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The Importance of Fishers' Knowledge As a Management Tool

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The Importance of Fishers' Knowledge As a Management Tool ICES CM 2007/O:06 The importance of fishers’ knowledge as a management tool: a case study of the 2006 decline of the Moray Firth Loligo fishery in North East Scotland and the implications for future management strategies J.M. Smith, G.J. Pierce, and I. Theodossiou The present paper reviews the recent history of the directed squid fishery in the Moray Firth, Scotland (UK), including the sharp decline in landings during the 2006 fishing season. This is a small, inshore fishery, in which many vessels are owned and operated by a single fisher, with three months of seasonal Loligo catch profits comprising more than 50% of their annual gross income. Face-to-face interviews with vessel owners who participate in the fishery were conducted in the ports of Burghead, Buckie, Lossiemouth, Macduff and Fraserburgh during early to mid 2007 to obtain a greater understanding of the importance of the Loligo fishery, with the aim to obtain a picture of (a) spawning and fishing ground locations, (b) environmental conditions perceived to be related to favourable catch per fishing effort, (c) importance of the cephalopod fishery to the fishers as an employment opportunity and source of income and (d) fishers’ opinions of possible factors leading to the decline of landings during 2006. It is hoped that suggestions for management produced by these stakeholders, when considered together with biological data such as life history models stemming from growth and maturation relationships, could provide the basis for a successful cephalopod stock management regime in this niche-market fishery, which is vulnerable to both socio-economic and biological collapse. Keywords: Loligo, squid fishery, Moray Firth, management strategies Contact author: J.M. Smith: University of Aberdeen, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK [tel: +44 1224 272866, fax: +44 1224 272396, e-mail: [email protected]]. 1 ICES CM 2007/O:06 1. Introduction The Moray Firth is a triangular inlet of the North Sea situated on Scotland’s northeastern coast. The area supports a variety of commercially viable industry activity, including oil production, malt whiskey distillation and whitefish and prawn fishing. The southern coast of the firth is dotted with historical fishing ports and villages, several of which continue to receive and process commercial landings on a daily basis. The town of Fraserburgh is the largest fishing port in this area, with over 200 registered fishing vessels at the end of last year (DEFRA, 2006). The commercial squid fishery in the Moray Firth, comprised primarily from landings of the veined squid Loligo forbesi, typically takes place during the months of August through November. Squid is landed primarily in the ports of Buckie and Fraserburgh, although landings also occur in the smaller ports of Burghead and Macduff (see Figure 1.). Historically, the fishery has been small-scale, with 2-3 vessels off each fishing area participating in the directed fishery each year (J. Brown, SFPA, pers. comm.). During 2003, a large directed fishery was established approximately 50 metres offshore from Buckie, with increased landings also seen in Fraserburgh, partially a result of high catches off of Trouphead (Figure 2.). The fishery generated comparable landings in tonnes in 2005. When fishing effort off of Buckie yielded over 700 tonnes of squid with a market value of over GBP £1,000,000, with highest landings during the month of September and directed catch continuing as late as December. The directed fishery in 2006 failed to yield the high landings of the previous seasons. Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency (SFPA) officers in Buckie reported large (> 10 m) vessels arriving and changing to squid gear in early August, but also reported the presence of unfavourable weather. A combination of strong tides and easterly gales occurred in September, and the Buckie fishery failed to materialize, with the exception of a few small vessels (< 10 m) fishing off Burghead. It was suggested that the environmental conditions had contributed to the low catch, as approximately 18 years ago when similar, prolonged weather conditions were present, squid and lobster were observed washed up along the shoreline in the area (J. Hay, SFPA, pers. comm.). The present study attempts to investigate fishers’ knowledge to assess the biological and socio-economic importance of the Loligo fishery, with the aim to obtain a picture of (a) spawning and fishing ground locations, (b) environmental conditions perceived to be related to favourable catch per fishing effort, (c) importance of the cephalopod fishery to the fishers as an employment opportunity and source of income and (d) fishers’ opinions of possible factors leading to the decline of landings during 2006. Fishers’ knowledge has been shown in many instances to complement scientific knowledge, and by shedding light on biological processes in less understood species, has proven essential in circumstances where fished stocks require unique approaches to management (see Haggan et al., 2007). 2. Methods 2 ICES CM 2007/O:06 Contact was initiated with SFPA officers along the northeastern Scottish towns of Lerwick, Buckie, Fraserburgh, Aberdeen, Peterhead and Pittenweem via phone, email or in person. An interview questionnaire was developed to collect vessel and trip information, gear specifics, biological and economic catch details, management suggestions, and opinions regarding the decline of landings during the 2006 fishing season as compared to the higher landings from previous years. Questionnaires required specific responses to provide adequate data for the calculation of economic production functions (see Theodossiou, 2003) and the Gómez-Muñoz equation (Gómez-Muñoz, 1990) and were therefore primarily composed of closed-format questions, with the exception of questions regarding opinions about management and perceived reasons for the fishery decline. The Gómez-Muñoz model provides a means of estimating catch and effort in small-scale fisheries and has been used in the past for comparison with official statistics and to obtain data for poorly documented artisanal fisheries (e.g., Simón et al., 1996; Rocha et al., 2004; Young et al., 2006a). The study area comprised the ports within the Moray Firth area that have traditionally experienced the highest amounts of Loligo landings during the past five years (data sourced from the annual Scottish Executive Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics). Ports selected for surveying included Burghead, Buckie, Lossiemouth, Macduff and Fraserburgh (Figure 1). A letter of intent and a colour flyer detailing the upcoming interviews were sent to the SFPA offices via facsimile prior to the commencement of the interviewing. Contact with the Harbour Offices at study area ports of interest was initiated to collect the names of specific vessels and skippers who had fished for squid during the 2006 season, as well as their typical landing patterns and in-harbour activities. This information was used to compile a master list of vessels to target, although any available skippers or fishers not included on the master list were approached as well. During late February and early March 2007, face-to-face interviews were conducted with fishers, systematically directly targeting as many fishers as could be located who actively fished for squid during 2006, either on their boats, on the docks, or in some instances in public establishments near the harbour. Participants were first read a “Confidentiality Statement” which was also printed at the top of each questionnaire, informing them that their individual vessel name, number and surname would not be documented on data collection sheets. Questions were asked by the interviewer, and the responses were documented on the interview questionnaires by hand. Information or opinions volunteered by the interviewees were also documented to the fullest extent possible. The duration of each interview was between 15 minutes and 1 hour. 3. Results 3.1. Vessel and Trip Information Of the ten interview questionnaires completed by active squid fishers, 80% of the vessels surveyed were < 10 m in length, with the remaining being > 10 m (all of the < 10 m boats were between 9 and 10 m in length). Vessels landing at Burghead were all < 10 m. It 3 ICES CM 2007/O:06 appears that the larger boats favour landing further east in Buckie or Fraserburgh. Engine size in the small boat class ranged from 120-240 hp, with the largest vessel (21 m) running on 650 hp. All skippers interviewed, with the exception of the > 10 m vessel out of Fraserburgh fished during daylight hours: the vessels were deployed just before sunrise, and continued to fish until sunset, when they made their way back to port. It was mentioned by most interviewees that the catch strategy was to either capture the animals in the water column as they descended after night time feeding, or to catch the animals as they congregated close to the seabed during the day. The median trawl time to fishing grounds was 30 min (represented by the Burghead fishers), but overall ranged from 10 to 45 min, possibly variable as a result of the horsepower range of the vessels. Burghead fishers fished 2 nm offshore, while the Buckie and Lossiemouth fishers traveled slightly further. Just over half of the surveyed fishers preferred what they described as “still,” “calm,” or “flat” sea state to maximise catch, while three fishers indicated that they do not believe water condition is correlated to catch levels. Seven (70%) of the fishers reported that clear water was necessary for a good catch, while two fishers did not perceive a difference in catch as a function of water clarity. One fisher believes that he experiences the highest catches of larger, faster swimming animals in cloudy water, possibly a result of the animals’ reduced ability to see the gear. Five (50%) of the fishers preferred sunny skies, while four others did not believe that weather conditions (except for extremes) affected catch levels.
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