View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Siberian Federal University Digital Repository Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 1 (2009 3) 13-21 ~ ~ ~ УДК 930.8+ 930.9 Pan-Slavism in Central and Southeastern Europe Anna A. Grigorieva* Irkutsk State Pedagogical University 6 Nighnaya Nabereghnaya, Irkutsk, 664011 Russia 1 Received 11.02.2010, received in revised form 18.02.2010, accepted 25.02.2010 In this article is analyzed so-called pan-slavism – politico-social and confessional-cultural movement in several countries of Central and Southeastern Europe in years 40th in 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The ideology of pan-slavism is inseparably connected with the history of western and eastern slavanians, their emancipation movement and nation statehood construction. Exist several theories, that define pan-slavism as a cultural and political movement. In actual fact, pan-slavism – is discrepant and difficult-to-explain synthesis of political and geopolitical ideas, that evolved in the history and had several original authors’ interpretation (Y. Kollar, L. Shtur, F. Palatskiy). Keywords: Austro-slavism, Great Illyria, All-slavic convention, germanization, Illyrizm, Y. Kollar, «literatural mutuality», Mad’yarization, Panideology, F.Palatskiy, Pan-slavism, «Slavonic Austria», «Slavonic idea», Slavonic unity, L. Shtur, Yugoslavism. Point. Growth of the influence of Russia in of the integral paradigm in the meaning of in the the system of international relations in the first half main of Pan-Slavism called forth methodological of the 19th century took place in the conditions and certain-historic discussions, that are still of the foreign slavs movement for the national in progress. Divergences in interpretations of a liberation. This time finally took shape stereotyped definition «pan-slavism» in modern encyclopedic perception of so-called «Russian colossus» as an editions (the Oxford illustrated encyclopedia, Evil force, that strive for annihilation (destruction) Т.4, 2000, 271 (428); Political science. The of German-Romanic civilization with the support encyclopedic dictionary, 2003, 238) testify to of western and southern Slav fellow tribesman. it. Attempts to find scientific – methodological This «Danger» was called «Pan-slavism» in West decisions of the given problem have been European social and political journalism. Later, undertaken also in the newest politological and this conception transformed and get another historical dissertational researches (Francuzova, political and culturological meaning. Spectrum 2005; Prokudin, 2007). of the definition of this term varied from Slavonic According the well-established tradition, in «Literary mutuality» (confessional-cultural Pan-slavism generally is accepted to mark out aspects) to political projects of foundation of two movements – «Literary» and «Political». But, «Slavonic Austria» (Austro-slavism), Great Illyria in reality some «prophets» of the All-slavism, (Illyrizm), All-slavic «Limited» Monarchy or since the 17 century (Y. Kryghanich), discerned Federation as a part of Russian Empire. Absence linguistic unity only as the one of several ways to * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] 1 © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved – 13 – Anna A. Grigorieva. Pan-Slavism in Central and Southeastern Europe resist German «Onslaught to the East» Honestly, In the years 1960s in The Slovak Soviet divergences of views, as a method to keep Slavic Republic took place different international ethno-cultural identity and achievement of the conferences of Slavicists. But all the participants Slavic solidarity appeared in wide base only in and researchers preferred to ignore and not the 19th century. to use some terms, such as «an idea of Slavic Liberation of the foreign supremacy and use mutuality» and «Pan-slavism» replacing these of Russia as the sponsor of some cultural and terms by a word «slovanství», that meant the political liberties their content and meaning didn’t whole set of historical-changing notions about coincide) invariably was the main idea of «Foreign Slavic community: the ideology, politic action, brothers». In Russian and foreign historiography) social movements oriented to the different forms repeatedly tried to mark up the «reactionary» of national-regional and common-Slavic unity. and «democratic» movements in Pan-Slavism. Dominating idea of internationalism made the pan- The first one can be bring to correlation ideas and Slavism «short» and «uncomfortable» meaning views of Decembrists, members of Kirill-and- from the point of view of Marxism-Leninism. Mehpodyus society, Petrashev society, second After that time in Marxism historiography one can be compared with orthodox ideas of almost changed the attitude to Pan-Slavism. M. Bakunin, the essence of this ideas came to Henceforth, «was stabled positively define the the Overthrow of Tsar reign with the support idea of Slavic mutuality and mark the reactionary of «half-brother» nations and Y. Fritch, that character of Pan-Slavism». This installation offered «Common Slavic revolution» without get more uncertainty to all «Slavic researches. getting Russia to take part in. Demonstrative, All the authors couldn’t pay attention to well- both movements get the political revolution as the established definition of various conceptions of most effective way to solve all national-state and Slavic community and Pan-Slavism, stabled in other problems. Slavistiс of 19th century, often used to define the There is one more question, from the social- same phenomenon» (Rokina, 2005, 14). political point of view, the question about relation «Decoding» all-slavic ideas, not so of «All-Slavism» of Austro-slavism and Illyrism. successful but not deprived the certain logic, is Great majority of domestic researchers accepted given by sociologist R.Collins: «The pan-slavism this ideas as interim «stages», that lead to the was ideology which not only approved cultural political unity of all Slavic nations under the aegis independence and the superiority of Russia, but of Russia, or almost independent movements. also legitimated connection to it of the weak states Foreign historians sometimes identified the of a slavic zone». The American scientist started «true» Pan-slavism as the union of southern and in his conclusions with that parcel, that «the western Slavonic, that resisted «enlightened» geopolitic prestige of power» serves «as a source colonizers. of the Pan-ethnic movements for association Soviet period the representatives of inside the greatest possible ethnic borders». It intelligent and social-political élite either escaped influences «on tendencies of identification in from the use of the definition of «Pan-Slavism» megapolitic groups» (Collins, 2005, 36). In this or paid great attention only for these conceptions case the linguistic context «dropped out», leaving of Slavic integration that «it in» with limits of only political and geopolitic dominant. national ideology, or characterized the ideas of This way, according our information, the Slavic solidarity as «reactionary» («autocratic»). classification and definition of «Politic pan- – 14 – Anna A. Grigorieva. Pan-Slavism in Central and Southeastern Europe slavism» as a specific phenomenon, that have Europe. This idea sometimes get the form of Slavic an independent meaning are not reasonable. literary mutuality, Avstro-slavism, «Russian» That’s because it doesn’t take into account Pan-Slavism and Illyrism (Yugoslavism). several important nuances of points of view of The main point of Theory of Slavic Literary the scientists, politicians and cultural workers. Mutuality framed by famous Slovak public Another interpretation of political Pan-Slavism character, professor of the University of Vienna – would be more logical. It shows Pan-Slavism as Y.Kollar consists of the idea that Slavic unity ideology and movement for Slavic people unity achievement is possible only in the spiritual (within Gabsbursk (Austria) and Russian empire) sphere. It was assumed that it would appear an on the ethno-confessional base for actual social, organization of book exchange for representatives political and economic problems’ solution. of Slavic intelligence, some private Slavic Therefore, Austro-Slavism and Illyrism just libraries and slasic philological departments in represent some national and regional ways of the Universities. Also popularization of Slavic ideology of Slavic solidarity. literature and establishment of private contacts That means, that absent the integral for Slavic figures in Scientifics and culture were paradigm of Pan-slavism in its national, regional, assumed. Y. Kollar’s theory issued from the idea culturological and politological (political) that, cultural approximation would be conducive meaning, and the problem of definition just to «cleaning of structure and system of dialects, represent methodological uncertainty and political tranquility and internal conciliation of discussions. the Slavic nations» (Budilovich, 1892, 299-234). Example. Political life of Central and The feasibility of mutual study of Slavic East southern Europe in 40th of 19 century (the languages and «reading essays published in all beginning of 20y) traditionally connect with Slavic dialects», Y. Kollar explained that the the activity of national liberation movements «homeland, we can find it easily, even though in Balkans and internal crisis of Gabsburgs we lost it, but the