Life in Space LEVELED BOOK • Y a Reading A–Z Level Y Leveled Book Word Count: 1,513 Life in Space

Life in Space LEVELED BOOK • Y A Reading A–Z Level Y Leveled Book Word Count: 1,513 Life in Space

• Y S • V

Written by Jennifer McStotts

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Photo Credits: Glossary Front cover, back cover, title page, pages 3, 4, 5, 6 (top), 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14: courtesy of NASA; page 6 (bottom): © RIA Novosti/Alamy; page 12: © REUTERS/NASA; page astronauts (n.) people trained to travel and work Life in Space 15: courtesy of NASA/Carla Cioffi in space (p . 5) Front cover: Astronaut Scott Kelly floats in front of the windows on the ISS.

cosmonaut (n.) a person trained to travel and work Title page: Astronaut Rick Sturckow gives a thumbs-up in front of a wall filled with in space; a Russian word for the badges that represent the different crews who have worked on the ISS.

“astronaut” (p . 5) Table of contents: Astronaut Chris Hadfield poses in front of a floating water bubble. Astronauts return to Earth from the ISS in 2013. gravity (n.) the natural force that tends to pull objects toward each other, such Back to Earth as objects being pulled toward the When astronauts return to Earth from the ISS, center of Earth (p . 4) the work isn’t over . Recovery from an extended grueling (adj.) extremely difficult; exhausting period in space takes a long time . For a six-month (p . 14) stay on the ISS, astronauts have about six weeks launched (v.) used force to start something of rehabilitation to regain lost muscle . It can moving (p . 6) take a whole year for an astronaut’s bones to operational (adj.) ready or able to work or be used fully recover . Despite all the hard work and (p . 6) inconvenience astronauts must endure, they orbited (v.) revolved around another object know the time spent living and working in space (p . 5) is worth it . rehabilitation (n.) the process of restoring to health or normal activity (p . 15) During their time in space and rehabilitation resistance (n.) force that slows motion (p . 14) afterward, scientists monitor the astronauts’ simulating (v.) modeling or imitating the physical and mental health . The information appearance or condition of they gather has already helped astronauts live something (p . 8) healthier and happier lives . As we look farther Life in Space space station (n.) a spacecraft in which people can live Level Y Leveled Book Correlation into space—to places that may take months, © Learning A–Z LEVEL Y for a long time, used for scientific Written by Jennifer McStotts years, or even decades to reach—this vital research (p . 4) Written by Jennifer McStotts Fountas & Pinnell T All rights reserved. Reading Recovery 40 information might mean the success or failure technology (n.) the use of scientific knowledge or DRA 40 www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com of future space exploration . tools to make or do something (p . 5)

Life in Space • Level Y 15 16 Photo Credits: Front cover, back cover, title page, pages 3, 4, 5, 6 (top), 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14: courtesy Glossary of NASA; page 6 (bottom): © RIA Novosti/Alamy; page 12: © REUTERS/NASA; page Life in Space 15: courtesy of NASA/Carla Cioffi astronauts (n.) people trained to travel and work Front cover: Astronaut Scott Kelly floats in front of the windows on the ISS. in space (p . 5)

Title page: Astronaut Rick Sturckow gives a thumbs-up in front of a wall filled with cosmonaut (n.) a person trained to travel and work the badges that represent the different crews who have worked on the ISS. in space; a Russian word for

Table of contents: Astronaut Chris Hadfield poses in front of a floating water “astronaut” (p . 5) bubble. Astronauts return to Earth from the ISS in 2013. gravity (n.) the natural force that tends to pull objects toward each other, such Back to Earth as objects being pulled toward the When astronauts return to Earth from the ISS, center of Earth (p . 4) the work isn’t over . Recovery from an extended grueling (adj.) extremely difficult; exhausting period in space takes a long time . For a six-month (p . 14) stay on the ISS, astronauts have about six weeks launched (v.) used force to start something of rehabilitation to regain lost muscle . It can moving (p . 6) take a whole year for an astronaut’s bones to operational (adj.) ready or able to work or be used fully recover . Despite all the hard work and (p . 6) inconvenience astronauts must endure, they orbited (v.) revolved around another object know the time spent living and working in space (p . 5) is worth it . rehabilitation (n.) the process of restoring to health or normal activity (p . 15) During their time in space and rehabilitation resistance (n.) force that slows motion (p . 14) afterward, scientists monitor the astronauts’ simulating (v.) modeling or imitating the physical and mental health . The information appearance or condition of they gather has already helped astronauts live something (p . 8) Life in Space healthier and happier lives . As we look farther Level Y Leveled Book Correlation space station (n.) a spacecraft in which people can live © Learning A–Z LEVEL Y into space—to places that may take months, Written by Jennifer McStotts for a long time, used for scientific Written by Jennifer McStotts Fountas & Pinnell T years, or even decades to reach—this vital research (p . 4) All rights reserved. Reading Recovery 40 information might mean the success or failure DRA 40 technology (n.) the use of scientific knowledge or www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com of future space exploration . tools to make or do something (p . 5)

Life in Space • Level Y 15 16 Free Time Exercising Weightless Living Astronauts on the ISS have very little Exercise is incredibly important for astronauts . You wake up just as the free time, but they do find ways to entertain When people exercise on Earth, their bones and Sun is rising . Earth spreads themselves . They might play cards, read, or write, muscles must work against gravity, which makes outside the small window, among other things . Keeping in touch with loved them stronger . Because of the lack of gravity a bright blue sphere . It ones is also important, and astronauts are able in space, it takes very little strength or effort to takes a moment to untangle to make calls and use video chat . Sometimes move things that might be extremely heavy on from the sleeping bag in the astronauts have live video chats in which they Earth . Because of this ease, astronauts’ bones small space . Opening the answer questions from students all over the and muscles weaken over time . door, you grab a handle world or give tours of the station . When they and flip yourself over . To slow the decline, astronauts must work have nothing else to do, however, many simply With a gentle push, you out at least two hours every day . The special look out the windows or take photos . Who can Table of Contents fly from one end of the equipment in the ISS gym includes a treadmill blame them? The view is pretty amazing . Weightless Living ...... 4 room to the other . Another that uses straps to pull down on the astronauts crew member floats by, A space shuttle docks with the The Race to Space ...... 5 as they run . Other hands you a packet of International Space Station. exercise equipment Space Stations ...... 6 coffee, and says, “Good morning,” in Russian . You in the gym uses An Astronaut’s Life ...... 8 thank him and yawn, tired because you haven’t resistance to help slept much . Your stomach hasn’t adjusted to the the astronauts stay Sleeping ...... 9 lack of gravity yet—and you’re incredibly excited . strong . Even with Eating ...... 10 such a grueling You’re about to begin your first full day daily workout, most Using the Toilet ...... 11 working aboard the International Space Station . You’ve trained for years, but even the simplest astronauts lose 20 Bathing and Teeth Cleaning ...... 12 to 30 percent of their activities, such as eating, bathing, and going to the Free Time ...... 13 muscle mass during bathroom, are complicated without gravity . It’s their six-month stay . Exercising ...... 14 almost as if you have to learn how to do them all over again . The transport back to Earth isn’t Back to Earth ...... 15 coming for another six months, so you may as Astronaut Chris Hadfield plays guitar on the ISS. During his last visit to the Astronaut Luca Parmitano space station, he even made a music video. exercises on a treadmill on the ISS. Glossary ...... 16 well get started .

Life in Space • Level Y 13 14 Life in Space • Level Y 3 4 Weightless Living Free Time Exercising You wake up just as the Astronauts on the ISS have very little Exercise is incredibly important for astronauts . Sun is rising . Earth spreads free time, but they do find ways to entertain When people exercise on Earth, their bones and outside the small window, themselves . They might play cards, read, or write, muscles must work against gravity, which makes a bright blue sphere . It among other things . Keeping in touch with loved them stronger . Because of the lack of gravity takes a moment to untangle ones is also important, and astronauts are able in space, it takes very little strength or effort to from the sleeping bag in the to make calls and use video chat . Sometimes move things that might be extremely heavy on small space . Opening the astronauts have live video chats in which they Earth . Because of this ease, astronauts’ bones door, you grab a handle answer questions from students all over the and muscles weaken over time . and flip yourself over . world or give tours of the station . When they To slow the decline, astronauts must work With a gentle push, you have nothing else to do, however, many simply out at least two hours every day . The special Table of Contents fly from one end of the look out the windows or take photos . Who can equipment in the ISS gym includes a treadmill Weightless Living ...... 4 room to the other . Another blame them? The view is pretty amazing . that uses straps to pull down on the astronauts crew member floats by, A space shuttle docks with the The Race to Space ...... 5 hands you a packet of International Space Station. as they run . Other Space Stations ...... 6 coffee, and says, “Good morning,” in Russian . You exercise equipment in the gym uses An Astronaut’s Life ...... 8 thank him and yawn, tired because you haven’t slept much . Your stomach hasn’t adjusted to the resistance to help Sleeping ...... 9 lack of gravity yet—and you’re incredibly excited . the astronauts stay strong . Even with Eating ...... 10 You’re about to begin your first full day such a grueling Using the Toilet ...... 11 working aboard the International Space Station . daily workout, most You’ve trained for years, but even the simplest Bathing and Teeth Cleaning ...... 12 astronauts lose 20 activities, such as eating, bathing, and going to the to 30 percent of their Free Time ...... 13 bathroom, are complicated without gravity . It’s muscle mass during Exercising ...... 14 almost as if you have to learn how to do them all their six-month stay . over again . The transport back to Earth isn’t Back to Earth ...... 15 coming for another six months, so you may as Astronaut Chris Hadfield plays guitar on the ISS. During his last visit to the Astronaut Luca Parmitano Glossary ...... 16 well get started . space station, he even made a music video. exercises on a treadmill on the ISS.

Life in Space • Level Y 3 4 Life in Space • Level Y 13 14 Using the Toilet The Race to Space Space Stations With the way things float around in space, People began racing into space in the The Soviet Union using the bathroom can be tricky business . In 1950s and 1960s . The first person in space was launched the first space fact, astronauts need special training to use the cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, from Russia (then part station in 1971 . Salyut 1 toilet . The toilets on the ISS have two parts . For of the Soviet Union) . He orbited Earth once and hosted a crew of three liquid waste, astronauts use a tube with a nozzle . landed safely after 108 minutes on April 12, cosmonauts for three For solid waste, astronauts must use foot straps 1961 . In August of the same year, another Soviet weeks and spent 175 and handles to stay in place as they position cosmonaut, Gherman Titov, orbited Earth more days in space before themselves over a 4-inch (10 cm) opening . than 17 times in about 25 hours . Technology it fell out of orbit The average toilet on Earth has a 12- to 16-inch advanced quickly, allowing people to go farther A space shuttle docks with Mir. and burned up while (30 .5–40 .6 cm) and stay longer in space . In 1968, U .S . astronauts reentering Earth’s atmosphere . In 1973, the opening . The toilet aboard Apollo 8 successfully orbited the Moon, United States launched Skylab, which supported uses light suction and on July 20, 1969, the crew of Apollo 11 stepped three missions before being abandoned in 1974 . to transport the onto the Moon’s surface . It fell to Earth in 1979 . waste from the Technology continued Not until the Soviet Union launched the opening or tube to Astronaut Karen Nyberg shows how she washes her hair on the ISS. to advance as space first part of the Mir (MEER) space station in 1986 where it is stored programs developed did the world have a space station that remained in another part of Bathing and Teeth Cleaning vehicles that allowed operational for more than a few years . Mir the station . Astronauts use water and special soap on a people to stay in space for orbited Earth for fifteen years—three times longer cloth to wash their bodies . They wash their hair days or weeks . However, than originally planned—and hosted scientists The tube hanging on the with shampoo that uses no water, and to clean scientists were also from many different countries . wall is for liquid waste. their teeth, they use toothpaste that can be working on a more The base on the floor is swallowed when they’re finished . Previous space for solid waste. The ISS permanent structure Days in Space has two toilets, which stations, including Skylab, had an actual shower . in space—one in which Russian scientist Dr. Valeri Polyakov have stopped working more than once. To repair Astronauts stepped into an enclosed space with a people could actually live spent 438 consecutive days in space in 1994 a toilet, astronauts must tube that squirted water . They washed with soap for months, or even years . The Soyuz spacecraft, first created and 1995. During his record-setting stay, use parts sent from and a cloth, and then used another tube to suck in the 1960s, are still being used Dr. Polyakov lived on Mir and orbited Earth Earth, which can take to take people to and from the 7,075 times. Dr. Polyakov’s record still stands. months. away the dirty water . International Space Station.

Life in Space • Level Y 11 12 Life in Space • Level Y 5 6 The Race to Space Space Stations Using the Toilet People began racing into space in the The Soviet Union With the way things float around in space, 1950s and 1960s . The first person in space was launched the first space using the bathroom can be tricky business . In cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, from Russia (then part station in 1971 . Salyut 1 fact, astronauts need special training to use the of the Soviet Union) . He orbited Earth once and hosted a crew of three toilet . The toilets on the ISS have two parts . For landed safely after 108 minutes on April 12, cosmonauts for three liquid waste, astronauts use a tube with a nozzle . 1961 . In August of the same year, another Soviet weeks and spent 175 For solid waste, astronauts must use foot straps cosmonaut, Gherman Titov, orbited Earth more days in space before and handles to stay in place as they position than 17 times in about 25 hours . Technology it fell out of orbit themselves over a 4-inch (10 cm) opening . advanced quickly, allowing people to go farther A space shuttle docks with Mir. and burned up while The average toilet on Earth has a 12- to 16-inch and stay longer in space . In 1968, U .S . astronauts reentering Earth’s atmosphere . In 1973, the (30 .5–40 .6 cm) aboard Apollo 8 successfully orbited the Moon, United States launched Skylab, which supported opening . The toilet and on July 20, 1969, the crew of Apollo 11 stepped three missions before being abandoned in 1974 . uses light suction onto the Moon’s surface . It fell to Earth in 1979 . to transport the waste from the Technology continued Not until the Soviet Union launched the opening or tube to to advance as space first part of the Mir (MEER) space station in 1986 Astronaut Karen Nyberg shows how she washes her hair on the ISS. where it is stored programs developed did the world have a space station that remained in another part of Bathing and Teeth Cleaning vehicles that allowed operational for more than a few years . Mir the station . people to stay in space for orbited Earth for fifteen years—three times longer Astronauts use water and special soap on a days or weeks . However, than originally planned—and hosted scientists cloth to wash their bodies . They wash their hair scientists were also from many different countries . The tube hanging on the with shampoo that uses no water, and to clean working on a more wall is for liquid waste. their teeth, they use toothpaste that can be The base on the floor is swallowed when they’re finished . Previous space permanent structure Days in Space for solid waste. The ISS in space—one in which Russian scientist Dr. Valeri Polyakov has two toilets, which stations, including Skylab, had an actual shower . have stopped working people could actually live spent 438 consecutive days in space in 1994 more than once. To repair Astronauts stepped into an enclosed space with a for months, or even years . The Soyuz spacecraft, first created and 1995. During his record-setting stay, a toilet, astronauts must tube that squirted water . They washed with soap in the 1960s, are still being used Dr. Polyakov lived on Mir and orbited Earth use parts sent from and a cloth, and then used another tube to suck to take people to and from the 7,075 times. Dr. Polyakov’s record still stands. Earth, which can take International Space Station. months. away the dirty water .

Life in Space • Level Y 5 6 Life in Space • Level Y 11 12 Sleeping Before Mir fell to Earth in 2001, work began Without gravity, astronauts can’t jump into on a new, larger space station . Countries from bed and curl up under a pile of blankets . Instead, all over the world, including the United States, the ISS has six small “sleep pods” that each Russia, Japan, and Canada, worked together . In contain a sleeping bag with armholes . Each bag 1998, the first section of the International Space is securely tied to the wall to keep the astronaut Station (ISS) was launched into orbit . More from floating away while snoozing . The lack of sections have been added over the years, and gravity often causes astronauts to experience more are planned for the future . As of 2012, the An astronaut practices repairing part of the ISS on an underwater model. dreams of falling . An astronaut has a breakfast of eggs and sausage on a tortilla with coffee ISS measured 357 feet (108 .8 m) long and weighed Working underwater helps prepare them for space walks. on the ISS. almost 1 million pounds (453,592 .3 kg) . The Because of the An Astronaut’s Life Eating largest human-made object in space, it can even space station’s orbit, be seen in the night sky without using a telescope . Astronauts attend school for many years, often Early astronauts ate gels, pastes, and freeze- astronauts on board earning the highest degree in their field, before dried food that, while it contained the nutrition see sixteen sunrises The ISS has been continuously occupied since they begin training . The physical training they needed, didn’t taste very good . Today, and sunsets every day . November 2, 2000 . Over the years, more than involves simulating weightlessness while flying astronauts eat many of the foods most people Since people are used two hundred people from fifteen countries have in an airplane . They also spend up to seven hours enjoy, such as chicken, fruits, peanut butter, and to sleeping at night visited the station, which has more living space in a space suit, working underwater in a massive brownies . The ISS has no refrigerator, so all food and being awake than the average five-bedroom house . The 6 .2 million-gallon (23 .5 million liter) pool on must be packaged in such a way that it won’t during the day, this amount of time an astronaut spends on the ISS life-size models of space vehicles . Once on the spoil, but the station does have an oven . Some can cause serious varies, with many staying for about three to six ISS, however, astronauts still must adjust to a food, such as peanut butter, can be eaten as is; sleep problems . The months . completely weightless way of life . other food, such as spaghetti, must have water space station has That’s up to six months of living and working added . Salt and pepper come in liquid form a “shades down” without gravity in an enclosed space with three Sick in Space because otherwise the particles would float away period, during which to six other people . The crew members might When astronauts first get to the ISS, their bodies and damage the delicate space station equipment . it is dark and quiet to be from different countries and speak different and minds need time to adjust to the weightlessness. The Once the food is prepared, however, astronauts change can make some people ill. Fortunately, the ISS comes allow the astronauts languages, but they all have to work together to get the sleep they still have to get used to swallowing, which equipped with special bags for that purpose. They have a as a team . This can be extremely stressful for the cloth side that can be used to clean up as well as an extra need . astronaut Piers Sellers equated to “eating while Astronaut Alvin Drew prepares to sleep astronauts’ minds and bodies . sealable bag attached for easy disposal. on the ISS. lying on one side .”

Life in Space • Level Y 9 10 Life in Space • Level Y 7 8 Before Mir fell to Earth in 2001, work began Sleeping on a new, larger space station . Countries from Without gravity, astronauts can’t jump into all over the world, including the United States, bed and curl up under a pile of blankets . Instead, Russia, Japan, and Canada, worked together . In the ISS has six small “sleep pods” that each 1998, the first section of the International Space contain a sleeping bag with armholes . Each bag Station (ISS) was launched into orbit . More is securely tied to the wall to keep the astronaut sections have been added over the years, and from floating away while snoozing . The lack of more are planned for the future . As of 2012, the An astronaut practices repairing part of the ISS on an underwater model. gravity often causes astronauts to experience ISS measured 357 feet (108 .8 m) long and weighed Working underwater helps prepare them for space walks. dreams of falling . An astronaut has a breakfast of eggs and sausage on a tortilla with coffee on the ISS. almost 1 million pounds (453,592 .3 kg) . The An Astronaut’s Life Because of the largest human-made object in space, it can even Eating be seen in the night sky without using a telescope . Astronauts attend school for many years, often space station’s orbit, Early astronauts ate gels, pastes, and freeze- earning the highest degree in their field, before astronauts on board dried food that, while it contained the nutrition The ISS has been continuously occupied since they begin training . The physical training see sixteen sunrises they needed, didn’t taste very good . Today, November 2, 2000 . Over the years, more than involves simulating weightlessness while flying and sunsets every day . astronauts eat many of the foods most people two hundred people from fifteen countries have in an airplane . They also spend up to seven hours Since people are used enjoy, such as chicken, fruits, peanut butter, and visited the station, which has more living space in a space suit, working underwater in a massive to sleeping at night brownies . The ISS has no refrigerator, so all food than the average five-bedroom house . The 6 .2 million-gallon (23 .5 million liter) pool on and being awake must be packaged in such a way that it won’t amount of time an astronaut spends on the ISS life-size models of space vehicles . Once on the during the day, this spoil, but the station does have an oven . Some varies, with many staying for about three to six ISS, however, astronauts still must adjust to a can cause serious food, such as peanut butter, can be eaten as is; months . completely weightless way of life . sleep problems . The other food, such as spaghetti, must have water That’s up to six months of living and working space station has added . Salt and pepper come in liquid form without gravity in an enclosed space with three Sick in Space a “shades down” because otherwise the particles would float away to six other people . The crew members might When astronauts first get to the ISS, their bodies period, during which and damage the delicate space station equipment . be from different countries and speak different and minds need time to adjust to the weightlessness. The it is dark and quiet to change can make some people ill. Fortunately, the ISS comes Once the food is prepared, however, astronauts languages, but they all have to work together allow the astronauts equipped with special bags for that purpose. They have a to get the sleep they still have to get used to swallowing, which as a team . This can be extremely stressful for the cloth side that can be used to clean up as well as an extra need . astronaut Piers Sellers equated to “eating while astronauts’ minds and bodies . sealable bag attached for easy disposal. Astronaut Alvin Drew prepares to sleep on the ISS. lying on one side .”

Life in Space • Level Y 7 8 Life in Space • Level Y 9 10