Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 1891–2100 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman Managing Senior Editor EDITORIAL BOARD Polyxeni Potter, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Senior Associate Editor Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Brian W.J. Mahy, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA Christopher Braden, Atlanta, GA, USA Associate Editors Carolyn Bridges, Atlanta, GA, USA Paul Arguin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Arturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Kenneth C. Castro, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Thomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Anne DeGroot, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Michel Drancourt, Marseille, France Vincent Deubel, Shanghai, China Paul V. Effl er, Perth, Australia Ed Eitzen, Washington, DC, USA K. Mills McNeill, Kampala, Uganda David Freedman, Birmingham, AL, USA Nina Marano, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Kathleen Gensheimer, Cambridge, MA, USA Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Peter Gerner-Smidt, Atlanta, GA, USA David Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Duane J. Gubler, Singapore J. Glenn Morris, Gainesville, Florida, USA Richard L. Guerrant, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Patrice Nordmann, Paris, France Scott Halstead, Arlington, Virginia, USA Tanja Popovic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David L. Heymann, Geneva, Switzerland Jocelyn A. Rankin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Daniel B. Jernigan, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Didier Raoult, Marseille, France Charles King, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Keith Klugman, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Dixie E. Snider, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Takeshi Kurata, Tokyo, Japan Frank Sorvillo, Los Angeles, California, USA S.K. Lam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Bruce R. Levin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Warnock, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Myron Levine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA J. Todd Weber, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Henrik C. Wegener, Copenhagen, Denmark John S. MacKenzie, Perth, Australia Founding Editor Marian McDonald, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA John E. McGowan, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, USA Tom Marrie, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Copy Editors Ban Mishu-Allos, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Karen Foster, Thomas Gryczan, Nancy Mannikko, Beverly Merritt, Philip P. Mortimer, London, United Kingdom Rhonda Ray, Carol Snarey, P. Lynne Stockton Fred A. Murphy, Galveston, Texas, USA Production Barbara E. Murray, Houston, Texas, USA Carrie Huntington, Ann Jordan, Carole Liston, Shannon O’Connor, P. Keith Murray, Geelong, Australia Reginald Tucker Stephen M. Ostroff, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA David H. Persing, Seattle, Washington, USA Editorial Assistant Richard Platt, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Susanne Justice Gabriel Rabinovich, Buenos Aires, Argentina www.cdc.gov/eid Mario Raviglione, Geneva, Switzerland Leslie Real, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases David Relman, Palo Alto, California, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases is published monthly by the Centers for Disease Connie Schmaljohn, Frederick, Maryland, USA Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D61, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-639-1960, fax 404-639-1954, email [email protected]. Tom Schwan, Hamilton, Montana, USA Ira Schwartz, Valhalla, New York, USA The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessar- Tom Shinnick, Atlanta, Georgia, USA ily refl ect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Bonnie Smoak, Bethesda, Maryland, USA institutions with which the authors are affi liated. Rosemary Soave, New York, New York, USA All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public domain P. Frederick Sparling, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA and may be used and reprinted without special permission; proper citation, how- Robert Swanepoel, Johannesburg, South Africa ever, is required. Phillip Tarr, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Use of trade names is for identifi cation only and does not imply endorsement Timothy Tucker, Cape Town, South Africa by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Elaine Tuomanen, Memphis, Tennessee, USA Services. John Ward, Atlanta, Georgia, USA ∞ Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid-free paper that meets the requirements of Mary E. Wilson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 15, No. 12, December 2009 December 2009 On the Cover Highly Pathogenic Avian Infl uenza Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899) Virus (H5N1) in Backyard Chickens, Plowing in Nivernais (1850) Bangladesh ............................................. 1931 Oil on canvas P.K. Biswas et al. (133.4 cm × 259.1 cm) Using slaughter remnants of purchased chickens as feed, SN433 Collection of the John and having water nearby, and having contact with pigeons were Mable Ringling Museum of Art, risk factors. the State Art Museum of Florida, a Division of Florida State University Tularemia Outbreaks in Sweden ...........1937 About the Cover p. 2087 K. Svensson et al. Transmission sites of specifi c genotypes were highly Synopsis localized during natural outbreaks. Towards Control of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Streptococcus iniae ............................... 1891 Ecotypes in Enzootic Cycles .................1948 J.C.F. Baiano and A.C. Barnes K.J. Bown et al. Recently identifi ed virulence factors can lead to new approaches, such as vaccination programs at fi sh farms. Genetically distinct subpopulations have adapted to different niches. Research Novel Calicivirus in Rabbits, Genomic Signatures of Infl uenza A Michigan, USA ........................................ 1955 Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus .................1897 I.L. Bergin et al. G.-W. Chen and S.-R. Shih This virus is distinct from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Amino acid signatures at host species–specifi c positions may affect virus transformation. Policy Review Tick-borne Agents in Rodents, Pandemic Infl uenza as 21st Century China, 2004–2006.................................... 1904 Urban Public Health Crisis .................... 1963 L. Zhan et al. D.M. Bell et al. 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Mammal and Bird 2021 Wild Felids as Hosts for Human Plague, 2066 Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis Western United States in Goats, Nigeria S.N. Bevins et al. 2067 Streptococcus suis Meningitis, Hawaii 2025 Transplacental Transmission of Bluetongue Virus 8 in Cattle, UK 2069 Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Sepsis K.E. Darpal et al. p. 2041 from Community-associated MRSA 2029 Echinococcus vogeli Infection in a 2071 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Hunter, French Guiana aureus in Marine Mammals J. Knapp et al. 2072 Parachlamydia and Rhabdochlamydia