2.1 Materials Can Be Classified As Solid, Liquid Or Gas Based on Their Observable Properties

2.1 Materials can be classified as solid, liquid or gas based on their observable properties. Enduring Understanding(s) Essential Questions (A) There are observable differences • What makes a substance a solid, between solids, liquids and gases. liquid or gas? (B) Scientific inquiry is a thoughtful • Can I make a substance change from and coordinated attempt to search one state to another? out, describe, explain and predict natural phenomena. (C) Scientific literacy includes speaking, listening, presenting, interpreting, reading and writing about science. GRADE-LEVEL EXPECTATIONS: 1. All materials (matter) take up space. Matter can be classified by whether it is in solid, liquid or gas form. Each state of matter has unique properties. 2. Solids are the only state of matter that keep their own shape. A solid’s shape can only be changed if a force is applied to it, such as hammering, slicing or twisting. Solids can be hard, soft, bouncy or stretchy. 3. Solids take up a certain amount of space (volume); the volume does not change if the solid is placed in different containers. 4. Liquids do not have their own shape; they go to the bottom of a container and take on the shape of the part of the container they occupy. Liquids pour and flow from a higher point to a lower point; some liquids flow faster than others. 5. Liquids have a definite volume. When a liquid is poured into different containers, the shape of the liquid may change, but the volume does not. 6. Gases do not have a definite shape; they take on the shape of whatever container they occupy. For example, the air in an inflated balloon can be squeezed and reshaped. 7. Gases do not have a definite volume; they spread out in all directions to fill any size container, or they keep spreading in all directions if there is no container. For example, blowing even a small amount of air into a balloon immediately fills the entire balloon; the smell of baking bread eventually fills the entire house and even outside. .

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Equations of State and Thermodynamics of Solids Using Empirical Corrections in the Quasiharmonic Approximation
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 84, 184103 (2011) Equations of state and thermodynamics of solids using empirical corrections in the quasiharmonic approximation A. Otero-de-la-Roza* and V´ıctor Luana˜ † Departamento de Qu´ımica F´ısica y Anal´ıtica, Facultad de Qu´ımica, Universidad de Oviedo, ES-33006 Oviedo, Spain (Received 24 May 2011; revised manuscript received 8 October 2011; published 11 November 2011) Current state-of-the-art thermodynamic calculations using approximate density functionals in the quasi- harmonic approximation (QHA) suffer from systematic errors in the prediction of the equation of state and thermodynamic properties of a solid. In this paper, we propose three simple and theoretically sound empirical corrections to the static energy that use one, or at most two, easily accessible experimental parameters: the room-temperature volume and bulk modulus. Coupled with an appropriate numerical fitting technique, we show that experimental results for three model systems (MgO, fcc Al, and diamond) can be reproduced to a very high accuracy in wide ranges of pressure and temperature. In the best available combination of functional and empirical correction, the predictive power of the DFT + QHA approach is restored. The calculation of the volume-dependent phonon density of states required by QHA can be too expensive, and we have explored simplified thermal models in several phases of Fe. The empirical correction works as expected, but the approximate nature of the simplified thermal model limits significantly the range of validity of the results. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.184103 PACS number(s): 64.10.+h, 65.40.−b, 63.20.−e, 71.15.Nc I.
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VISCOSITY of a GAS -Dr S P Singh Department of Chemistry, a N College, Patna
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Viscosity of Gases References
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Sounds of a Supersolid A
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Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
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