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Environmental Setting

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Environmental Setting 3. Biological Setting The NWT Diamonds Project is located in the central portion of the Northwest Territories halfway between Great Slave and Great Bear lakes. Mine development will take place north of Lac de Gras in the tundra environment, approximately 200 km south of the Arctic Circle. The NWT Diamonds Project is situated within the Southern Arctic Ecozone. This ecological classification refers to particular ecological characteristics as defined by Environment Canada and Agriculture Canada (Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). Specifically, the project is within ecosection 41 of the Takijua Lake Upland Ecoregion (Figure 3-1). The climate in the Lac de Gras area is extreme as summers are generally short and cool and winters are long and cold. Precipitation is sparse and consists of relatively equal portions of rain and snow. Winds are moderate and are predominately from the northwest. Due to the harsh physiographic conditions, there has been little soil development in the Lac de Gras area. Most of the ground consists of permafrost. Small amounts of soil are found along the tops of eskers and around the shores of lakes adjacent to wetlands. Severe climatic conditions and poor soil have resulted in relatively little vegetation. The project site is approximately 100 km north of the tree line. Vegetation is typically low in stature and dominated by lichens, mosses, herbs and low shrubs. Most plant species are perennial with low annual growth rates. Little aquatic vegetation is present. The site of the NWT Diamonds Project provides habitat for a number of large and small mammals. The Bathurst caribou herd migrates through the area during spring and fall. Grizzly bears, wolves, wolverine, arctic fox and red fox forage and den in the area. Small mammals such as ground squirrels, arctic hares and snowshoe hares are important sources of food for the larger carnivores. Bird populations are typically low in northern ecosystems due to the low productivity of suitable habitat. However, the ptarmigan inhabits the Lac de Gras area year-round, and migratory birds are expected to use most of the habitat types in this area for foraging and/or nesting, particularly during late summer. Raptors such as bald and golden eagles, owls and hawks have been sighted and nesting of peregrine falcons has been confirmed. Waterfowl and perching birds nest in areas of suitable habitat during spring and summer. 3.1 N LEGEND Alaska Northern Arctic Southern Artic Ecozone Takijuq Lake Upland Ecoregion Ecodistrict 168 Boreal Pacific Cordillera Maritime Ecozone boundary Taiga Shield Boreal NWT Diamonds Project Plains Taiga Shield Montane Cordillera Boreal Shield Boreal Shield Canada Boreal Shield U. S. A. Atlantic Maritime Figure 3-1 The Southern Arctic Ecozone Source: Adapted from Ecological Stratification Working Group Volume II - Environmental Setting Aquatic productivity is relatively low in arctic lakes. However, sufficient nutrients are present in lakes within the NWT Diamonds Project claim block to support the phytoplanktonic food base for populations of zooplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrates and to sustain viable fish populations. Fish species consist of lake trout, round whitefish, arctic grayling, slimy sculpin and longnose sucker. The following sections discuss specific aspects of the existing biological environment. Specific components and processes are described in an ecosystem approach. This approach attempts to discuss the various elements (e.g., species) that comprise a specific component (e.g., wildlife) of an ecosystem, the relationships between various elements and components, and the processes that link them together. Each of the biological setting sections explains what is currently known about each component so that any potential impacts to that component can be measured or predicted. Current baseline conditions have been compiled through reviews of existing literature as well as extensive field investigations since 1993. The field work was conducted according to NWT Diamonds Baseline Environmental Study Protocols (BHP 1993). Government officials and technical experts have been consulted throughout the evaluation of baseline conditions. This portrayal of baseline conditions will serve as a basis to predict any potential changes that may result from the development of the NWT Diamonds Project. Since the discussion of ecosystems and ecosystem components tends to generate a substantial amount of information, this chapter will identify valued ecosystem components that will enable the reader to focus on specific valued aspects of ecosystems. Valued ecosystem components are “the environmental attributes or components identified as a result of a social scoping exercise as having scientific, social, cultural, economic or aesthetic value” (FEARO 1986). The ensuing discussion of potential impacts (Volume IV) will concentrate largely on these components. 3.1 Aquatic Life This overview provides an outline of the three components in this section: the primary and secondary producers, and fish. It focuses on the biological aspects of freshwater, including both flora and fauna. The fundamental energy source in aquatic ecosystems is sunlight, which is fixed by the autotrophic component of the ecosystem, the algae, as primary production. The primary producers in streams are the periphyton, and in lakes the phytoplankton. Stream periphyton comprise a complex community of microbiota (algae, bacteria, fungi, rotifers, nematodes, protozoans and detritus) which are loosely attached to submerged substrate (Wetzel 1983). Phytoplankton, minute suspended plants, inhabit the pelagic or open water region in lakes. The studies of periphyton and phytoplankton communities are a valuable component of stream and lake NWT Diamonds Project 3.3 Volume II - Environmental Setting assessments, because changes in composition and abundance within communities can be accurate indicators of changes in water quality (Putnam 1994; Stevenson and Lowe 1986). Since animals and plants are interrelated in every community, a reduction in primary production may limit the growth and reproduction of other organisms that depend on algae as a source of energy (Fee et al. 1987; Moore 1978c). The energy from primary production is available to the heterotrophic component of the ecosystem of which the herbivores (algae eaters) are the secondary producers. Organisms that feed on the primary producers, either directly as their prey or on their decomposing remains, are known as secondary producers. The algae are food for the smallest invertebrates, which, in turn, are food for the larger invertebrates and fish. The secondary producers in streams are the larval drift and benthic or bottom-dwelling invertebrates, and in lakes the zooplankton and benthic invertebrates. Larval drift consists of invertebrates (primarily insects and worms) carried by stream currents. These drifting invertebrates become dissociated from their substrate (either actively or passively) and are transported downstream (Benke et al. 1991). Many of the fish fry that inhabit streams depend upon drifting invertebrates as their main source of food (Healey 1984). Zooplankton are the minute aquatic and terrestrial organisms that constitute the animal portion of plankton in lakes. Drifting suspended in the water column, they are found most abundantly in pelagic lake habitat. The major taxonomic groups of zooplankton in freshwater lakes are Rotifera and Crustacea (Moss 1988). Most zooplankters graze upon phytoplankton, bacteria and detritus for food energy, although some of the carnivorous species feed upon smaller zooplankton. The larger zooplankters are vulnerable to predation by other invertebrates and are especially attractive to fish. Many fish species, including grayling, lake trout and whitefish, are dependent upon zooplankton as food at some stage in their life (Scott and Crossman 1973). Benthos, a general term for invertebrate organisms living on, or in the bottom sediments, play several important roles in the aquatic community. As secondary producers in both lakes and streams, they mineralize and recycle organic matter created in the waters above or upstream, and in turn, become the main source of food for many fish species (EVS 1992; Wotton 1994; Lind 1979). Being composed of sedentary organisms of low mobility and relatively long life-span, the benthos closely reflect the benthic environment. Their sensitivity to both long and short term change provides an invaluable tool for assessing the effect and magnitude of change in water quality or sediment amount and composition. The larger benthic organisms, mostly insect larvae, dominate secondary productivity. Invertebrates occupy a key position in aquatic ecosystems, as grazers of algae and bacteria, and as major prey items for fish and birds (Thorp and Covich 1991). Any notable decrease in secondary producer density eventually affects fish populations. NWT Diamonds Project 3.4 Volume II - Environmental Setting Fish are an integral component of freshwater systems, as they form the last link in the aquatic food chain. Their impact in terms of energy flux and nutrient regeneration can be quite significant: fish can have marked effects on zooplanktonic and benthic composition and productivity, which influences the primary productivity. The major species occurring frequently in the study lakes were lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) and arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus). Burbot (Lota lota), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus),
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