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Und Sachuntersuchungen Zu Den Schriften Caesars Und Zum Corpus Caesarianum Im Vergleich Zu Römischen Autoren Vor Und Nach Caesar

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Und Sachuntersuchungen Zu Den Schriften Caesars Und Zum Corpus Caesarianum Im Vergleich Zu Römischen Autoren Vor Und Nach Caesar GEOGRAFISCHE WORT- UND SACHUNTERSUCHUNGEN ZU DEN SCHRIFTEN CAESARS UND ZUM CORPUS CAESARIANUM IM VERGLEICH ZU RÖMISCHEN AUTOREN VOR UND NACH CAESAR INAUGURAL - DISSERTATION Zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Heidelberg von Dr. rer. nat. Karl Nützel Herr Prof. Dr. Werner Schubert hat die Betreuung der Arbeit übernommen. Ihm bin ich zu besonderem Dank verpflichtet Herr Dr. Eckhard Christmann hat diese Arbeit angeregt. Dafür und für viele Diskussionen, die teilweise über das Thema hinausgingen, sage ich Dank. Herrn Prof. Dr. Michael Albrecht danke ich, dass er auf meine Absicht in der Klassischen Philologie zu promovieren eingegangen ist. Trotz schwieriger Umstände hat Herr Prof. Dr. Hans Armin Gärtner das Korreferat übernommen, ich bedanke mich herzlich. Hinweise und Hilfe bei der Beschaffung von Literatur haben mir Herr Franz Martin Scherer M. A., Seminar Klassische Philologie Heidelberg, und Frau Dipl. Bibl. Anette Philipp, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, gegeben. Auch ihnen habe ich zu danken. In seiner knapp bemessenen Freizeit hat mich mein Sohn, Dr.-Ing. Arno Nützel, in die Anwendung des Computers eingeführt und mich bei der Lösung von anfallenden computertechnischen Fragen und Problemen entscheidend unterstützt. Dafür danke ich ihm sehr herzlich. Frau cand. phil. Katharina Roettig, Bern, danke ich für die sorgfältige Korrektur des Manuskripts. Für etwaige Unstimmigkeiten trage ich selbstverständlich die Verantwortung. I INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ABKÜRZUNGEN VI EINLEITUNG 1 1. 0. 0. 0 VERBEN 8 1. 1. 0. 0 VERBEN, DIE ÜBERWIEGEND GEOGRAFISCHE GROSSLAGEN BESCHREIBEN 8 1. 1. 1. 0 vergere 8 1. 1. 2. 0 Exkurs: Caesars Ansicht über die geografische Lage von Spanien, Britannien und Irland 12 1. 1. 3. 0 pertinere 16 1. 1. 4. 0 patere 21 1. 1. 5. 0 spectare 27 1. 1. 6. 0 dividere 32 1. 1. 7. 0 incolere 41 1. 1. 8. 0 colere, incola, accolere 46 1. 1. 9. 0 sedes habere, sedes parare, sedes petere, in sedes reverti, se sedibus continere 48 1. 1. 10. 0 porrigere 50 1. 1. 11. 0 pandere 52 1. 1. 12. 0 praetendere 53 1. 1. 13. 0 Exkurs: Die Kelten und die Einteilung Galliens 55 II 1. 1. 13. 1 Historische Entwicklung der Kelten unter Berücksichtigung der Änderung des Klimas 56 1. 1. 13. 2 Gallien in der Zeit Caesars 60 1. 1. 13. 3 Gallische Völker und die Zuordnung der Landesteile 62 1. 1. 13. 4 Beschreibung Galliens nach Caesar 67 1. 2. 0. 0 VERBEN DER EINTEILUNG UND DER ABGRENZUNG 74 1. 2. 1. 0 intercidere 74 1. 2. 2. 0 seiungere, discernere 75 1. 2. 3. 0 disiungere 77 1. 2. 4. 0 interfluere 77 1. 2. 5. 0 dirimere 79 1. 3. 0. 0 VERBEN DES BEWOHNENS, VERBLEIBENS UND SICH BEFINDENS 80 1. 3. 1. 0 habitare 80 1. 3. 2. 0 considere 83 1. 3. 3. 0 obtinere 86 1. 3. 4. 0 tenere 90 1. 3. 5. 0 manere 93 1. 3. 6. 0 remanere 96 1. 3. 7. 0 permanere 98 1. 3. 8. 0 morari 99 1. 3. 9. 0 commorari 102 1. 4. 0. 0 VERBEN DER DISTANZ 104 1. 4. 1. 0 abesse 104 1. 4. 2. 0 distare 110 1. 4. 3. 0 intericere 113 1. 4. 4. 0 intercedere 115 1. 4. 5. 0 interesse 116 III 1. 4. 6. 0 Exkurs: Maßeinheiten 118 1. 5. 0. 0 VERBEN DES BEGINNENS 131 1. 5. 1. 0 initium capere, capere 131 1. 5. 2. 0 oriri 136 1. 5. 3. 0 incipere 140 1. 6. 0. 0 VERBEN DES EINSCHLIESSENS UND ABGRENZENS 142 1. 6. 1. 0 continere 142 1. 6. 2. 0 includere 148 1. 6. 3. 0 attingere 149 1. 6. 4. 0 contingere 153 1. 6. 5. 0 finire 157 1. 6. 6. 0 terminare 159 1. 6. 7. 0 Exkurs: „Porticus Vipsania“; geografische Abbildungen in der Antike; das Artemidoros-Fragment 161 2. 0. 0. 0 SUBSTANTIVE 167 2. 1. 0. 0 flumen 167 2. 1. 1. 0 ANTIKE ANSICHTEN ÜBER DEN URSPRUNG DER FLÜSSE. DIE BEDEUTUNG DER FLÜSSE. BRÜCKEN UND FLUSSÜBERGÄNGE 167 2. 1. 1. 1 Antike Ansichten über den Ursprung der Flüsse. Bedeutung der Flüsse 168 2. 1. 1. 2 Brücken und Flussübergänge 176 2. 1. 2. 0 EXKURS: KLIMA UND WASSERFÜHRUNG DER FLÜSSE 181 2. 1. 3. 0 GALLISCHE FLÜSSE 184 2. 1. 3. 1 Rhenus 184 2. 1. 3. 2 Rhodanus 199 2. 1. 3. 3 Exkurse: Gründe des Helvetierkrieges und Nordumseglung Asiens 211 2. 1. 3. 4 Liger 221 IV 2. 1. 3. 5 Sequana 228 2. 1. 3. 6 Matrona 233 2. 1. 3. 7 Elaver 234 2. 1. 3. 8 Arar und Dubis 234 2. 1. 3. 9 Isara und Druentia 239 2. 1. 4. 0 BELGISCHE FLÜSSE 241 2. 1. 4. 1 Axona 241 2. 1. 4. 2 Mosa 242 2. 1. 4. 3 Scaldis 248 2. 1. 4. 4 Sabis 250 2. 1. 5. 0 GARUMNA 254 2. 1. 6. 0 RUBICO, SPANISCHE FLÜSSE 257 2. 1. 6. 1 Rubico 257 2. 1. 6. 2 Sicoris und Cinga 258 2. 1. 6. 3 Hiberus 262 2. 1. 6. 4. Baetis und Salsum 263 2. 1. 7. 0 FLÜSSE ILLYRICUMS, EPIRUS’, THESSALIENS 265 2. 1. 7. 1 Apsus, Genusus, Aous, Haliacmon 265 2. 1. 7. 2 Enipeus 267 2. 1. 8. 0 NILUS UND NEBENGEWÄSSER 268 2. 1. 9. 0 DANUBIUS (DANUVIUS, HISTER) 270 2. 1. 10. 0 TAMESIS 274 2. 2. 0. 0 Bodenerhebungen 280 2. 2. 1. 0 MONS 280 2. 2. 1. 1 Hercynia silva 283 2. 2. 1. 2 Pyrenaei montes 284 V 2. 2. 1. 3 Alpes 286 2. 2. 1. 4 mons Iura 288 2. 2. 1. 5 Vosegi 290 2. 2. 1. 6 mons Cebenna 291 2. 2. 1. 7 Riphaei montes 294 2. 2. 1. 8 mons im bG, bc, CC und bei den Autoren vor und nach C 295 2. 2. 2. 0 COLLIS 309 2. 2. 3. 0 IUGUM 338 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 358 ANHANG 363 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 370 ABBILDUNGEN 393 VI ABKÜRZUNGEN Vorbemerkung Der Wortsuche wurden die lateinischen Texte der PHI Latin CD ROM (The Packard Humanities Institute Los Altos California) zu Grunde gelegt. Die Sammlung enthält die Texte von 378 Autoren von Beginn der lateinischen Sprache bis zur Spätantike. Als Suchsystem diente LECTOR Version 3.6 von Robert Maier Freising. Um Wörter bei Ammianus Marcellinus einzuordnen, wurde der „Index verborum Ammiani Marcellini“ von M. Chiabó verwendet. Die numerische Kennzeichnung von Autoren in der lateinischen oder römischen Literatur bezieht sich zwangsläufig nur auf die Literatur, die auf uns gekommen ist. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen werden Inschriften auf Monumenten, Gräbern u. ä. nicht berücksichtigt. Abgesehen von den gebräuchlichen wurden die allgemeinen Abkürzungen, die bibliografischen Abkürzungen und die Abkürzungen der Namen der antiken Autoren und deren Werktitel dem NEUEN PAULY entnommen. Die wenigen Titel, die dort nicht vermerkt sind, werden unmissverständlich gekennzeichnet. Interne Abkürzungen C C. Iulius Caesar bG C. Iuliis Caesaris commentarii belli Gallici bc C. Iuliis Caesaris commentarii belli civilis Hir Hirtius A liber de bello Alexandrino Af liber de bello Africo H liber de bello Hispaniensi CC Corpus Caesarianum (Hir, A, Af, H) Plinius ohne Bezeichnung bedeutet C. Plinius Secundus (der Ältere) mNN bedeutet Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel VII Die deklinierten Formen der Substantive werden in der Regel mit dem Nominativ Singular zitiert. Die konjugierten Verbformen werden mit dem Infinitiv Präsens Aktiv zitiert. „Wortfeld“ bedeutet die Summe der Wörter, die sich von einem gemeinsamen Wortstamm ableiten. „Bedeutungsfeld“ ist die Summe der Wörter, die gleiche oder ähnliche Bedeutung haben. Die Höhenangaben wurden dem Schlachtenatlas Kromayer–Veith oder den Höhenkoloriten des Barrington–Atlas entnommen. Die Entfernungen wurden in den Atlanten oder, falls nötig, in „Peters Länder der Erde in flächengetreuer Projektion“ und, wo immer es möglich war, im Barrington–Atlas ausgemessen. - 1 - EINLEITUNG Die vorliegende Untersuchung behandelt sprachliche und sachliche Probleme der Geografie bei Caesar und den Autoren des CC. Schon am Anfang hat es sich als zweckmäßig erwiesen, auch die entsprechenden Sinngehalte der römischen Autoren vor und nach C mit heranzuziehen. Im Laufe der Untersuchungen stellte sich heraus, dass auch die geografischen Voraussetzungen, wie sie C in der griechischen Literatur vorfand, teilweise berücksichtigt werden mussten. Die Geografie und die Geomorphologie beschreiben die Welt, wie sie der Mensch vorfindet. Forbigers Definition der antiken Geografie ist nach wie vor zutreffend: „Die alte Geografie ist die wissenschaftliche Darstellung der Erd-, Länder- und Völkerkunde der Alten, vorzüglich der Griechen und Römer.“1 Zwangsläufig schildern die alten Geografen streng genommen lediglich die Gestaltung der Erdoberfläche und deren Bewohner. Die Formen des Meeresbodens zu erforschen, lag außerhalb der gegebenen Möglichkeiten. Die moderne Naturwissenschaft hat durch neue Methoden die Grenzen unserer Sinneserfahrung stetig erweitert und den Wissensbereich erheblich ausgedehnt. Ein Beispiel soll dies verdeutlichen: Die Lokalisierung einzelner Orte war von der Antike bis in die beginnende Neuzeit problematisch und mit vielen Fehlern behaftet. Die Breitengrade konnten zwar gut bestimmt werden, nicht hingegen die Längengrade. Mithilfe der Satellitennavigation ist es heute möglich, die Lage irgendeines Ortes auf der Erdoberfläche bis auf einige Meter genau festzulegen. Die Kenntnis der Geografie in der Antike reduziert sich auf die Kontinente Europa, Afrika und Asien.2 Bis in die Neuzeit blieben auch einzelne Gebiete dieser Erdteile noch unerforscht. Die amerikanischen Erdteile, der australische Kontinent sowie Grönland, die Arktis und Antarktis lagen jenseits des Gesichtskreises der Antike. Andererseits sind einzelne Unternehmungen in der Antike erstaunlich: Schon relativ früh gelingt ägyptischen Seefahrern die Umseglung Afrikas von Ost nach West, und mit einiger Wahrscheinlichkeit wurde auch bereits der asiatische Kontinent auf einer 1 Forbiger A. Bd. 1 S. 1. 2 Einen kurzen Überblick über die antike Geografie gibt Grebe S. S. 290–337. - 2 - nördlichen Route von Ost nach West umfahren.3 Weite Gebiete Nordeuropas, Afrikas und Ostasiens wurden erst in der Kaiserzeit bekannt.
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