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Top Weed Concerns of 2008 and Emerging Weed Issues in 2009

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Top Weed Concerns of 2008 and Emerging Weed Issues in 2009 Top Weed Concerns of 2008 and Emerging Weed Issues in 2009 Bruce Murray Weed Specialist MAFRI Carman MB Growing Conditions 2008 Growing Conditions 2008 Outstanding Weed Issues in 2008 • It Depends – Where – When • Lack of pre-seed season meant heavier weed populations to deal with in-crop and a slower growing, less competitive crop early in the season. • There were no real dominant weed issues. • Product shortages – Edge – Group 1 graminicides – Reglone • Bromes continue to appear – Get to know them Weeds/Issues in 2009??? • Northern Interlake – Wet weeds • Curl Dock • Thistles • Dandelion • Ditch weeds – Heavy weed pressures • All weeds • Volunteer crops – Poor forage stands (flooding) • Opportunity for heavy weed pressures Weeds/Issues in 2009??? • Southwest – Drought weeds • Kochia • Russian thistle • Foxtail barley • Green foxtail – Heavy weed pressures • Lack of crop competition • All weeds present – Poor forage stands (drought) • Opportunity for heavy weed pressures Weeds/Issues in 2009??? • The rest of the Province – Pretty average conditions except for pre-seed season • Canada thistle was high??? • Dandelion was high??? • Crops were sprayed (in crop, less pre-seed activity) • Pretty good pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions – Need to increase post-harvest scouting • Dandelion • Foxtail • Night flowering catchfly • Cleavers • Bromes – Volunteer canola populations will be heavy • Heavy shattering (in the swath and standing crop in August) • Overwintering issues this year??? Weed Species To Keep An Eye On ? Nightshades Nightshades • Belong to family Solanacea (more than 3000 species) • Make up the Solanum genus – The genus Solanum is of worldwide economic importance, including major crop species such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum), the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena). Nightshades • There are a number of weedy nightshade species – There is a great deal of confusion with regards to their identity and naming. • A number of nightshade species are called black nightshade or wild tomato or wild potato – In Manitoba there is one species that has been with us a long time. • Cutleaf nightshade/wild tomato Cutleaf nightshade • Wild tomato (Solanum triflorum) – Widely distributed throughout North America – Found throughout Manitoba • Mainly in the southwest area of the province • Not a major weed New Nightshades • Why – Increasing production of dry bean, soybean and potato – Increasing acreage of minimum tillage • We have been getting a jump in calls on eastern black and hairy nightshades Hairy Nightshade • Solanum sarrachoides • Annual • Plant growth begins in early summer • 12 to 24 inches tall • Foliage is spreading, hairy, and may feel sticky • Flowers have 5 white petals with yellow centers • Develops into a green fruit/berry containing very small seeds • Each berry is enclosed by a green calyx • The calyx cups the lower half of the fruit • It is found in waste places and cultivated fields – Soybean, dry beans and potato in Manitoba mainly • Contains toxic alkaloids, especially in the berries Hairy Nightshade Hairy Nightshade Hairy Nightshade Hairy Nightshade Eastern Black Nightshade • Solanum ptychanthum ??? • Annual • Plant growth begins in early summer • 12 to 24 inches tall • Foliage is spreading and smooth • Flowers have 5 white petals with yellow centers • Develops into a black fruit/berry containing small seeds • Each berry is enclosed by a green calyx • The calyx does not cup the lower half of the fruit • It is found in waste places and cultivated fields – Soybean, dry beans and potato in Manitoba mainly • Contains toxic alkaloids, especially in the berries Eastern Black Nightshade Eastern Black Nightshade Eastern Black Nightshade Which is Which Products Registered for Nightshade Control in Western Canada Product American Cutleaf Hairy Eastern Black Nightshade Nightshade Nightshade Nightshade Basagran Battalion Bromoxynil Bromox + 2,4-D Bromox + MCPA Dual II Magnum Eclipse II Edge S S S S Eptam 8=E Eradicane Glyphosate Liberty 200 SN Option Primextra II Magnum Pursuit Reflex + Basagran Shotgun Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels PRODUCT Eastern Black Hairy Nightshade Nightshade ATRAZINE G-E G-E EPTC F F METRIBUZIN P P PURSUIT E E EDGE (Ethalfluralin) P P AUTHORITY (Spartan) E F-G CARFENTRAZONE GG (CLEANSTART constituent) BASAGRAN N F-G SOLO (Beyond, Raptor) E E Bromoxynil containing products EE (Buctril, Thumper, Pardner) LONTREL E E DICAMBA E E Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels PRODUCT Eastern Black Hairy Nightshade Nightshade EVEREST E - GLYPHOSATE P-G P-G LIBERTY G-E G-E MCPA P-F P-F OPTION E E PARAQUAT G-E G-E REFLEX (MUCH HIGHER RATE) G P ATTAIN (Starane+2,4-D) F-G F-G TROPHY (Starane +MCPA) F F PINNACLE N N REFINE SG/EXTRA F-G F-G EXPRESS F-G - EXPRESS PACK F-G F-G 2,4-D P-F P-F Lance-leaf Sage (mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage) • Salvia reflexa (mint family). • Native annual. • Plant growth begins in early spring • 4 to 28 inches tall. • Cotyledons are very unique (Trapazoid) • Stems are square, erect, spreading and smooth to hairy in appearance. • Leaves are opposite, lance shaped, up to 2 inches long and ½ an inch wide, with toothed to entire margins. • Foliage is spreading, leaves are smooth on top, and smooth to hairy on bottom • When crushed the leaves have a very strong mint aroma Lance-leaf Sage (mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage) • Flowers mostly opposite – 1 per axil – calyx bell-shaped – 1/4 to 1/3 inch long – dark to pale blue or whitish – lower lip turned downward (looks like a snap dragon flower) – Develops into a black fruit/berry containing small seeds • Seed is egg-shaped, about 1/10 inch long, smooth, tan, mottled with dark brown • It is found in waste places and cultivated fields • Contains high nitrates and can be poisonous to livestock Lance-leaf Sage (mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage) Lance-leaf Sage (mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage) Lance-leaf Sage (mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage) Lance-leaf Sage (mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage) Products Ratings for Lance-leaf Sage Control in North Dakota Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels PRODUCT Lance-leaf Sage Control Rating ATRAZINE (post) E EPTC (Pre) E METRIBUZIN (Pre) P-F PURSUIT (Post) E EDGE (ethalfluralin) E TRIFLURALIN E BASAGRAN P SOLO (Beyond, Raptor) E Bromoxynil containing products E (Buctril, Thumper, Pardner) LONTREL F CURTAIL M F-G DICAMBA P-F Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels PRODUCT Lance-leaf Sage Control Rating EVEREST No GLYPHOSATE E LIBERTY E MCPA G-E PARAQUAT E REFLEX (MUCH HIGHER RATE)E ATTAIN (Starane+2,4-D) P-F TROPHY (Starane +MCPA) G-E PINNACLE No REFINE SG/EXTRA G-E EXPRESS No EXPRESS PACK F-G 2,4-D P-F.
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