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Chapter 3 Affected Environment 1 Chapter 3 Affected Environment 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Land Ownership and Use 3.3 Air Quality 3.4 Geology, Soils, and Erosional Processes 3.5 Water Resources 3.6 Vegetation 3.7 Riparian and Wetland Processes 3.8 Fish and Fish Habitat 3.9 Amphibians and Amphibian Habitat 3.10 Birds, Mammals, Other Wildlife, and Their Habitats 3.11 Recreation 3.12 Visual Resources 3.13 Archeological, Historical, Cultural and Indian Trust Resources 3.14 Social and Economic Environment Chapter 3 1 3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 2 3 3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................. 3-1 4 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3-2 5 3.2 LAND OWNERSHIP AND USE................................................................................ 3-5 6 3.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 3-5 7 3.2.2 Existing Habitat Conservation Plans............................................................ 3-9 8 3.2.3 Land Ownership and Use by Region ........................................................... 3-9 9 3.2.4 Timber Harvest Rates for Western and Eastern Washington.................... 3-14 10 3.2.5 Forestland Conversion............................................................................... 3-16 11 3.3 AIR QUALITY ......................................................................................................... 3-23 12 3.4 GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND EROSIONAL PROCESSES.......................................... 3-25 13 3.4.1 Geology and Soils...................................................................................... 3-25 14 3.4.2 Erosion....................................................................................................... 3-28 15 3.5 WATER RESOURCES........................................................................................... 3-37 16 3.5.1 Surface Water Quality................................................................................ 3-37 17 3.5.2 Surface Water Quantity.............................................................................. 3-43 18 3.5.3 Groundwater Quantity and Quality ............................................................ 3-50 19 3.6 VEGETATION......................................................................................................... 3-53 20 3.6.1 Forest Vegetation....................................................................................... 3-53 21 3.6.2 Riparian Vegetation ................................................................................... 3-58 22 3.6.3 Disturbance Agents.................................................................................... 3-59 23 3.6.4 Threatened and Endangered Plants.......................................................... 3-63 24 3.6.5 Invasive Plants........................................................................................... 3-63 25 3.7 RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PROCESSES ............................................................ 3-65 26 3.7.1 Riparian Areas ........................................................................................... 3-65 27 3.7.2 Wetlands .................................................................................................... 3-71 28 3.8 FISH AND FISH HABITAT...................................................................................... 3-77 29 3.8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 3-77 30 3.8.2 Fish Status in Washington ......................................................................... 3-77 31 3.8.3 Life History of Covered and Affected Fish Species ................................... 3-78 32 3.8.4 The Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystem .......................................................... 3-94 33 3.8.5 Fish and Fish Habitat by Analysis Region ............................................... 3-102 34 3.9 AMPHIBIANS AND AMPHIBIAN HABITAT.......................................................... 3-111 35 3.9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 3-111 36 3.9.2 Amphibian Distribution, Status, and Habitat ............................................ 3-112 37 3.9.3 Review of Timber Harvest Effects on Amphibians................................... 3-118 38 3.10 BIRDS, MAMMALS, OTHER WILDLIFE AND THEIR HABITATS....................... 3-123 39 3.10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 3-123 40 3.10.2 Federally Threatened or Endangered Wildlife Species ........................... 3-125 41 3.10.3 Importance of Riparian Habitats to Wildlife.............................................. 3-132 42 3.10.4 Wildlife in Upland Forested Habitats........................................................ 3-134 43 Draft EIS 3-1 Introduction Chapter 3 1 3.11 RECREATION .......................................................................................................3-137 2 3.11.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................3-137 3 3.11.2 Estimates of Future Recreational Needs..................................................3-138 4 3.11.3 Private Lands and Recreation ..................................................................3-139 5 3.11.4 Forest Road-related Recreation ...............................................................3-139 6 3.12 VISUAL RESOURCES..........................................................................................3-141 7 3.12.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................3-141 8 3.12.2 Visual Resources and the Current Washington Forest Practices Rules..3-143 9 3.13 ARCHEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND INDIAN TRUST 10 RESOURCES........................................................................................................3-145 11 3.13.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................3-145 12 3.13.2 Archaeological Overview ..........................................................................3-145 13 3.13.3 Cultural and Trust Resources of Native American Tribes ........................3-148 14 3.13.4 Overview of Regional History ...................................................................3-150 15 3.13.5 Washington State Protective Structure.....................................................3-151 16 3.14 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................3-153 17 3.14.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................3-153 18 3.14.2 Population.................................................................................................3-153 19 3.14.3 Employment and the Economy.................................................................3-154 20 3.14.4 Environmental Justice ..............................................................................3-161 21 22 3.1 INTRODUCTION 23 This chapter describes the affected environment to provide background for the assessment 24 of the environmental effects of the alternatives in Chapter 4 (Environmental Effects) and 25 Chapter 5 (Cumulative Effects). The affected environment sections describe the resources 26 and their current conditions against which the anticipated environmental effects of the 27 alternatives described in Chapter 2 (Alternatives) are evaluated. The first section describes 28 land ownership and use within the State, to provide context for the description of the other 29 sections. The remaining sections present the physical environment first, followed by the 30 biological environment, and then the social environment. The specific order of the sections 31 is as follows: 32 • Land Ownership and Use (subsection 3.2) 33 • Air Quality (subsection 3.3) 34 • Geology, Soils, and Erosional Processes (subsection 3.4) 35 • Water Resources (subsection 3.5) 36 • Vegetation (subsection 3.6) 37 • Riparian and Wetland Processes (subsection 3.7) 38 • Fish and Fish Habitat (subsection 3.8) 39 • Amphibian and Amphibian Habitat (subsection 3.9) 40 • Birds, Mammals, Other Wildlife and Their Habitats (subsection 3.10) 41 • Recreation (subsection 3.11) 42 • Visual Resources (subsection 3.12) 43 • Cultural Resources and Indian Trust Resources (subsection 3.13) 44 • Socioeconomic Conditions (subsection 3.14) Introduction 3-2 Draft EIS Chapter 3 1 The study area that defines the affected environment includes the majority of the State of 2 Washington. The proposed action and the alternatives would directly affect the forested 3 lands that are covered by the Washington Forest Practices Rules. These lands include the 4 non-Federal and non-tribal forestlands of the State (Figure 3-1). These lands are referred 5 to as the “covered lands” or the lands subject to Washington Forest Practices Rules in this 6 EIS (See also the SEPA Final EIS on Alternatives for Forest Practices Rules for: Aquatic 7 and Riparian Resources dated April 2001, Washington Forest Practices Board). 8 In addition to displaying the covered lands, Figure 3-1 displays 12 analysis regions, which 9 are similar to the 10 regions identified in the Forest Practices Alternatives SEPA EIS Rules 10 for Aquatic and Riparian Resources (Washington Forest Practices Board 2001c,
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