GEOLOGI CAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY

H ENRY B . KfiMM EL . STATE GEOLOGI ST

BULLETI 1 N 3 .

I NDI AN H ABI TATI ONS I N SUSSEX COUNTY NEW JERSEY

MAX SCHRABI SCH

I ELD I NDI AN REM AI NS NEAR PLA NFI , LO G THE UNI ON 00 , AND A N LOWER DELAWARE VALLEY

BY ) LESLIE SPIER

DI SPATCH PRI NTI NG Conmuv

O H LL . . UNI N I , N J

TAB LE OF CONTENTS

P f re ace .

nd an a itat ons in ussex Count Ne w e rs e b M ax chrabisch I i H b i S y, J y, y S .

nd an Re ma ns ne ar Plainfie ld n on Count and a on h e Lowe r e aware I i i , U i y , l g t D l a e b Le sli r S e . V ll y , y e pi

LI S o U R I ON T r ILL ST AT S.

str ut on o n n Re ma n in u ss o n f d a M a . Di ib i I i i s S e x C u ty . ( p )

e co rate d Potte r from the u e e awar a e D y pp r D l e V ll y .

e cora e d Potte r fr rt L D t y om Swa swood ake .

e cora e d Po tte r from th e c n t o f e wton D t y Vi i i y N .

‘ e co ra t P t r r l D e d o te y f om the Wallki l Valley . - s an B anne rstone s fro m th e Indi an Bu ri al Gr ound III e ar M inisink I l d .

ro n P an h e Ro c H o s B vans G u d l o f t k u e ne ar e .

r Gro und Plan o f th e Ro ck H ouse ne ar Uppe r Swa tswood .

' round P an o f th e Ro c ouse at Gum H o o w Swartswood La e . G l k H ll , k n r infi l Di str ibutio n of Ind i an Re mai s ne a Pla e d . a Distr ibutio n o f Indi an Re mains along th e l owe r De law re .

n a R m on M aur ce R v r Distribution o f I di n e ains al g i i e .

A H B ONS SUSSEX CO Y INDI N A ITATI IN UNT , J . By

M ax ch bis h P te r n S ra c a so . . , , N J

CON TE NTS.

a te r . e ne ra c s Ch p I G l Di s u sion.

n ro o n I t ducti .

P s ca fe ature s o f uss oun hy i l S e x C ty .

e e c S l tion o f Site s .

s r i o n f Di t buti o Site s .

Ro c e e rs k sh lt .

u r a ro nd s B i l g u .

ra s T il .

Ra w ma te r ial .

a te r e scr t o n an L a s Ch p D ip i d oc tion o f Site .

e n r n G e al s tate me t.

on e u r e a re Al g th ppe D l wa .

n and ne r K ta n n n O a it ti ny M ou tai .

e ar wartswo od La nd N S ke a Stillwate r .

e ar ran u N T q ility .

e e N ar And ov r .

B e twe e n H nts ur w n n Laf te u b g, Ne to a d ayet .

n rman a O Ge y Fl ts .

I n th e va e s o f a R ve r and Pa a at n re e ll y W llkill i p k i g C k.

I n e rn n a n n he ad o n n and V o V lley a d o t j i i g Highl s .

PR E FA C E .

The archaeological investigations commenced in the summer

1 1 2 1 1 of 9 were continued during the field season of 9 3 . Inas much as the extreme northern part of the State had not been ’ d touched in the first season s work , it was eemed advisable for

Schrabi h Mr . Max sc to spend about four and a half months in a careful exploration of such part of Sussex County as he

was able to cover in the time and with the means available . M r. Leslie Spier spent a short time on investigations near Plain

field , along the creeks of Gloucester and Salem counties and

in the drainage area of Maurice River . The results of this work was to add much to our knowledge of the character

N e w and distribution of Indian habitations in Jersey . The dis

ove r Sch rabisc h - five c y by Mr . of twenty rock houses in Sussex County and their careful excavation has shown a use by the

- was Indians of these c ave like shelters , which until recently not even suspected . The thanks of the Survey are due to all tho se who have so generously assisted in loca ting sites and furnishing information , and it is hoped that the results of thes e investigations as set forth in the following pages will prove of interest and value to those of our citizens who desire to know more of the habits and homes of the prehistoric possessors of New Jersey .

HENRY B . KUMMEL ,

State Geologist.

CH APTE R I .

GE NERAL DI SCUSSION

I N OD C I ON TR U T .

w wo n 1 1 The riter began rk in Sussex Cou ty early in May , 9 3 , for the purpo se of ma king as far as time and funds permitt ed a sys tematic exploration for Indian camp and village sites and the collection of such material from these sites as seemed

an l worth preserving . During the four months d a half availab e fo r i 2 a th s work 34 sites of the borigines were located , principally the and in western central portions of the county . These were and s 2 for the mos t part camp village site , but they include 5 rock shelters , all of which were subj ected to systematic exc a vation . It was most gratifying to find that many persons Of the county possessed a live ly interest in everything pertaining to m n a o m Indian lore , as de o strated by m ny fine collections , s e of which c ontain specimens representing the highest degr ee o f

workmanship of which the Lenni Lenape Indian was c apable . But as a result Of this previous activity of local collecto rs fe w m d surface finds were a e by the writer, the ancient Indian fields h aving practically been denuded of their best treasures years e ago . Fortunately , however , the local res arches had not been extended to the rock shelters . These yielded considerable ma te rial m s m , frag ent of pottery , as well as i plements of war , of the chase and of domestic use . ’ Among the private collections that came to the inves tigator s

l : . notic e were tho se of the fo lowing persons Israel L Hallock ,

O . o . . Peter wen , J Vict r Rosenkrans , J S Decker , Sayre Shaw “ m o f and Lawrence Hol es , all of Newton ; Frederick Sliker Sus

B larc o m . S sex Mills ; Frederick Van , Lafayette ; H cudder,

Spa rta ; George W illiams and George Tucker , Branchville ; o M c Go y e rn Fred erick Laws n , Lake Owassa ; James , Franklin

a n a , Furnace ; John G al , Middleville ; Fra k Bl ckford Upper

latb ro okv ille . . Swart s wood ; Eugene Rosenkrans , F ; A M Depuy ,

Layto n ; Burson Bell , Minisink ; Mr . Merring , Tuttles Corner ; (7) 8 INDIAN HABITATIONS .

. col John Martin and J . S . Appleman , Tranquility All these - li lections abound in common arrow points and spearheads , b t they contain also some of the more elaborate products o f the abo m , riginal handiwork, such as highly polished celts to ahawks

and banner st o nes . The material used in the manufacture of the

- arrow points is mostly flint , of which there is an abundance in

m o i O the county , but in so e collecti ns were mplements of bsidian re . , and ch alcedony , material not native to this region If as

ported, these were found o u local sites , we have here evidence of the importation o f raw material or of finished products from S m o ewhat distant regions . The fact that so many pe o ple of the county ha ve taken a deep interest in these matters greatly facilitated the location Of the

sites . Particular thanks are due to Justice Israel Hallock , m George A . S ith , Peter Owen , all of Newton ; Frederick Van B l m a nd m f . arc o . . O E Ar strong , La ayette ; Charles E Stickney

m o a Fur and Arthur Wil ingt n , Sussex ; Joseph Edsall , Fr nklin f nace ; S . P . Vanderhoo , North Church ; J . P . Beardall , O wassa B Lake ; Frank lackford and Garret Pittinger , Upper Swarts

; . . , . V an wood C T Unangst Swartswood Lake ; John J Sickle , w as Bevans and John Martin , Tranquility . Not o nly much

valuable information received from these and other gentlemen , but l f in some instances guidance to p aces di ficult of access . Their r a se vices are herewith gr tefully acknowledged .

PH S C F S OF S SS X CO N Y I AL EATURE U E U TY .

m Sussex County , the ost northern and mountainous county o f Ne w Jersey , is approximately rectangular in outline , its four corners corresponding roughly to the four cardinal points of 1 the compass . Its only natural boundary is Delaware River , on

o are the n rthwest . On the other sides its limits arbitrary lines

fo r a except short distance at the south , where Lake Hopatcong M usc o ne tco n f r and g River separate it rom Mor is County . Ne w

York State lies on the northeast , Passaic and Morris counties o n W the southeast and arren County on the southw est . Its are a 1 80 is 535 square miles . Its greatest elevation , 9 feet , is H igh Point on Kitta tinny Mountain in the northern corner of the

1 Th e nd an name for e awar e R ve r was Lena e-whittuCk or Kit - ann I i D l i p h e , viz . , “ " r m n e on th e main s t e a i its r gi . N GE ERAL DISCUSSION. 9

c ; 2 1 ounty its least , 3 feet, is Delaware River at the mouth o f

Flat Brook in the western corner . Its extreme range in eleva t r a 1 00 ion is the efore a trifle less th n 5 feet .

Sussex County is essentially a land of mountains , hills , s and tream s lakes . On the northwest is Kittatinny Mountain ,

“ ” Pah a ualo n o q g M untain . With a steep and in places pre cipi 1 0 tous southeastern slope and an almost unbroken crest line , 5 0

feet in elevation , it is a most formidable barrier to travel except ’ at Culver s Gap , through which there is access to the country a D long the upper elaware . On the southe ast is the dissected

tableland known as the Highlands , the summits of whose hills range from 1 00 0 feet at the south to nearly 1 50 0 feet at th e n . s m o orth Innumerable valleys , o e br ad and shallow , others na rrow and deep , s eparate thes e hills and obscure the plateau l i ike character of the reg on . At the south the Pimple Hills and at the north Pochuck Mountain stand a little to the west of th e o f main mas s of the Highlands , which they are a part , and

'

from which they are separated , the former by the upper VVall k a ill V lley , the latter by Vernon Valley . Between Kittatinny Mountain on the northwest and the Highlands on the southeast is a broad rolling upland valley , known as Kittatinny Valley , 00 1 000 1 0 5 to feet lower than the bordering mountains , miles

a a wide and a part of the great App l chian Valley , which stretches i from Lake Champlain to Georg a . The floor of this great

valley is far from flat ; on the contrary , it is hilly in the ex subvalle s a treme . Several roughly parallel y tr verse it from northeast to southwest and are followed by the main streams f m a o the region . The most i portant of these is the P ulins Kill

Papakating Creek valley, from Stillwater, Swartswood Lake and Augusta to Sussex . Another extends from Huntsburg to

Springdale , Newton , Lafayette and Beaver Run . Another along the southeast side of the grea t valley from Tranquility to m Andover , Germany Flats , Monroe, Ha burg and the lower Wall su valle s kill Valley . The rock along these b y is for the most p art limestone whos e frequent outcrops often give rise to crags a nd precipitous ledges . Between these rocky hills are often fertile fields of loamy sand and gravel , the latter containing abundant material , from which the Indian could fashion his a a rrows , spears and other implements . L kes and swamps bor 1 0 N INDIA HABITATIONS .

- at dered by high, well drained gravel terraces o ccur many

o n s u v ll s c p i t along these s b a e y . The hilly ountry s eparating s u lle l ed the bva ys is mostly und erlain by slate . Rock ges are less numerous than in the limestone belts and t here are fewer

e am areas of loose sandy soil, exc pt on the borders of some sw ps

and lakes of the slate belts . and the D a Northwest of Kittatinny Mountain , between it el

a ae i l-l o f c ware , is narrow belt of country, arch olog ca y onsider o B o ne i able imp rtance . ordering Delaware River here on s de ,

a r there on the other, are series of loamy or gravelly te races , 2 l h i 0 60 the low est 0 feet or ess above t e river , the h ghest 5 or On th e e t feet ; their greatest widt h being l e ss than a mile. as

e 0 0 00 t a narrow , rocky ridg , Wallpack Ridge , rises 3 or 4 fee above thes e terraces and separates the Delaware Va lley from

o f the that Flat Brook . Sandy gravel terraces form floor of

to e w s e Flat Brook Valley , the as t of hich rise the t ep s lope s

of Kittatinny Mountain . The chief streams o f the cou nty are Del aw are Riv e r and o f o K ll Flat Brook northwest Kittatinny M untain ; Paulins i , ’ Run to Pequest River and Lubber s , tributary the Dela ware ; P o ch uck and Papakating Creek , Wallkill River and Creek, tribu r a ta y to Huds on River . The headw ters Of Pequannock Riv er drain a small part of the Highlands in the eastern part of the

co unty.

S C I ON F S S ELE T O ITE .

The distribution o f c amp and village sites appare ntly indica te s that in their selection the Indian wa s guided by certain definite requireme nts which in varying degree determined his c hoice in f every case . The chie of these were proximity to water , for

n o and i and a drinki g, co king fish ng, good drainage S ndy or

s . gravelly oil Sunlight , protection from cold wind s , e ase o f e e o n acc ss and pr sence of game were ther contro lli g factors .

n m a e s Ma y of these require ents ppealed also to the whit ettler, f so that it requently happened that the early pionee r e recte d his rude homestead upon the very spot which the Red man had m vacated but a short ti e before . m In choosing a ho e , the Indian labored under great disadv an

- a . o r and mor t ges The regi n was forest cove ed , e over, Whe n ail GENERAL DISCUSSION I 1 the was an f land interminable expanse o forest , the Indian had to a fight for a place , so to spe k , for rarely did he meet with a any cle rings at the spots where he wished to camp . To c lear a a e way the he vy forest growth with his crud stone axes , even was with the help of fire, no sm all task and there c an be no doubt that such c learings once made were greatly prized and n l a were not ofte permanent y band oned . e f Furthermore , the dens ness o the underbrush and the inte r a no t l cing tree tops prevented only unobstructed views , but shut out to a large extent the sunlight so that many Camp and a e e e — vill g sites wer env loped in semi twilight , except where the clearings were large o r the wigwams had been pitched on the a a m banks of bro d strea or lake . Proximity to water seems to h ave been the first and foremost co f c ndition controlling the choice o a amp . It was apparently immaterial to the Redman whether this water w as furnished by a o r spring, a stream , a lake a swamp , so long as it was near

a enough to suit his comfort . The l rger water bo dies and a had the a an sw mps added dv tage of furnishing a food supply , fish l n a w s o a , mo lusks a d w ter fo l , th t many ca mps are situated on their banks . te Next , the camp had to be on eleva d ground to preclude the d o d . w possibility of its being fl o e Hence , e find most indica ’ n o tio s of the Indian s former presence on kn lls , terraces and

- well drained slopes . Much in demand were localities where two a a f stre ms met or where a brook ran into a l ke or out o it . At such points the tell - tale marks of an ancient site can often be found , provided other conditions were favorable from the ’ Indian s point of view .

Much consideration was also given to the character of the soil . ’ e a t f t he a o Since corn formed a larg p r o Indian s food , l os e , sandy soil which could be e asily c u ltivated with his crude im

t c ple me nts was always preferre d o a. layey one or one bestrewn r few with rocks and boulders . Howeve , the writer knows of a instances where this rule w as departed from and where a rocky f soil was utilized as proven by the act that rocks , which once is had evidently covered an otherw e favorable site , had been

a ro lled out of the way and placed tow rds the Outside . Since a nd most of the larger streams lakes of Sussex County , as well as ma the s are e ny of swamp , border d by gravelly terraces , 1 2 INDIAN HABITATIONS .

a re whose upper surfaces o ften loose and sandy , the Indian had

d f m o f no i ficulty in finding any places, well drained , easy cultiva and tion close to water . Since many lakes and swamps and all the larger streams of Sussex County lie in the broa der valleys and are frequently bor

and dered by extensive level tracts , the majority of camps vil lages were so situated that communication between them could m m m easily be aintained . Nevertheless , so e ca p sites were estab lish e d n high o the mountains in relatively inaccessible loc alities , but in nearly every instance of this sort a pond or lake attracted m ff the Red an because of the opportunity it a orded fo r fishing . Examples of such sites are found on the shores of Round Pond

a o d on Kitt tinny M untain , of Lake Wawayan a on Wawayanda

Mountain and of Sand Pond on Hamburg Mountain . Not to be omitted in this connection are the rock houses and caves to d be met with in most districts where rock le ges abound , many o f which seem to have been the temporary stopping places of a a tr veling or hunting p rties .

o As a general rule , the Indian , in choosing a site , l cated where m he could be sure of receiving the greatest a ount of sunshine . Therefore most encampments are found on the sunny side of m ta o hills or along the southern b ase of oun ins . Such a locati n ff m m a orded also so e protection fro northerly winds . This may partially account for the fact that camp a nd village sites are far more plentiful south of Kittatinny Mounta in than along its northwestern slope .

D S I B N F I TR UTIO O SITES.

It is quite apparent that the character of Sussex County with

a a its v riety of physic l features , its succession of hills and moun

m a tains , of lakes and strea s appealed gre tly to the Indians . An endless forest covered all the land and afforded a relatively abnud

o f . m ant supply game to the crafty hunters The lakes and strea s , on the other hand , yielded a profusion of fish , easily obtained by net and hook and allowing an agreeable change from the meat diet . It is not surprising therefore that in portions of the county traces of the Indian can readily be found even though the best specimens of their industry were picked up long ago .

GENERAL DISCUSSION . 1 3

Although , perhaps , no part of the county is entirely without some 1 traces of Indian occupation , the survey has shown certain well defined areas of habitation which in abundance of sites stand in marked contrast to the remainder of the county . Of these the ter race flats along Delaware River, the swamp and lake country im mediately southeast of Kittatinny Mountain between Fairview Lake ’ and Culver s Lake , the region around Swartswood Lake , the vicinity of Newton from Big Spring on the southwest to Lafayette on the northeast , Germany Flats and the vicinity of Sussex are the most important ( Plate I ) . In drawing inferences regarding the number of inhabitants or the length of occupancy of any site several considerations must be A kept in mind . profusion of relics on any site may be the result of long- continued or recurrent occupation by a comparatively few m m m fa ilies or for a uch shorter time by any families . Concentra tion of many relics within narrow limits unquestionably means long occupation , either continuously or at recurrent intervals , but their distribution over a wide area does not necessarily mean the presence m of a large population at any one period . The Indian was igratory m to a certain degree , and while he undoubtedly returned ti e and o um again to pitch his lodge in a favored regi n, the exact location

so m questionably varied from time to time , that in ti e traces of his occupancy might readily be distributed over an area of con

a l m sid e r b e size . He was also gregarious , perhaps ore so than our selves , so that their largest towns were large relative to the total population , and there were much fewer isolated dwellings . Yet m l the presence of many s ai sites , apparently of a single lodge ,

at indicates that at times , perhaps certain seasons of the year, the population was somewhat scattered . Judging from the distribution of relics the New Jersey shore of Delaware River would at first thought appear to have been the

o . site of one vast c ntinuous village This , of course , was not the case since the Indians were not numerous enough to establish a settlement of such proportions . But they were of a roving dis

l t m te t me ava a e it was m oss e to e am ne all arts f I n h e li i d i il bl , i p ibl x i p o the n s O r state me n in re ard to h d str f county with e qual thorough e s . u ts g t e i ibution o n n h e re nt s a s e are not na but re re se t o t se t te o f o ur now ed e . it s fi l , p ly p k l g Furthe r e xplo ratio n will probably incre ase th e numbe r o f s ite s and pe rhaps n mod ify o ur conclusi ons as to ge ne ral d istr butio . 2 r e n t at s e ct o n f the r ve r in uss W e r e fe r o f co u s o to o S ex Count . e ly h i i y, i r th at p art which li e s be twe e n Port J e rvis and Flatb ookville . 1 4 INDIAN HABITATIONS .

t n w the position and pitched their ents now here, o there along river so that signs of their activities may be discovered at many

points on the gravel terraces . The river itself afforded a broad highway easy o f passage by raft or light canoe and probably furnished fish and mussels in

abundance . The loose sandy fields adj oining were readily culti y b ated y the women , and there was an abundance of raw material for stone implements in the gravel banks and ledges of cherty s limestone close at hand . It is not astonishing therefore that thi regio n seems to have been the seat of a relatively dense popula

tion . In choosing sites preference was given to points at the mouth of : a tributary brook . The main sites are the following A village ’ h site south of Minisink Island on Burson Bell s farm , another nort ’ m h ha nack o f Ding an s ferry , one near Wallpack sout of S pa Island on i a on the Burke farm , e oppos te Buck Bar Isl nd and west of v n a Haneys Mill, and two others near Flatbrook ille on the pe insul m m for ed by the great curve of the river . Moreover, many s aller in sites are scattered all along the river, usually close to it, but ar some cases as much as 300 yards from it . Stray finds e made e almost anywhere between the sites mention d , probably obj ects that were lost or discarded . At one place , a short distance north of in Wallpack Center, beads were found in large quantities years gone by and it is not improbable that they were manufactured in that place . While the terraces flanking Delaware River give many indica m ’ F tions of the Red an s former presence, those along lat Brook a mile or two east are practically destitute of all sign s denoting lodge sites , except near its mouth . So too are the western slopes of Kittatinny Mountain. A careful survey of this region and in quiry of the inhabitants brought only negative results . True , iso s a lated find have been m de in this section , as was but natural to t two a n expec , and c mp sites were oted , one in the vicinity o f ’ a o f t H ney s Mill , on the bank Fla Brook, and the other near n Tuttles Cor er, on the trail which probably led through Culvers the el n the Gap to D aware, 5 miles dista t, but valley as a whole is n t the o f otewor hy for comparative absence sites . im n Second in porta ce to Delaware River is the region around t r Swartswood Lake and southwest to S illwate . An abundance o f fish a ain in lake and stream prob bly expl s the presence of the nun! ,

1 6 B I NDIAN HA ITATIONS .

n e ily, is sig ificant . Practically all observed in eastern Sussex wer d m o r m of fair size, in icating occupancy , te porary per anent , for an f extended period and probably by numerous amilies . Likewise little visited except for hunting purposes was the ter ritory northwest of the village of Sussex toward Kittatinny Moun t and ain across it . No sites are known here , yet it would seem a likely region for the site of rock shelters . Indeed , a rock of this kind is said to have been noticed somewhere in the neighborhood o f M ashipacong Pond . While 234 sites have been discovered in the course of the survey of the county, the writer is inclined to think that this number rep resents but about one- half o f all the sites to be found in the m county . Owing to the short space of ti e set aside for the survey, it was quite impossible to cover all parts of the county with equal thoroughness . Thus, the section northwest of the village of Sus sex and south of the New York state line has hardly been touched . h i But as t is is in part mountainous territory . t is likely to

. t be almost destitute of remains And , indeed , all information e e ive d c regarding it tends to bear out this supposition .

OCK SH S R ELTER .

While as a rule the Lenni Lenape dwelt in wigwams pitched on level ground , evidence is not wanting that under some circumstances he res orted to overhanging ro cks and shallow caves when such

were available and fitted for his needs . It is only within com r i l pa at ve y recent years that the attention of archaeologists in the east has been directed to these rock shelters , but their existence n once recog ized , not a few have been found . Thus since 1 900 the writer has explored sixty~ five rockhouses in northern New Jersey

- and adjacent portions of New York , of which twenty five were mm found last su er in Sussex County . Manifestly such places can occur only in regions where pre cipi mm . tous rock ledges are co on Here in clefts in the crags , be

- neath overhanging rocks , in shallow well lighted caves or in holes under heaps of large boulders the Indian could find the shelter he desired . Portions of Sussex County , particularly the limestone belts which underlie parts of th e great rolling valley between Kit tatinn ff d y Mountain and the Highlands , a orde many opportunities for such abodes of which the Redman was prompt to take ad van I GENERAL DISCUSSION . 7

tage . While most of the Indian rock houses found in Sussex f County are formed by overhanging cli fs , the roofs of which proj ect 20 from 5 to feet, or owe their origin to heaps of huge boulders with a sheltered space underneath , three of those discovered were

s . Sand ston cave These are the shelters at Bevans , y Township , at

Hopkins Corner, Lafayette Township , and one near Owens , on the W east bank of alkill River, Vernon Township .

Many fine rock houses , perfect in configuration and affording pro tection f th rom the elements were never inhabited by e Indians , if ma we y judge by the total absence of all traces of occupation .

‘ Conve rse l some y, shelters structurally inferior have been in great demand . Evidently the Redman required something more t han m ere shelter . A roc k house to be desirable had to have a water supply in the immediate vicinity , otherwise he passed it by . Again, it appears that he preferred shelters with a southerly exposure , where the genial warmth of the sun ’ s rays could be felt the greater part of the day, from which it is perhaps safe to infer that these shelters were used more in winter than in summer . The writer knows of several rock houses within easy reach of water which had been unused apparently for no o the r reason that that they opened northward .

Abundant light seems to have been another determining factor . for it has been noted that the redskins in general made use only of the fore parts of the deeper shelters, avoiding all dark and cave like adj uncts , so often found attached to them . In Sussex County a number of shelters are referred to as In dian rocks ” because the people were positive that they served at m o ne time as the hiding place and abode of the Red an . Many of these have been investigated by the writer with a view o f deter mining the facts in the case . Yet in every instance it appeared they had been shunned as proven by the total absence of any and all

m m : remains . The following may be entioned as exa ples One ’ o- mile south of Stillwater there is the s called Dead Man s Cave .

o u It lies in a damp and narr w g lly, faces north and water is close

- at hand . Its entrance is well lit resembling a rock house large enough to hold about four people , and from its rear a long and f low passage leads far into the interior of the ridge . No traces o occupation were found except a fe w bones gnawed for the marrow and probably carried thither by wild animals . At Hopkins Corners , m r on the old Bee er fa m , Lafayette Township , there is a deep cav 1 8 B T INDIAN HA ITA IONS .

e rno us an in hole , all dark save near the entrance d terminating a

fo d . long subterranean passage . Nothing was un here either On

m o f o fe w m o f the su mit Kittatinny M untain , a iles east Flat

o o o br okville , Wallpack Township , a fine rock h use ccurs amid a veritable maze o f cyclop ean bo ulders and perpendicular ledges . It

o so- B i is light and airy, has a northern exp sure and the called g

Spring is only about 200 yards belo w it . Exploration of the sub soil furnished no indication o f its having been occupied . Its h m m height above t e valley and re oteness are , no doubt , the ain

di . reasons why it d not attract any Redman Lastly , there is the f ’ amous Devil s Hole south of Newton . This , too , is a deep hole with a long subterranean passage attached to it . A brook flows b near y, but as it is a dark , wet and cold place , it was likewise found to be destitute o f the reminders of Indian d ays .

The 25 rock shelters which showed traces o f Indian o ccupation

f o : I —B are located as oll ws . evans rock house , on John Schoon ’ — m Sand ton . 2 s . over s far , y Township Upper Swartswood rock

o f r . house , at the base Kittatinny Mountain , Stillwate Township

’ — t o . d 3 , 4 Two rock houses on Stickle s land , nor h of Little P n , ’ —H ende r shot m . . s or Hampton Township 5 rock house , V2 ile n th m — o f . 6 . Little Pond , Ha pton Township Gum Hollow rock house , m m — . 8 . ile east of Little Pond , Ha pton Township 7 , Two rock ’ E mmans s o f houses on Grove , on the south shore Swartswood

' till a e o nshi — S t r T . w w . Lake , p 9 Preston Meadows rock house , m o f I O I I — V2 ile south Stillwater , Stillwater Township . , . Two rock ’ m e houses on Ray ond Snyder s Rock , n ar W arbasse , Lafayette ’ 1 2 —A k n s m . . c e rso I Township rock house , ile south of Lafayette , ’ I — m . , o Lafayette Township 3 Snover s Cave , 3 iles n rtheast of La — ’ f I . ayette , Lafayette Township . 4 Joseph Edsall s rock house , V2 o H ardisto n 1 1 6 mile s uthwest of Franklin Furnace , Township . 5 , , ’ 1 — I 7 . Three rock houses on Berry s—Cove , mile southeast of Sus W a . 1 8 1 . o n sex , ant ge Township , 9 Owens rock houses the east

- — - - . 20 . e bank of Wallkill River , Vernon Township Tok hol nok rock house at the southern extremity of the Great Meadows , near the Big Spring , the source of the west branch of Paulins Kill ,

2 1 — I Newton . . Rock house , A mile—east of Newton and a short m 22 . distance south of the for er . Sheep rock , Newton Ceme ’ —I nsle e s s M uckshaw te r . 2 . 2 y 3 rock hou e , west of Ponds , ’ 2 — miles south of Newton . 4 . Moody s rock house , near M uckshaw GENERAL DISCUSSION . 1 9

2 — , . 2 . Ponds miles south of Newton 5 Greenville rock house , on ’ Aumick s farm , Greenville Township .

In addition , two rock shelters have been reported 2 miles east of ’ Power s s Andover near Michael farm , in Andover and Byram

’ Townships respectively . Another is said to lie on Robert Mill s

m I far , midway between Andover and Sparta , mile east of the

Clinton schoolhouse , Sparta Township , but these have not been examined . Most o f these are relatively close to other camp sites and are

m e easily accessible except for a little rough cli bing . A f w are more remote and in o ne or two instances no other sites are kno wn anywhere in their neighborhood . Some of these shelters were perhaps places where single families or small parties lived more u h or less continuously , particularly d ring the winter , while ot ers were permanent camps well known and resorted to from time to time by hunters and fishermen or periodically occupied by fami m lies during their seasonal igrations . Exploration of the shelters sho wed that they possessed many mm m features in co on , but enough of variation in the aterials found

— o — to prevent monotony . The well nigh ubiquitous arr w point was found in nearly all ; scrapers and chips are also o f common oc currence , a fact showing plainly that the ancient inhabitants spent much of the time passed there in replenishing their stock o f tools

ma m and weapons . Strange as it y seem , not a single to ahawk or axe was discovered in any of the Sussex County shelters explored , o but some comparatively rare artifacts were f und , such as awls ,

- o mo drills and arrow p ints of bone , an unfinished cere nial stone , ’ m pestles and pitted hand hammers for cracking nuts . Frag ents of pottery were found in all shelters except two or three where m " m other signs of occupancy were eager , but the a ount varied m a 1 0 00 mo . greatly , in few cases amounting to pieces or re In ost o f the shelters bones were also found , in some instances in very

great profusion . Where they occur abundantly , there are always t many indications of ancient fires such as hearth s ones , heat

- t . o cracked pebbles , bits of . charcoal and smoke s ained rocks B nes m of the deer seem to predominate , but those of the bear, opossu , rabbit woodchuck muskrat and wild turkey have been found . , ,

Usually the bones are cracked , presumably for the marrow , and m —a many show traces of fire . Shells of a fresh water ussel — not Unio are very common and turtle shells are infrequent, 20 B INDIAN HA ITATIONS .

’ showing that both these animals were part of the Indian s diet . While most of the prehisto ric obj ects are found buried in the d subsoil, covering the floor of the shelter , to a epth of 3 feet or

o f more , stone chips and other articles Indian workmanship are not infrequently met with on top o f the accumulated débris , plainly exposed to view . To one fond of prying into the mysteries of the past the ex plo ration of an aboriginal rock shelter is a most fascinating under taking. To such a one these places are invested with an irre sistible o n —d efine d charm , for it is here , the well space underneath

om R to the rock , that he fancies to c e nearer to the edman and im enter into greater intimacy with h . In contrast with field work , f which necessitates the search o ancient camp and village sites , of and ploughed fields along the banks of lakes , rivers brooks, he

finds here everything in one spot , narrow and circumscribed .

There is no doubt as to the place to search . Often the searcher wishes the rocks could speak and tell the story of the happenings a which once took place under their hospitable roof . But, las , all he can do is to draw his co nclusions more or less correct from the m eager evidence extant , aided , though he be , in his conjectures by the insight born of long experience .

B G N D URI AL ROU S.

The Indian was wont to bury his dead on low hills or ridges of loose sandy soil which could be readily excavated with their crude m r i . i act implements of stone , horn and bone Where this was p cable , as was sometimes the case in extremely rocky regions , the bodies wete covered by great piles of stone . Rarely in this region I ii dian I caves were used . graves were usually shallow , only to 3 f feet in depth , as was to be expected in view of the di ficulty they must have had in digging even in light soil . In many cases burials were apparently made immediately adj acent to the lodges or even in the very heart of the villages , if we may j udge from the various kinds of refuse found on the surface . Yet this mingling of relics of the living with the bones of the dead may mean that the lodges and villages of a shifting population happened to be located on the unmarked graves of an earlier generation .

Few Indian graves and burial grounds have been discovered , compared to the thousands of bodies probably buried in this region N 2 1 GE ERAL DISCUSSION.

during the centuries of Indian occupation . Doubtless , many of the i m skeletons have ent rely deco posed , yet there must still be large numbers more or less well preserved in unknown graves , the d iscovery of which will always be largely a matter of accident . Oc casionally a few bones turned up by the plough or found in dig ging wells or cellars reveal the site of an ancient burial , but there are comparatively few . Moreover , it must be remembered that probably not a few of the early white settlers rest in unmarked and f orgotten g raves , so that not every human skeleton thus found can be perforce referred to the Indians . Nevertheless Indian bur ials often possess certain characteristics by which the remains can now be certainly identified . The bodies were frequently buried in a bent position with knees drawn up close to the chin , and n ff weapo s , tools or utensils of di erent kinds were placed in the grave , presumably for the use of the departed , when his spirit reached the Happy Hunting Ground . Although our knowledge o f the location of primeval burial places in Sussex County is limited , at least one great Indian cemetery is and on known in S yst Township along the Delaware , south of Mini d l t sink Island on high level groun be onging o Burson Bell . Scores of skeletons are reported to have been found here and probably many more are still to be found . The soil is light and sandy and so permitted easy digging . A large village is known to have existed here and the graves are scattered over an area of several acres intermingling with the lodge sites on the edge and in the very heart of the village . Many beautiful specimens of Indian workmanship as well as the omni present arrow- points and fragments of pottery have been found in the graves which have been opened . From information received it would seem that some of the bodies were buried in a flexed posi tion with the knees drawn up t o the chin and face turned toward the rising sun . The bones of others , it appeared , had been thrown

- I f into the graves pell mell . this be the case , it would suggest that the bodies had been carried hither from far away to be buried m d in home soil , in pursuance of a custo once commonly observe by the tribes along the Atlantic seaboard . A second burial ground of smaller proportions was located a ’ sho rt distance south of Dingman s ferry . Bones have here been ploughed up repeatedly and during the torrential rains and freshet

1 0 . o f Octo ber, 9 3 , several skeletons were laid bare 22 B INDIAN HA ITATIONS .

’ Another prehistoric cemetery is said to be situated o n Rye rson s

1 o m farm , mile north of Newton , and still an ther on Ger any Flats ,

2 o miles east of that town . Furthermore , a burial gr und is claimed

to exist at a point 1 mile west of Swartswood station , near the

o o f . intersection of two roads , a sh rt distance south Spring Lake — m m In addition , cairn burials a ode of burial where large asses o f rock were piled on top of the dead in lieu of the ordinary — interment have been reported fro m Montague To wnship ; how

ever, nothing definite could be learned in regard to these .

m o so- Lastly , the writer has authentic infor ati n respecting a called

De cke rton cave burial at Berry Cove , near Sussex ( ) , where the m corpse was placed in a s all cave , which was afterwards walled

om o f up , a custom frequently met with in s e parts the western m United States and in Central and South A erica , but not usual

in this region .

S TRAIL .

The probable location of ancient trails is , on account of their m f c evanescent character, one of the ost di fi ult subj ects with which the archaeologist has to deal . In the absence of authentic records

ih or reliable oral traditions relating to prehistoric highways , the ve sti ato r m g finds hi self compelled , in a large measure , to enter the domain of hypothesis and speculation . However , he is not ff entirely helpless in his e orts to ascertain their approximate site ,

a nd t for it is known , indeed it stands to reason , tha some of our modern roads , particularly those which in a striking degree are controlled by natural features probably correspond ro ughly with Re dmen ma the paths of the and y be , in fact , a development of them . It is known that in a level country they would lay their m paths in such a anner as would insure both ease and directness . But in a rough territory they were inclined to sacrifice everything m to comfort , preferring to ake a long détour around a mountain m m rather than cli b it , and here they were in arked contrast with

the white settler , who was more inclined to build his road across . o Factors that help us to determine , with s me degree of accuracy,

the location of Indian trails are , first , the topography , or , as we m o f , , ay say , the lay the land and second the distribution of ancient camp and village sites . Obviously , their settlements were

- connected by well trodden paths , whose location would in large

24 INDIAN HABITATIONS . west of Owens were perhaps connected with the camp sites east o f huck o Glenwo od by a trail acro ss Poc M untain , approximately along the line fo ll o wed by the road which no w co nnects these l m o to a m the p aces . Another path ay be supp sed h ve run fro m o ne camp sites at Verno n to Lake Wawayanda , aking use of m or the other o f the several ravines cutting deeply into the oun l d o f m tain side . A trail no doubt e up Hamburg M untain ro near

Rudeville to the angling places along the shore of Sand Pond . We are unquestio nably sa fe in concluding that the Indians used the pass across Hamburg Mountain east o f Franklin Furnace , now

to follo wed bo th by railro ad and highway , reach the great trans o m o v erse valley of the Pequannock at Stockh l , whence the r ad m was comparatively easy across the Highland s to the nu erous ’ VVoo d ruff s o o f Indian settlements o n Pompton Plains . Gap , s uth

m ffo mm the Pi ple Hills , a rded an easy line of co unication between the sites on Germany Flats and those in the upper Wallkill Valley .

ma f m m Lastly , we y perhaps in er fro the distribution of ca p sites that a trail ran from Cranberry or thereabouts to Wright ’ s Pond

o f near Roseville and thence to Lake Hopatcong, one the great headquarters o f the Lenni Lenape.

d o mo , ma In ad iti n to trails traversing the untain passes , we y safely assume that ancient paths ran along the Verno n and Wall

and l i kill valleys , a so along the southeastern base of Kittat nny

M . ountain , particularly southwest from Culvers Lake A famous prehistoric thoroughfare skirted Delaware River between Delaware m Water Gap and Port Jervis . On the discovery of the copper ines in o ld Pahaquarry by the earliest white settlers about the year “ ” 1 00 the so - 7 , called Mine Road was constructed mile after mile

along this ancient trail . Other trails probably flanked the banks of Paulins Kill and Pequest River or circled the lakes where fish ing was good and where numerous camp sites can still be recog

nize d .

m d ld Our odern roa s , while not exactly coinciding with these o m paths , probably cross and recross them in any places , being per

haps on the whole straighter than they . But whenever we travel m through a narrow valley , we may be sure of treading al ost along the same trail which the aborigines used for untold centuries

v prior to the ad ent of the whites , but now changed into modern

highways . N S U I N [0 GE ERAL DI C SS O .

RAW M ATERIAL .

By raw material are me ant those rocks and minerals which the

o f Al Indian employed in the manufacture his stone implements . though many of his most important tools were of stone and he was

- therefore a true stone age man , he made extensive use of other A substances . mong his household utensils many o bjects were m carved—out of wood such as cups and ortars ; the sha fts o f his arrow points were mostly from the dogwood tree and his fish - nets and m f attings were woven out o stout grasses and bulrushes .

a o Then , ag in , bone was worked int a variety of artifacts , such as

- o f needles , harpoons , awls and arrow points , and the skins animals h e s m fo r m hunted furni hed him the aterial his occasins , blankets

. o o f m and clothing On the ther hand , the use metal was al ost u m nknown and aside fro a few spears and a celt , made from cop d m per and reporte by Dr . Abbott , there are no records of etallic m articles e ployed by the aborigines of New jersey . Sussex County furnished a wide range of material from which m the Indian could fashion his stone implements . Many of the li e

o o f stone beds which underlie p rtions Kittatinny Valley , as well as some of those which outcrop along the upper Delaware contain

m o r nodules and masses o f flint . Flint pebbles are also ore less m m o f com on in any gravel deposits the county , so that there was a great abundance of this mineral which was highly prized by the

- Indian and much used particularly for arrow points . In this respect Sussex County afforded superior advantages to

the Indian as compared to counties farther east , where flint is not relatively scarce or altogether absent . It would be surprising if the inhabitants of these regions often visited Sussex Countv to

secure supplies of this much prized material . fo r Next to flint , jasper was largely used all over the county

- bund . a arrow points , spearheads , scrapers and knives While not so

ant a raw material as flint , it occurs in the glacial gravel of the

county and in so me of the rock formations . Artifacts of quartz are m m not co mon , although quartz veins cut any of the slate beds o f which underlie the greater part of Kittatinny Valley . Pebbles quartz are also more or less co mmon in the gravel beds of the to county . Argillite was employed a large extent in fashioning

- arrow points and spearheads . This rock is very abundant at many

places along the Delaware below Riegelsville , both in Hunterdon 2 6 INDIAN HAB ITATIONS .

may and Mercer counties, and its extensive use in Sussex County indicate that the Indians there traveled considerable distances up to o m and down the Delaware . Yet we cannot lay uch stress upon this point since a hard dense ro ck much resembling the argillite of the middle Delaware occurs in Sussex County a fe w miles n o 1 th

o f B m , west ee erville , near the base of Kittatinny Mountain and the argillite implements of Sussex County were perhaps made from this rock . Crystalline limestone which outcrops at many points in Vernon Val ley and along the upper Wallkill was likewise used and elaborated into m beautiful obj ects . Specimens ade of hematite have been recovered principally on Germany Flats and in the neighborhood of Sparta . Even such poor material as slate was utilized and specimens of this kind are familiar to all collecto rs of this region . Fragments m of soapstone pots , undoubtedly an i portation , have been picked up along the bank of Delaware River . The tomahawks and hatch ets f ound in the county consist mostly of granite and gneiss , the commo n rock of the Highlands and present as cobble stones and boulders in many gravel beds in the eastern part of the county . In conclusion we must not pass by the most interesting fact that arrow- points made of obsidian and chalcedony are reported to have been recovered near Lafayette and Middleville on the site a m of ncient villages . Since these aterials that lent themselves so admirably to the highest workmanship of the arrow - maker do not

o r m occur are extre ely rare in New Jersey and neighboring states , we find ourselves face to face with an interesting problem which seems to demand for its solution an extensive barter with distant tribes . CHAPTER II .

N DESCRIPTIO AND LOCATION OF SITES .

G N R S M E E AL TATE EN T.

In the following pages all the sites noted during the survey of 1 1 the county in the summer of 9 3 are located and described . Four kinds of sites were recognized , namely , camp sites , village sites , burial grounds and rock shelters . The distinction between a camp and a village site is not a hard and fast one as the main difference is merely one in size . There is also the added distinction that arti facts are more common and more diversified on the site of ancient villages than on camping grounds , because the former have been more permanently occupied . In describing the sites arrangement is along physiographical is lines , that , according to their distribution in relation to natural features such as river valleys and lakes . To group them according to townships would be arbitrary and artificial and result in a con fused mixture o i ancient with modern geography . : 1 — r The followi—ng groups have been made . Along the—uppe 2 n . Delaware ; . O and near Kittatinny Mountain ; 3 Near — 4. . Swartswood Lake and Stillwater ; Vicinity of Tranquility—; 5 - Vicinity of Andover ; 6 . Near Newton and Lafayette ; 7 . Ger — — h W . t e many Flats ; 8 . The allkill Valley ; 9 Vernon Valley and adj oining Highlands .

ALONG T H E UPP ER DELAWARE .

— m M inisink I sland This island lies about 1 5 feet above nor al water level of Delaware River and is practically level . There was a camp site and fishing place at its northern end , where arrow points of flint and jasper as well as net sinkers of a type quite com mon in Delaware Valley and usually consisting of flat oval pebbles u notched on opposite sides were once fairly abundant . Sit ated as it is in the immediate neighborhood of the Great Minisink village and separated from it only by the river channel , it may seem strange 28 INDIAN HAB ITATIONS .

m that it was apparently the site o f only one ca ping ground , although t he fact that it is flooded wholly or in part in periods o f high water

o 2 1 - 1 - - 2 pr bably accounts fo r this . ( 4 3

H o w v e s t l s w e fo u d in at l tw o . e r . ca te red re ic er n east places n m l 2 1 —1 - - - a e y, at ( 4 3 4 3 : 4 The Great Minisink village was situated directly south of Mini sink Island on high level land o verloo king Delaware River . Arti f facts o i every description have been ound here , and many of ’ them are no w in B urson Bell s collection . Even now the fields are littered with flint and jasper chips ind icative o f primitive work

om d ma f shops . Fr the evi ence extant we y in er that this village was o ne o f the headquarters o f the Minsi d ivision of the Lenni

a e mo Len p . That it was , reover , a great fishing place , may be taken f 2 1 - 1 - 2 - —2 or d . grante ( 4 9 , m A burial gro und adjoins the village site , any of the graves encroaching upon and intermingling with the lo dge sites . Dozens o f skeleto ns have already been remo ved but probably many more m still lie buried in the easily excavated sandy soil . So e of the

e o f ff 0 grav s are near the edge the high blu , 3 feet above one

o f m channel the river and as the bank is under ined by freshets , the ancient graves and their contents are occasionally exposed to v f o im iew . The burial ground itsel is c vered with the refuse of plement—making and many fine arti facts have been found on the surface or turned up by the plough . Lodge sites and graves ap m o m pear to be ore or less cl sely inter ingled over several acres , so that it is impossible to draw any clearly defined line of de

’ m markatio n m between village and ce etery . Yet it seems ce rtain that

m o f the larger nu ber graves lay east of the village .

m f o In any places the writer has ound b nes , potsherds , flint chips and — occasional arrow points close to where graves had been opened , but it cannot be assumed with any degree o f certainty that these

1 The sy ste m o f numbe ring fo llowe d is th at d e scr ib e d in th e Administrative Re o r o f th e State Ge o o st o f Ne w e r s e fo r 1 1 1 B u e t n 6 1 - 1 p t l gi J y 9 , ll i , pp . 3 5 . Pe r n a n h u s e t o r a ca ma o f th e so s v t e d o s . State Ge o o ca urve h i g p bli h p g phi l p l gi l S y , No s 2 1 - c an o cat e o n t e m th e e a ct s te s a n t . 3 7 , l h x i by pplyi g h e se numbe rs as m i a fo o s t e re d e scr e d . I n r e f th e s ste s s w : Th e r s h ib b i , y ll fi t numb e r r e fe rs h s e cond num r to th e to pographical atlas sh e e t ; t e be to th e majo r subd ivis ions o f t s s e et e ac me asur n 6 m nute s o f at tud e and 6 m nu hi h , h i g i l i i te s o f longitud e , th e nu m e r s c o mme nc n in th e u e r e ft - and c o r ne r o f the s e b i g pp l h h e t, th e first h nd 1 1 t 1 th e t rd 2 1 t o 2 t e r e n 1 t o t e se co o e tc . i b i g 5 , 5 , hi 5 , ; th e third numb e r f ne o f th n ne 2 -m nu te re ctan e s ma n u th - re e rs to o e i i gl ki g p e 6 minute subdivi s o ns th e num e rs co mme nc n in th e u e r e ft- and c orne r i , b i g pp l h ; th e fo u rth numb e r — re fe rs to o ne o f th e e ua su d v s ons o f th e z m nute r e ctan 9 q l b i i i i gl e s ; e ac h o f the s e su d v s ons is st furth e r d v de d nto 9 arts s m ar num e re d b i i i ill i i i p i il ly b , to which the last numbe r re fe rs . DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 29

had any connection with the burials , since graves and lodge sites were so intermingled . B b . One grave discovered accidentally y Mr ell while ploughing , m o contained so e extra rdinary rare objects , exhibiting the highest i a degree of workmanship ever attained by the Lenn Len pe. Along m o f m with a piece of burnt ica , a piece zinc , a ste med jasper

— nn r e fr o m th e M n s n ur al FI G. 1 . Ba e sto n s Groun i i i k B i d .

d scraper and twelve ark blue beads , he found eight white stone

o ne - a m 2 tubes , qu rter of an inch in dia eter and from to 4 inches m n man m long , used perhaps by the edici e to draw disease fro the e two sick . But the pi ce de résistance were exquisitely carved m l o rnaments of an im acu ate white color , representing hawks or

e o m mo eagles . ( Figure Thes rna ents , designated as cere nial B S 30 I NDI AN HA ITATION .

bannerstone s m objects ( ) , ark perhaps the grave of a chief and are ’ 2 1 - 1 - 2—- 6 - - 1 now in Bell s collection . ( 4 9 3 , ; 3 7 ,

A fishing place and w o rksho p opposite Minisink Island , north of a small brook and near its confluence with the east branch of Dela

2 1 - 1 - - an ware River . ( 4 3 7 Close by is old fort or block house erected during the French - Indian wars for the protection of the

d . settlers against the I—n ian incursions Namanock I sland A fishing place o n the east shore of Naman

" - o netsinke rs ock Island , where arrow p ints , scrapers , and unio shells

2 1 - 1 - — are fairly abundant . ( 4 5 3 Flint chips and rej ects are scattered all over this island .

A camp site 1 mile south of the great burial ground, on a

o f Namanock . sandy knoll north of a small brook , east Island Pitted handhammers and other remains o f aboriginal handiwork have been

2 1 - 1 - - here found . ( 4 5 3 relie ff 60 Scattered s on a very high blu , feet above the river, oppo

Namanock 2 1 - 1 - - site the southern end of Island . ( 4 5 3 Namanock to South of Island, on the flats next the river, there are

l o f 1 four fishing p aces in a distance % miles . These flats yielded m m ne tsinkers all manner of relics , a ong the , slickstones , ham o fra me nts o f mers , tomahawks , hatchets and p tsherds , and g pot ter y have been found all along the river bank . The most northerly 21 - 1 but site ( 4 5 5 has yielded few relics , from the two on A . M . Depuy ’ s farm a large collection of multifarious objects has been

. b made by Mr Depuy in years gone y, and a fresh archaeological 2 1 - 1 - - - harvest can be still garnered after every plough—ing . ( 4 5 5 6 ; so fi hr 5 The most northerly site , opposite the called s oad , al 1 though fully 5 feet above the river , was inundated during the great — 1 0 . o flood of October, 9 3 Scores of arrow p ints , mostly of jasper, h - eaps of unio shells and heat cracked pebbles , the latter revealing

us 2 1 -1 to the sites of ancient hearths , were thereby uncovered . ( 4 5-4-9 ) m ’ . . m An interesting find was ade on A M Depuy s far , at the foot W - m f om of allkill Ridge, one half a ile r the river . While grading - the barnyard a large cube shaped rock was dug out and under it , 2 about feet below the surface, lay a stemmed flint scraper and m a soapstone ring, an inch in dia eter . There were no traces of bones , chips or charcoal near the hole such as would denote a c camp site , nor had any other reli s been found within 500 yards 2 1 - 1 - -6 of the spot . ( 4 5

T INDIAN HAB ITA ION S .

m m The o pen shelter to the left yielded the ost aboriginal re ains d o the and the middle section the least . The irt fl or underneath

m d o . rock was lev el and compo sed o f light sand ixe with r cks The rear wall was smoke—stained and discolored by ancient fires but no f l - m o f the relics were no ted on the sur ace . The first te l tale arks

’ Redman s former presence under this rock were , as usual , chips re lie s m to found abo ut 3 inches below the top . After that ca e

w . light to a depth of 2 feet , here the rock floor was reached A m re trench was dug alo ng the rear wall towards the extre e left

- f 1 2 vealing the well kno wn signs o a fireplace , about feet long, mm 1 4 inches wide and 20 inches in depth . I ediately below the

— r m Di ag a o f B e v ans Ro ckhou se . a b d— , c F re ace s . , , i pl surface the earth was impregnated with the dark stain o f char

f d m o coal and in it there were oun innu erable p tsherds , both plain

m d m o f a and orna ente , bones , ostly deer , chips , 3 notched rrow 1 1 — points , triangular flint point , lozenge shaped point , 3 straight

m 1 m - ste points , of the of quartz , 4 straight stem spearheads , a

1 number of broken points , drill , 3 pestles , an unfinished banner

o 1 1 ee ke d 2 st ne , crude celt , large triangular blade roughly p ,

d m 1 ne tsinke r and pitted han ham ers , , flat oval in shape and notched m no ne tsinke r - o edially , and a ther egg shaped and als notched in m d o the i dle . This was identical in type with th se found in an

Indian cave at Owens o n Wallkill River .

f m o f Three feet ro the rear, at the extreme left the shelter , e d m — there was another fir place , in icated by s oke stained earth and

ed m m o f charcoal . It contain any ussel shells a species of the mm m genus Unio , very co on in the strea s and lakes of New

Re dmen Jersey , and highly prized by the as food . Then m to there ca e light flint and jasper flakes , bones , 3 triangular B o ur . u . 1 Ge l . S v ll 3 Plate l l

— — No s . 1 e r e awar a e . PLATE II D e corate d Potsh e rd s fro m th e Upp D l e V ll y 7 . 8 M n s n R e r Nos . evans o c S te , , B u r a Gro un B k h l , 9 i i i k i l d .

DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 33

1 points , sometimes designated war points , 3 notched points,

- straight stem point, several broken points and numerous fragments o f pottery .

The center portion yielded but few finds . Here a pot had evi dentl y been broken , as there were many fragments in a heap , about

- m 5 inches below the surface . All these pieces were cord arked,

i. e . , showing the simplest kind of ornamentation used by the m e aborigines and produced by i pressing a net upon the pot , whil

m - the clay was still soft . Seven i perfect arrow points , deer bones and two raccoon j aws were also found . The cave-like portion at the extreme right contained traces of two ancient fireplaces on opposite sides and mingled with the

- m black dirt were hundreds of pieces of pottery , mostly cord arked , m m among the a very large frag ent of the rim of a pot , exhibiting its curvature . Scattered through the cave but principally near the

fireplaces there were also dug up a large spearhead , 4 inches long 2 m o and perfect in workmanship , s aller ones , als perfect , an ex

uisite l m q y carved j asper spearhead , several large broken blades , so e

- badly corroded arrow points , a rubbing stone used for smoothing skins , a flint chisel , deer bones , raccoon j aws and turtle shells . Altogether there were obtained in the three parts of this rock shelter at least 1 0 00 pieces of pottery belonging probably to about 2 d f m 0 if erent pots , j udging by the various decorations e ployed as well as by the color and varying thickness of the material . Flint, j asper and argillite furnished the material for the arrow -points

u 1 - and spearheads discovered under this rock . Fig res 7 , Plate II , show the diff erent designs employed in the decorations of the pots . f In view of the abundance of arti acts unearthed under this rock , there can be no question that it was much resorted to by the I n m for dians . It appealed to the two reasons ; in the first place , its excellent configuration or structure , second , its location , since it is only 1 mile from the Delaware and less than one - half a mile from

o n the great Indian river trail , later changed into the Old Mine m Road . It also see s certain that , had this rock lain a few miles farther inland , it would not have been occupied , such was the

m o attraction of Delaware River . Considering the aterials f und we may assume that it was tenanted more or less permanently, perhaps for winter quarters . The fireplaces suggest cooking and the potte ry indicates that the squaws and children accompanied the

r f 2 1 - 2 - 2- 1 men and shared their qua tee ( 4 B 3 4 INDIAN HA ITATIONS .

t 1 6 f A short dis ance north of this shelter there is a cave , eet d 8 and d eep, feet high 4 feet wi e , with a fine spring close by , which “ ” m is always referred to as The Indian Cave . It ight have been u sed by them, but being partly filled with rubbish , it has not been e x plored . Scattered relics have been found two - thirds of a mile south of the Bevans rock house in a valley near a swampy patch of ’ hoon r 2 1 - 2 -2 ground on John Sc ove s land . ( 4 fi— Wallpack Center There is an ancient fishing place on Dela 1 m ware River between it and the Old Mine Road , % iles above

Sha nack 2 1 - 2 - 1 — p Island . ( 4 5 Beads have been found on the hill north o f Wallpack Center ( 2 1 - 24 -4 -2 - 5 — Shapnack I sland A village site of considerable proportions

o f Sha nack occupied the flats along Delaware River south p Island . ff Prehistoric obj ects of di erent kinds are still fairly abundant .

2 1 —2 - 1 - - 8 - 1 —1 2 ( 4 7 ; 4 , , M i l —A H aneys l . fishing place on the flats bordering Delaware

1 m 2 1 - 2 - 6- - 1 . 8 2 River , % iles northwest of Haneys Mill ( 3 , , A large camp site at Haneys Mill on the east bank of Flat

m 2 1 —2 - Brook , where any relics have been gathered . ( 3 , 9 3 A village site and fishing place along Delaware River on the ’ m - - o 2 . 2 1 2 8 flats opp site Buck Bar , iles west of Haney s Mill ( 3 2 5 ! ; 3 ) ille — Flatbr ookv . Near Flatbrookville Delaware River leaves the valley it has been following and in a great S- shaped curve cuts through Wallpack Ridge and enters the valley of Flat Brook , at the base o f Kittatinny Mountain . The peninsula enclosed within the arms of this great curve , was a favorite resort of the Indian , as is m fully attested by the numberless re ains to be found on river,

shore and hillside .

Two village sites lie , one northwest , the other southwest of

- - - — - - o . 2 1 2 6 8 2 2 1 4 Flatbr okville along the Delaware ( 3 7 ; 9 , ( 33

1 - 2 - m 9 ; 7 , Two ca p sites lie on the west bank of Flat Brook, 2 1 - 2 - - — about 2 miles above its mouth . ( 3 8 6 7 ; 8 Another is high up the slope of Kittatinny Mountain , nearly a mile south east o f Flatbrookville , on a level stretch of ground with a brook 2 1 - - 2- 1 and spring near by . ( 33 Scattered relics occur at

” n - - — " Wa ac is corrupted fro m d an Woo lac tu pe e me an n llp k I i p k, i g a whi rlpool . I DESCRIPTION OF S TES . 35

W several points on allpack Ridge west and north of the village . ( 2 1 -23 -8- 5 - 7 ; 7 -2 ; 7 -6—; 8- 1 ; 7 - 9- 9 ; 33- 1 -2 Flat B ro ok Valley So far as our present knowledge goes the o f valley Flat Brook and of Clove Brook, its northward continua W tion between allpack Ridge and Kittatinny Mountain , was but little frequented by the Indians , although in many respects ad mirabl m y, adapted for settle ent . In addition to the camp site at o Haneys Mill , already menti ned, only scattered relics have been found , principally near Abertown, and only one camp site wa s here

2 1 —2 - - located , near Tuttles Corner on the Merring farm . ( 4 3 3 The reason for this at first sight astonishing condition of affairs

to must , no doubt , be attributed the fact that Delaware . River proved most attractive to the Indians not only because of the S ff plendid fishing facilities it a orded , but also on account of its being a natu ral and most convenient avenue of communication both north and south . Hence , all aboriginal life gravitated to o al wards it , and the lesser attractions of the Flat Bro k Valley, though by no means to be despised, were overlooked .

A K I N N N N ON ND N EAR TTATI Y M OU TAI .

The region immediately east o f Kittatinny Mountain between Culvers Lake at the northeast and Fairview Lake on the south

west, and including the small lakes on the mountain , was much

frequented by the Redman . This was to be expected in view of

few . the numerous lakes, ponds and swamps within a square miles — m Culvers Pond A large ca ping ground , probably a village site, on the old Hamm farm near the northeastern end of Culvers

m . 22 Pond . Nu erous Indian relics found here in former years (

2 1

’ A camp site on K ays s farm near the northern end of the pond , 2 1 -2 - 1 - a few hundred yards from the shore . ( 5 5 m A village on the shore of the pond , on the Kerr far , a short 2 1 -2 —1 -8 distance east of Culvers Gap . ( 5 A village on Savage Point ; many traces of aboriginal occ upa

2 1 -2 - 1 -8 tion still observable . ( 5

The shores of Culvers Pond were , no doubt , dotted with many n other lodge and camp sites , but all indications of these have bee

effaced since the pond became a summer resort . B 36 INDIAN HA ITATION S .

- w Lake Owass a A village site o n the high level land on La ' ’ f m o f son s ar , at the northern end Lake Owassa , southeast of the

' ’ - —- - o d . 2 1 2 1 bro ok conne cting this lake with Culver s P n ( 5 4 7 ,

li s o n o n Scattered re e the corner of a small cove , land belonging

2 1 - 2 - - to J . P . Beardall . ( 5 4 4 m m A ca p site at the northern extre ity of the lake , northwest

2 1 - -6—- . 2 of the village ( 4 3 5 , Some thirty years ago a well -pre served Indian pot was discovered d irectly north of the latter site under a small shelving rock at the

2 1 - 2 - 6- foot of Kittatinny Mountain . ( 4 3

s o f 2 - Trace a camp site on the west shore of the lake . ( 1 24 6 3 - 7 ) A camp site directly across Kittatinny Mountain in a narrow

s 2 1 - 2 -6- 2 valley trenching northeast toward Culvers Gap . ( 4 th l At e southern end of the lake , at a p ace locally known as

ti aw . Can c , the writer discovered two camp sites Exploring the n ro grou d with a t wel , innumerable flint chips and unio shells m were brought to light, and there were any indications of ancient

- fires , as disclosed by the presence of charcoal and heat cracked

2 1 - 2 - 6—8 - 1 8 - 1 pebbles . ( 4 ;

' 0 m a On the old M rgan far , at the eastern end of Bear Sw mp,

2 1 - 2 - - 1 - 1 2 -2 - 1 four sites . ( 5 4 , 7 ; 7 , ; 7 ; 7 , Also one at the

2 1 - 2 —- 2 western end near a locality called Egypt . ( 4 9

—*An - ! uick P ond . Indian encampment one half mile northeast of ’ ’ i L H omme dieu s n ! u ck Pond , opposite farm , o the west bank of

2 1 - 2 —- a brook . ( 4 5 9

m 2 1 -2 - - A ca p site on the west shore of ! uick Pond . ( 4 5 8

d 2 1 - 2 - — Scattere re—lics at the southern end of the pond . ( 4 8 2 M ud P ond A village site a few hundred yards northeast of ’ o Pittin e r s Mud P nd , on Garret g farm at the foot of the mountain .

— - - ( 2 1 24 8 4

o f - The region south Mud Pond is well watered , for in addition t to the headwaters of two large brooks , here is a chain of swamps extending along the southeastern slope of the mountain all the way r to from Fai view Lake ! uick Pond . Although these swamps have no w for the most part been converted into good tillable soil , there is no question that they were formerly of considerable size and o m m pr bably the ho e of any species of water fowl . Moreover they , ff r probably a o ded an excellent covert for the wild animals o f the so forest , that we might expect the Indians to be attracted to

B 38 INDIAN HA ITATION S .

m yards distant . This circu stance probably accounts for the paucity o f m f l the re ains ound under this rock . Although a spacious she ter,

f - uc t d d m its le t hand portion was obstr e by huge boul ers , aking that re re part unfit for use . The floor was dirt , fully 3 feet thick , p n m a d . senting the accumulation of ages mixed with any rocks No,

rock chips or bones appeared on the surface , but the few objects found lay fo r the most part near the shelter line in the right- hand portion of the shelter , imbedded in the débris at a depth of from f 6 inches to 3 eet . In the course o f the excavation a fireplace was discovered near

the shelter line . Here the soil was very black and contained deer m bones , turtle shells , unio shells , a raccoon jaw , so e few pieces of 2 pottery, all undecorated , flint and j asper chips , broken arrow 1 I points , badly weathered j asper point , deeply notched flint point

perfect in workmanship , and what appeared to be part of a crude h celt . The potsherds occurred in the upper strata only and t is

fact, taken in connection with observations made elsewhere , seems m to hint at a co paratively late introduction of pottery .

Obviously, this shelter was but little visited , probably owing to m the its poor water supply . At the same ti e , it seems to be only rock shelter along the southeastern slope of Kittatinny Mountain or rather that section of it which extends from the Warren County

line , west of Fairview Pond , to a point several miles beyond Cul m vers Gap . Lack of ti e has prevented explorations of other pro o portions of the m untain , but the ruggedness of the unexplored

sections suggests that other shelters may be found . ’ Three sites a short distance south of Blackford s farm on the

- - - — - . 2 1 2 8 8 8 sandy ridges bordering the swamps ( 4 7 5 , ; 8 ; 9 o o An ther gr up similarly environed , east of these , about a mile

2 1 - 2 - —- south of Mud Po nd . ( 4 7 9 5 ; 9

o 2 1 -2 - 8 — Scattered relics near them east of the br ok . ( 4 7 Three camp sites o n the high bank north of a brook and west of

2 1 -2 —- - - the Benevolence schoolhouse . ( 4 8 7 5 7 6 ; 8 R ound P ond — Still higher, another site , at the eastern end of o o f I 80 R und Pond , at an elevation 3 feet above sea level ; probably

. too a fishing place It , , helps to determine still more accurately the directio n of the prehistoric trail believed to cross the mountain 2 1 - 2 - - here . ( 4 7 4 DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 39

Lon on — P d . A g camp site at the southern end of Long Pond, also o n 1 26 o 2 1 - - - top of the mountain , 9 feet ab ve tidewater . ( 33 3 3

A careful examination of the rough and rugged section of country —between Round and Long ponds gave the impression that the well trodden path connecting them dated back to Indian times . Countenance is given to this assumption both by certain traditions dealing with this trail and the fact that it is hardly ever used by m white en.

Fairvie u — w Lake (S cker P ond ) . Two fishing places have been on found on the north and the east shore of Fairview Lake , just east of Kittatinny Mountain . Years ago beds of fresh water mus sels were quite common along its banks and many aboriginal ob

ects j were picked up near them , but particularly at the sites men

io ne d 2 1 - - - - 8 6- t . ( 33 3 5 ; 7 , o ill — se arte d m Spr ut H . Three widely p ca p sites on Sprout Hill , midway between Mud Pond and Swartswood Lake . Like most of those mentioned above they are of little archaeological signifi m cance , as they denote a te porary lodge site or work shop, where the dusky hunter pitched his tent to replenish his supply

2 1 - 2 - 8 - 8- - 2- 2 - 1 o f weapons . ( 4 9 ; 34 ; 3

L I’ ‘ N EAR SWARTSWOOD LAK E AND STI L WA ER.

6 Under this heading are included 4 Sites near Little Pond ,

o l . Swartsw od Lake , M iddlevi le and Stillwater Littl —A e P 0nd . large camp site on Comfort Point , a spit of land on the west side of Little Pond , near its outlet , called Indian n River . Relics were abundant at this poi t before its natural

2 1 - —— conditions were disturbed . ( 34 3 5

m - A s all site one half a mile northwest of it , between the road

2 1 ——- and the pond . ( 34 3 4 Also a camp site at the northern

— - o . 2 1 most point of the pond , close to the mouth of a bro k ( 34 3 2 — Str uble r ock sh elters There are two small rock shelters north of Little Pond on the Struble property at the western foot of a cavernous limestone ridge , several hundred yards in length . These shelters gave indications of human habitation . One of them lies towards the northern end of the ridge near the road , the other at the southern and not far from the pond . The roofs of both pro 0 B T 4 INDIAN HA ITA IONS .

e ct t ff d o o j but little , so hat they a or ed po r pr tection from the

o ne weather . The south , in particular , is a poor shelter and its m excavation yielded nothing but a few flint chips , bones and so e

m 2 1 - —— unio shells . Evidently it was not uch used . ( 34 3 5 t Although s ructurally superior , the north shelter also yielded t 1 0 comparatively little . Its leng h is feet and its roof juts out 60 b about 5 feet , slanting upward at an angle of about degrees , eing 3 feet above the floor at the rear and fully 20 feet high along the

0 . outside . A fine spring in front is about 5 yards distant A few bo nes lay onthe surface and the rear wall was discolored by ancient

fires , especially in its center part . Digging a trench , a fireplace was discovered here about 2 feet deep and reaching all the way to the

o rear wall . The s il within was quite black owing to the admixture

and o of ashes charcoal and in it there were found deer bones , uni and s turtle shells , one jasper chip , flint chip , part of a spearhead t r . and several potsherds , most of them decora ed with pa allel lines ( 2 1 - 34- 3 - 5

H end ersh ot r ock h ous e —An . excellent rock shelter was discov ered about 7 00 yards north of Little Pond on the Hendershot m far . The ravine , in which it lies , runs in a northerly direction o n l m and is bounded the east by steep , rugged i estone crags , in

which , as usual , fissures and cavities are abundant . Most of these

are at the entrance to the ravine , nearest to the pond . Although they for were examined traces of the Indian , none were found . the Some distance up ravine , an overhanging rock rises about 20

feet at a point where the crags are highest . To reach it from be low o ne must clamber over large masses of fallen rocks that had off f o f fallen the ace the cliff . The writer approached it with

the most sanguine expectations of rich finds , but , although it proved d to be an In ian rock , exploration of its culture layers disclosed the a f ct that it contained chiefly broken pottery . The rock faces westward and so receives the benefits of the after no o , no t on sun yet it c uld have been a very desirable abode , as there

is no water close by , the nearest supply being a brook some 00 , 3

. 20 f yards away It is eet long, the roof proj ects about 8 feet is , 2 feet above the floor at the rear and 1 0 feet along the shelter f line . A thick layer o leaves and vegetable mold lay on top of the c débris under the ro k . The topsoil under it consisted of yellow , - coarse grained sand mixed with rocks , but o f the familiar tell ta m le marks of the Red an there were none . 1 DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 4

The excavation of the extreme left- hand portion revealed a fire

a I . place few inches below the surface , and about 5 inches deep

The black soil within yielded some chips , deer bones , unio shells and m o f - m any pieces pottery , either plain or cord arked . Nothing was found in the center of the shelter as this was partly obstructed

- fire by large boulders . The right hand portion disclosed another

l netsinke r place with bones , potsherds and a so itary , flat and oval

- in shape and notched medially . No arrow points nor other arti facts except the sinker were found . A third fireplace beneath a l fire - arge stained boulder, j ust outside of the shelter line and with a cavity underneath contained some bones and some unusually m large frag ents of pottery about the size of a dinner plate . All t hese were undecorated and were the bottom and sides of a pot .

o m From the results of the excavati n , it see s certain that much c ooking was done under this rock . However, with water relatively

o ff ma d far , we y presume that they carrie it thither in their pots .

1 fne — m f Gum H o ow Ro c ou se . FI G . a ra o . 4 —Di g ll — kh - m e a s . a c d e e e a s . u b F re ac e s . , S f, g , , i pl h ll h p D p h p

t mo Owing to his disadvantage , the spot was st likely but seldom visited, since otherwise there would have been no lack of those m traces that invariably bespeak a ore permanent occupation , namely ,

- - m m m . e . chips , i . , the refuse of i ple ent aking, and arrow points

—- - - ( 2 1 34 3 2 6 2 1 A camp site east of Little Pond at the forks of a brook . (

- - swam oo a 34 3 6 Also one at the edge of a p, 3 y rds east of the

2 1 - —-6 pond . ( 34 3 ’ 1 Scattered relics mile east by north of the pond on O . Hill s 2 1 - —1 - 1 farm . ( 35 l r —A Gum H ollow r ock she te . rock shelter ( Figure 4 ) was dis n 800 covered in a ravi e, named Gum Hollow, yards east of Little 2 B 4 INDIAN HA ITATIONS .

n Pond . It is a most insignificant looki g shelter o f low height and

f nor little roo protection , yet it turned out to be only the best rock

for m house many miles around , but to rank also a ong the four best B thus far located in Sussex County, the others being evans rock ’ ’ house , Moody s Rock and Owen s Cave . m A perpendicular li estone ledge , rough and craggy at the bottom and full o f clefts and cavities higher up forms the western Side m of the ravine , which is drained by a s all brook flowing to Little mm Pond . Although now usually dry during the su er months , it t perhaps was not at the time when all this region was fores covered . I f m so , the occupants of the rock were at all ti es assured of an

adequate supply o f water less than 50 yards away . The shelter 1 8 ff . is at the foot of the cli and faces southeast It is feet long, the roof juts out 5 feet and its height above the floor was 5 feet

prior to the excavation , but about 7 feet after the débris had been m re oved . The floor was level and gave evidence that very little ’ dirt had accumulated since the Indian s departure , since it was

strewn with many chips and bo nes plainly exposed to sight . Its colo r was dark and this with the smoke- stained rear wall told an

o f m m eloquent story any ca p fires .

A trench was dug along the inner wall , beginning at the extreme m mm left . Al ost i ediately a fireplace was found with stones all d aroun it , arranged in an irregular square . In addition to numer ous bones and potsherds there came to light a very crude spear

d 6 o an f hea , about inches l ng, arti act of oval shape resembling a so

m - m called turtle back , two i perfect straight ste arrow points and a

flint arrow point of diminutive size and exquisite workmanship . Five feet to the right of the fireplace and close to the inner wall m a shell heap was struck , ade up of several layers of unio Shells, d to o f o 2 f reaching own a depth m re than eet . Black soil was all d t aroun it , con aining chips and broken pieces of pottery . Still farther to the right but a little distant from the back wall were o f signs a second hearth also encircled by stones . Within and near m it were found , i bedded in successive strata down to rock , 2 pitted m 2 2 ham erstones , triangular arrow points , deeply notched points ,

- a leaf shaped flint scraper , 5 broken points and the greater portion

. of a roughly fashioned spearhead Mixed with these were chips , m bones and potsherds in large nu bers . Between the fireplace and the wall the trowel turned up a leaf

shaped knife , 4 , inches long of slaty material and beautifully carved . B u 1 P ate I l l o Sur v . . Ge l . ll 3 l

— 1 No s . 2 m Swartswo o d La e . Po ts e r d s fr o , PLATE I I I D e co r ate d h k , , 3 , 5 , 7 E ma n r m s o v . H e nd e r s o t S e te r No s . . 8 , G e w No s . 6 , u m H o o . 4 G ll . 9 , h h l

44 INDIAN HABITATION S .

the rock , an occupation that did not extend through many centu ries and was therefore not long enough to exhibit in the remains preserved the cultural advances made by the Indian . It must be m m ad itted, however, that so far as the evidence fro this shelter is concerned , we may equally well conclude that Indian occupancy of this region may not have extended over more than one culture period . The profusion o f potsherds and bones shows that this shelter was n much used, perhaps more or less continuously as a perma ent habitation . It was , moreover, a great workshop as is attested by the countless chips and pieces of raw material left behind under Gum its hospitable roof . For these reasons the Hollow rock house may justly be regarded as the mo st important Indian rock in this

2 1 - ——6 part o f Sussex County . ( 34 3

Swar tswood Lake . Nowhere in Sussex County are so many

sites crowded into so small an area , and nowhere are the traces of ancient Indian life so dense as along the shores of Swartswood Lake . e There are , to be sure , larger sites on Delawar River , great village

o f sites abounding in the multifarious products aboriginal industry, yet they are more widely separated than is the case on the s hores o f - Swartswood Lake . Twenty two sites have been located around

m o f the lake , yet the li its each cannot be defined with precision f m owing to the act that scattered re ains occur in between them all, thus creating the impression o f an uninterrupted chain of settle m . ma ents Two of them are rock shelters , two others y be regarded

as village sites by reason of their size , and the remaining eighteen d m are or inary ca ping grounds, workshops and fishing places . A village occupied several acres of level land with sandy knolls o e nd at the n rtheastern of Swartswood Lake , between it and Little and Pond east of Indian River . Tools of many kinds have been

picked up here in former years , including pestles , celts and cere and monial objects , even now the fields are littered with countless chips and angular fragments o f raw material which suggest pro \ and f longed occupation the manu acture of many implements . So far as known this was the most important settlement on Swarts

2 1 - - - wood Lake . ( 34 3 5

West of it and in close proximity there is the famou s Indian

d - , m lan ing where according to well established tradition , the Red en

used to moor their canoes . It is an ideal landing place in the corner e l e o of a cove , w ll she t red fr m the winds and with deep water near D ESCRIPTIO N OF SITES . 45

the shore . A leve l tract of land lies back of it adjoining the vil lage , where by digging the writer found many indications of ancient — - - - . 2 1 8 1 shell heaps and hearths ( 34 3 .

’ A rough and picturesque strip of country , known as Emmaus s

Grove and characterized by jagged limestone masses , extends south of the landing along the shore for a distance of several hundred

. ff yards At its southern extremity it terminates in a high cli , at

the foot of which the writer discovered two small rock shelters .

Emmans Gr ove o k h elt r c s ers . They lie close together, face south 1 0 m and are about 5 yards fro the lake . Both are inferior shelters re - and yielded chiefly fuse of implement making, bones and shells .

. The one nearer the lake , being the better of the two , contained unio and turtle shells, deer bones , all split open for the marrow , a fe w flint and jasper flakes , fragments of pottery, either plain or - ed i t e cord mark , except ng hre decorated pieces , part of an arrow l netsinker T race s point and a . of a fireplace were recognizable in

- n 2 1 - - the left hand portio of the shelter towards the outside . ( 34 3 7 - 3 The other shelter yielded nothing but a few flint chips and some 2 1 - - - -2 bones and there were no signs of a fireplace . ( 34 3 7 , Swar tswoo La e the o d k . A camp site at n rtheast end of Duck

2 1 - - -8 Pond , half a mile east of Swartswood Lake . ( 34 3 Scattered relics at different points along the lake shore for half

- s no . 2 1 a mile outhwest of the rock shelters , but encampments ( 34 3

ot Dove Island , in Swartswood Lake , n withstanding its small size , has bee n remarkably abundant in prehistoric implements of almost o e very descripti n . When leveling the ground, some years ago, pre

- m paratory to erecting bu ngalows , hundreds of arrow points ca e to

o netsinke rs . light, t gether with , tomahawks and other objects Even m no w the surface 1 5 bestrewn with nu berless flint and j asper chips, showing that it was the site of primitive workshops . It was also , 2 1 - - - without question , a great fishing place . ( 34 3 7

Five sites o pposite the island on the south side of the lake , one S on Greenwood Point, two farther east on the lake hore and two ’ m 2 1 - - - - 8 6- 1 - 1 on the upland fields of Andres s far . ( 34 3 7 7 , ; ; 5

— - - 3 - 3 ; 2 - 9 9 ; 2 9 8 u i A fishing place on a spit of land, a q arter of a m le southwest

2 1 - —— of Greenwood Point . ( 34 5 3 No investigation was made of Hickory Island at the south end 6 B 4 INDIAN HA ITATIONS .

of the lake , because it is exceedingly rough and rocky and therefore m not a likely place for a ca p site .

Two fine sites near the outlet of the lake o n its east bank . Here

and f o m high shores border the lake , to judge r the abundance of chips still to be found as well as the netsinker s and other articles

recovered in years gone by , they were both workshops and fishing

2 1 - —- 2 - 2 places . ( 34 5 4, 5 ;

- While the south shore of the lake is high , well drained and f deeply indented by several coves , thus a fording many favorable m m locations for ca p sites , the north shore is in any places bordered

by swamps which make access to the lake difficult . Hence only eight

Sites were found on that side .

A camp site on a high bank at the lower end of the lake . — —- ( 2 1 34 2 8 A small camp site on the south bank of a brook a little distance

2 1 4 - 2 - 8 from the lake . ( 34 the b A workshop and fishing place on ank of the lake , about

2 1 —- 2 Oppo site its center . ( 9 ) ’ A workshop and fishing place on Brown s Point . The rocky shores of this point extend far into the lake and rise about 1 5

feet above the water . The level tract at its extreme southern end m was covered with nu berless flint and j asper chips . Alongside of a fire - stained limesto ne rock an ancient hearth was uncovered con

m r taining bones , unio shells and so e fragments of potte y , both o - m plain and c rd marked . Near it a pile of j asper chips ca e to

light , yellow , red and pink colored , deposited very much like m bones in a pit . A ong them there were two arrow points , but,

strange to say , they consisted of flint . Tearing up the soil all

o d fire - m k r ar und , the writer foun a cracked ham erstone , a netsin e

of the ordinary type , flat , oval and notched on opposite sides , sev m eral broken arrow points , any chips , mostly j asper , deer bones

and the inevitable unio Shells . The finds indicate a workshop site ’ and fishing place . Other traces of the Indian s former presence on this spit of land occurred sporadically on the rocky ' ground

2 1 - -2- - 2 back of the fishing place . ( 34 9 , Two camp sites a few hundred yards north of Brown ’ s Point

on the fields above the road , where private coll ectors have been

- —— - - . 2 1 2 6 8 6 well repaid for their searches ( 34 ; 8 ,

- Scattered relics on the fields northeast of the last named sites . ( 2 1 -34-2-6 DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 47

” ’ A village site at the northernmost point of the lake on Yette r s

‘ m the far , in village of Swartswood . This site is second only to ’ ' u m N that on Emma s s far , described above . umerous implements , ’ artifice r s ff including the primitive best e orts , have been picked o ' up at this sp t and it is still fairly abundant in aboriginal remains . 2 1 ( 5 : 7 ) A workshop and fishing place once occupied the sandy fields of ae Cedar Point, but local arch ologists long ago depleted them of e r their treasures, l aving nothing but chips and aw material to indi cate the character of the spot . Being a high , level tract of land near the mouth of a brook , it must have been an attractive locality

2 1 - —- to the primeval fishermen. ( 34 3 4 M id l ll — d evi e . Three sites along the outlet of the lake . The most ne o . 2 1 southerly , near the schoolhouse , is the most important ( - - - 2- -2 34 5 9 9 ; 7 ; 4 , f Three sites along the lower portion o the outlet, one near its m 2 1 - - - - - m u . 6 outh , the other two farther pstrea ( 34 5 4 5 ; 4 3 , ; 5 u e Two camp sites on the east bank of Pa lins Kill , a scant mil 2 1 4 - - -8 south of Middleville . ( 34 5 4 ; 4

A camp site on high level ground , south of Trout Brook, on G. ’ 2 1 - —- B . Southard s farm . ( 34 5 4 a Two sites farther north , also on Trout Brook , on Merritt Sw rts ’ —a o wood s farm . Arrow points , made of obsidian volcanic r ck, “ — resembling black glass and not occurring in this State are re 2 1 - - - 1 - 1 - ported to have been found here . ( 34 5 7 ; 4 Another site east of the above on a sma—ll brook, not far from its 2 1 - - - confluence with Trout Brook . ( 34 5 7 7 , —' Stillwater . Two fishing places on the south shore of Catfish

— - - — 2 1 - 8 1 Pond , west of Stillwater . ( 34 4 7 7 I A camp site high upon the hillside , south of a deep ravine , mile west of Catfish Pond and close to the Warren-Sussex County

2 1 - -6- -8 line . ( 33 9 ,

Two camp sites on the banks of a tributary of Paulins Kill , less ’ - than one half a mile east of it , on Cole s farm , close to the county

- —- - - 2 1 . line . ( 34 7 5 5 ; s s ) i - A camp site on the west bank of the K ll, one half a mile south 2 1 - - - — west o f Stillwater . ( 34 7 2 4,

te —A S was ed Pres ton M ead ows rock shel r . rock helter discover in a rugged section of country traversed by many limestone ledges , 8 B 4 INDIAN HA ITATIONS . .

- one half a mile southeast of Stillwater . Although favorably situ m ated near a swa p , where water was always available , and quite

o f t oc u easy access , investigation showed hat it was but rarely c m o f . pied , probably by reason structural i perfections It is about

20 o af feet long and although the roof overhangs ab ut 5 feet , it m forded little protection fro the elements . The rock faces south 1 east towards the bogs which are about 50 yards distant . Its floor e was quite unev n , slanting toward the inside , and covered with a thick mass of vegetable mold and decayed leaves . Underneath there m was an accu ulation of fallen rock débris , which buried the scant m m m re ains left by the Red an . The first trace of hu an occupancy,

o f 8 a flint chip , was found at a depth about inches , while some objects lay buried fully 20 inches below the surface . They were

so- all of inferior grade , called Indian refuse , but of value in prov ing the Indian occupancy of the shelter . A fireplace was shown by

fire - quantities of ancient ashes and cracked stones , and in the left hand corner, within and around it, there were one roughly fashioned

o f m spearhead slaty aterial , the base of a flint spearhead , flint and o jasper chips , unio shells , deer bones , the j aw of a raccoon and ab ut

- twenty pieces of pottery , either plain or cord marked , including one fragment which was decorated with incised parallel and zigzag so— lines , the called chevron pattern . The chips suggest a work

shop , while the bones prove that the Redman did not go hungry

2 1 - - - while he worked . ( 34 7 3 il —A m St lwater . ca p site and workshop about 200 yards south

o f of the rock shelter at the southern end Preston Meadows . The f pro usion of flint and jasper flakes here denotes a large workshop, W — m 2 1 a place here many an arrow point aker plied his trade . ( - - - 6 34 7 3 5 ,

o f Northeast Stillwater a camp site on the east bank of a brook ,

- f m 2 1 — - - one hal ile north of the village . ( 34 4 9 A wo rkshop east o f it on a high level tract of land north of a small 2 0 pond , about 5 yards west of the Kill . This field is strewn with m innu erable chips and it once abounded with broken points , a fact causing the nearby residents to believe that a battlk had been

2 1 — - - fought there . ( 34 4 9 m m - A s all ca p site on the west bank of the Kill , three fourths of

- —— a mile northeast of Stillwater . ( 2 1 34 4 9 Stillwater Station—A camp site north of a brook one- half a — , m —- ile west of Stillwater Station . ( 2 1 34 5 7 DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 49

1 1 00 A site on a small brook , mile east of the Kill and about

a 2 1 - —- y rds north of Stillwater Station . ( 34 5 7 Three Sites on the north bank of Paulins Kill on‘ the farm of

Levi J . Lewis , on the great bend of the Kill , a mile northeast of 2 1 - - - - 6 6- 6 Swartswood Station . ( 34 5 5 ; 4 ; Traces of Indian habitation are infrequent in the hilly country be southeast of Paulins Kill , from which it is apparent that pre ferred the banks of the Kill and the shores of the neighboring

lakes . This was but natural since he found food in their waters a nd easily cultivated fields along their shores . Nevertheless several

widely separated camp sites have been found in this region . e o —A 1 Fr d n. site on the bank of a tributary of the Kill , mile

n 2 1 - - 6— northwest of Fredo . ( 34 5

r lie Scattered e s on top of a hill , at the source of a brook , on Van

’ “ 2 1 - - 6- 6- 6 Horn s farm , a mile northeast of Fredon . ( 34 3 ;

A site on the bank of a small brook , a hundred yards west of the

2 1 - - - 1 - highway and a mile southwest of Fredon . ( 34 9 3 ,

A Site about 500 yards northwest of the preceding, on top of the

m 2 1 — —- 1 hill and at the edge of a swa p . ( 34 9 o fatiou —A lo Swar tswo d S . burial ground is said to have been

cate d southeast of Spring Lake , at the intersection of the Middle

2 1 - - - ville and Swartswood roads . ( 34 3 9 A camp site and fishing place on the high banks east of Paulins

- - - - . 1 Kill , a short distance north of Swartswood Station 3 5 7 5 ,

Two small sites high on the hillside , miles northeast of

- - - - a . 2 1 1 1 Swartswood Station , on the b nks of a small brook ( 35 9 ;

- 6 8 .

' ’ — H e nde rshot s Bizleswlle . A fine fishing place on farm , a mile S southwest of Balesville , on level ground in a harp bend on the

west bank of Paulins Kill . This locality which is well protected

from the north winds by the hills back of it , has yielded a wonder ful variety of artifacts and the plough turns up new ones every

m , , year . Co mon arrow points , net sinkers hammerstones axes and celts fragments of banner stones and other rarer implements have ,

been found in large numbers . Considering the number and variety obj ects obtained here the spot was possibly the site of a perma o f ,— 2 1 - - 1 - 8 nent village . ( 3 5 3 , 0 B T 5 INDIAN HA ITA IONS .

N N I I EAR TRA ! U L TY .

m On the flats northwest of Alla uchy Mountain , Green Township ,

' abo ri in l encam ments no m V twelve g a p were ted , among the a illage Pe site and a ro ck shelter . Most of these border or are near the ' Rive r but t quest , four lie close to the moun ain on Trout Brook, at Tranquility . — Gr e ensville r ock M olte n At the intersection of the Greensville

. o f 00 and Huntsville roads , a mile southeast Greensville and about 5

m . yards west of Pequest River , are high steep li estone ledges On

o f m the n rth side , on the Aumick ar is a shelving rock at the base

c ff few 1 00 of the li , within a steps of the highway and about yards 1 8 from a small tributary of Pequest River . The shelter is feet

o and o o m to e l ng its r f which proj ects fro 3 5 feet , is 4 feet abov the floor on the inside and about 9 feet along the outside . There

o d oc was n thing on the floor to hint at In ian cupation , but the back wall in the left - hand po rtio n o f the shelter was smoke- stained and 1 here , near the wall , a fireplace was discovered , reaching down 5 inches and extending far into a pocket . Beneath 3 inches of soil ta o fe w it con ined deer b nes , unio shells , a chips , several large flint

“ m im le nodules , seemingly carried here as raw aterial for future p m - m f 2 1 - - - - ent aking and our or five tiny pieces of pottery . ( 44 3 9 7

— - Pe qu es t Riven A fishing place three fourths of a mile south of the rock shelter on the west bank of Pequest River , on the Lewis f m 2 1 —- 6— ar . ( 44 3 Two camp sites and fishing places o f considerable size farther m o down strea , als on the west bank of Pequest River , both on the

m 2 1 - - 6- 6- 1 - 2 Straley far . ( 44 ; 5 , ’

c . lem ns A village site opposite the last two pla es on J . S App a m ‘ far , on the east bank of Pequest River , between the road and

o . l a br ok Since several corn pounders and a hoe , as we l as many m m other fine speci ens of pri itive industry , have been picked up t ma m at this si e , we y presu e that the Indians cultivated fields in 2 1 ——6—6 this vicinity . ( 44 Two fishing places farther upstream on the east bank o f Pequest River and scattered relics still farther north on the high ground

1 - -6- - 8 - . 2 8 at the bend of the river ( 44 3 ; 3 5 , ; 3 n A small site north of a brook , about half a mile orthwest of 2 1 - -8-6 Tranquility . ( 44

3 INDIAN B 5 HA ITATIONS . — Cranberry Reservoir Two small camp sites in the valley east of

C 22 - 1 - - — - ranberry Reservoir . ( 4 4 6 3 ; 5 4

ri o -A W hts P nd . g large site , probably a village , at the bend of 00 a brook , 5 yards south of Wrights Pond ; a smaller site north of it 22- 1 - - -2 2- a at the southern end of the pond . ( 4 5 3 ; 9 There re extensive level tracts near here which could have been readily culti

vate d .

An o er — d v , Two camp sites on opposite sides of a brook on ’ Powers s 1 m 22- 1 -2- -1 Michael farm , % iles east of Andover. ( 4 5 , 4 ; 5 A site on the high gravel flats northeast of Andover Junction be tween the brook , the railroad and the highway . Hewitts Pond is

- 22- 1 - 1 - only one fourth of a mile distant . ( 4 3

F N R H UN SB URG N ON AND YE E. EA T , EWT LA A TT

This region vies with those around Swartswood Lake and along the upper Delaware in the number and size of the sites discovered . H un ur —A ts . b g large site on the farm of the late Dr Hunt , east -chosen localit of Huntsburg ; a well . y, protected on the north and west by high limestone ledges , near the headwaters of one branch of Pequest River . The Indian field , while not large , is level and - h o A littered wit countless chips , den ting a primitive workshop . cave close by was probably once used by the Indians , but could not be examined because now flooded to a depth of 4 feet by the con

—- 2 1 - 1 struction of a dam across the brook . ( 44 3 in ale —A S r d . I p g village site at the Big Spring, V; miles west of Springdale , covered many acres of the high ground flanking the h ' bogs on the west . Alt ough for years collectors of relics have closely searched these fields , they still yield a fresh cr0p of aboriginal obj ects after each ploughing. The profusion of chips scattered here proves the industry of the occupants of this spot and the — - - - . . 2 1 8 permanency of its occupation ( 3 5 7 4 7 , 7 A small site a short distance north of the village and at the 2 1 - - - edge of the swamp . ( 3 5 7 4

The M uckshaw Swam s - A p particularly rough region , as yet surrou almost untouched by the hand of civilization , nds the Muck 2 m shaw Pond and swamps , iles southwest of Newton and one half mile northwest of Springdale . Here a narrow rocky peninsula DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 53 e n h xtends orthward for alf a mile , surrounded on three sides by swamps , which in wet weather are in part transformed into shallow ponds so that the ridge is open to approach only from the south . This peninsula is remarkable for its picturesque wildness due to the strange shape of its many rock ledges and the perpendicular ff cli s traversing its whole length . Although its whole extent is of m striking aspect , its ost exquisite charms are exhibited along its

m m to eastern argin , where Nature see s have exhausted all her ingenuity in an e ff o rt to produce a veritable labyrinth of rocks and a tangled wilderness of ledges , caverns and gloomy glens . Here r 0 the steep c ags tower 5 feet above the pond , whose waters lave their base . Such is the locality which tradition says was the lurking

- n . place of Lieute ant James Moody , the ill famed Tory Indeed, what better hiding place could any outlaw have selected , a strate

’ ic g point par excellence , surrounded on three sides by water and accessible only from the south . The cavity known as Moody ’ s Rock at the base of a limestone

M ucksha ledge has an eastern exposure and overlooks w Pond . It 0 n m I O measures about 4 feet in le gth , while the roof projects fro 1 20 n to 5 feet and is feet above the floor along the shelter li e , and

1 2 about feet at the rear . The shelter is spacious enough therefore a to afford room for 25 or 30 persons . The floor was gener lly level and partly composed of flat rocks , partly of dirt . Its height I above the surface of the swamp , some 5 feet away from the shelter line , was about 5 feet . It was apparent that the shelter had, in the m course of time , been greatly reduced in size , as large asses of

o ff ff rock had broken the face of the cli , diminishing the overhang

m - and aking the right hand portion unsuitable for use , because of the detritus covering the floor . Examination of the top soil gave no evidence of Indian occupa — tion , but the inside wall was smoke stained and as the excavation m proceeded , the indications of fire became more nu erous . The

first hole was dug in the center , close to the rear wall , and the 1 rock floor was reached at a depth of 8 inches . The results proved rather disappointing, for apart from deer bones and numer ous unio shells at the lower levels , nothing of Indian occupation came to light . It is true , though , that the lower strata were dis fire - the colored and contained charcoal and cracked rocks , but

. fireplace , thus indicated , was doubtless of recent date Moreover, in the absence of aboriginal artifacts this , the best portion of the INDIAN B 54 HA ITATIONS .

had shelter , made it quite certain that at some time relic hunters e n be n here at work , disturbing the original layers and removi g whatever the ancient occupants had left behind . A new excavation was therefore made in the e xtreme left - hand portio n of the shelter in the hope that this portion had remained undi—sturbed . Here fragments of Indian pottery , both plain and 6 . cord marked , were unearthed at depths of 3 to inches With d them occurred many bones , mostly of deer , and the ébris con

m . taining them was al ost black , thus denoting a prehistoric hearth

O f chips there were comparatively few , a fact which was some what strange considering the favorable character o f the shelter . so— At a depth of 7 inches a fine triangular point , called bird point, came to view , and underneath a large boulder near the rear there

o . lay a slender n tched spearhead , more than 3 inches long Con m m 1 8 tinning the excavation down to rock botto , so e inches deep,

m : f- the following speci ens were recovered A lea shaped knife, 3 2 o f inches long ; another , inches long ; the base an oval knife ; 3, mm f- S 2 ste ed scraper ; a lea shaped pearhead , % inches long ; , a d 2 — s notche argillite spearhead , inches long ; a straight stem pear head ; a barbed spearhead ; a lo zenge- shaped spearhead ; a frag ment of a quartz spearhead ; a fragment of a straight- stem arrow d - B point and a ouble pointed fish hook . ones were exceedingly

m o o f mo nu er us , mostly the deer , but a ng them there were some m of the bear and of birds , the teeth of a uskrat as well as others

as yet unidentified . There were found also a crude celt , a hammer e a ston , net sinker , a rubbing stone and several heat stones , i . e stones heated and then used by the Indians to boil their food by o m dr pping the into the pots . o m d At the b tto tightly wedge boulders were found , beneath 1 8 which , at a depth of inches , another dirt floor was plainly visi

so o m - ble , that an ther and ore ancient culture bearing stratum may

. occur below This hypothesis could not , however , be tested with t o i m out the expendi ure uch time and the labor of several men.

a - The l rge quantity of bones unearthed in the left hand . corner,

together with the discoloration of the débris, warrant the inference

that this part of the shelter served both as a bone pit and a fire o place . The adjacent p rtion lying toward the shelter line was sub s equently subj ected to a thorough examination with different re

s ults . In the first place , the culture layer extended only to a

d 1 0 . n epth of inches Seco d , there were fewer artifacts and bones, e o . Surv . u . 1 G l B ll 3 Plat e I V

— P E e co rat P t e rd fro m the c n t f e n LAT V e d o s s V o wto . No s . 2 . I D h i i i y N , 3 ’ ’ N n r d Ro c o s . 8 d e o oo s S s R c H ouse Nos . 1 6 M y k, 5 , , 9 , y k , , , 7 , Warbass e e t r She l e .

DE SCRIPTION OF SITES . 55

u b t, em on the other hand , potsherds were more plentiful , among th many finely decorated pieces , exhibiting parallel dotted lines and other ornaments with partly Algonkin , partly Iroquoian patterns .

Here , too , the layers overlying the rock bottom were charged with h c arcoal and other signs of ancient fires . Imbedded in them , at a

1 0 s depth of from 4 to inche , there were found a notched arrow

‘ o 1 o p int , 54 inches l ng, another notched point an inch long , a small i n tr a gular flint point , a flint scraper and the base of a straight m ste spearhead . The potsherds occurred in the upper strata only; n — perhaps indicati g a late introduction of the art of pottery making , but perhaps indicating that at first the shelter was visited only by

. o hunters and later by families To be m re explicit, the first discovery of a shelter was probably by a hunting party—its early use was' by parties on the hunt , who would not be incumbered by pots , but who would cook their food by toasting or broiling before the fire .

Thus , it might be many years before pottery was carried there . m Again , even when more permanently occupied by a fa ily , it might be a very long time before a pot was broken , and considerable f re use could accumulate in and about the fireplace , before any

o 8 potsherds were formed . Ab ut feet from the rear wall and not far from the shelter line a number of large boulders parallel to the wall inte rferred with further digging toward the outside .

- n After completing the exploration of the left hand portion , atte h tion was turned to the remaining section on the right . A trenc n a t about 9 feet wide was dug along the inside wall , begin ing the right- hand corner and continuing toward the center . To reach o r the Indian layer innumerable r cks , piled there ecently by visitors

. to the site , had to be thrown out This done, the black soil indi cating the original surface was at last laid bare. In the process of excavation an abundance of bones and p otsherds were turned t o b up at a depth of from 3 to 3 0 inches . In agreemen with the

- se rvations made in the left hand section the fragments of pottery

- were either plain or cord marked , and the bones , as before , were o all cracked to extract the marrow . The large number of b nes a d s found indicated the presence of a huge bone pit n the pot herds along with the blackened soil bore eloquent witness to the fact the t that a great deal of cooking was do ne along inside wall , tha it was in fact the site of one long fireplace . A few implements, m for the most part frag entary , came to light , such as an awl or n drill a rej ect a scraper and parts of three arrow points . Agai , , , 6 B 5 INDIAN HA ITATIONS . _

m o on reaching botto , the crevices between the boulders sh wed a dirt floor farther down . d On exten ing the excavation toward the outside , some larger boulders were discovered which interfered with the digging in that direction . Moreover, much less soil had accumulated so that 1 2 the rock bottom was struck at an average depth of inches .

‘ and otshe rds Here there were but few bones p , but several artifacts , so - w r viz . , a triangular quartz point , a called a point ; a lozenge shaped arrow point ; two straight- stem points ; two notched points ; 2 the base of a spearhead and fragments of two arrow points . ( 1 — 35 - 4- 2 9 In addition to the Moody rock shelter twelve other sites have

o all ' but m been l cated , one lying in the im ediate vicinity of the

o m m ponds ; tw ca p sites at the north end of the ost northerly pond ,

- — 2 1 - - - - 1 o f 2 1 - 2 h ( 35 4 3 ; 3 one west it , ( 3 5 4 t ree more on - 2 1 - - -2- 2 2- 6 the knolls east and west of the second pond , ( 3 5 4 , 3 ; ; 3 - 1 ) a small rock shelter about 500 yards west of the southwesterly

d 2 1 - - - 2 - 8 two pon , ( 35 4 ) camp sites on the ridge flanking it west

2 1 - - —2- 2 o 2 1 ward , ( 35 4 5 another at its s utherly extremity, ( ’ - - 2 - 8 35 4 , lastly, two sites south of Moody s rock , near the

o e nd o f o o 2 1 - - - - s uthern the s utheast p nd . ( 35 4 3 7 ; 5 Flint nodules and other raw materials suitable for the manu facture o f implements are to be fo und on all the fields and knolls m m surrounding the swa ps , so that with ga e abundant in this region ’ and go od camp sites there were excellent reaso ns for the Indian s

presence here . At almost every step one is reminded of his former activities about these ponds and in imagination one readily con

jures up his sinewy form , as he trod the trail in the somber twi o f m t light the pri eval fores or hunted amid these rocky fastnesses . “ ew ton —An ” N . Indian rock shelter, locally known as sheep rock ,

was found on the outskirts of Newton Cemetery . North of the ceme te ry a series of limesto ne ledges rise one above the other and the o shelter lies at the b ttom of the second terrace . It is about 1 8 feet o f 8 f long and the ro juts feet , being 4 eet above the floor at the 1 0 rear wall and feet along the shelter line . Little débris had ac m cu ulated under the rock since its occupation , as potsherds and

chips lay on the surface , particularly towards the outside . The

subsoil was quite dark , as the result of fires , both ancient and mod d . ern Burie in it, to a depth of about a foot, were little fragments

, of pottery and chips as well as unio shells , deer and bird bones, but

8 B 5 INDIAN HA ITATIONS .

1 0 m dd limestone rock , feet high and split in the i le . Judging from

m . the detritus around its base , it ight once have been a rock shelter

While proofs of Indian occupancy were found all about the rock , it h f was evident t at they had pre erred its westerly side , where there t was a level patch of ground little obs ructed by boulders . Here were several fireplaces , one close to the rock , the others farther

o r away . An inch two below the surface the soil was of a dark

o f m color due to the presence charcoal and ashes , and i bedded in it were Several scores of potsherds , a few decorated , the others

- m - cord arked ; shells , deer bones , chips , one square shaped net sinker, one badly weathered sandstone scraper , the base of a very large

one — m — blade , straight ste argillite knife and a straight stem argillite

t o d . spearhead , both pa inate Nothing was f und in the cleft of the

22 - 1 - - rock except a flint nodule and two chips . ( 3 4 3

— - — Tok h o k nok r ock s he lter There is a small Indian rock shelter

om o f m ff m at the bott the li estone cli , for ing the eastern boundary f m of the hill . It lies at a point where the ledge or s a corner , the r n o ne esult bei g a double shelter, a few feet above the other . The

one o upper , th ugh superior structurally , being larger and hanging ov m fe w er so e 4 feet , yielded only a chips ; the lower one , with a e 2 roof proj ction of but feet , gave evidence of a fireplace and the

o fl or débris contained flint chips , shells , bones and one triangular

22 - 1 —— arrow point . ( 3 4 3 m Fro the data at hand this shelter was apparently little used, although there is much to compensate for its structural imper fec

h o . ad tions It a s uthern exposure , heated by the sun the greater

not off su lie d ' oo d part of the day , and a spring far pp g drinking water . Moreover , its proximity to the village on the hill made it easily accessible . In additi o n to the evidence of long- continued occupancy of this d b hill , iscovered y the writer , the late Victor M . Drake , editor of om 1 8 1 8 the New Jersey Herald fr 45 to 53 , found on it many

m ff Fo Indian i plements of di erent types . r these reasons the writer believes that the hill and its environment was the site of “ - - the Indian village of Tok hok nok , rather than the low ground ’ of Lo see s brickyard . Two camp sites and a small rock shelter have been noted on a o f - hok- 22 hill west Tok nok , within the town limits of Newton . (

—- - 3 1 - 4 3 7 ; 6 1 ; 6 OF DESCRIPTION SITES . 59

E — as t N ewton s helter The shelter faces e ast on the eastern s bill m lope of the , at the botto of a limestone ledge . It is about

1 2 6 low feet long and its roof overhangs about feet , but is very

e the w — r d xcept near front , here it rises 5 feet above the rock cdve e fl o o r, which is quite level on the inside but slants downward toward

the shelter line . There were no surface indications of Indian o c cu atio n p , nor were any found in the subsoil within 4 feet of the

. 1 0 rear wall An ancient fireplace , about inches deep and 2 feet s quare , was found near the front and in the center . Within and n ear it the trowel turned up red , ye llow and pink jasper c hips , ua q rts and flint chips , the skull of a raccoon , the jaw of a rabbit, c a wolf tooth , bird and deer bones , shells , a small not hed quartz

a m t c rrow point and about a dozen frag ents of po tery , plain , ord

d o f marke and decorated . Some the sherds consisted of a reddish

2 2- 1 - - clay . ( 3 4 6

' A small site a fe w hundred yards east of Tok- hok- nok on the

te 22 - 1 - - eas rly edge of the meadows . ( 3 5 7 As all these sites were crowded into less than half a square

mile of space , we are warranted in concluding that this spot was

o one o f the headquarters of ab riginal life here in Sussex County .

m oc One of the reasons why the Red an haunted this particular l ality ,

' may have been the protection which the marshes afforded fro m an attack by a hostile band who would have d ifficulty in approaching

k- ok- m . d To h nok fro that direction Beyon question , the site of o was well chosen , situated , as it was , on high gr und , in the vicinity

of the Big Spring and at t h e southern extremity o f the meadows .

r fo r Furthe more , we may take it granted that hunting hereabouts ‘ man was exceptionally good , and the lakes on Ger y Flats only a

- o . few miles distant , were und ubtedly well stocked with fish Since s everal camp sites have been found along the western s ide of the meadows northeast of Newton and—none along the - e astern side , the trail between the village of Tok hok nok and the s ite s near Lafayette may perhaps be assumed to have followed ~ the western side of the meadows , particularly as that side pre .

s ents fewer o bstru ctions in the way o f rock ledges . ’ — Drake s P ond Three sites on the elevated ground north of ' — - - 2- 1 - -6- 6 1 m o h o k . 2 Drake s Pond , ile s uth of Tok nok ( 3 4 4, 7 ; 7 ;

6 The northerly one appears to have been a workshop , as evi d énce d by the numerous chips and chunks of raw material littering

the surface . 60 I B NDIAN HA ITATION S .

War bass e r o k — - h c h ouses . Three fourt s of a mile west of Warbasse a limestone hill rises more or less precipitously for about 1 00 feet above the northern end of the Paulins Kill meadows on the Ray d d ff mon Sny er farm . Its frowning cli s towering abruptly above the meado ws below form a most conspicuous feature of the land scape and there is no thing more picturesque and rugged for many m m miles around . It is co paratively level on top and is ter inated e ff on the w st , south and east by perpendicular cli s , that gradually decrease in height as its northern portion merges into the undulat

. are ing country back of it At its southern end , where the crags highest, two Indian rock houses were discovered on opposite sides ff o ne . of the cli , facing west , the other east 1 0 20 The western shelter has a roof proj ection of feet , is feet

0 two arts ff long and 3 feet high . It consists of , p with di erent floor

o f f - 2 levels , that the le t hand portion being feet above that of the

S other, which subsequent examination howed was the only part m 1 0 used by the Red an . Two springs are about 5 yards distant to the south and to the west . No sooner had the exploration of the rock begun than it be m ca e apparent that it had been a favorite rendezvous of tramps . f Broken bottles , pieces of iron and other re use of modern origin m had to be thrown out along with any rocks , that had been car ried here to be used in building fireplaces and a wall around its nd sides a front . Underneath there was black soil due to modern o f fires , then a layer yellow sand , several inches thick , and after

o that again black soil , ass ciated with potsherds , many of them

1 0 1 superficially buried , others at a depth of from to 5 inches , all lying in a bone pit near the rear wall . Three fireplaces could be d u isting ished , two of them close to the rear wall , on the left and on the rig—ht , with the third on the right near the shelter line . The 2 culture bearing strata attained their greatest thickness , 0 inches, a near the inside . The arch eological harvest was rather disappoint m ing , for it consisted ostly of ordinary refuse , such as deer bones , unio shells , flint and jasper chips . In addition , there were the r base of a notched flint point , the uppe part of two quartz points , u one perfect triang lar flint point, fragments of two large blades , a so - called flint turtle back and a great quantity of potsherds most — , of them cord marked , a few plain and some others ornamented

( Plate IV) . The varying thickness of the fragments and the de N 6 ! DESCRIPTIO OF SITES . signs and colors of clay used indicate the remainsof at least half

2 - - - a dozen pots . ( 2 3 1 2 5

. The eastern shelter lies snugly hidden from sight half way up

f . the easterly face of the cli f , sheltered on all sides except the north o ff A large mass of rock, parallel t the cli , gives it the appearance of a cave, the more so as its floor is several feet below the level of the ea passage l ding to it . Although on the easterly side of the hill , it

ff. faces to the north , the shelter line being at right angles to the cli

1 2 1 0 1 0 . It is feet long, feet deep and feet high Much débris in the shape of vegetable mold and rocks had to be removed before the Indian level was struck . A fireplace was found in the right

1 . hand corner , about 5 inches below the top It contained turtle all and unio shells , bones and broken pieces of pottery , of them m m plain with the exception of two s all sherds , that were orna ented n with zigzag lines , the chevron desig . Judging from the character of the remains and , in particular , the complete absence of chips . it was in all probability a squaw shelter, resorted to exclusively by women , in accordance with usages observed among many primitive

people . The above presumption appears to be quite justifiable in view of the fact that nothing was found to hint at the presence of 22—1 —2—6 male occupants at this spot . ( 3 A careful examinationof this locality resulted in the discovery of m ff four more rock houses , two of the at the foot of the cli s , the others part way up their faces . The latter, in particular, were o structurally superior to the tw just described , yet notwithstanding

o . a thorough search , they showed no pr of of aboriginal occupation Probably they were too far from springs to suit the comfort-loving m savage . Bones were dug up , but they belonged to ani als that had died under these rocks or had been carried thither by other predacious animals . However , a quartz scraper and several chips were found among the boulders lying chaotically at the base of the evidence enough that the Redman had tramped over this ledges , labyrinth of crags and rocks . i Two camp sites were noted at one of the two spr ngs , about 22- 1 - 2- 6—1 yards southeast of the Warbasse shelters . ( 3 ; 1 50 . The west branch of Paulins Kill flows past these sites less than

200 yards to the south . - ’ i A camp site on the east bank of Paulins Kill , one half a m le

2- 1 - - — . 2 4 3 , east of Warbasse ( 3 3 N N B 62 I DIA HA ITATIONS .

’ — Lafaye tte ; Ackers on s r ack h ouse A ro ck shelter bearing testi n o f 1 mony to aboriginal occupation was found o a rise ground, mile ’ f th e southeast of La ayette . It was brought to writer s attention as a place around which the Indians had built their camp fires . He

o t o fi for found it to be unique by reas n of i s peculiar c n guration , it o at o is neither an ordinary shelter, such as is f und the fo t of a

ff f . cli with a proj ecting roo , nor is it strictly a cave Instead it is i h lime stone boulde rs a cavity due to t e irregular piling up of huge , the who le giving the impression of a mass o f rock shattered per m of m haps by so e cataclysm Nature , but ore probably broken down

by the slow action o f frost and gravity . Although investigation failed to substantiate the assertion that

the I ndians had kindled their fires all around this rock , the cavity

has furnished unmistakable evidence of Indian o ccupation . It a length o f 9 feet and the roo f is 6 feet above the floo r -and over

o f o hangs ab ut 5 eet . Along the shelter line a large oblong b ulder,

‘ f al o s s o f an 4 eet high , parti ly encl e the cavity back it and leaves s o pening to the left by which to enter . The shelter faces we t o and a swamp lies a short distance to the n rth . This swamp has

'

ff. t now all but dried up in consequence of cutting o the imber . The fl oo r under the rock was perfectly level and little débris ’ m n n of had accu ulated si ce the Indian s final departure , for sig s aboriginal occupation began to appear an inch or two below the s surface . The sub oil was quite black especially along the inside h ff m e wall , whic revealed plainly the e ects of ca p fires . N arly all the articles unearthed here lay near the rear wall at a depth of

om 2 1 fr to 6 inches . A large fireplace was d iscove red in the cen

ter, extending to the rear wall and along this to the left hand o f o portion the cavity, pposite the entrance . Mingled with the d s m black irt was a profusion of bone , mostly of deer , nu bering

- h . e e e several undred Then there came to light many d tach d te th , n fo r m belo ging the most part to uskrats and deer , the jaws of

squirrels and deer, unio and turtle shells , flint chips and about 1 00

r - m e A pieces of broken potte y , plain , cord ark d and decorated . n examination o f these seemed to indicate the remains of at least seven

- ff . a di erent pots In addition , there were recovered one le f shaped

limestone scraper, another limestone scraper, very crude and

“ no o t tched on one side nly , and he upper part of a spearhead

made of crystalline limestone . DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 63

From the material found we may infer that this rock was a m frequent stopping place and temporary ca p , but was hardly ever occupied for any length of time , since in that case chips and a 22 - - - rtifacts would have occurred more abundantly . ( 3 1 3 3 There is a site on the east bank of Paulins Kill near what is f known as The Indian Spring , in the village of La ayette . Al t though this si e is not large , implements o f prehistoric origin are r repo ted to have formerly been very abundant there and collectors ’ reaped a rich harvest of specimens of almost every description . S m m o e ade of obsidian and chalcedony , the former material en tirel New m y foreign to Jersey , the latter extre ely rare , are said I f . so to have been found here , we have evidence of barter and the importation of finished implements or of raw material from

22 - - - regions hundreds of miles away . ( 3 1 3 1 Scattered relics on the banks of a small brook on and near Bax ’ I ter s farm , west of the Lafayette Meadows , mile northeast of

2 2- 2 1 - - Lafayette . ( 9 8 — Augus ta Two sites on the level fields along the east bank of

u s - fo and - Pa lin Kill , three urths and one one fourth miles south ea u 22—2 - - - st of Aug sta . ( 1 8 5 9 ; 5 ’ — M onr o e ; Snover s Cave At the northern end of the Lafayette s m 1 m Meadow , on the old Snover far , ile northwest of Monroe , there is a cave which the writer believes to have been the abode o f d the Redman, since a flint scraper was foun at its entrance , and i a camp s ite and a brook are ne ar at hand . Although it s now m partly filled with any boulders , which cover almost completely the m m m dirt floor and render excavation i possible , it see s that for erly it might have been a splendid shelter both by virtue of its peculiar ‘ structure and its favorable location. Entrance is gained through a a small opening which leads vertic lly into a large cavern , about m f o . 9 feet belo w . The hole ad its of plenty air and light From the main room a dark passage- way runs horizontally for some dis

- - - i nin e . 22 22 2 tance , w de g here and th re into smaller chambers ( 7 m e Near by on the Beemer and Runyon far s , there are som e what similar small caves in the limeston .

’ A site occurs on a low ridge north of Snover s cave . A cleft is at the bottom of the ridge and a d itch extends from it . Accord 6 B 4 INDIAN HA ITATION S .

ing to information received water g ushes out of the hole every

n . spri g, filling the ditch and overflowing the level country in front

— - - ( 22 22 7 2 — H opkins Comens Four sites have been noted on the high ground surrounding a swamp at Hopkins Corners about 3 % miles north f east of La ayette . Two of the sites are southeast of the swamp on ’ — 22 - 22 - - 2 - 1 8 o Dav e Hopkins s farm. ( 7 ; 4 The thers are

—- - m 22—22- 8 8 northwest of it on the Van Horn far . ( 4 7 5 , The writer is inclined to think that trails skirted both sides of d the Lafayette Mea ows , but that, for topographical reasons , pref d m erence was given to the westerly si e . At all events , it per itted

of easier traveling by being less hilly .

M N S ON GER A Y FLAT .

Germany Flats and its southwestern continuation towards An th dover furnished relatively few sites . This is e more surprising o f m in view the favorable environ ent . Not only is there a chain

v m of se en lakes within a distance of 9 iles , but there are number m m less swa ps and brooks with any springs , all bordered by level

- o f and well drained terraces sand and gravel , the surfaces of which e are g nerally loose and readily cultivated . In spite , however , of m o u these advantages , the region see s to have been but sparsely p p

d o . late since nly six sites , one a village , have been noted li ’ —A ’ I fi s Pond . large village site lies on the west shore of Iliff s d m m Pon . Many of the aboriginal i ple ents that have been secured

exhibit a high degree of skill on the part of the maker . Flint m being very abundant in all this region , the Indians who ca e here used it extensively in the manufacture of their arrow points and

spearheads to the almost total exclusion of other raw material ,

such as argillite , quartz and jasper . There is a tradition to the ff m e ect that this spot arks the site of a winter quarters . This is by no means improbable as it occupies the sunny side of the hill and m t is well protected fro nor hwest winds . The fishing afforded by the numerous ponds in this neighborhood must have been an important factor in determining the location of a village in this

22- 1 - 8- 2- 1 vicinity . ( 3 ,

66 B INDIAN HA ITATIONS.

o f n northeast Sparta . Ma y beautiful artifacts have been secured 22 on these fields and new ones are ploughed up every year . (

- 2 - 4, 5

a o o n A smaller site , ls the west bank of Wallkill River , one — m f 22 2— half a ile arther northeast . ( 3 5 — B or ou h o Frankli Fra kli Furn e A g f n ( n n ac . ) rock shelter, “ —f called Wild Cat Rock , was discovered three ourths of a mile l o n e a . A southwest of Franklin Furnace , land of Jos ph Eds ll though structurally one of the best rock houses found in Sussex n n County , it co tai ed but few remains of aboriginal industry and fo r was probably little frequented , apparently no other reason

far ro than that water was too away . It lies in the midst of a ugh and densely wooded regio n remarkable fo r high ledges and de t he m ac d asses of rock strewn along their bases . At the shelter two ro ck ledges rise as steps separated by a bench or terrace

0 f m o about 5 eet in width . A s all brook flows al ng the foot of the

o o 1 0 t f t he lower cliff . The rock h use lies ab ut fee up the ace of h ff 1 m m o igher cli and 50 yards ore or less fro the br ok , and has a th e ve e western exposure . In shape e sh lter lea s littl to be de

e I i 2 e n and th oo o e s 1 . s ir d . r s 5 f et lo g e r f pr j ct about 5 feet It is 6 feet above the floor on the inside and 1 4 feet along the f n e e e s f e a o f a but ro t . Ther w r no ur ac indic tions habit tion , in h ex on o e t e course of cavati tw fir places were found , one of them

o a the e in the . to the left cl se to the rear w ll , oth r center Along o r s ne and e with p tte y, chip , bo s turtl shell s there came to light one an ne n notched d o tria gu lar flint arrow point . Between the center e a e a e e a s fir pl c and the re r wall w r many fr gment of pottery , some

- - —- em or r d e a . 22 22 of th c d ma ke , oth rs pl in ( 8 9 a e r0ck e a a o 1 A sm ll r hous ne rby , b ut 5 feet up the face of the c ff s no ra e s of e s lower li , howed t c pr hi toric occupation , although here the water conditions were entirely favorable . e e is s a am s t on Th r a m ll c p i e the western bank of the brook , 200 s e of the roc 22-22—8- about yard w—st k shelter . ( 9 N ar th Church A site between North Church and Hamburg at “ the a a of a m b on th e a he dw ters s all rook , Simmons f rm , ( Stone s of m i e s to Mill . ) Many obj ect pri it v indu try are said have been in s w c is c and found thi locality , hi h well prote ted from north winds

te 22-22- 6- - 1 a o o a oc . lt gether fav r bly l a d ( 7 , ’ Vanderhoof s Scattered relics occur on farm , north of North

22- 22- - Church . ( 5 9 DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 67 — B eaver Run Artifacts have occasionally been found a mile o

n rth of Beaver Run store, east of the brook of the same name . ( 22 - 22 - 5 - 3 In a rough and heavily timbered region between Beaver Run — ’ and Wild Cat Rock not to be—confounded with Edsall s Wild Cat Rock near Franklin Furnace flint chips and numberless large

pieces of flint were noticed , distributed over a large area. This m see s to warrant the supposition that the Re dme n had co me

here for the purpose of procuring this much prized raw material . 22 - 22- —- 1 ( 5 3 ,

P e lle ttown - . What appears to have been an ancient village site m once noted for a profusio—n of imple ents of many types was lo cate d on high ground one half a mile east of Pellettown and east ” Pe oke i of Papakating Creek , called by the Indians p t ng. From this village there was ready access along Papakating Creek to the

22—22- —1 - settlements near Sussex . ( 4 4 , No other sites are 2 known within or 3 miles of it . — Le wis burg A small site on the east bank of Papakating Creek

22- 22—2—2 west of Lewisburg station . (

n —~ m S ss ex . A o f Pa akat ile southeast the borough of Sussex , p ingCreek describes a great loop within which is enclosed a rocky ’ o peninsula locally known as Berry s C ve . Limestone ledges rising 1 00 to a height of feet above the creek occupy its center , while verdant meadows strewn with many boulders and small limestone outcrops intervene between them and the placid waters o f the o creek . Here many an arrow point has been f und , and many m a chip , indicating a spot where the Red an fashioned his tools .

o f Nor has there been any lack of obj ects the more elaborate kind , such as tomahawks and hatchets , and of potsherds an amazingly large quantity has been found . Notwithstanding the fact that ’ the fields on Berry s Cove have not been under cultivation for many years past and , therefore , there has been no recent upturn ing of the soil to reveal their hidden treasures , the writer suc cee de d in finding numerous chips and a limestone scraper lying 22—1 2——8 near the bank of the creek . ( 9 There can be no th e i question that , if fields were tilled , many artifacts would be la d bare by the plough . In addition to these evidences of Indian occupatl on two rock

. shelters were located , both on the southwestern slope of the hill The lower shelter has a length of about 22 feet with roof 1 2 feet 68 D A IN IAN H BITATIONS .

6 above the floor along the shelter line, feet at the back and pro ectin o 8 un j g ab ut feet . However, much of the floor space was available for use owing to boulders obstructing it . The shelter a faces southwest and the creek is about 300 yards distant . Excav tion of the culture layers brought to light several triangular arrow

o points , three pitted hammerstones , uni and turtle shells , deer

. bones , fli—nt and quartz chips and many potsherds , some decorated ( 22- 22 - 3 2 The other rock house lies higher on th e hillside and about 1 0 5 yards west of the lower . It faces west and the waters of the

o 200 Papakating Creek are ab ut yards distant . Its dimensions are 0 6 o f length , 3 feet ; average roof proj ection , feet ; height roof above the floor, 4 feet on the inside and 7 feet along the shelter line . Practically all the remains of aboriginal culture occurred near the

outside of the rock and even several feet beyond the shelter line,

e but this is not strange , since the Redman oft n enlarged a rock house by leaning poles covered with bark and hides against its

sides and front . Four triangular points and immense quantities of pottery frag m 1 Al ments were unearthed fro 3 to 5 inches below the surface . o t gether there must have been over a thousand potsherds , belonging ff to a score or more of pots , as indicated by the di erent color, m thickness and orna entation of the sherds . Some of the decora

tions used were rather artistic , consisting of straight parallel lines ,

m e zigzag designs , dotted lines and incised ri s ( Plat V) . Chips were fe w m very , a fact showing that but few imple ents were fashioned

in this place . One large fireplace , indicated by the blackened soil and broken pieces of pottery lay around a boulder near the shelter

line . Here four deer bones , gnawed and cracked for the marrow,

22- 1 2- - were turned up . ( 9 7 Judging from the comparative scarcity of mammalian bones we may perhaps assume that the food of Indians occupying this \ the shelte r consisted almost exclusively of fish caught in the creek nearby , the bones of which are small and not well adapted for preservation . East of the last shelter and higher on the hillside there is a 0 small cave discovered by boys about 3 years ago . When first found , its entrance was completely closed by a wall of rocks .

Tearing these away , the boys found a hole barely large enough to admit them . On digging in the floor of the cave they found at Ge o . Su r v . B u l ( l l . 3 Plate V

— te d Po ts e r d s fr o m th e l ’ E V e c o r a a a e . N PI LAT V o . Ow e n s D h W l kill ll y 7 , Cave , ’ 1 - 6 8 B r e r s C o v e . , , 9 , y

DESCRIPTION OF SITES . 69

m a depth of a foot the skeletal re ains of a human being, which were subsequently pronounced to be those of an Indian , who had

evidently died a violent death , since his skull was pierced by a

bullet . Continuing the excavation to a depth of about 4 feet ,

where rock bottom was reached , the boys unearthed many frag and ments of pottery some arrow points . Although accurate data

are unobtainable at this late day , it is perhaps not unreasonable to infer that an Indian of some prominence had here been interred . This cave burial is to our knowledge the first of which there is any

record in the State of New Jersey .

o m As the writer dug up s me ore bones , probably belonging to

deer , as well as several flint nodules , at a depth of more than 4 0 feet below the original surface , as found some 3 years ago , it would seem that this cave was inhabited prior to its being used as a

burial , since otherwise the occurrence of bones and chips at such

t . a depth could not be easily accoun ed for More than that , it

seems likely that . the last living occupant of this cave may have

22 - 22 - - been the one whose remains were found at this spot . ( 3 2 ’ t Other signs of the Indian s ac ivities were noted in this vicinity . Re dme n A ford probably constructed by the , crosses Papakating f m Creek west of the rock houses , about hal way between the and

New . the York , Susquehanna and Western Railroad Again , two

large camp sites , possibly villages , were situated on the other side ’ m of the creek , opposite Berry s Cove , and any finds including the finer obj ects of primitive culture have been made there in years

22- 1 2—- 8 - 8 gone by . ( 9 4 ; _ , When all the facts are considered , ’ it is safe to say that Berry s Cove was one o f the headquarters of

the Lenni Lenapé of Sussex County . Although their principal set tlements were along the Delaware and about Swartswood Lake and ’

Newton , it would seem that Berry s Cove was another center of m m d population , or , if not a per anent settle ent , ban s from the other did m settlements came to this region , as perhaps they in the sum er months to fish in Papakating Creek and Wallkill River . Certainly the scarcity of prehistoric sites hereabouts tends to make Berry’ s a Cove a place of exceptional arch eological significance .

The first settlers of Sussex borough about the year 1 70 0 are said to have found an Indian encampment on top of the hill east of

the railroad station, but all traces of this site disappeared long — 22- 1 2 - 8 ago . ( 9 B 70 INDIAN HA ITATIONS .

e Another camp site , also within the borough and still recognizabl , 22- 1 2-8- lay on the east bank of Clove River . ( 9

A site has been identified on the flats between two hills , a short 1 22-1 2 distance northeast of the borough in Wantage Township . ( 9 — W Owens r ock shelter . Northeast of Sussex, allkill River—flows through marsh lands which extend farther north into the so called n D . . rowned Lands of Orange County, N Y The most promine t physical featu re along this portion of the river is a great limestone ff ’ cli on its east bank north of Baze tt s bridge , 5 miles northeast

- of Sussex and one half mile west of Owens , a station on the ff m Lehigh and New England Railroad . This cli for s the western o f - side a rocky island, surrounded by swamps and low lying mead

m brid e . arallel s to the ows . It extends north fro the g , p and clo e l river for about 500 yards , facing westward and rising abruptly a ’ 0 most from the water s edge to a height of about 5 feet . Masses o f fallen rocks are scattered along its base in pictures que disorder, m e wherever it recedes a little fro the river, so that with the d nse vegetation and the many boulders between cliff and river there is ff hardly room for a narrow path . From the top of the cli the hill S s charac e riz lopes gently to the east, with none of the ruggedne s t

ing its western side . ’ Abo ut 200 yards north of B azatt s bridge and 1 5 feet up the

face of the ledge a cave was found , which in some respects was n the most interesti g of all the shelters of Sussex County. It is formed by a huge rock resting against the ledge at an angle of about 60 degrees so that its o pening and all the space back of it “ ” has the shape of an inverted V , facing southward . A dark and n arrow passage extends from its rear downward expanding, as is ‘ , W claimed , into a subterranean chamber . hen first seen , the cavern was almost completely obstructed by boulders, choking it to the very entrance , placed there years ago, so the story goes , in an efiort to al to prevent access the subterranean chamber, which was le ed o g to be filled with noxious gases , causing lights to g out and n h therefore enda ger life . After these had been removed, the dime : 1 sions of the cave were found to be as follows depth , 4 feet ; 1 l 0 . height , feet ; width , 5 feet The floor under the rocks was evel the and of a black color , doubtless chiefly due to recent fires , and

‘ “ Th e name o f t s towns anta e is sa d to be a co ru t on o nd an hi hip , W g , i r p i f I i ” “ ” Wundach ui s n f n t a wa . q , ig i yi g h t y

2 B T 7 INDIAN HA I ATIONS .

and no remains were found beyond a depth of 2 feet . At a depth of 8 m inches the trowel turned up two perfect imple ents , one being — m a straight ste knife or scraper , the other a nicely polished celt,

2 inches long and I V; inches wide with a sharp cutting edge . There m were also found part of a quartz point and a ost curious relic,

in part at least of European manufacture , namely , the stump of a

rusty iron blade set in a deer horn handle . The latter lay , by m I O actual measure ent, inches below the top and near it there f were scores o potsherds . It is a foregone conclusion that the

Re dme n a m bartered this rticle fro the early white settlers , since we know that a lively trade invariably developed between th e two m races wherever they ca e in contact with one another, and many obj ects obtained in trad e with the whites have been found in

o m ab riginal ca p sites situated on and near the Atlantic seaboard . d While igging near the front of the cave , it was observed that

— o the culture bearing strata extended utwardly . Pottery , in par

ticular f o n t f e m , was fully as plenti ul the ou side , a few e t fro

the n e trance of the cave , as it was in the interior . Yet all this

o o ground was uneven , sl ping from the fo t of the ledge to the river f m . ff below Judging, however , ro the di erent depths at which the m re ains occurred , it seemed as though the space in fro nt of the l cave had once been quite evel , and its present unevenness was due

m o to accu ulati n of débris subsequent to Indian occupation . What appeared to have been an ancient fireplace was discovered 2 f to the left of the entrance . It was about eet deep and the black

o soil within contained a profusion of broken pottery , b nes and turtle m shells . Apart fro these the trowel turned up a fragment of a fo m gorget with one per ration , a scraper ade of yellow j asper and f a crude argillite kni e , badly corroded and patinated with age . From the distribution of the relics it is certain that the Indians camped both in the cave and on a space 5 feet long by 4 feet wide m outside of it . This they could have ade quite hospitable by lean ing poles against the face of the ledge and covering them with skins and bark , something they often did . Thus enlarged, the shelter was spacious enough to harbor nearly a dozen men . m The large nu ber of bones and potsherds , more than a thousand t of each , con rasted with the relative scarcity of chips and arti m facts , see s to hint at frequent visits , each of short duration , by at m hunting parties rather than a prolonged occupancy by fa ilies , since in the latter case the subsoil would have been much richer DESCRIPTIO N OF SITES . 73 in b o jects of aboriginal handiwork . It is probable therefore that t his cave was the temporary resting place of hunter and fisherman,

a favorite resort of theirs and famous withal, as there was not a nother place comparable to it for a radius of many miles . The o ccurrence of bone implements here is unique and places this s b to helter in a class y itself compared the others of the county . ( 22- 1 3 -4-2 200 t A small rock shelter occurs yards nor h of the cave, near the northernmost point of the cliffs on the east bank of Wallkill

. River Although not high enough to permit one to stand upright, it too m ’ , , bore witness to the Red an s presence . Its center showed , traces of an ancient fireplace and the débris contained unio shells , b few ones , chips and a pieces of pottery . Like the cave it was W probably used by Indians fishing along the banks of allkill River . ( 224 3 -44 - 30

I N E N ON AN D ON T H E D O N N H V R VALLEY A J I I G IGH LANDS.

This region proved to be extremely poor in aboriginal remains and , large as it is , only eight sites have been found , four in the the m m valley, others high up a ong the ountains . Glenwoo —Two Pochu k d sites on the low hills east of c Creek,

a . mile east of Glenwood They were probably villages , as they have yielded many fine specimens representing a great variety of —— - - - - - Ob . 22 1 6 6 1 j ects (— 3 9 ; 4 4 4 4, em n. A V o site on top of a high bank , west of the brook at

Vernon . The profusion of chips littering the soil indicates a pre 22—1 ——8—8 historic workshop . ( 3 9 , A hatchet of perfect work manship was found on the Opposite side of the brook near John ’ m 1 1 22- 1 - - Burrows s hotel in the sum er of 9 3 . ( 3 9 9 e —A 1 M cAfe . site east of Black Creek, mile northeast of Mc 22-2 -2- Afee . ( 3 4 - A W i Wawayanda Lake . fishing place on awayanda Mounta n, 22 - 2 —2 - 1 at the north end of the lake . ( 4 — i Sand P ond Two fishing places on Hamburg Mounta n, on the 22 - 2 - - —2 north shore of Sand Pond . ( 3 5 4 , 4 ; ’ b the A site on Peter P . Babcock s farm , on the north ank of - —- - . (22 2 4 6 brook , one half a mile west of Sand Pond 3

1 1 1 . March 0, 9 4

I d ianR mains near Plamfie ld Union n e ,

Co unt and a o n the Lo we y, l g r

Le slie Spie r

RE M AI N S GEN ERAL

Near Plainfield

Along Maurice Rive r

Th e Lowe r Delaware Va lley Group

I . GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE ARCHE OLOGICAL

REMAIN S .

During the field season of 1 9 1 3 the writer investigated three new regions in central and southern New Jersey ; the watershed of the

, Raritan River the creek regions of Gloucester and Salem counties , 1 and the watershed of the Maurice River . Further investigation of the first and second regions might be profitably undertaken ; the m problems presented by both being of ore than local interest . ’ The attention of the survey was again directed to the surface

sites to determine their distribution , and to record evidences for or a gainst their homogeneity . In accordance with the plan of the i preced ng year, the general characteristics of these sites have been in noted respect to their superficial surface indications . Several innovations have been introduced in the notes on sites in southern

Ne 1 1 . and central w Jersey , made during the field season of 9 3 The chief of these is a quantitative estimate of the materials used

distri in stone implements , having in view the determination of the butio n of the several kinds of material in relation to the distribution of implements of the same materials ; the physiographic character istics of the sites were also briefly noted‘ to determine their probable ff e ect, if any, on the location of camps and villages . el — n I n he icinit o PIainfi d . O t V y f the Raritan watershed , west of , and paralleling the village sites on Staten Island , lies the First

o f ff Watchung Mountain . A group sites is located on the sandy blu s in the sheltered valley southeast of this mountain . The surface archae ological remains found on these sites partake of some of the characteristics of the sites in the little valleys about Paterson .

Peculiar to the sites of the Paterson region , exclusive of the rock l shelters , is the abundance of the commoner imp ements , and the great lack of finer articles . Characteristic of many of the sites about Plainfield is the pre m ponderance of small argillite blades and arrow points . Inter ingled

1 e r e ss his o at o n to C ar ss e r Ph . D Cu rator . The write r wishe s to xp blig i l k Wi l . n rato r e artme nt of nt ro o o me r can n anson S nne r ss sta t Cu , p , a d Al ki , A i D p A h l gy A i r f r nd adv ce and va ua e su e st ons for th e M useum o f N atural Histo y , o ki ly i l bl gg i pro se cution of th e survey in 1 9 1 3 . 8 7 INDIAN REMAIN S .

f w t with these are a very e , small , well made points of black flin

‘ s and yellow j asper . Other sites show equal number of well made

- o . argillite , quartzite , flint , jasper, and trap r ck specimens No rela c i tion between the cultural characteristics and the , geographi al pos tion of the individual sites in this group is discernible . The characteristics of these sites differ in a marked degree from those Lena é m s e no usually obtaining in p ca ps , ina much as no pott ry , shell c pits or heaps , no animal bones or other amp débris , with the ex

e tion of fir - e the re c p a few e cracked ston s , have been found in enti is region . It must be remembered , however, that as yet evidence s furnished by surface indications alone . The large camp site found in this group are groups of small camps ; the same fie lds e b ing used repeatedly .

It would obviously be illo adv ise d to attempt an explanation of the apparent heterogeneity which exists in this group based on the necessarily cursory inspection of the surface material which has been collected there ; but two reasons for the presence of these remains have been advanced which may be profitably discussed at the present writing. s It has been suggested that this region might exhibit evidence—of communication between the two headquarters of the Unami ou e Staten Island and at Trenton. Such evid nce may exist on the

Raritan and Millstone Rivers , although nothing of the kind has yet n been found along the Raritan River by Dr . J . Hervey Buchana or the writer . These sites do not lie in the direct line of com munication between the two headquarters ; and the remains are e - apparently not those of trav ling bands . This suggestion appar

se ently does not account for the presence of most of the sites . A second suggestive record of occupation of this territory is the tradition preserved by the descendants o f old settlers both on Staten Plainfield : s Island and about that the Indian , even at a compara tive l y late date , when they lived in the outbuildings of the whites, left the villages on Staten Island and those about Raritan Bay in the autumn to winter in the sheltered valley at the foot of the

Watchung Mountains .

These sites were quite probably occupied by successive bands, h which camped on t em for varying periods of time . But were all m of these camps occupied at a co paratively recent date, there should

' h o f e f a exist today on eac evidences the lat ness o such oc cup tion. Such evidences would be the slowly decomposing camp débris

80 INDIAN REMAINS .

é i camp d bris s visible here . Flaked implements of argillite and l of flint and j asper, none of which are very common , show equa crudity, and are found in approximately equal quantities . and Finer articles , such as banner stones gorgets , are notably ’ few t absent, with a excep ions , from the village sites on Oldman s : Creek . Pottery occurs in a few of the sites the ornamentation is t typically Algonkin . Flaked implements are roughly proportiona e in numbers to the quantities of pebbles of like material found along the creek . ! uartz and impure flint pebbles are abundant ; as are the crude points of the same materials no jasper or argillite

fe w pebbles were to be seen , and but points of these materials o a have been found . Mounds reputed c nt in aboriginal material ‘ to have been reported ; one group of these, located by the writer, may be of white origin . The sites on the upper and lower reaches of Salem Creek are similar in respect to general characteristics . Sites are few , and

- widely separated in this low lying region . Obj ects of all types

are . noticeably rough ; an impressive example being the gorgets, m which are usually classed a ong polished stone articles . Arrow m points are small and roughly ade , with the exception of the few made of j asper . Equal quantities of quartz , sandstone and flint, and a few j asper and argillite arrow points were found . A number of short, stout celts have been collected from two sites situated a

o n considerable distance apart this creek . Potsherds , bearing typical

Algonkin designs , are found in abundance on the Harrisonville : group of sites all were thin , and evidently from small pots . Sev “ m ” eral clay tru pet pipe—s have been found here . Along M aurice Riven The characteristics of the Maurice River

finds may be briefly stated . Objects are sparsely scattered along the

fe banks of the river and its tributaries . A w camp sites have been located . In these a few arrow points and potsherds were found ; the grooved axes found along the river number less than a dozen, while celts are not found . Aside from a few j asper and sandstone Of specimens , equal numbers quartz and flint arrow points are found . The few sites seem to have been bub the hunting camps of bands using the Maurice River as a highway into the unoccupied interior .

N0 important change regarding the distribution of archaeological remains in central and southern New Jersey has been warranted by the results of the second field season ; these results tend to con DI STRIBUTION OF SITES . 8 1

and our firm amplify earlier conclusions . The distribution o f the in new sites is , the main , in agreement with the distribution of the sites nvestigated in 1 9 1 2 . The conclusion then reached as to the ‘ i d f ‘ i entity of the remains is in no way a fected by the new evidence .

i Since many localities are as yet not represented in our list of sites , the results of the preliminary survey presented in this report m are inco plete , and the conclusions arrived at are but tentative .

H B II . GEOGRAP ICAL DI STRI UTION OF SITES .

d a f d m m In i n sites , oun by e bers of the survey staff in central and out fo r s hern New Jersey , can be readily grouped , the purpose

o f f o o . description , in our ge graphical divisi ns As stated in Bulle “ : l m o f a o o tin 9 A Pre i inary Report the Arch e l gical Survey , these are : m and . I . The New York Raritan Bay Group The re ains on n Staten Island , about Raritan and Newark Bays , along South Rive , and on the watershed o f the Raritan Riv er are included in this group .

. II . The Atlantic Coast Group This includes the sites found along the bays and rivers of the coast fro m Sand y Hook to Cape

May . d . III . The Lower Delaware River Valley Group This inclu es

o n o the great Unalachtigo headquarters C hansey Creek , and the

m d m and . numerous sites in Cu berlan , Sale Gloucester counties

M . IV . The iddle Delaware River Valley Group This centers about the cluster of sites at Trenton , and includes the sites found in the territory so uth of the Unami headquarters to Camden . m This grouping of re ains in the central and southern parts of the state adopted as a result o f the work of the field season of , m 1 1 2 has been in no way affected by the location of the re ains 9 , The found during the field season of 1 9 1 3 . sites added to our O list during the last season are in Groups I and III .

N BAY G O P . N E W YORK A N D RARITA R U — —Near Stirling one half mile south of Gillete Station , Stirling ,

the Passaic River , is a small camp site . on the no rth bank of

tr ut on and d e nt t o f th e re ma n e e l sion re garding th e d i s ib i i i y i s s th e conc u s ‘6 ers e Bulle tm fi , P ' Surv e y o f Ne w J y, Ge o logical 82 INDIAN REMAINS .

d . 2 Scattered relics are foun hereabout , chiefly arrow points ( 5 23-69 9 )

Sc a le o f m e i l s .

LEGEND A Cam s al e s i Bura p i l grounds . x 8 cattered finds

FI —nd G. . an Re ma a Pl infi 5 I i ins N e r a e ld . — Waudi ting One mile northeast o f Watchung there is a small o f s in camp site on a hillock . There were formerly a number pr gs

- now . ints s er l a d ch s here , dried up Arrow po , ev a celts , n ip were DISTRIBUTION OF SITES . 83

found on this site . There is said to have been an Indian trading

- d m - - - post one thir of a ile east of this site . ( 2 5 24 7 6 Washin tonvill — g e . On the headwaters of Stony Brook , on the land of Dr . . . 1 m J H Cooley and Leo Phillips , ile southwest of W t m ashing onville , there is a s all camp site where a few arrow

points of flint and jasper have been found . Chips are not plentiful o n . h this site One flint scraper has been picked up ere . No imple m 2 ents of argillite or other soft stone has been found here . ( 5 34- 1 - 1

or t i — N h Pla n el . fi d Ou Green B rook at Mountain and Leland m avenues , a s all camp site was located—. This has yielded arrow , o m points a grooved axe , and s e chips none of argillite . While excavating for a ro ad near this site a number o f axes were dug up ; in the vicinity o f these finds several stone mortars were col l 2 - 2 - - ecte d . ( 5 4 8 8 Occasionally relics are found along Green Broo k from this site to Scotch Plains .

m m o n . m There is a s all ca p the farm of R Cad us , situated on ff f a blu with southerly exposure on a tributary o Stony Brook .

Many obj ects have been found at this site , including one grooved f l a 6 axe , excellently ormed arrow points , one yel ow jasper bl de

m 2 - inches long and exhibiting fine work anship , and chips . ( 5 34 I - s- s d ff A camp site has been locate on the blu on Green Brook .

Here three axes , several hammer stones , a pestle , arrow points ,

o . o h o f chips , and rej ects were f und The arrow p ints were c iefly

- fe w fire . flint , jasper , trap rock , and some argillite A burnt and 2 — —1 - cracked stones are scattered about this site . ( 5 34 7 A small mass of débris on a tributary o f Green Brook in the m m valley immediately belo w Washington Rock arks a s all site , fe w i evidently that occupied by a single lodge . A broken spec mens , i and quartz and flint arrow points were fo und here . Ch ps are 2 — —1 abundant o n this site ; these are chiefly of trap ro ck . ( 5 34 7 There is a small camp site on a sandy hillock on Green Brook m road near a tributa ry of Green Brook . A ong the burnt stones i h mm and chips scattered about, arrow points , p tted a er stones , m i grooved axes and crude scrapers were found . The ater als used

. in the flaked instr uments were flint, quartz , jasper and trap rock

( 25 8 . I D 4 N I AN REMAIN S .

P lain e l — u ff fi d . O the sandy blu s bordering both sides of Green Brook near its confluence with Stony Brook lies a very extensive “ ”

a m . mo o o f m c p site , or re exactly a gr up s all sites , the tailings o f fo r m which extend so e distance in all directions , chiefly south

l to m f a ong the brook Dunellen . The re ains rom this site however d m m m in icate but te porary occupation . The ain ca p is situated on the po int o f land fo rmed by the junction o f the two brooks . e Skeletal remains , reputed to be Indian , have b en dug up at this

m : main ca p by Mr . George Fountain with the skeleton was found a copper plate ; In connection with this find must be noted the fact that B ritish sold iers camped and were buried in the neighbor m f m hood . Re ains ro this group of sites consisted of arrow points ,

m o 2 ham er stones , scrapers , and two undrilled banner st nes . ( 5 — — - — 1 8 2 . a 34 ; 5 34 4 We are indebted to Dr J . Hervey Buch nan , o f Plainfie ld fo m o , for in r ation c ncerning this and other sites in the vicinity o f Plainfield .

— - Dunellen One half mile due northeast o f the Dunellen railroad

m o o was m n w O . stati n a s all ca p , bliterated Chips were abundant

2 - - — here but no obj ects have been found . ( 5 33 6 3 ’ m Fe ike rt s m There is a large ca p site at far , situated on the

o f n o 1 m h o f north side Gree Br ok, ile due nort west Dunellen sta t th o . e ti n This si e , including the scattered débris around principal m f m B part of the ca p , extends ro Dunellen Road to Green rook i f I O . o t o an area of about acres Arrow p n s flint , j asper and argil

mm on b o lite , axes and pitted ha er st es have een c llected from this

- r d t n s and r b l o site . Fire c acke s o es , chip b oken argillite pe bles are a s

- - - - - 1 2 6 2 6 2 6 . present . ( 5 33 5 33 3 4

A knoll o n the so uth side of Bound Brook at the pumping station m so uth of Dunellen has yielded a nu ber of long, slender stone “ ” fi h - o mm s . blades , c only but probably erroneously called spears

2 - - One argillite axe has been found on this site . ( 5 33 6 5 On the north side of the brook opposite this knoll is a small

f o m camp site . The objects r this site , and the chips scattered

about it , are all of argillite , with the exception of a few small arro w points of flint and jasper . Scattered relics are to be found in Dunellen due northeast of this site . B DISTRI UTION OF SITES . 85

Lincol — ’ n. From the crossing of Gallagher s Lane and Green b ’ Brook to Se ring s mill pond the fields on the south side , adjacent o r m , . t G een Brook show scattered speci ens Arrow points , chips ,

- - - . 2 6 . and a broken hammer stone were found here ( 5 33 4, 5 A small camp site is on a high knoll in the meadow bordering ’ Green Brook on the farm of Mr . Jones , near Sebring s mill . Ar ro w . nhich d heads the majority of are notche , are the objects found

- - - in greatest abundance on this site . ( 25 33 5 6 The second very large group of small camps on Green Brook is that immediately south of Sebring ’ s mill pond at the junction

n o of Gree and Bound bro ks . These camps and the scattered débris from them extend from Green Brook to the outskirts of

Lincoln . This is a rich site in regard to the quantity of objects f ound on it, but signs of extensive occupation are not found here . a Broken ornaments , a broken pottery pipe , a b nner stone, grooved axes , pitted hammer stones , a pestle , and an iron trade axe have been collected . Arrow points of all sizes , shapes , and made of all m o f aterials common to the points this region , have been found

and foundI in great abundance . Chips rejects are also scattered

“ — v 2 - - —6 8 - 2 - - - o er the entire site . ( 5 33 5 9 : 5 3 3 5 9 — East B ound B r ook A large camp very prolific in specimens is situated on the southern part Of the Creighton Manor tract on Ambrose Brook about 1 mile from where it empties into the Raritan

River . The specimens from this site are those typical of this region — arrow points , grooved axes , and pitted hammer stones . The 2 quantity of cracked argillite pebbles here is worthy of note . ( 5

The fields along the so uth side of Ambrose Brook from this town m site to I mile above New , and the fields on the north side fro 2 Newtown to the source of the brook have yielded objects . ( 5 33 - 9- 1 25-34- 7 9 ) A small camp site is on the north side of Ambrose Brook due

f . t ea st of the Central Railroad o New Jersey crossing The obj ec s from this site are chiefly arrow points and chips of argillite , flint

- - 2 1 1 . and jasper . ( 5 33 9 N ’ W . . —On . elson s farm Newtown. a flat, sloping field on Dr J on the north side of Ambrose Brook is a small camp in which there is an excellent spring . This site shows arrow points and 1ts chips but no other specimens . All indications point to use as 86 INDIAN REMAINS .

a e is a temporary camp . Its use for this purpose at a late d t

m d . confir ed by its present resi ents . Dr Nelson , who is elderly , say s that his grandparents told him o f the use of this site by Indians j ourneying fro mRaritan B ay and described the pappooses

2 - —- strapped on the backs of the squaws . ( 5 34 7 9

e r e ~ — o f N w M a k t. Scattered remains are found on both sides New Market pond and Bound Brook from New Market to Samp

o o e t town . These are m st plentiful about the head f N w Marke

o 2 - - - - 8 2 - ——8 - p nd . ( 5 34 4 5 ; 5 34 4 3

ou — u d o f S th P lainfie ld P ond . O a san y slope on the north side B ound B rook o ne - half mile west o f South Plainfie ld pond the quantity o f arro w po ints and chips found seems to warrant the

m m 2 - - - assumption that they ark a ca p site . ( 5 34 5 4 — One half mile east o f here is a site o n the brook reputed to be

f so a burial ground . Arti acts have been found here , but far as

no d is known skeletal remains , the sole evi ence that this is a

o burial gr und being the tradition .

Scattered finds are reported from the fields bordering the ' South Pl infi l a e d pond .

Implements are plo ughed up and washed out of the fields along both sides -o f Cedar Brook from the South Plainfie ld pond to ’ B o d d . Valentine s ri ge At this bridge was a f r , on both sides of m o f o . which are found nu bers arr w heads , chips and axes Several

celts have been collected from the camp site on the west bank . Another very small camp is located on the so uth side of the bridge

m f o o 2 —- - 2 on the sa e side o the br k . ( 5 34 5 — Avon P ar k Two small camps are situated on either side of the d ’ roa at the lower end of Holly s Pond . The majority of the speci m ens yielded by these sites have been arrow points . Tradition affirms that in comparatively recent times Indians wintered in the ” - 2 - - - 6 corn cribs at this place . ( 5 34 5

u P la fi l —~ A m So th in e d . large ca p site is at the entrance to the Le

. o . high Valley R R . coal st rage yards This stretch of sloping ground

is adjacent to several large springs . Several broken axes , hammer o o m m st nes , arr w points , the ajority of which are perfect speci ens ,

and chips were found on this site . The flaked obj ects were chiefly

of flint and quartz . Artifacts of argillite are rare , and argillite

2 - - - pebbles are not abundant on this site . ( 5 34 5 9

88 INDIAN REMAINS .

— ’ Willow Gr ove East o f the road from Lambert s Mills to Rah wa m y at the end of Ash Swa p , is a camp site , the débris of which

- m f m . A extends for one quarter o a ile north and south xes , ham er stones and arrow points o f all materials co mmon to this region are 2 - - 1 -2 found here . ( 5 3 5 The fields adjacent to this site also show evidence o f o ccupation by the finds o f scattered relics . ’ Implements have been fou nd scattered about Lambert s Pond h northwest of t is site . A small camp was situated o n a hillo ck no rth o f Ash Swamp

- o n f m o o ne m m . the ar of Anth ny Wahl , half ile fro Willow Grove

A number o f groo ved axes were taken from this site . Arrow po ints and chips made in the pro cess o f flaking are fairly abundant .

2 - - 1 - Few argillite o bjects have been found . ( 5 3 5 5 A large sandy hill on the northern edge o f Ash Swamp I m m ile so uthwest o f Willow Grove is the site o f a ca p . Including the camp proper and th e scattered d ébris from it the site is o ne o f m o f o r several acres . A large nu ber arrow points , one two stone

d mm d . rills , and several pitted ha er stones were collecte here Stone d i B flakes are very abun ant on this s te . Dr . uchanan believes that the position of objects fo und here indicates that they have been

o r f m o d 2 - ploughed up washed out ro a c nsi erable depth . ( 5 35 1 - 4- 5

T H E O D L WER ELAWARE VALLEY GROUP .

Wo od ur — b y. Many scattered finds have been made in the fields adjacent to Wo odbury Creek on both sides from its mouth to its ’

e, . sourc as well as along Mathew s Brook Obj ects , although not ar mo , e o n c abundant re plentiful the south side of the reek . ( 3 1 1 1 - 4, 5 , — M antua Cr e e k o n Along Mantua Creek , the bluff s on both ’ sides , from Mt . Royal to Hee s Branch and along M o nongehe la

, . Brook relics have been found These are chiefly arrow points , o o . ccasionally a gro ved axe is found It is probable , however ,

1 - 1 1 —' that all the sites on this creek have not yet been reported . ( 3 7 8 1 - 2 1 - 1 2 7 7 ; 3 , ; 3 ) DISTRIBUTION OF SITES .

Swedes boro — . Obj ects of aboriginal manufacture, such a s arrow

p , oints flaked blades and axes , are found on the sandy bluffs on both sides of Raccoon Creek between Swedesboro and Bridgeport .

— R ma n o n h e Low r e are nd n s t e aw . I G 6 . a e F . I i i Al g D l

The upper reaches of this creek, where the banks are quite high ,

Would repay further investigation on the part of local collectors .

- 0 2 - 24 4 ; 3 3 3 . 0 9 INDIAN REMAINS .

The hill rising immed iately south o f the mill po nd at Swedes o o f b r is the site o a large camp o r small village . Here a sandy o m o l l a verlies gravel , in which pebb es of quartzite are abundant ,

o o f but n ne argillite are to be seen . Several large springs are

d o m locate on this hill . This site is now ccupied by a ce etery , where

m v . . any obj ects ha e been fo und while excavating for graves . Mr C

m o . d D Lippincott reports pitted ham er st nes , groove axes , a pestle ,

- and a rubbing stone , flat with long usage . Arrow points are fairly

m m o f h m abundant , approxi ately equal nu bers t ese are ade of hard h and . stone (flint , quartz and jasper) argillite The degree of finis exhibited by the hard stone points is equal to that of the argillite

d - o m - 2 - - o f . 0 bla es , both displaying crudity f r and polish ( 3 4 4 9 Scattered o bjects are to be found on the tributaries o f Raccoon

m o d Creek near the ill p n , as well as on the upper reaches of the creek east of Swedesbo ro . Remains o f those types commo n to this region occur in such , abundance as to indicate a camp Site on Raccoon Creek south of the co nfluence o f tw o o f its branches I mile east o f Swedesboro .

o i o n n ff This site , ccupy ng several acres , is a sa dy blu near several

d . t s : goo springs ! uartzi e , flint and jasper pebble abound no argillite pebbles were to be seen . The arrow points from this site are essentially o f the same characteristics as tho se found south o f

— —- the mill pond . ( 30 24 5 4 Workmen engaged in building the Bridgeport ro ad excavated

e to d o - several skel tons , reputed be In ian , ab ut one half mile west o f the West Jersey R . R . on a brook tributary to Raccoon Creek . d f d These were at a epth of 3 eet in san y soil . The bones were

. black Only the skulls were taken out intact , but these soon

m to cru bled on exposure the air . Scattered finds have been made ne rb u a , b t n o f y ‘ no sig s occupation were visible when this site

u 1 1 0 -2 - — was visited in Aug st , 9 3 . ( 3 4 4 4 Indications of a camp site are found on the north bank o f Raccoon Creek 1 % miles belo w the West Jersey Railroad trestle d o . o m at Swe esb ro Several gro ved axes , a pitted ha mer stone and m o any arr w points have been picked up here . The preponderance o f 0—2 - - arrow points are of flint and jasper . ( 3 4 4 1

H arris o e ~ —A m nvill . ca p has been located on the flat bluff over ’ kick n m 1 i g a tributaryof Old an s Creek mile east of Harrisonville .

is Sm The site a all one , the obj ects found in it being typical of

’ om l those fr other O dman s Creek sites , except that potsherds are

z INDIAN D REMAINS .

j f i l ound here . Pebbles of quartz and impure flint are plent fu at

o f . this site , but those jasper and argillite are not to be found

This conditio n o btains througho ut the entire length of the creek . ( 3 0 - 2 3 - 9-4- I

' m few ot A ca p site , where arrow points , grooved axes and a p ’ f o on m sherds were ound , is l cated the south bank of Old an s Creek o ne - m f m d half ile ro Auburn . We are in ebted to Miss Larzelere of Auburn for the location and characteristics o f this and other sites ’ n m — - - - o . 0 2 8 6 Old an s Creek ( 3 3 5 ,

o Scattered bjects , including pieces of pottery , are plentiful along ’ both sides of Oldman s Creek from Auburn to Indian Run .

P e drickto zm —A m o of . _ ca p is l cated on the sloping land east

’

m . the junctio n o f Old an s Creek and Indian Run Arrow points ,

and . principally of quartz flint , are fairly abundant here Several

and mo o d o axes a rtar were ploughed up . P tsher s are f und scattered

- - —— o . 0 2 ver the entire site ( 3 3 5 9 4, A small village was situated at Graveyard Reach on the Hen d rickso n farm on the east side o f the j unction of Beaver and Old m ’ ff an s creeks , on one of the few blu s which extend to the bank

th and m o f e creek . The soil is sandy pebbles of quartz and i pure

no r . flint are abundant, but neither jasper argillite are found here

Grooved axes , a celt , net sinkers , pestles , several very fine flaked

mm o blades , ha er stones and arr w points have been found . Equal m nu bers of the arrow points , which vary greatly in size and shape , and d o f and are all cru e , are quartz and flint , a few of jasper m argillite . Arrow points of all aterials are found together . A

f o f unique eature of this site is the great quantity potsherds found .

to All these fragments apparently belonged rather small pots , and ” “ bear the typical Algonkin decorations co rn- cob and chevron designs . A part of a steatite pot has also been found . Graveyard Reach receives its name from a group of mounds in r n the o o . 6 chard this site Here are a dozen low mounds , feet

I m o he long, 3 feet wide and foot high . The aj rity of these east row and west in a , but at the west end of these is a file of three or four lying north and south . These are reputed to be of Indian “ " o o rigin , but this site has been farmed for ver a hundred years ,

o f and coins George I and II have been found near the old house .

0 2 - - - 8 (3 3 5 4 , 9 DI ST RI HLT' I ‘ I ON OF SITES . 0?

There is a camp site , where artifacts are plentiful , on the Lay

, I man farm mile due south of Pedricktown , on a bluff on Beaver

Creek . The many arrow points found here closely resemble those

' at . Grave ard found y Reach . A very fine large flint blade was

- - - also picked up on this site . ( 3 0 23 4 5 Scattered obj ects are found on the opposite side of Beaver

Creek to the Graveyard Reach site .

- Andrew Hendrickson reports that a polished, boat shaped stone f m was ound on the bank of the Delaware River , near the outh of m ’ Old an s Creek .

Woods to — wn. Evidences o f a small camp site are reported in the sandy fields on the South side o f a branch o f Salem Creek one

m t e o d o n half ile sou h ast of Wo st wn station . Many o bjects of i ' te re st have been picked up here . ! uartz is the material used in

m - 0——- approxi ately one third of the flaked implements . ( 3 34 4 5 Shar to — f p wn. Artifacts are ound scattered throughout the fields along both sides of Salem Creek between Woodstown and Sharp .

. no eh town Implements made of argillite are rare , and argillite p — o r b ould e rs 0—- 6 1 2 bles are to be seen along the creek . ( 3 33 , ,

A se ttleme nt of temporary character has been discovered on the sloping ground between two tributaries of Salem Creek I mile

m o east of Sharptown . A mortar, several pitted ham er st nes , and

- arrow points have been picked up here . Fire cracked stones are m absent fro this camp site , as well as in all others along the upper

0— - 6—2 reaches of Salem Creek . ( 3 33

S o f On the bluff on the south ide Salem Creek, at its junction ’ I o f m with Major s Run , mile west Sharptown, is a s all camp m site . The obj ects found here are si ilar in type and abundance 0 — to those of other camp sites on this part of Salem Creek . ( 3 33 5-5 -3 Scattered remains are found along the south side of Salem ’ ’ o Creek from Sharptown to C urse s Landing, and on Major s Run . On the point of land formed by the junction of two small 1 , , brooks , tributary to Salem Creek % miles west of Sharptown m i is a small camp site . The flaked i plements are chiefly arg llite, sandstone and quartz ; the few points o f j asper and flint found here 0 - - - 2 are well fashioned . ( 3 33 5 - I N . 9 1. DIAN REMAIN S

’ — ff Course s Landing A small camp is situated on the blu on — o f o f the south side o f Salem Creek , three fourths a mile east ’ Course s Landing. Here many arrow points and potsherds have f o been found . Fi ty per cent of the arrow p ints are made of argil 0 lite ; the maj ority o f the remainder of sandstone and quartz . ( 3 — 33 - 5 4 ’ i m . At Course s Landing, on Sale Creek , is a village site Th s ex m tends over the Weber and Matlack far s , located immediately east

ff s . of the causeway , on the blu on the south ide of the creek

, Objects o f interest are found here in abundance . None of these

with the exception of the j asper arrow points , show any high

degree of finish . Axes , net sinkers , pestles and arrow points are d found . The majority of the points are of argillite , san stone and d quartz . Potsher s , bearing typical Algonkin decorations , also f m abound ; from the nature o the aterials used , they appear to have m m . been ade at this site , or at one having si ilar soil Several broken ” Sum trumpet pottery pipes have been found here by Mr . Fred ’ 0—- - merill , of Penn s Grove . ( 3 33 4 3 Relics have been scattered abo ut the fields on both sides of Salem ’ 0—- 0 Creek for several miles west of Course s Landing. ( 3 33 4, 5 ; 3 32

ar o — m H ris nville . Several large ca p sites are grouped in the low d I lying fields back of the marsh bor ering Salem Cove , about

mile south of Harrisonville . That nearest Harrisonville has yielded

m m o many fine i ple ents ; am ng these are a number of short , thick d celts , several groove axes , pestles , net sinkers , hammer stones,

some of which are pitted , potsherds , and many arrow points . Near this site was found a stone adz (hoe ?) (30 -42 - 1 -3 i o f e The fields west this site hav also yielded specimens . The second camp site near Harrisonville lies about one—fourth

‘ of a mile south of the first . Conditions here are simliar to those

at the other two sites . Obj ects of aboriginal manufacture are m abundant . Ha mer stones , axes , pestles , celts , arrow points and

e . chipped blades , and several small gorgets have been coll cted here

The arrow points are small and rough , with the exception of a

few made of jasper. The materials used in these are chiefly sand

stone , quartz , flint, and some yellow jasper . Occasionally points of im le argillite are found . The same conditions regarding flaked p 0—2—1 - ments obtain in the other camp sites of this group . (3 4 3

0“ I NDIAN REMAINS .

Signs o f aboriginal occupation are found scattered in the field s

’ o f d o m We lchw along the banks Swe e s Run , and its tributaries , fr

I m o f are town to ile south Portertown . Although objects not

f d d ’ oun in great abundance , the istribution of sites along Manning

n s to n Creek wo uld ind icate the po ssibility o f others being o . thi ——— . 0 2 1 2 brook ( 3 43 , , — Oakwo od B e ach Ou the Delaware River sho re at Oakwood

“ Beach is a camp site where many o bj ects of abo riginal origin are

o u o f o washed t the bank . Obj ects were f und in considerable abundance when this land was farmed ; but farming has been abando ned partly on acco unt o f the ero sion by the Delaware Rive r m Grooved axes and arrow po ints have been found here . The ate rials used in these po ints are similar to th o se used at the site nearer

o 0 —2- Salem; and similarly no potsherds have be en f und . ( 3 4 4

m t fo o and Scattered re ains are o be und al ng the shore front , so me d istance f om m Elsinborou h inland , r this site to the eadows at g

Po int .

ale — m o d o E l in o rou h S m There is a ca p site on the r a t s b g , three m quarters of a mile so uthwest o f the wharf at Sale . Artifacts

m o t e are fairly nu er us here . The arrow poin s are rough , exc pt the fe m d o f - o f w a e jasper . About one third the points are of sand m m o f and sto ne ; the re ainder being equal nu bers quartz and flint , m mm and x o so e jasper . Pitted ha er stones are grooved a es are als

ho v f o m . fo d . N o un pottery , we er , has been obtained r this site ( 30 -42 - 2 - 7 - 6

Scattered specimens ar e fo und so uth of this site in the field s bordering on Salem Cove . Many scattered specimens have been picked up in the low lying fields o n the so uth side of Fenwick Creek from Salem to th e

Acto n station of the West Jersey R R . These are identical in type to those implements found north of here along Mannington

— - - 0 - 2 - - 8 6 0 1 Creek . ( 3 4 3 , 9 , ; 3 43 4

’ In the fields adjacent to Keasbey s Creek , on both sides , scat

r o te e d objects have been f und . These are similar to objects found

and along Fenwick Mannington Creeks . The majority of the

s flaked articles are made of sandstone and quartz . No potsherd

- —6 - 2 - - o . 0 2 0 have been f und ( 3 4 , 3 ; 3 43 4 B N F DISTRI UTIO O SITES . 97

int — n. ! u o Obj ects are found scattered t hroughout the fi elds ’ b f Allow a ordering both sides o y s Creek , between ! uinton and

. su fi Hancock Bridge At no point , however , are they found in f e m cient abundance to indicat the presence of a ca p , or village site ,

wfie lci

— nd an Re ma ns o n M aur ce R v e r . FI G . 7 . I i i Al g i i

’ tes occur at both ! uinton and Hancock s Bridge . although such si ents have been found in this territo ry . The r illite imp16 m 7 i Of i Of of th e obj ects found are devo d a h gher degree $30 3; —- - - 0 42 6 9 ; 30 43 4 4, 7 , finish . ( 3 8 9 INDIAN REMAINS .

M illville — . Objects of aboriginal origin are found scattered along d o f m both si es the Maurice River ; on the east , fro Millville to and f o o o B . Port Elizabeth ; on the west, s uth Millville t uckshutem i f Arrow po nts and axes of the grooved variety are ound . The m arrow points are chiefly ade of flint , quartz and sandstone ; points o f - — . 1 2 6 8 argillite are occasionally found 3 5 5 , , , 9 ; 35 About 2 miles south of Millville o n the west bank of the Maurice River is a bluff where the quantity of relics found indicates a m . o o ca p site Arr w points , gro ved axes , and several net sinkers and

m o m ha mer stones have been found here . P ttery is absent fro this

- 1 2 - - site . ( 35 5 9

M anantico —M r f . . . o o Frank D Andrews , , Vineland , rep rts that many years ago the sand blowing from an open field o n the west ’ o f M anantico I m o f side Creek , ile south Clark s Mill , disclosed — a fire . 2 f circle of cracked , rough stones The circle was eet in f m h . e w d ia eter . This was believed to ave been of Indian origin A

m m f - 1 2 a rrow points are so eti es ound in the neighboring fields . ( 35 — 9 6

i el — f o h d V n and . Arrow points are ound scattered ab ut the ea of

’ r m d at the Pa vin s Branch , and are someti es foun in excavating

m m e fo u d Catholic Ce etery here . These are si ilar in type to oth rs n

- 2 - 6 alo ng B lackwater B ranch . ( 3 5 Objects are scattered about the fields at the head o f Cedar f o l f o . Branch , n tab y on the arm Mr Ellis , situated at the junction of B ear and Cedar branches . Arrow points and occasionally an axe , but no other objects , are found . The points are chiefly of flint ,

- - - 6 - - i d o f . the rema n er j asper ( 3 5 3 4 , 9 ; 3 5 3 5 Scattered remains are fo und in considerable quantity at Indian

Head at the junction of Muddy Run and Maurice River . Arrow

—2——2- points and chips have been plowed up in this field . ( 35 7 213 Objects are picked up on both sides of Union Lake just south of

" this site .

Scattered objects are found on both sides of Muddy Run from

Parvis Lake to the Maurice River . These are chiefly arrow points ; a few grooved axes are found . Near Parvis Lake a large portion of

- 1 - 2 6 - 2 a pot was found several years ago . ( 35 , 3 , ; 35 Arrow points are found along both sides of Blackwater Branch from the Maurice River to Pine Branch . These are plentiful at ’ m Schelde r s the j unction of the two strea s , at Mr . farm south of

I N D E X

ott C. C. re ferre Abb , , d to ' A r s oke on s rock sh e lter (near Lafayette ) Ac e rso n s ne k , ite s ar Acknowle dgme nts for aid

llamuc Mounta n nd an na for A hy i , I i me nd ov er s te s a an n a A , i t d e r A l man e . S. pp , J ' A r te m e men s re ond eranc e o f ar m Plain gilli i pl t , p p ind fie ld

’ Ar i te use of for im le nae nts g lli , p A rmstr on 0 E g, . . u usta s te s near A g , i u ur n s te s near A b , i

von Par s te s n a A k, i e r

B al e sv e s tes nea ill , i r

anne r stone s ment on o f nd n o f B , i fi i g figured asse tt av d re fe rre d to B , D i ,

ear d al . P. B l , J B e aver Run ar facts found ne ar , ti

B ell urso n ur al round on farm o f , B , b i g

re fe rred to 7 , 21 ,

’ B erry s Cove ( ne ar Suss ex)

B e vans rel cs found near , i B e vans rock she lte r

B mu e t men on of nd n o f i rd a l , ti fi i g

Bl ac ford Fran k , k 1 n s ment on of nd n o f 7 , 7 3 B one imple me t , i fi i g 8 88 e ferred to w . 74, 84, 7 , uc anan . H ervey, r B h , J 20 28 8 86 o ri round s nd an , , 49 , 4, , g Bu al g , I i

t h o - o Camp s te s num er of i , b

v o o Se m ion 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' i ndian remains found i n Cave s, 1 02 INDEX

C a ce d o n m e me nts of h l y , i pl f Co e ct o ns e xam ne d .l st . o ll i i , i ' C u rse s Land n s t es ne ar p i g, i

Cr an e rr Re s e rvo r s te ne ar b y i , i s

Cu v e rs Po nd s te ne r 1 5 l , i s a 3 . 3

e c e r S. D k , J . e aware R ve r a und ance o f site s a on the u e r D l i , b l g pp s ite s o n th e uppe r part of e aware Valle Lowe r e ne a c a racte r o f nd n re ma i s in D l y, , g r l h I ia n

sit e s in

f rre e M . r e e d t u . o D p y, A , n man Fe rr s t es ne ar Di g y , i

’ ra e s Pond s te s ne ar D k , i

r e M re fe rre d t a ictor . o. D k , V ,

une e n s te s ne ar D ll , i

E st o und roo sit e s on a B B k, East N e wton sh e lte r

Edsa o se ll, J ph E mmau s Grove ro ck s h e lte rs

Fa rv e w L a e s te s near i i k , i

at ro o a e s te s in Fl B k V ll y , i

n ar . at roo e s te s e . Fl b kvill , i

nt a und anc of Fli , b e,

o re sts e ffe cts on v a e s e s F , ill g it ran n Bo r ou o f s te s in F kli ( gh ) , i ‘ Franklin Fu rnace rock sh elte r

F'r e d on s te s ne ar , i

Ger man F ats s te s o n y l , i G e nwood s te s ne ar l , i

’ Gne iss mp e me nts o f 2 6 , i l

r - Go e ts me nt on of nd n o f 6s 7 1 , 7 2 80 5 g , i fi i g , , , 94, 9

Gr an te m e me nts o f ! s 2 6 i , i pl 5 0 Gum H o ll ow r o c k sh e lte r

1 04 I NDEX

M a a a s te ne ar l g , i

M anantico s te s ne ar , i

’ ' Mantua Cre e s te s on k, i

M ar t n o n r e fe rr ed to i , J h , M at er ial u se d for stone impleme nts

Maurice R ve r nd an r e ma ns and s te s a o n i , I i i i l g

Me rr n M r i g, .

M dd ev e s te s ne ar i l ill , i

‘ ‘ ‘ M s Ro er t ill , b ‘ M v e s t es near ill ill , i Mine Ro ad nd an tra a ong , I i il l

M n s n nd an v a e of i i i k , I i ill g

M n s n an s te s o n i i i k Isl d , i

‘ ’ M onroe Snov e r s Cav e s t e s ne ar ( ) , i ’ M o o dy s Ro ck ( M uckshaw Swamps ) M oody r oc k sh e lter

’ M ucksh aw Swam s and Ponds s te s in and ne ar p , i

M ud Pond s te s ne ar , i

N e M ar e t s te s ne ar w k , i

e wto n b u ria ro und ne ar 22 N , l g

s te n ‘ 6- s at a d ne ar . 1 1 2 2 2 i 3 , 5 , , 5 , 5 5 9

e wto wn s te near 8 N , i 5

‘ No r t C urc s te ne ar 66 h h h , i s

“ No rt Plainfield site s ne ar 8 h , 3

‘ Oa wo o d e ach s te s ne ar k B , i

' dman re e c arac f ndi n O C te r an re ma on c . o - c \ o s o s a a l k, h I i l g t ‘ site s on

wassa La e s te s near , k , i

Pa a at n Cre e s t e s in va e of p k i g k, i ll y Paulins K Stes a o ng the ill, i l

' ' Pe d ric ktown

Pe e ttown s t ne ar ll , i e

Pe oketin nd an v a e o f p g, I i ill g

Pe ue st R ve r s te s on q i , i

P e - tt tt M rs . Clar kson re fe rre d t o i , ,

' ‘ P pe s nd an ment on of findin -of 1 8 0 i , I i , i g 3 , 9 5 I NDEX 1 0 5

P tt n e r Garre t i i g ,

Plainfie ld s te s near , i 8 2 8 7 7 , 3 , 84, 8 6 Pochuck M o n u ta n nd an tra acros s ' i I i il b o o u 2 4 Po u at on p l i 1 3 Potte ry cord -mar ed how ro duc ed , k , p 3 3 POWe rs M c ae , i h l 1 9 Pre ston M e adows roc S e te r k h l a a s 47

uartz use o f for m ! , i plements ‘ u c Po nd s t ! i k , i e s near

u nto n s e ne ! i , it s ar

Raccoo n Cre e c ara er nd an ma n k, h ct of I i re i s along s ite s along ’ Ro c s e ters Ackerson k h l , s ’ Be rry s Cove Emmans Grove

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

‘ ’ Swartswood Lake Tok-hok-nok

' en rans Eu ene Ros k , g n n o s o o o . O fi kf anS . Victor o o o o o R Sé , J

' ‘ Ro se v e nd an tra near ill , I i il

Ro nd Pond s t e near u , i ! ’ ur a round on Rye rson s farm, b i l g

S

of nd an remains aron Sale m Greek, character I i g

alem s tes ne ar S , i “ m ur M ounta n) Sand Pond ( on Ha b g i 1 06 I NDEX

Sc o onove r o n h , J h Scudde r H , .

ha 5 o o o o o o o o o o o o v 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o S pnack s and S te near a o o o o 0 I l , i o o o o o o o o

S ar town s te s ne ar h p , i S aw Sa re h , y S te s d escr ption and ocat on of i , i l i d iffe rent kinds re cognize d syste m of numbering o f S nne r anson re fe rred to ki , Al , S e r Fre d e r c lik , i k, m S t Ge or e . i h, g A ’ Sno v er s Cave ( ne ar M onroe )

Sn d e r Ra mo nd y , y , Soa stone ots of p , p ring made of So nfluence on ocat on of v a e il, i l i ill g

Sout Plainfield Pond s te s ne ar h , i So ut Plainfield s te s ne ar h , i

S arta unct on s tes ne ar p J i , i ' S arta s te s near p , i S er Le s e re ort b pi , li , p y S r n da e s te s ne ar l p i g l , i S ro ut s te s ne ar p Hill, i

St c ne C as. E i k y, h . St wate r s te s ne ar ill , i ; St wate r Stat on s tes near ill i , i St r n s te near i li g, i Struble rock sh e lters Suc e Pond s te s ne ar k r . i Susse x Count area of y, e le vation o f physical feature s of str e ams of valleys of Sus se M s s te ne ar x ill , i Susse s te s at and ne ar x, i

Swa tswood La e a undance o f s te s near r k , b i site s ne ar

Swartswood Stat on s tes ne ar i , i Swe d e s or o s te s ne ar b , i

Tok-hok-nok the nd an v a e o f 1 - 8 , I i ill g 5 , 5 7 5 , 59 r ock sh elte r 5 8

ra s nd an . 22 1 6 T il , I i , 33 , 3 7 , 39 , 5 , 5 9 , 4

ran ui s te s at and ne ar o- i T q lity , i s s Tuc er Ge o e k , rg 7