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Download Do Trabalho Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Tecnologia e Ciências Faculdade de Engenharia Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e do Meio Ambiente Mestrado em Engenharia Ambiental QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA E INTEGRIDADE BIÓTICA: ESTUDO DE CASO NUM TRECHO FLUMINENSE DO RIO PARAIBA DO SUL Eduardo Shinji Togoro Orientadora: Marcia Marques Gomes Co-orientador: Luciene Pimentel da Silva Rio de Janeiro Fevereiro de 2006 ii QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA E INTEGRIDADE BIÓTICA: ESTUDO DE CASO NUM TRECHO FLUMINENSE DO RIO PARAIBA DO SUL Eduardo Shinji Togoro Trabalho Final submetido ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Engenharia Ambiental da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Engenharia Ambiental. Aprovada por: ____________________________________________ Professora Ph.D Márcia Marques Gomes (UERJ/ PEAMB) ____________________________________________ Professor Ph.D Luciene Pimentel da Silva (UERJ/ PEAMB) ____________________________________________ Professora Dra Mirian Araújo Carlos Crapez (UFF) ____________________________________________ Professora Dra Christina Wyss Castelo Branco (UNIRIO) Rio de Janeiro Fevereiro de 2006 iii TOGORO, EDUARDO SHINJI Qualidade da água e integridade biótica: estudo de caso num trecho fluminense do Rio Paraiba do Sul [Rio de Janeiro] 2006. 159p. 29,7 cm (FEN/UERJ, Mestrado, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Ambiental – Área de Concentração: Saneamento Ambiental: Gestão Sustentável dos Recursos Hídricos, 2006). Dissertação - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ 1. Parâmetros de qualidade da água, 2. Integridade biótica, 3. Monitoramento de bacias hidrográficas I. FEN/UERJ II. Título (série) iv Aos meus pais, por todo o apoio na confecção deste trabalho. v Agradecimentos Agradeço especialmente à minha família, pelo apoio, carinho e confiança; Agradeço ainda, minha orientadora, Profª Marcia Marques, pela confiança, apoio e dedicação que muito contribuiu para a realização deste trabalho; À minha co-orientadora, Profª Luciene Pimentel, pelos ensinamentos e pela co-orientação; À Ilana Fichberg, por ceder seus dados de sua Dissertação de Mestrado; À Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente – FEEMA por disponibilizar a série histórica dos dados de parâmetros físico-químicos das estações de monitoramento da região de estudo; À Christiane Rosas pelo amor, companhia e pelo auxílio e ensinamentos na formatação do texto final, das figuras e na tabulação de dados; À Sra. Elenice Rosas, pelo carinho e compreensão; Ao João Prado pela amizade, apoio e incentivo; À toda equipe da GeoAmbient, pela amizade e compreensão da minha ausência para a conclusão deste trabalho; Aos mestres pelo constante apoio e incentivo para a conclusão deste trabalho; Aos amigos e colegas da sala 5024E da UERJ pela amizade; Aos amigos e colegas de curso pelos ótimos momentos, discussões e trocas de experiências; À todos que de alguma forma contribuíram para a elaboração deste trabalho que sem este não teria sido possível; meus sinceros agradecimentos. vi RESUMO O monitoramento da qualidade da água, particularmente em rios de importância no abastecimento humano, tem focalizado historicamente em parâmetros físico-químicos e limites relevantes ao tratamento e potabilidade. Ao mesmo tempo, a integridade dos ecossistemas aquáticos é foco tradicional de estudos de ecologia e de biologia aquática e só recentemente, passou a fazer parte de programas de monitoramento governamentais nos países da Comunidade Européia. A bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul abrange uma das áreas industriais mais desenvolvidas do país e reflete através dos impactos das ações antrópicas, todo o seu processo histórico de ocupação e crescimento desordenado. O presente estudo apresenta uma breve revisão das políticas recentes de recursos hídricos do Brasil, EUA e Comunidade Européia no tocante ao monitoramento de rios, faz uma análise dos programas de monitoramento oficiais nos três estados que compartilham a bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul e analisa séries históricas de monitoramento de qualidade da água (amostras quinzenais de Jan 1997 a Dez 2003) e de ictiofauna (amostras mensais de Out 1997 a Set 1998) num trecho fluminense do rio, sob a influência de indústrias de porte. O trabalho discute a relevância de ambos os grupos indicadores (qualidade de água e integridade biótica) no monitoramento de rios e o significado de ambos em termos de diagnóstico da degradação de ecossistemas aquáticos. Palavras-chave: poluição hídrica, monitoramento de rios, integridade biótica, ecossistemas aquáticos. ABSTRACT vii The water quality monitoring - particularly in rivers with importance for the human supply – has traditionally focused on physical-chemical parameters and threshold limits relevant for water treatment. At the same time, the integrity of aquatic ecosystems has traditionally been a concern for ecology and aquatic biology investigations; only recently it became part of monitoring programs in the European Union states. Paraíba do Sul River basin encompasses one of the most developed industrial areas of Brazil. The basin reflects through the impacts of anthropogenic activities, the historical process of chaotic occupation, land uses and economic growth. This study presents a brief review of recent water resources policy on water quality monitoring in Brazil, USA and the European Union. It also addresses the monitoring program carried out by the environmental agencies of the three Brazilian states that share the Paraíba do Sul basin. Finally it presents the results of time series analyses of water quality physical- chemical variables (bimonthly sampling from Jan 1997 to Dec 2003) and ictiofauna (monthly sampling from Oct 1997 to Sep 1998) in a section of the river within Rio de Janeiro state limits. The study includes a discussion about the meaning of using each type of indicators (physical-chemical water quality parameters and ictiofauna diversity and abundance) in monitoring programs, as well as the meaning of these indicators in terms of diagnosis of aquatic ecosystems integrity. Keywords: water pollution, river monitoring, biotic integrity, aquatic ecosystems viii Lista de Figuras Figura 1 - Diagrama sobre os cinco principais fatores determinantes da integridade dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Retirado de Gerritsen et. al ., (2003).................39 Figura 2 – Mapa de localização da Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul.............................................41 Figura 3 – Mapa de localização das UGRHIs do Estado de São Paulo. Os números se referem às UGRHIs do Estado de São Paulo e as cores aos usos preponderantes (CETESB, 2005a). ..................................................................................51 Figura 4 - Curvas Médias de Variação de Qualidade das Águas. Fonte: (CETESB, 2005b)...............................................................................................................................57 Figura 5 Mapa de localização das 34 UGRHIs do Estado de Minas Gerais, sendo que PS1 e PS2 referem-se à bacia do Paraíba do Sul em trecho mineiro (Fonte: IGAM, 2004)........................................................................................................63 Figura 6 - Exemplo gráfico de série histórica do IGAM para o parâmetro Fosfato (mg/L P) em uma estação de monitoramento e respectivo limite de Classe 2, dentro da qual o Rio Paraíba do Sul é classificado. .........................................................64 Figura 7 - Mapa com a localização das estações de monitoramento da FEEMA no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. .................................................................................................67 Figura 8 – Trecho do Rio Paraíba do Sul com as sete estações de monitoramento de qualidade da água da FEEMA (0410, 0413, 0415, 0418, 0419, 0421 e 0423) e pontos de amonstragem de ictiofauna (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7)..................................73 Figura 9 – Exemplo de teste de normalidade onde Ho é aceita: pH, estação 0410..................87 Figura 10 – Exemplo de teste de normalidade onde a Ho é rejeitada: Coliformes fecais estação 0410. ..........................................................................................................87 Figura 11 – Boxplot de oxigênio dissolvido: Perfil comparativo para as sete estações. (Padrão CONAMA para Classe 2 = 5 mg/l). ....................................................89 Figura 12 – Número de ocorrência de amostras com oxigênio dissolvido abaixo do limite estabelecido para rios Classe 2, segundo a Resolução CONAMA 357. ................90 Figura 13 – Valores de Mediana de OD para as estações estudadas........................................90 Figura 14 - Perfil comparativo em box plot de pH para todas as estações...............................92 Figura 15 – Medianas para os dados de pH nas estações estudadas.........................................92 Figura 16 – Perfil comparativo em Box Plot da condutividade para todas as estações.............................................................................................................................94 ix Figura 17 – Valores medianos de Condutividade.....................................................................94 Figura 18 - Perfil comparativo em Box plot de DBO. para todas as estações. Padrão CONAMA 357 para rio Classe 2: 5 mg/l.............................................................96 Figura 19 - Número de ocorrência de DBO fora do limite de classe 2 da Resolução CONAMA 357. Padrão CONAMA 357 – 5 mg/l. .........................................96
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