19 with seven different sections. These sections are the structure and mechanism of M. Amparo F. Faustino, Anake Kijjoa action of SARS-CoV-2, immunotherapy and vaccine, computer-aided drug design, repurposing thera- and Sevgi Gezici peutics for COVID-19, synthesis of new molecular structures against COVID-19, food safety/security and functional food components, and potential natural products against COVID-19. In this work, we Received: 28 April 2021 aimed to screen all the newly synthesized compounds, repurposing chemicals covering antiviral, anti- Accepted: 4 June 2021 inflammatory, antibacterial, antiparasitic, anticancer, antipsychotic, and antihistamine compounds Published: 9 June 2021 against COVID-19. We also highlight computer-aided approaches to develop an anti-COVID-19 molecule. We explain that some phytochemicals and dietary supplements have been identified as Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral antiviral bioproducts, which have almost been successfully tested against COVID-19. In addition, we with regard to jurisdictional claims in present immunotherapy types, targets, immunotherapy and inflammation/mutations of the virus, published maps and institutional affil- immune response, and vaccine issues. iations. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; cytokine storm; immunotherapy; vaccine development; in-silico research; small drugs; repurposing drugs; dietary supplements; natural products Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article 1. Introduction distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Over the past two decades, coronaviruses (CoVs) have been associated with significant Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// disease outbreaks in East Asia and the Middle East. The severe acute respiratory syndrome creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) began to emerge in 2003 and 4.0/). 2012, respectively. Previously, they were known to be important agents of respiratory and Molecules 2021, 26, 3526. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123526 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2021, 26, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 44 1. Introduction Over the past two decades, coronaviruses (CoVs) have been associated with signifi- cant disease outbreaks in East Asia and the Middle East. The severe acute respiratory syn- Molecules 2021, 26, 3526 2 of 44 drome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) began to emerge in 2003 and 2012, respectively. Previously, they were known to be important agents of respiratory and enteric infections of domestic and companion animals and to cause approximately enteric infections of domestic and companion animals and to cause approximately 15% of 15% of all cases ofall the cases common of the commoncold. These cold. viruses, These viruses, a genus a genusin the in Coronaviridae the Coronaviridae family family (order (order Nidovirales)Nidovirales) (Figure 1), (Figure are pleomorphic1), are pleomorphic and enveloped. and enveloped. Figure 1. The current taxonomyFigure 1. Theof the current order taxonomy Nidovirales. of the order Nidovirales. A new coronavirusA newthat coronaviruscauses the coronavi that causesrus the disease coronavirus (COVID-19) disease (COVID-19)recently emerged recently emerged in the world in late 2019, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- in the world in late 2019, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 CoV-2), posing a global health threat [1]. The virus was first detected on 12 December 2019 (SARS-CoV-2), posingin Wuhan a global City, health Hubei Province,threat [1]. China. The virus The World was first Health detected Organization on 12 (WHO)Decem- announced ber 2019 in Wuhanon City, 11 February Hubei Province, 2020 that theChina. current The CoV-associated World Health disease Organization had been (WHO) officially named announced on 11COVID-19 February [20202]. that the current CoV-associated disease had been offi- cially named COVID-19CoVs [2]. belong to the Coronaviridae (subfamily Coronavirinae) family, whose members CoVs belonginfect to the a wideCoronaviridae variety of hosts, (subfamily producing Coronavirinae) a variety of symptoms family, and whose diseases mem- such as SARS, bers infect a wide MERS,variety and of currentlyhosts, producin COVID,g which a variety are allof muchsymptoms more severe and diseases than the such common as cold and SARS, MERS, andcan currently be ultimately COVID, fatal. which SARS-CoV-2 are all ismuch considered more onesevere of the than seven the memberscommon of the CoV family that infects humans [3] and belongs to the same CoV lineage that causes SARS, but cold and can be ultimately fatal. SARS-CoV-2 is considered one of the seven members of this new virus is genetically different [4,5]. Fan et al. predicted potential SARS or MERS-like the CoV family thatCoV infects outbreaks humans in China [3] followingand belongs pathogen to the transmission same CoV fromlineage bats that [6]. Thecauses emergence of SARS, but this newnew virus CoVs is maygenetically have been differen madet possible [4,5]. Fan by et the al. retention predicted of morepotential than oneSARS CoV in their or MERS-like CoVnatural outbreaks hosts, in which China could following support pathogen the possibility transmission of genetic from recombination bats [6]. The [7]. The high emergence of newgenetic CoVs diversitymay have and been the made ability possible to infect moreby the than retention one host of species more than are a one result of high- CoV in their naturalfrequency hosts, mutationswhich could in CoVs support caused the by thepossibility instability of of genetic RNA-dependent recombination RNA polymerases [7]. The high genetic(RdRp) diversity together and with the higher ability rates to of infect homologous more RNAthan recombinationone host species[2,8]. are Identifying a the result of high-frequencyorigin of mutations SARS-CoV-2 in and CoVs the evolutioncaused by of the the pathogeninstability will of makeRNA-dependent important contributions to disease surveillance [9], the development of targeted new drugs, and the prevention of RNA polymerases (RdRp) together with higher rates of homologous RNA recombination other outbreaks [10]. [2,8]. Identifying the originFrom aof considerable SARS-CoV-2 number and (186)the evolution of pre-clinical of the developments pathogen worldwide,will make at least 87 important contributionsin human to clinical disease trials surveillan and 17 ince emergency [9], the development use have announced of targeted COVID-19 new preventing drugs, and the preventionvaccine candidates of other outbreaks [11–13]. The [10]. messenger RNA vaccine, inactivated virus vaccine, DNA From a considerableplasmid vaccinenumber methodologies, (186) of pre-cl andinical others developments were the start ofworldwide, COVID-19 preventionat least [14–16]. 87 in human clinicalOther trials important and 17 treatment in emergency methods use called have immunotherapy announced COVID-19 can create anprevent- immune response ing vaccine candidatesagainst [11–13]. coronavirus. The messenger RNA vaccine, inactivated virus vaccine, DNA plasmid
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