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~L~ICE FORCES on the YUKON RIVER BRIDGE

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~ Report No. FHWA-R0-79-82 ?-m 0 U> =-.$ffiiii0 , !!! '°i a:;;,,,,..,...CN ~l~ICE~ ..... FORCES ON THE YUKON RIVER BRIDGE- ~ J978 BREAKUP February 1979 Final Report Document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 OT Prepared for E FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION 662 ~.J" ? Offices of Research & Development no.FD- Structures • Applied_Mechanics Division 79-82 c.2 Washington, D.C. 20590 FOREWORD This report presents information on FHWA sponsored research on ice forces on highway bridges. The report covers studies relating to the 1978 ice breakup at the Yukon River Bridge, north of Fairbanks, Alaska. The report is being distributed by memorandum to researchers in this field. Research on ice forces on highway bridges is included in the Federal Highway Administration Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Project SK "New Bridge Design Concepts." Mr. Craig A. Ballinger is the project manager. ~a7,...LJJ/~ Charles F-: ~£fey Director, Office of Research Federal Highway Administration NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. I The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of I the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a l standard, specification, or regulation. j I The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. 'I i Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein only because they are I I .i considered essential to the object of this document. I T echnicol Report Oocumentotion Page 1. Report No. 2. Governm•nt Acce11ion No. 3. R..cip1ent' 1 Cotolog No. FHWA-RD-79-82 i.---------~-------......_-------------~~-r-::--::-----=------4. T;tle ond Subtitle 5. Report Dote · -~~ · ~----- ICE FORCES ON THE YUKON RIVER BRIDGE - February 1979 1978 BREAKUP ----6. P,.rformong· Orgonizotoon Code ,__, ___._......,. _________________________~ ~----------------! 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Author' al P. R. Johnson and T. T. McFadden 9. Performing Or9CW1i zotion Nome ond Addreu JO . Work Unit No. (TRAIS) U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering FCP No. 35Kl-042 Laboratory 11 . Contract or Grant No. Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 41-11-8073 12. Sponsoring Agency Nome and Addrus U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Highway Administration Office of Research 14 . Spon1orina Agency Code Washington, D.C. 20590 1S. Supplementary Notes FHWA Contract Manager: C. A. Ballinger (HRS-11) 16. Abstract Personnel from CRREL, the University of Alaska and the Alaska Department of Transportation arejointly conducting studies of ice forces on the Yukon River at the haul road bridge site northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. As part of the 1978 program the authors visited two instrumented sites in central Alberta operated by the Research Council of Alberta, Canada. Both sites use hinged beams to measure ice loads on piers and both have been in operation since the late 1960s. The sites are described in detail. Unfortunately, the ice at both sites melted in place in 1978 and no load data were obtained. The ice in the Yukon River at the haul road bridge site began flowing on 11 May 1978. Three "Zarling" cells had been installed on pier 5 in anticipation of the breakup and accelerometers had also been installed on the same pier. The normal surge of water in the river did not materialize and the ice deterio­ rated in place. When the ice could no longer withstand the drag forces of the river, it broke and passed through the bridge. However, low water levels and other factors made it impossible to get ice load or accelerometer data. An augmented and better-distributed instrument package will be installed for the 1979 breakup. 17. Key Wor4s 18. Distribution Statement Bridges Document is available to the public Ice forces Load cells through the National Technical Information River ice Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Security CloHif. (of thia report) 20. Security Clonlf. (of thi 1 page} 21· No. of PogH 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 45 Fonn DOT F 1700.7 is-121 PREFACE This report was prepared by Terry T. McFadden and Philip R. Johnson, Research Engineers with the Alaskan Projects Office, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska. The report consists primarily of a description of the two load-measurement systems used by the Research Council of Alberta at two instrumented sites in Central Alberta and the research program carried out by CRREL, Univer­ sity of Alaska and Alaska Department of Transportation personnel at the Yukon River bridge northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. 1978 operations at both the Alberta and Alaska sites are described. Investigators from the Alaskan Projects Office, CRREL, the University of Alaska and the Alaska Department of Transportation began studying the breakup pattern of the Yukon River at the bridge and methods of measuring ice forces exerted on the bridge during the winter of 1975-76. The break­ ups during 1976 and 1977 were observed and recorded photographically and development work was carried out on equipment to sense and measure ice loads. The Federal Highway Administration developed an interest in the measurement and prediction of ice forces on highway bridges using the Yukon River bridge as a test site and advanced funding to CRREL which partially supported the two studies included in this report. This funding was supplemented by In-House Laboratory Independent Research (ILIR) fund­ ing from CRREL, by additional funding provided by the Alaskan Projects Office, CRREL, and by voluntary unpaid labor provided by personnel from all three agencies. Additional funding has been provided by the Federal Highway Administration to conduct a 3-year study on the measurement and prediction of ice forces on highway bridges so that expanded studies will be carried out in the future. ii METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS Approxim1t1 Co11w1rsi1111 to M1trlc M11Hr11 .. .. .. Approxlm111 C1nY1rsion1 from Metric M11Hr11 " " ., ...... Wllea YH bow , .,... , Tt Flu 1'91.. 1 .. .•. " LENGTH LENGTH mm millimet91'1 o.o. indle• In cm centinters 0.4 inches In m In lnc:he• ·z.5 centI met.,. cm .. ,.,. 3.3 feet m meters yd feet 30 centimeten cm ... 1.1 yard• " "yd y81d1 0.9 meters m km kilometers 0.1 mlle1 ml mi mlle1 1.1 kilometer• km AREA AREA ""'"' centkneters 0.11 ...,..1nc11e1 -lnclle1 ••• equeNc.ntimeter1.. .. ........ ....,... 1.2 1quere ylrd1 ~feet 0.09 __ 1q.... kllomet.,. 0.4 _.,mile• lqU-y81d1 0.1 .........., ... hecterH 110.000 m2l 2.& ...... .....-milu Z.I IC(Uere kilometers ..... 0.4 .......... ..... MASS (wel1ht! ..... MASS (wei11tt) "' ..... 01 01 ounc.. 28 I .- 0.036 II kg kllovr- 2.Z pounds lb lb pound• 0.45 kilavrams kg .. .. tonnes C1000 kg) 1.1 -·· 1hort ton1 0.9 -·tonnes "'""ton• czooo lb) .. VOLUME VOLUME "' t•p ... _. & mllllllter1 ml ..1111111 ... 0.03 fluid ounc.. Tbep teblu-• 15 millilite,.. ml • liter• 2.t plnll fl 01 fluid ouncn 30 milliliter• ml w liters 1.01 qu1n1 c Cupl 0.24 liters I .. litero 0.21 gellone pl pint• o.u lit•• cubic metere 36 cubic­ ..... 0,9& Iitore cubic meters 1.3 cubic y11d1 "'gel gellon1 3.1 liters I .. tt' cubic !Mt 0.03 cubic meten ml vd3 cubic y1rd1 0.79 cubic metera m3 .. TEMPERATURE (Hect) TEMPERATURE (111ct) ... •c Cel1ius 9/ICtlltft F.-..elt ., ,__.,, ldd 32) ,_........ ., 5/9 l•lt• C1l1iu1 •c 1ublnlctlng temperature ., 32) .. ., 32 ,... 212 8 1 1 0 200 ...... •1 '" s 2 .54 te111ectlvl. For other Olllact conversions and tables. see NBS Misc. Pub!. 28G, -·~~~·-.1--L·~~L-L·~·1....1·i~·~~-t-l..L.,1~'-L~r1''-flf.r1L'~~r~~·-+1~·~~;-~·~,· •r1~·-i~ mot• deteiled ( I I 20 40 80 80 vv Unitl of We111f'ts and Measures. Price t2.25, SO Catalog No. C13,10:286. E -:~ -20 •c1 u 51 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The studies at the Yukon River bridge have been carried out jointly by the following: John L. Burdick, University of Alaska Philip R. Johnson, CRREL Dr. Terry T. McFadden, CRREL Dr. Thomas F. Osterkamp, University of Alaska Dr. John P. Zarling, CRREL In addition, during the 1978 breakup studies, David Esch and Richard Jurick of the Alaska Department of Transportation participated in planning and the development of instrumentation. Many CRREL per­ sonnel, including J. Buska, D. Dinwoodie, L. Cartwright, F. Fisk, R. Taylor, K. Crane, C. Powell and others contributed in the construction calibration and installation of load-measurement devices, in establish­ ing and operating a camp at the bridge site and in observing and record­ ing the breakup. The hospitality of members of the Research Council of Alberta, particularly William Lipsett, during the visit to Alberta in April 1978 is gratefully acknowledged. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Documentation Page Preface ii Metric Conversion Factors iii Acknowledgments iv Table of Contents v List of Figures vi Introduction 1 General 1 Research Objectives 3 The 1978 Program 3 The Research Council of Alberta Ice Forces Program 4 Background 4 The Hondo Site and Program 4 The Pembridge Site and Program 5 Results of the Alberta Studies 7 Ice-Thickness Radar at the Hondo Site 8 Hinged Beams for Measuring Ice Loads 10 The 1978 Yukon River Breakup and Study 13 Introduction 13 The Yukon River Bridge 13 Water Elevations at the Bridge Site 14 Objectives of the 1978 Study at the Yukon River Bridge 15 Zarling Cells 16 Accelerometers 18 Chronology of the 1978 Yukon Breakup 18 1978 Ice Conditions and Breakup 21 Ice Collars 23 Driftwood Reinforcement of the Ice on a Pier Nose 24 Conclusions 25 Reports and Papers Generated by the Alberta Study 26 Other Pertinent Papers and Reports 27 Figures 28 v LIST OF FIGURES 1.
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