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Ictiofauna Marina Y Costera De Campeche

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Ictiofauna Marina Y Costera De Campeche ICTIOFAUNA MARINA Y COSTERA DE CAMPECHE LUIS AMADO AYALA-PEREZ, JULIA RAMOS MIRANDA, DOMINGO FLORES HERNANDEZ, ATAHUALPA SOSA LOPEZ GABRIELA ELISABETH MARTINEZ ROMERO 2015 Ictiofauna marina y costera de Campeche Ayala-Pérez, L.A., J.Ramos Miranda, D. Flores Hernández, A. Sosa López y G. E. Martínez Romero, 2015. Ictiofauna marina y costera de Campeche. Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Unversidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco. © Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, 2015. Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo de México © Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 2015 Departamento el Hombre y su Ambiente ISBN 978-607-7887-95-9 ICTIOFAUNA MARINA Y COSTERA DE CAMPECHE Índice de contenido Agradecimientos vii Presentación ix Introducciòn 1 La región de estudio 3 Fuentes de información 17 Las especies colectadas 21 A partir de la identificación de especies, se índica el número identificador de la especie que correspone al listado sistemático por especie Consideraciones finales 35 Literatura citada 39 APOYO TÉCNICO Francisco Gómez Criollo Edson Francesco Flores Ramos Maurilia Irene Pérez Sánchez Maricarmen Can González Pedro Borges de Jesús José Alejandro Sauri Hernández Julio Alberto Mijangos Alonzo ICTIOFAUNA MARINA Y COSTERA DE CAMPECHE Agradecimientos Los autores agradecen a la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana campus Xochimilco y a la Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, el apoyo otorgado para realizar varios de los estudios en la región de la Laguna de Términos, así mismo se agradece a los fondos sisierra-conacyt, fomix-campeche, pemex, anr-co- nacyt, Fondos procodes, conacyt Ciencia Básica y conanp (Reserva de la Biósfera de los Petenes y Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Laguna de Términos), el apoyo financiero para la realización de varios proyectos así como a la unam por el apoyo de las instalaciones en Cd. del Carmen, Campeche que hicieron posible la obtención de mucha de la información vertida en esta obra. A la Universidad Autóno- ma de Campeche el invaluable y continuo apoyo para la realización de los proyectos realizados. A nuestros colegas y estudiantes de epomex y la uam, sin su ayuda esta obra no hubiera sido posible. A la memoria de Thang Do Chi, cuyo apoyo, confianza y tenacidad hizo posible la vinculación con instituciones francesas producto de lo cual se realizaron algunos de estos proyectos. | VII | ICTIOFAUNA MARINA Y COSTERA DE CAMPECHE Presentación Si bien no existe un listado único, universal y completo de las especies que viven en la Tierra, los esfuerzos por conocer y cuantificar la diversidad de especies no han cejado pues saber la identidad de los organismos que habitan en un sitio es importante para entender la manera en la que funcionan los sistemas naturales. Hay múltiples evidencias que muestran que la persistencia de los ecosistemas en el tiempo está ligada con la diversidad local y regional pues todas las especies, aún las menos frecuentes o abundantes, participan en los procesos que permiten mantener a los ecosistemas. Esto es particularmente cierto en los casos en los que se presentan cambios en las condiciones del ambiente y más aún cuando las actividades antrópicas incrementan la velocidad a la que ocurren dichos cambios. En los ecosistemas costeros y oceánicos de la porción sur del golfo de México se llevan a cabo un sinnú- mero de actividades productivas y extractivas sostenidas por la riqueza natural de esta región. La pesca ha constituido una de las actividades económicas más importantes para los pobladores y, en el dominio de los animales, se extraen varias especies de moluscos, equinodermos, artrópodos y peces. En varios casos existe una tendencia descendiente en los volúmenes de las capturas a pesar de que el esfuerzo de pesca no ha disminuido, con el consiguiente impacto en la estructura y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. Este libro forma es resultado de la dedicación con la que, durante décadas, Luis Amado Ayala-Pérez, Julia Ramos Miranda, Domingo Flores Hernández, Atahualpa Sosa López y Gabriela Elisabeth Martínez Romero han trabajado para conocer y ahora muestran, de manera compendiada, la diversidad de especies de peces que habitan en la región costera del estado de Campeche. La recolección de los especímenes abarca sitios altamente contrastantes por lo que en este libro están representadas desde especies propias de los sistemas de agua dulce hasta aquellas cuya presencia se asocia a masas de agua netamente oceánicas. Los sitios de muestreo incluyen lagunas bordeadas de bosques de manglar que se encuentran entre los | IX | mejor conservados de esta región del país hasta aquellos ubicados en la extensa plataforma continental. Abarca también zonas que contrastan por el tipo de actividades que en ellas se realizan. Desde lugares en los que se han construido pozos para la extracción del petróleo, zonas de pesca de la sonda de Campeche, el litoral de las áreas urbanas más importantes del estado y sitios creados para la conservación de vastas porciones de tierra y agua. En el listado sistemático de la ictiofauna que habita en los sistemas costeros de Campeche aparecen dos- cientas cuatro especies. De cada una, se presenta información básica que incluye aspectos generales sobre la biología y algunas de las características que las distingue para ayudar a su correcta identificación, así como notas sobre el ámbito de su distribución. Los resultados muestran que el estado de conservación del hábitat está relacionado con la riqueza de especies y la presencia de áreas naturales protegidas mantiene la biodiversidad en el ámbito local, destacando el papel que juegan estas zonas de protección para mantener las condiciones ecológicas aún fuera de sus fronteras. En varios ecosistemas marinos ha sido posible mostrar que la velocidad a la que disminuye la riqueza de especies es más alta que la que se infiere a partir de datos del registro fósil, a excepción quizá de la que corresponde a los eventos masivos de extinción. Este libro constituye una herramienta muy valiosa para estudiar las tendencias de cambio de la biodiversidad en sitios costeros de inestimable valor biológico, económico y cultural para proponer e implementar medidas que permitan resguardar este patrimonio. Dr. Xavier Chiappa-Carrara Coordinador General, Unidad Académica Sisal de la unam. ICTIOFAUNA MARINA Y COSTERA DE CAMPECHE I Introducción os ecosistemas lagunares costeros tropicales se caracterizan por poseer alta diversidad bio- lógica y de hábitats con altos niveles de productividad. Por su ubicación y la presencia de ríos asociados, estos sistemas aportan grandes cantidades de material terrígeno, nutrien- Ltes, materia orgánica, y agua dulce al ambiente costero marino. La macrofauna acuática más importante por su abundancia la constituyen los peces, que utilizan de manera programada en espacio y tiempo los diferentes hábitats disponibles. Especies tanto marinas como estuarinas e incluso de procedencia dulceacuícola se asocian a estos sistemas para desarrollar alguna etapa de su ciclo de vida y con fines de alimentación o reproducción. Los peces además de constituir recursos pesqueros valiosos, prestan muchos servicios al eco- sistema al regular la dinámica de redes tróficas, reciclar nutrientes, redistribuir sedimentos, regular flujos de carbono entre el agua y atmósfera, enlazar diferentes ecosistemas acuáticos, vincular ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres, transportar nutrientes, carbono, minerales y en ge- neral energía y finalmente actuar como memoria ecológica. Los peces proporcionan alimento tanto por la pesca como por la acuacultura, producen compuestos activos utilizados en la medicina y participan en el control de enfermedades peligrosas, son fuente de valor estético y de actividades recreativas. Adicionalmente, el estudio de los peces permite evaluar el nivel de estrés y de resiliencia del ecosistema, revalorar pistas evolutivas y proveer información histórica, científica y educativa (Holmlund y Hammer, 1999). Una de las principales zonas de pesca en el golfo de México se localiza en la región sur, donde se han identificado como funciones de fuerza los procesos costeros vinculados a las descargas de aguas continentales, en particular el papel de la laguna de Términos como gran sistema la- gunar-estuarino que mantiene a la producción pesquera (Soberón-Chavez, 1985; Yáñez-Aran- cibia et al., 1985a). | 1 | La actividad pesquera de la región sur del golfo indicadores de abundancia y diversidad de las co- de México incide de manera directa sobre recur- munidades de peces con la riqueza de hábitat. sos de escama como robalo, mojarra, huachinan- Sin embargo existe una necesidad de integrar la go, bagre, pargos, corvinas, entre otros, que sin información obtenida en estos trabajos en referen- duda son valiosos económicamente, sin embargo cia a las especies de peces observadas. Este instru- la pesca de camarón, afecta de manera incidental mento permitirá no solo crear un documento con a una gran cantidad de especies de peces, ya que información concentrada sino accesible y disponi- de estos solamente algunos con valor comercial son ble para futuros trabajos de investigación y manejo aprovechados. De hecho, se ha estimado que por tanto de las pesquerías como del Área Natural Pro- cada kilogramo de camarón capturado se capturan tegida (anp) de la laguna de Términos y la Reserva y descartan entre diez y veinticinco kilogramos de de la Biósfera de los Petenes. Esta obra, integra la fauna de acompañamiento (básicamente peces) información generada para la porción oriental y (Lewison et al., 2004; Madrid-Vera
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