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Contents INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… ……2 1. SLAVE LIFE…………………………………………………...7 1.1 FAMILY ………………………………………………… ……8 1.2 SLAVE LABOUR ……………………………………………...9 1.3 CLOTHING AND DWELLING ………………………………...10 1.4 ORAL LORE ………………………………………………….11 1.5 RELIGION ……………………………………………… ……12 1.5.1 Spirituals ………………………………………………… …..13 1.5.2 Voodoo …………………………………………………… ….14 1.5.3 Funerals ………………………………………………… …..15 1.5.4 Life after Life ………………………………………………..16 CHRONOLOGY …………………………………………………1 7 NOTES ………………………………………………………….1 9 - 1 - 2. AUTOBIOGRAPHY……………………………………… …21 2.1 PERSONAL EXPERIENCE NARRATIVES ……………………21 2.1.1 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass …………………25 2.1.2 Booker T. Washington ………………………………………44 2.2 DU BOIS ……………………………………………………4 8 NOTES ……………………………………………………… … 51 3. FICTION…………………………………………………… .. 53 3.1 TONI MORRISON ………………………………………….. 53 NOTES ………………………………………………………….5 7 CONCLUSION……………………………………………… …..59 SUMMARY…………………………………………………… …62 RESUMÉ……………………………………………………… …63 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………… …..64 - 2 - INTERNET SOURCES………………………………………….66 Introduction "I believe in Liberty for all men: the space to stretch their arms and their souls, the right to breathe and the right to vote, the freedom to choose their friends, enjoy the sunshine, and ride on the railroads, uncursed by color; thinking, dreaming, working as1 they will in a kingdom of beauty and love.“ ( Du Bois: 1920: page 4 ) The institution of slavery was abolished by Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. It was a declaration made by Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America. Lincoln announced that all slaves in the Confederate territories were freed. These territories were in rebellion against the United States at the time of the Civil war (1860 -1865). Slaves in areas controlled by the Union were not freed until 1865, when Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery as legal institution. However, we should not forget that it existed and still exists in a form of modern commerce in humans traffiicking. Therefore I tried to understand the nature of this institution and began my study of African American personal experience narratives from the 19 century. My thesis seeks to understand how African American writers depicted their lives that are worth telling stories about. They have a unique place in American history. African Americans were removed from their native land to become slaves of a white man. African asked himself: "My master! and who made him my master? That's what I think of--what right has he to me? I'm a man as much as he is." ( Stowe: 1986: Chapter 3 2 ) But he received no answer. His fate was in hands of a white man. In deciding a topic for my diploma work an important factor was that I would enjoy and be really interested in it. I have always admired fight of - 3 - minorities for their rights. Nowdays rights and freedoms are ensured by the universal declaration of human rights. There should be no distinction of race, colour, sex, or age. Nevertheless, we are still witnesses of racial and sexual discrimination. The first definite impulse to write about African American literature came from Alice Walker´s amazing novel The Color Purple . After reading this book about life of African American girl Celie I became really interested in deeper study of African Americans´ suffering and fight for better future. ´ Dear God : I am fourteen years old . I have always been a good girl . Maybe you can give me a sign8 letting me know what is happening to me … (Walker: 1983: page 3) By these words begins Alice Walker´s amazing novel The Color Purple , which brought her Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1983. This touching book became massive international bestseller. I really enjoyed reading it and the main character Celie with her life story deeply touched my heart. It is a story about a modern slave. Celie becomes a slave of her own black father and husband. I thought it would be a challenging area of subject if I deeper analyse the works of the writers who had a personal experience with slavery and discrimination, such as Frederick Douglass, B.T.Washington, Du Bois and compare them with the work of Toni Morrison who used her imagination to create sentimental and touching story about a life of an Afro-American former slave. "I believe in the Training of Children, black even as white; the leading out of little souls into the green pastures and beside the still waters, not for pelf or peace, but for life lit by some large vision of beauty and goodness and truth; lest we forget, and the sons of the fathers, like Esau, for mere meat barter their birthright2 in a mighty nation.“ (Du Bois: 1920: page 4 ) The full acquisition of English ( white men ) language could have open the gates between the two worlds, but white people had the keys and did not want to elevate the slaves to become full members of human community. - 4 - Therefore they created Slave Codes. It was a set of laws passed between 1690 and 1730. These laws described rights and responsibilites of slaves and their masters. Slaves were considered as their master´s property and they were not allowed to move freely or own anything. “A slave is one who is in the power of a master to whom he belongs. The master may sell him, dispose of his person, his industry and his labor. He can do nothing, possess nothing, nor acquire any thing, but what must9 belong; to his master.” ( Goodel: 1853: page 23) They could be punished by whipping or got sold and separated from their family. Black Codes replaced Slave Codes in 1865. By this way Southerneres wanted to control ex-slaves and abolish their new freedoms. Written and spoken language were signs of reason in the period of Enlightenment. They raised man above the animals. They exalted one nation above another. Slave Codes prohibited African Americans from freedom of education. To teach a slave to read or write was considered as a criminal act by the 1850´s. South Carolina.—Act of 1740:“Whereas, the having slaves taught to write, or suffering them to be employed in writing, may be attended with great inconveniences; Be it enacted, that all and every person and persons whatsoever, who shall hereafter teach or cause any slave or slaves to be taught to write, or shall use or employ any slave as a scribe, in any manner of writing whatsoever, hereafter taught to write, every such person or persons shall, for every such offense, forfeit the sum9 of one hundred pounds, current money.” (Goodel: 1853: page 319) I find the improvement of education of black society as one of the main factors which will help to break the boundaries between the black and white worlds.The intellectuality of the black slaves was denied at all points. The white men assertion that black men are not human beings and that they do not belong to the human race caused closure of every book printed to the black slaves´ eyes. Therefore the greatest desire of Frederick Douglass and other slaves was to learn how to read. Each chapter of this diploma work is organized around close readings of one of four texts- Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an - 5 - American Slave (1845) by Frederick Douglass; Up From Slavery: An Autobiography (1901) by Booker T. Washington; The Souls of Black Folk (1903) by Du Bois; and Beloved (1988) by Toni Morrison. Firstly I would like to provide a historical background of slavery. I mainly deal with life and culture of African Americans during the period of slavery (1750 -1850s). I depict slave family, labour, clothing and dwelling, oral lore, religion, weddings, childbirth and funerals. I provide a table with important historical datas at the end of the chapter. I mainly used Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic and Encyclopedia of Southern culture . The main inspiration for writing about Slave Codes came from a book The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice written by missionary and abolitionist William Goodell. The main aim of my study is to deeper analyze motives of slavery in authentic narratives by African American writers from 19th century. I would like to compare the personal experience with slavery of Frederick Douglass and B.T.Washington and radical opinions of Du Bois with fictional work and study of 20th century African American author Toni Morrison. I also intend to examine question of education. I want to show of how vital importance to the status of southern black slaves was education. It has been and still is a main institutional mean to gain personal respect, economic security and racial progress in the white men world. In order to better understanding of widespread black enthusiasm for education I try to deeper analyze the Narrative of Frederick Douglass and how hard was for him to start learning reading in the period of slavery. I go further with my research and examine the work of B.T. Washington who became a leading symbol of black accommodation to political disfranchisement and exercised considerable influence over the quality of segregated and underfunded black educational institutions and systems - 6 - throughout the South. ( Encyclopedia of Southern culture : 1989: page 151) 5 I try to ilustrate how it was hard to maintain skills of reading and writing in the period of slavery. I ilustrate hard beginnings of Frederick Douglass, B.T. Wasshington and radical fight of Du Bois, who became a professor at Atlanta University and encouraged research on black life. It was a difficult and long fight for rights and freedoms, but it paid in the end. Toni Morrison is a living proof. She was the first African American woman who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. - 7 - 1. Slave life The first Africans were transported to Virginia in 1619.