Botanical Assessment

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BOTANICAL ASSESSMENT

PROPOSED GAMMA-KAPPA ESKOM POWERLINE March 2021 Your text here 1234

Mark Berry Environmental Consultants Pr Sci Nat (reg. no. 400073/98) PhD in Botany Tel: 083 286-9470, Fax: 086 759-1908, E-mail: [email protected] ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive summary

Declaration of Interest

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2 METHODOLOGY ...... 1 3 PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 3 4 STUDY AREA ...... 6 4.1 Biogeographical aspects ...... 7 4.2 Land use and past disturbances ...... 10 5 RESULTS ...... 12 5.1 Description of vegetation types and flora encountered from west to east ...... 13 5.2 Species of Conservation Concern & regional endemics ...... 22 5.3 Protected areas and critical biodiversity areas (CBA’s) ...... 27 6 ANTICIPATED IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY ...... 31 7 SUMMARY & CONCLUDING REMARKS ...... 36 REFERENCES ...... 38

APPENDICES

Appendix A Vegetation and floristic data recorded at the sampling sites.

Appendix B Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) and regional endemics expected to occur along the proposed powerline route.

Appendix C Brief CV of specialist.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report investigates the vegetation types traversed by a proposed new Kappa-Gamma powerline between the Kappa and the Gamma substations. Encroaching on the Western Cape Province’s northern boundary, the proposed route traverses three biomes, namely the Succulent Karoo (western section), Fynbos Biome (western section) and the Nama Karoo (central and eastern sections), as well as azonal vegetation types (rivers and associated floodplains). Within these biomes, eight mapped vegetation units will be affected by the project, namely Tanqua Karoo, Tanqua Wash Riviere, Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld and Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo in the western part of the study area, and Gamka Karoo, Southern Karoo Riviere, Upper Karoo Hardeveld and Eastern Upper Karoo in the central and eastern parts.

Proposed project The project comprises the construction of a new 765 kV overhead powerline through the Karoo from the Kappa substation 25 km north of Touws River to the Gamma substation on the R63 (Victoria West Road). Three route options are investigated, namely Alternative 1 (374.158 km), 1A (378.655 km) and 2 (366.081 km). Alternatives 1 and 1A follows roughly the same route as existing Eskom powerlines.

Results The vegetation in which the project is located is largely untransformed. Disturbances noted in the study area include the footprints of existing powerline pylons and access tracks, farm roads, farming activities (pastures and grazing) and associated overgrazing problems, tourist activities (tourist accommodation and hunting), wind farm projects (in the Klein Roggeveld) and minor alien plant infestation. There are also a few conservation efforts along the route, including the Spitzkop Protected Environment and Karoo National Park. The estimated sections through the respective vegetation types (as presented on the South African vegetation map) are shown in Table 1 (in this case for Alternative 1).

Thirteen Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) and regional endemics were recorded along the proposed powerline route, including Didymaotus lapidiformis (Vul, endemic to the Tanqua Karoo), Antimima loganii (Vul) and Romulea hallii (Vul). However, several more are expected to occur along the route. The majority of the SCC and endemics are found in the western part of the study area, including the Tanqua Karoo, Tanqua Wash Riviere, Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo, Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld and the western part of the Gamka Karoo. This area falls mainly inside the winter rainfall region of the Western Cape. Of the recorded SCC, only Ruschia sp. nov was found in the eastern part on a calcrete band nearby Beaufort West. This emphasises the botanical value of the iv western part, which includes the Klein Roggeveld.

Table 1 Estimated sections of the proposed powerline (for Alternative 1) through the respective vegetation types.

Vegetation type Estimated section of powerline Tanqua Karoo 8 km Tanqua Wash Riviere 11 km Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld 19 km Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo 61 km Gamka Karoo 190 km Southern Karoo Riviere 18 km Upper Karoo Hardeveld 26 km Eastern Upper Karoo 41 km Total: 374 km

Two specialised habitats recorded include a chert band on a low ridge north of the Kappa substation and a calcrete band east of Beaufort West. These areas are typically rich in small (and often rare) succulents, especially members of the Aizoaceae family. Elsewhere in the study area, especially in the western part (Klein Roggeveld) and around Merweville, gravelly shale slopes and sandstone outcrops are also home to a variety of succulents and geophytes.

The level of transformation and conservation status of the affected vegetation types are summarised in Table 2. Due to a low level of transformation, none of the vegetation types are currently listed as threatened. Tanqua Karoo and Tanqua Wash Riviere are the best protected vegetation types. The Karoo National Park outside Beaufort West is the only formal conservation area in the eastern part of study area that is encroached by the proposed powerline. Alternative 1 touches the southern tip of the Park, while Alternative 2 actually runs through it. Alternative 1 also runs through the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve, located east of Beaufort West. The latter has no formal conservation status. In the western part of the study area, the line runs through the Spitzkop Protected Environment, which is mapped as a critical biodiversity area (CBA). Spitzkop (7639 ha) forms part of the CapeNature stewardship programme.

Like the existing lines, the proposed powerline is expected to largely avoid the steeper slopes and mountains. The crossing of numerous seasonal rivers by the proposed powerline, many of which are mapped as CBA’s, is however unavoidable. Essentially all the significant rivers crossed by the proposed powerline are considered to be priority rivers according to the National Protected Areas Expansion Strategy (NPAES) freshwater v priorities and were classified as either critically endangered or endangered rivers. They are therefore indicated as CBA’s on the biodiversity network map.

Table 2 Level of transformation and conservation status of the affected vegetation types (information obtained from Mucina & Rutherford 2006 and Skowno et al. 2019). Vegetation type Transformation Conservation status Tanqua Karoo <1% transformed 10% formally conserved in the Tankwa Karoo National Park. Tanqua Wash Riviere 6% transformed 13% formally conserved in the Tankwa Karoo National Park. Koedoesberge-Moordenaars <1% transformed Very small portion formally conserved in Karoo the Gamkapoort Nature Reserve. Central Mountain Shale 3% transformed None conserved Renosterveld Southern Karoo Riviere 13% transformed 1.5% formally conserved in the Karoo National Park and a few nature reserves, including the Gamkapoort and Karoo Nature Reserves. Gamka Karoo <1% transformed 2% formally conserved in the Karoo National Park, as well as in a few private nature reserves, such as Steenbokkie. Upper Karoo Hardeveld <1% transformed 3% formally conserved in the Karoo National Park and Karoo Nature Reserve. Eastern Upper Karoo 3% transformed 2% formally conserved in the Mountain Zebra and Karoo National Parks, as well as in Oviston, Rolfontein, Commando Drift and Gariep Dam Nature Reserves.

CBA’s incorporate areas that need to be safeguarded in order to meet national biodiversity thresholds; areas required to ensure the continued existence and functioning of species and ecosystems; and important locations for biodiversity features or rare species. Loss of designated CBA’s is therefore not recommended. Two biodiversity hotspots have been identified during the SKEP initiative in the western part of the study area, one of which (i.e. Klipfontein se Berg) is crossed by the proposed powerline. The latter has also been mapped as a CBA. Other significant CBA’s traversed by the proposed powerline, include certain high-lying areas in the Klein Roggeveld, the Merweville area, areas on the southern side of the Karoo National Park, an area directly east of Beaufort West, and the Nelspoort area.

Anticipated impact on biodiversity The potential impact imposed by the powerline alternatives is difficult to assess due to the length of the powerline and the botanical diversity of the areas it traverses. Fortunately, vi none of the affected vegetation types are currently listed as threatened. All the affected vegetation types are widespread and transformation is still very low. The impact on vegetation is expected to manifest itself mainly during the construction period. The latter will involve the clearing of veld required for the pylon footprints, as well as the establishment of access roads to the footprints. The pylon footprints are roughly 400 m apart.

The new powerline will follow the same route of the existing powerlines. Existing roads and tracks can therefore be used to access the route. However, a track along the new route will still be needed in order to allow the depositing or stringing of pylon infrastructure and cables. Alternative 1 should probably be favoured due to the presence of other powerlines along the same route. Alternative 2 is the least favoured as it passes through extensive areas of virgin land with seemingly less access possibilities. It also passes through the Karoo National Park, but sidesteps the Spitzkop Protected Environment and the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve. Perhaps a compromise with the least conflict should be further investigated among the alternatives.

Given the nature of the project, most of the area disturbed during construction, such as new access roads and pylon footprints, can potentially be rehabilitated. However, vegetation recovery in the Karoo, which is dependent on erratic rainfall, can be very slow. Karoo soils are also susceptible to erosion and take decades to recover if allowed to rehabilitate. Therefore, by minimising the footprint areas and access roads for the powerline, disturbance will be minimised. Unless the created access roads can be closed off permanently and rehabilitated, road maintenance and erosion control will become long term maintenance issues.

Species richness and a fair number of SCC and regional endemics encountered in the western part (Tanqua Karoo and Klein Roggeveld) renders this area of high botanical value with an expected high impact if not mitigated. A further concern is the presence of a few specialised habitats, such as the chert band north of the Kappa substation and the calcrete bands and floodplains east and northeast of Beaufort West. These areas are home to specialist plant species, some of which are rare and threatened. Great care (under the supervision of a suitably experienced botanist) needs to be exercised when working in these areas.

The potential impact on the biodiversity (CBA) network and conservation areas will probably be of a lesser order than that on vegetation type and SCC/regional endemics. Only the Karoo National Park can comment on the impact of a powerline through their Park. Risk to fauna, infrastructure and potential erosion on the steeper slopes where a road will be needed to access the powerline route will be a big concern. The crossing of a large number vii of CBA’s, especially the north-south orientated Karoo rivers, will be unavoidable. With mitigation, the impact should be mitigated to acceptable levels. Ecological connectivity should not be greatly affected as the powerline will not create a physical barrier, like a highway or a wall. Creation of new access roads through the riverine areas should be avoided.

The estimated passages (in km) of the route options through areas of perceived high biodiversity, specialised habitats, protected areas and CBA’s were calculated and compared in Table 3 below. From the comparison it is clear that Alternative 2 is the least preferred with regards to impact on high biodiversity areas. The impact on protected areas is roughly the same for all alternatives, with Alternative 1A slightly less favoured. With regards to specialised habitats, Alternative 2 with a 2.2 km long passage is the best option. The reason for this is that Alternative 2 avoids the calcrete band east of Beaufort West. However, with slight changes or refinement to any of the alternatives, the impact on specialised habitats can be significantly reduced.

Table 3 Sensitive area comparison between the alternatives. Alternatives High biodiversity Specialised Protected CBA’s areas habitats areas Alternative 1 159.2 km 3.0 km 15.2 km 137.2 km Alternative 1A 164 km 3.0 km 16.3 km 139.2 km Alternative 2 181 km 2.2 km 14.8 km 91.9 km

Interestingly, Alternative 2 is the most favoured and Alternative 1A the least with regards to impact on mapped CBA’s. The reason for this is multifold, including the passage of Alternative 2 through the Karoo National Park, which is not mapped as a CBA, and shorter passages through or avoidance of large CBA’s around Merweville and in the Moordenaars Karoo, such as Klipfontein se Berg and Spitzkop Protected Environment.

Operational phase impacts include erosion, alien plant infestation and occasional vegetation clearing for fire safety reasons. Where tracks are needed on steep slopes, berms or paved/concrete strips are recommended to curb future erosion problems. Probably of a lesser concern would be the invasion of disturbed areas by invasive species. Prosopis glandulosa and Atriplex nummularia were observed in the riverine areas (Southern Karoo Riviere) directly south and northeast of Beaufort West. It is, however, unlikely that they will become a serious problem. Invasive cacti, such as Opuntia species and Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata which were observed to the south, directly to the east and northeast of Beaufort West, can easily spread along the powerline route as parts can break off and spread by sticking to the wheels of construction vehicles.

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Conclusion With regards to the powerline alternatives, it is very difficult to favour one option to the others due to the length of the proposed powerline and the botanical diversity of the areas it traverses. However, it makes sense to choose an option alongside one of the existing powerlines due to the availability of access roads. Option 2 is clearly less accessible and will result in greater disturbance from road construction through virgin areas. The latter also passes through the Karoo National Park, but sidesteps the Spitzkop Protected Environment and the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve.

If the project is allowed to proceed, the following mitigation measures should be considered:

• During the construction phase, avoid the unnecessary disturbance of the surrounding vegetation by means of demarcation, especially in the areas of perceived high diversity and areas where were SCC/regional endemics were recorded. • Where possible, place the pylon footprints in previously disturbed areas or areas of low diversity. Avoid steep, gravel slopes, exposed sandstones and riparian zones. • Minimise the construction of new access roads by using existing farm roads. • It is strongly recommended that a botanist familiar with the Karoo be appointed for input into the final route of the powerline and position of the pylons prior to construction. A walkdown with the appointed botanist is recommended. This will be especially beneficial for the section through the Klein Roggeveld and specialised habitats, such as the chert band north of the Kappa substation and the calcrete bands east of Beaufort West. • Search and rescue of plants is not recommended, unless it can be replanted in disturbed areas of a similar vegetation type close by where it can be maintained until it is established. • Where the powerline crosses a river, position the pylons on elevated surfaces away from the riparian zones. Also try to minimise the number of pylons on floodplains, such as on the Groot River north of the Kappa substation and those between Beaufort West and Nelspoort. • Do not establish new access roads through riverine areas if not absolutely necessary. Use existing farm roads as far as possible. In this regard, the final route should take the presence of farm roads into consideration. • Karoo vegetation in the servitude should not be cleared as it (unlike fynbos) has an open to mid-dense structure and presents a low fire risk. Consideration should also be given not to clear in the renosterveld areas either. It is understood that the riverine areas will need to cleared of all tall shrubs and trees for fire safety reasons.

A further useful mitigation measure, but with a financial implication, would be to propose biodiversity offset areas for the sections where the proposed power line passes through protected areas, such as the Spitzkop Protected Environment and Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve. In the Western Cape, these are normally requested by CapeNature where a proposed development will result in an unavoidable loss of a threatened vegetation type. Such offset areas can then be obtained or bought from the landowner(s) and formally conserved. It is normally recommended that offset areas be obtained in areas similar to that where loss in biodiversity is expected. However, the determination of such areas is complex and requires a lot of negotiation among the relevant stakeholders.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

I Mark Gerald Berry, as the appointed Specialist hereby declare/affirm the correctness of the information provided or to be provided as part of the application, and that I:

• in terms of the general requirement to be independent: o other than fair remuneration for work performed in terms of this application, have no business, financial, personal or other interest in the development proposal or application and that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity; or o am not independent, but another specialist (the “Review Specialist”) that meets the general requirements set out in Regulation 13 has been appointed to review my work (Note: a declaration by the review specialist must be submitted); • in terms of the remainder of the general requirements for a specialist, have throughout this EIA process met all of the requirements; • have disclosed to the applicant, the EAP, the Review EAP (if applicable), the Department and I&APs all material information that has or may have the potential to influence the decision of the Department or the objectivity of any report, plan or document prepared or to be prepared as part of the application; and • am aware that a false declaration is an offence in terms of Regulation 48 of the EIA Regulations, 2014 (as amended).

Signature of the Specialist: Mark Berry Environmental Consultants Name of Company: 2 March 2021 Date:

1 INTRODUCTION

This report investigates the vegetation types traversed by a proposed new Kappa-Gamma powerline between the Kappa substation 25 km north of Touws River and the Gamma substation 5 km northwest of the N1-R63 (Victoria West Road) intersection. Encroaching on the Western Cape Province’s northern boundary, the proposed route traverses three biomes, namely the Succulent Karoo (western section), Fynbos Biome (western section) and the Nama Karoo (central and eastern sections), as well as azonal vegetation types (rivers and associated floodplains). Within these biomes, eight mapped vegetation units will be affected by the project, namely Tanqua Karoo, Tanqua Wash Riviere, Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld and Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo in the western part of the study area, and Gamka Karoo, Southern Karoo Riviere, Upper Karoo Hardeveld and Eastern Upper Karoo in the central and eastern parts. None of the vegetation types are currently considered to be threatened (DEA 2011, Skowno et al. 2019).

This study, which was commissioned by MDT Environmental (the EAP) on behalf of Eskom (the Applicant), was undertaken by Mark Berry, an independent biodiversity specialist (see CV attached as Appendix 3). The report supplements the Terrestrial Ecological Assessment Report (dated 2013) prepared for the same project by Scientific Aquatic Services.

2 METHODOLOGY

Spot surveys along the powerline route options (Alternatives 1, 1A and 2) were undertaken on 6-9 July 2020 (western section) and 28 July-1 August (central and eastern sections). A follow-up survey of selected sites between the Kappa substation and Beaufort West was undertaken between 23 and 25 October. Maps 1 and 2 below represent Google Earth aerial photos of the western and eastern parts of the study area, respectively. An assessment of the selected sites was undertaken where plant species, structural attributes, disturbances, presence of alien species and land use were recorded. Plant species not identified in the field, were collected or photographed and identified at the office and Compton (Kirstenbosch) and Bolus (UCT) Herbaria. The South African vegetation map and latest floristic taxonomic literature and reference books were used for the purpose of this study. Any Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) and regional endemics were highlighted and mapped using Easy GPS v2.5 software on an iPhone. Accuracy is given as ±4 m.

Limitations to the study: Given the time and budget constraints it was deemed impossible or impractical to do a more thorough assessment of the proposed powerline routes. Long 2 sections of the routes are also inaccessible and precluded the possibility of more sampling points. In response to certain comments in CapeNature’s comment letter on an earlier report (undertaken by a different author), dated 11 July 2014, the following: • CapeNature recommends that the actual pylon footprints be assessed in more detail. This is impossible to achieve and considered impractical due to the length of the route (374 km for Alternative 1) and that it is currently unknown exactly where the preferred route would run. The corridor width is 1 km. It is assumed that it will run alongside an existing powerline. There are currently at least three powerlines running alongside each other. If the exact route is unknown, the footprints cannot be assessed. • Comment is made of the many dwarf woody shrubs (e.g. Pentzia and Eriocephalus species) that are very old and sensitive to trampling. This comment is appreciated, but it must be stated that these species are common and widespread throughout the Karoo and will be impossible to avoid. Attention should be devoted to restrict disturbance as far as practically possible to existing farm roads/tracks in order to access the pylon sites. • It was commented that “the level of detail and the scale of maps provided for the sensitivity assessment are not adequate to accurately determine all areas of high sensitivity. Sensitive areas must be groundtruthed and mapped in detail.” Detailed groundtruthing of all the sensitive areas, e.g. CBA’s, can take years to complete. Access is also a major constraint.

Map 1 Google Earth image of the western part of the study area and proposed powerline route options, with sampling points numbered from west to east.

Map 2 Google Earth image of the eastern part of the study area and proposed powerline route options, with sampling points numbered from west to east.

3 PROPOSED PROJECT

The project comprises the construction of a new 765 kV overhead powerline through the Karoo from the Kappa substation 25 km north of Touws River to the Gamma substation on the R63 (Victoria West Road). Three route options are investigated, namely Alternative 1 (374.158 km), 1A (378.655 km) and 2 (366.081 km). Alternatives 1 and 1A follows roughly the same route as existing Eskom powerlines. The following description of the project was obtained from the applicant and slightly amended (shortened).

Tower types for the 765 kV Towers for the proposed transmission powerline would be between 45 m and 55 m in height and extend over a footprint area ranging from approximately 225 m2 to 4300 m2, depending on the tower type used. The distance between the towers would be ±500 m, which will be influenced by the topography and the need for bends in the line to remain within negotiated servitudes. The actual number of towers, the type of towers and other support structures associated with the proposed powerline would be confirmed and detailed following approval of the proposed project and once the final alignment is negotiated with property owners.

In general, the type of towers to be used would consider weight, topography, height, costs and construction time. In addition, transmission powerline routes are planned with as few 4 bends along the route as possible. Examples of some of the 765 kV towers that Eskom is likely to use are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1 Self Supporting (left) and Guyed-V suspension (right) type of towers.

Figure 2 Cross rope type of tower.

Requirements for the Servitude Corridors to be investigated are 2 km wide, however specific areas with challenging terrain or environmental sensitivity features may be expanded to a 4 km width to allow for minor deviations within the corridor during the servitude acquisition negotiation process. 5

The line servitude width required to be register is 80 m wide (i.e. 40 m on either side of the centre line) against the title deeds of the properties that would be traversed by the proposed powerline. No permanent building structures are allowed within the 80 m width corridor.

Access roads Temporary access roads will be required for the construction vehicles to transport construction equipment and workers to and from tower position sites. Access roads will be established through recurring use. Vehicle access is usually required along the entire length of the servitude. Access is required during both the construction and operational (maintenance) phases of the powerline’s life cycle. New access roads that are required will be established during the construction phase. The typical cross section proposed for a Class 4 gravel access road is 8 m wide. However, an access track will only require a 5 m wide largely unformed track. V-shaped drains will be used next to the roads for stormwater drainage.

In order to reduce potential impacts associated with the construction of new access roads, existing roads will be used as far as possible where available. New access roads will be established by means of driving over the vegetation where possible to avoid permanent removal of the existing vegetation. During the operational phase of the powerline, the centre line access road within the negotiated servitude will be a gravel road wider than 8 m where no reserve exists. Negotiations between the landowner, contractor and Eskom will be undertaken in order to determine the final access routes.

Clearance The minimum vertical clearance to buildings, poles and structures not forming part of the 765 kV powerline must be approximately 8.5 m below conductors. The conductor ground clearance between the towers must be 10.4 m. The minimum distance of a 765 kV powerline structure from proclaimed public roads is 11.5 m from the centre line of the structure to the centre line of the road. The minimum distance between any part of a tree or shrub and any bare phase conductor of a 765 kV powerline must be 8.5 m.

A ±8 m wide strip is generally required to be cleared of all trees and shrubs down the centre of powerline servitude for stringing purposes only. Any tree or shrub in other areas that will interfere with the operation and/or reliability of the powerline must be trimmed or completely cleared. The clearing of vegetation should be undertaken in accordance with the minimum standards to be used for vegetation clearing for a 765kv powerline construction (see Table 1 below).

Table 1 Minimum standards to be used for vegetation clearing for 765 kV powerline. ITEM STANDARD FOLLOW-UP Centre line of the Clear to a maximum depending on Re-growth shall be cut within proposed transmission tower type and voltage, i.e. an 8 m 100 mm of the ground and powerline wide strip of all vegetation along the treated with herbicide, as centre line. Vegetation to be cut flush necessary. Monitor for with the ground. Treat stumps with invasive alien plants and herbicide. eradicate. Inaccessible valleys Clear a 1 m strip for access by foot Vegetation not to be (trace line) only, for the pulling of a pilot wire by disturbed after initial clearing. hand. Vegetation to be allowed to regrow. Monitor for invasive alien plants and eradicate. Access roads Clear a maximum (depending on Re-growth to be cut at tower type) 6 m wide strip for vehicle ground level and treated with access within the maximum 8 m herbicide as necessary. width, including de-stumping/cutting Monitor for invasive alien stumps to ground level, treating with plants and eradicate. herbicide and re-compaction of soil. Proposed tower Clear all vegetation within tower Re-growth to be cut at position and proposed position in an area not larger than a ground level and treated with support/stay wire foot print, including de- herbicide as necessary. position stumping/cutting stumps to ground Monitor for invasive alien level, treating with herbicide and re- plants and eradicate. compaction of soil. Allow controlled agricultural practices where feasible. Indigenous vegetation Area outside of the maximum 8 m Selective trimming within servitude area strip and within the servitude area, outside of maximum 8 selective trimming or cutting down of m strip those plants posing a threat to the integrity of the powerline. Alien species within Area outside of the maximum 8 m Cut and treat with herbicide. servitude area (outside strip and within the servitude area, of maximum 8 m strip) remove all vegetation within servitude area and treat with herbicide.

4 STUDY AREA

The proposed powerline route options follow an almost straight line between the two substations across the western and central Karoo basin between the Cape Fold Belt and 7 the Great Escarpment mountain ranges, mounting the latter along the easternmost part. While the western and eastern sections can be described as mildly mountainous where the route options cross the Klein Roggeveld and Great Escarpment respectively, the central section is relatively flat to undulating, crossing numerous ephemeral rivers along the way. Altitude above sea level ranges from 625 m near the western end to over 1400 m in the eastern part (top of the escarpment). The proposed route options also cross the Klein Roggeveld at a maximum altitude of over 1400 m in the western part.

4.1 Biogeographical aspects

The proposed route options traverse eight mapped vegetation types, namely Tanqua Karoo, Tanqua Wash Riviere, Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld and Koedoesberge- Moordenaars Karoo in the western part of the study area, and Gamka Karoo, Southern Karoo Riviere, Upper Karoo Hardeveld and Eastern Upper Karoo in the central and eastern parts (see Maps 3 & 4). The Karoo is known to supports the richest desert flora in the world and the largest variety of succulents found anywhere. Over 9000 plant species have been reported in the region. The following brief descriptions of the vegetation types, geology and climate were obtained from Mucina & Rutherford (2006).

The westernmost part of the proposed route options runs through Tanqua Karoo before it crosses Tanqua Wash Riviere. Tanqua Karoo occurs in the Western and Northern Cape Provinces and stretches from the Cederberg in the west to the Roggeveld Escarpment in the east. The landscape is described as a slightly undulating basin, sheltered by the steep mountain slopes. The plain is interspersed by dolerite koppies, washes and carved in river channels (Tanqua Wash Riviere). The plains are sparingly vegetated, comprising a low, succulent shrubland. Members of the vygie family are common, such as Ruschia, Drosanthemum and Mesembryanthemum species. The geology comprises mudrocks of the Ecca Group, Dwyka Group diamictites and Bokkeveld Group sandstones. Precipitation falls mainly during the winter months. Mean annual precipitation recorded on Spes Bona on the Doring River (29 years of records) in the southern part of the unit is 111 mm. Tanqua Karoo is an important local centre of endemism housing one endemic genus, namely Didymaotus of the vygie family.

The route options then run through Tanqua Wash Riviere for about 11 km. The latter occurs mainly in the Western Cape Province and to a lesser extent in the Northern Cape Province. It is found in incised river valleys, supporting a mixture of succulent shrublands with Caroxylon and Lycium alternating with Vachellia karroo thickets. The vegetation types 8 include riparian thickets, alluvial shrublands and herblands, and sheet washes. Mean annual precipitation recorded is 162 mm, which mainly falls in autumn and winter.

Map 3 The SA Vegetation Map of the western part of the study area and powerline route options within Tanqua Karoo, Tanqua Wash Riviere, Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld, Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo and Gamka Karoo.

A considerable part of the route options run through Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo, with sporadic high-lying portions in Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld. The latter is considered a Fynbos Biome component. It is not easy to distinguish between these two vegetation types as they are floristically very similar. Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo is distributed in the Western Cape and Northern Cape Provinces on a slightly undulating to hilly landscape between the Tanqua and Gamka Karoo vegetation types. The landscape is covered by low succulent scrub and dotted by scattered tall shrubs and patches of grass. The dominants being dwarf shrubs of Pteronia, Drosanthemum and Aizoon. The geology comprises mudstone (mainly), shale and sandstone of the Beaufort Group, as well as sandstone, shale and mudstone of the Ecca Group. Rainfall is the highest in winter, with a mean annual precipitation of just above 200 mm.

Map 4 The SA Vegetation Map of the eastern part of the study area and powerline route options within Gamka Karoo, Southern Karoo Riviere, Upper Karoo Hardeveld and finally Eastern Upper Karoo.

Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld is distributed in the Northern and Western Cape Provinces on the southern and south-eastern slopes of the Klein Roggeveld Mountains and Komsberg below the Roggeveld section of the Great Escarpment, as well as further east towards Merweville. Along with Upper Karoo Hardeveld and Eastern Upper Karoo, it is one of the highest lying vegetation types found along the proposed powerline route. It occurs on the slopes and broad ridges of low mountains and escarpment, with tall shrubland dominated by renosterbos with mainly non-succulent karoo shrubs and geophytes. Geology comprises clayey soils overlying Beaufort Group mudstones and sandstones. The climate is arid to semi-arid. Rainfall is relatively even, with a slight high in autumn to winter. A mean annual precipitation of 290 mm is slightly higher than for the surrounding vegetation types.

The majority of the proposed route options run through Gamka Karoo. It occurs mainly in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape Provinces, between the Great Escarpment (Nuweveld Mountains) in the north and the Cape Fold Belt mountains (mainly the Swartberg Mountains) in the south. The landscape can be described as slightly undulating plains, covered with dwarf spinescent shrubland and scattered low trees. Sometimes drought- resistant grasses dominate on sandy basins after good rains. The geology comprises mainly 10 mudstones and sandstones of the Beaufort Group and some Ecca shales. It supports very shallow and stony soils. Being located in the rain shadow of the Cape Fold Belt, it is considered as one of the most arid units of the Nama-Karoo Biome. Rainfall occurs mainly in summer and autumn, with a peak in March. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 100 mm in some parts to about 240 mm against the Great Escarpment.

Closely associated mainly with Gamka Karoo in the study area, Southern Karoo Riviere is crossed frequently by the powerline route options. It occurs in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces on the alluvial plains of among other the Buffels, Dwyka and Gamka Rivers. Altitude ranges considerably between 250 and 1550 m. It comprises narrow riverine flats supporting Vachellia karroo or Tamarix usneoides thickets, bordered by Caroxylon (saltbush)-dominated shrubland. Its geology comprises recent alluvial deposits rich in salt overlying mudrocks and sandstones of the Beaufort Group. It enjoys an overall mean annual precipitation of 243 mm.

Upper Karoo Hardeveld, which is encountered on the steeper slopes of the eastern part of study area, is distributed in the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape Provinces, on slopes and ridges stretching from Middelpos in the west to Richmond and Nieu Bethesda in the east. It typically occurs on the steep slopes of koppies and parts of the Great Escarpment, supporting sparse dwarf Karoo scrub with drought-tolerant grasses of genera such as Eragrostis and Stipagrostis. It is considered one of the richer floras of the Nama-Karoo Biome. The geology comprises skeletal soils in rocky areas over sedimentary rocks such as mudstones and arenites of the Karoo Supergroup. Mean annual precipitation ranges between 150 mm in the northwest to 350 mm along the margins on the Great Escarpment.

Finally, the route enters the Eastern Upper Karoo on the high-lying eastern part of the study area. It is distributed in the Northern Cape, Eastern Cape and Western Cape Provinces. It occurs on flats and gently sloping plains, interspersed with hills and rocky areas of Upper Karoo Hardeveld in the west. It is dominated by dwarf small-leaved shrubs, with grasses of the genera Aristida and Eragrostis. About 2% has been transformed, mainly due to the building of dams. The geology comprises mainly mudstones and sandstones of the Beaufort Group. Rainfall occurs mainly in summer and autumn, with a peak in March. Mean annual precipitation ranges between 180 mm in the west to 430 mm in the east.

4.2 Land use and past disturbances

Mainly grazing and to a much lesser extent cropping are the main land uses recorded along 11 the proposed powerline route. Other land uses recorded include game farming (Merweville and around Beaufort West), wind farming (Tanqua Karoo and Klein Roggeveld), tourism and conservation (e.g. Spitzkop Protected Environment and Karoo National Park). As can be observed on the Google Earth, the Karoo veld along the entire route of the proposed powerline is in a largely ‘untransformed’ state. However, experts on the Karoo flora, such as Jan Vlok, Richard Dean and Sue Milton, have noted that many areas in the Karoo still have a high vegetation cover, but that species composition has altered significantly due to overgrazing (Skowno et. al. 2009). It could be argued that these areas contribute little to the biodiversity of the region, and that many more habitat types are under threat (Skowno et. al. 2009).

Photo 1 The effect of severe overgrazing over a long period of time (Site 34).

Disturbances noted along the route include poor farming practices, overgrazing and associated erosion problems (see Photo 1 above), farm roads, disturbances (spoiling and earthworks) caused by road works (noted along the R354 and access roads to the wind farms in the Klein Roggeveld), off-road vehicle activities (south of Beaufort West) and to a much lesser extent alien infestation (mainly along rivers and areas to the south and east of Beaufort West). More recently wind farming projects in the Tanqua and Klein Roggeveld add to the disturbances in those parts of the study area (see Photo 2). It is ironic that wind energy is being regarded as green energy, but at what cost to the biodiversity? The existing 12 powerlines also contribute to the impact on Karoo vegetation through continuous maintenance activities.

Photo 2 Part of a wind farm project under construction at the top of the Klein Roggeveld (nearby Site 8).

Esler et al. (2010) further added that “although damage can happen fast, recovery in the Karoo is very slow, as it depends mainly upon unpredictable rainfall events”. A substantial portion of the Succulent Karoo biome (in the south-western part of study area) is at risk from overgrazing, but only 5% has been irreversibly transformed (Driver et al. 2003). Livestock grazing, a land-use that dominates 90% of the Succulent Karoo, is however compatible with biodiversity conservation if managed properly (Driver et al. 2003). Presently about 12% of the Karoo district’s ecosystems are transformed or degraded, with mining, agriculture and urbanization the main reasons of biodiversity loss (Skowno et. al. 2009). Recently, the prospects of uranium mining and shale gas exploration have also come under the spotlight.

5 RESULTS

The vegetation in which the project is located is largely untransformed. Disturbances noted in the study area include the footprints of existing powerline pylons and access tracks, farm roads, farming activities (pastures and grazing) and associated overgrazing problems, 13 tourist activities (tourist accommodation and hunting), wind farm projects (in the Klein Roggeveld) and minor alien plant infestation. There are also a few conservation efforts along the route, including the Spitzkop Protected Environment and Karoo National Park. The estimated sections through the respective vegetation types (as presented on the South African vegetation map) are shown in Table 2 (in this case for Alternative 1).

Table 2 Estimated sections of the proposed powerline (for Alternative 1) through the respective vegetation types.

5.1 Description of vegetation types and flora encountered from west to east

Tanqua Karoo Tanqua Karoo in the vicinity of the Kappa substation can be described as a low open succulent shrubland (see Photo 3). Plant cover varies between 30 and 50%. The flora is dominated by succulents (mainly vygies) and asteraceous shrubs. The following species were recorded, namely Ruschia spinosa, Braunsia geminata, Leipoldtia schultzei, Cephalophyllum curtophyllum, Lampranthus haworthia, Didymaotus lapidiformis, Schlechteranthus spinescens, Malephora crassa, Peersia macradenia, Rhinephyllum graniforme, Mesembryanthemum junceum, M. nitidum, M. tortuosum, M. resurgens, M. vaginatum, Conophytum minimum, Aizoon africanum, Tylecodon wallichii, Crassula deltoidea, Euphorbia multiceps, Osteospermum sinuatum, Eriocephalus ericoides, Chrysocoma ciliata, Berkheya spinosa, Othonna auriculifolia, Lacomucinaea lineata, Asparagus capensis, Monsonia crassicaulis, Pelargonium crithmifolium, Roepera maculata, Microloma sp, Eriospermum capensis, Brunsvigia comptonii and Oxalis purpurea. The regional endemics Didymaotus lapidiformis and Peersia macradenia seem to be restricted to the chert band that runs through the proposed powerline corridor.

Photo 3 Tanqua Karoo (Site 2).

Tanqua Wash Riviere An estimated 40 prominent ephemeral river courses (washes) are crossed by the proposed powerline route options, which include the Groot and Buffels Rivers in the western part of the study area, Dwyka and Gamka in the central part, and the Platdoring, Sout and Taaibosch Rivers in the eastern part. While none of the rivers were in flow, pools of standing water were noted in several of the major rivers. In the western part, the vegetation associated with the rivers is classified as Tanqua Wash Riviere, while the central and eastern part rivers are grouped under Southern Karoo Riviere. They share a fair number of species. Structurally, Tanqua Wash Riviere can be described as a tall mid-dense shrubland in the riparian zone (cover 50-70%) and a low open to mid-dense shrubland in the open areas (cover 30-80%) (see Photo 4). The following species were recorded in Tanqua Wash Riviere, namely Ruschia cf spinosa, Drosanthemum hispidum, D. crassum, D. karrooense, Lampranthus otzenianus, Mesembryanthemum nitidum, M. splendens, M. noctiflorum, M. tetragonum, M. vaginatum, M. excavatum, Pteronia pallens, P. glomerata, Eriocephalus ericoides, Vachellia karroo, Caroxylon aphyllum and Lycium sp. 15

Photo 4 Tanqua Wash Riviere (Site 3).

Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo The vegetation east of the Tanqua Karoo across the Klein Roggeveld and Moordenaars Karoo has been mapped as Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo and Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld. The former can be described as a low open to mid-dense shrubland (see Photo 5). Plant cover varies between 10 and 70%. Compared to Tanqua Karoo, asteraceous shrubs are more prominent. The following succulent species were recorded in mapped Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo, namely Ruschia spinosa, R. intricata, Leipoldtia schulzei, Stomatium difforme, Rhinephyllum graniforme, Antimima pumila, A. hallii, Hammeria meleagris, Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Pleiospilos compactus, Trichodiadema mirabile, T. pomeridianum, Mesembryanthemum resurgens, M. splendens, Drosanthemum karrooense, D. hispidum, Tylecodon wallichii, T. reticulatus, Adromischus liebenbergii, Crassula deltoidea, C. nudicaulis, C. nudicaulis var platyphylla, C. columnaris, C. tomentosa, C. subaphylla, C. rupestris, C. pyramidalis, C. muscosa, Euphorbia rhombifolia, Hoodia gordonii, Haworthiopsis viscosa, Crassothonna protecta, Senecio abbreviatus, Pelargonium crithmifolium, P. carnosum and Monsonia salmoniflora. Stemless vygies, such as Stomatium difforme, Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Antimima pumila Hammeria meleagris and Pleiospilos compactus, are especially noticeable in certain situations, such as on gravelly shale slopes and sandstone outcrops. Along with Tanqua Karoo, it belongs to the Succulent Karoo Biome. 16

Photo 5 Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo (Site 5).

Shrub and tree species recorded include Aizoon africanum, Tetragonia sarcophylla, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Eriocephalus punctulatus, E. ericoides, E. cf microphyllus, Chrysocoma ciliata, Berkheya carlinifolia, B. spinosa, Pteronia empetrifolia, P. cinerea, P. pallens, P. glauca, P. incana, Euryops lateriflorus, Oedera genistifolia, O. spinescens, Osteospermum sinuatum, Macledium spinosum, Gorteria alienata, Pentzia spinescens, Vachellia karroo, Wiborgia sericea, Rhigozum obovatum, Lycium sp, Asparagus fasciculatus, A. capensis, A. retrofractus, Roepera maculata, Hermannia cuneifolia, Salvia disermas and Chaenostoma halimifolium. Geophytes recorded include Ohtonna auriculifolia, O. oleracea, Boophone disticha, Eriospermum capensis, Ornithoglossum undulatum, Ornithogalum corticatum, Drimia capensis, Romulea austinii, Massonia depressa, Oxalis flava and the root parasite Hyobanche glabrata.

Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld is found on the high lying areas of the Klein Roggeveld and Moordenaars Karoo. It can be described as a low sparse to mid-dense shrubland. Plant cover varies between 20 and 70% (see Photo 6). The following species were recorded, namely Ruschia spinosa, R. punctulata, Antimima loganii, A. hantamensis, Stomatium difforme, Trichodiadema pomeridianum, T. setuliferum, Lampranthus cf uniflorus, Drosanthemum karrooense, Aizoon africanum, Tylecodon reticulatus, Crassula 17 cotyledonis, C. tomentosa, C. muscosa, C. deltoidea, Euphorbia rhombifolia, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Oedera genistifolia, Euryops lateriflorus, Eriocephalus punctulatus, E. ericoides, E. africanus, Pteronia empetrifolia, P. incana, Gorteria alienata, Othonna oleracea, O. auriculifolia, Pentzia sp, Osteospermum sinuatum, Berkheya sp, Chrysocoma ciliata, Wiborgia sericea, Rhigozum obovatum, Lycium sp, Searsia burchellii, Muraltia spinosa, Asparagus capensis, Pelargonium nervifolium, Stachys rugosa, Dianthus namaensis, Selago albida, Chaenostoma halimifolium, Kedrostis capensis, Romulea hallii, Brunsvigia comptonii, Lachenalia comptonii, Eriospermum capensis, E. paradoxum, Drimia capensis, Bulbine lagopus (outside the powerline corridor) and Massonia depressa. Despite similarities in floristic composition with Karoo vegetation types, Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld has been grouped under the Fynbos Biome.

Photo 6 Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld (Site 8). Insert: Romulea hallii

Southern Karoo Riviere The first encounter with Southern Karoo Riviere was in the Spitzkop Protected Environment north of Laingsburg. Structurally, it can be described as a tall mid-dense shrubland in the riparian zone (cover 50-70%) and a low open to mid-dense shrubland in the adjacent open areas (cover 30-80%) (see Photo 7). The following species were recorded, namely Mesembryanthemum splendens, M. coriarium, Lampranthus uniflorus, Drosanthemum karrooense, Malephora latipetala, Ruschia intricata, Crassula corallina, Elytropappus 18 rhinocerotis, Euryops oligoglossus, Eriocephalus cf spinescens, Osteospermum sinuatum, Felicia hirsuta, Pentzia incana, Oedera humilis, Arctotis leiocarpa, Berkheya carlinifolia, Vachellia karroo, Melianthus comosus, Searsia lancea, Diospyros sp, Lycium oxycarpum, L. pumilum, L. horridum, Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Asparagus retrofractus, A. burchellii, A. mucronatus, Roepera incrustata, Tetraena microcarpa, T. retrofracta, Monechma incanum, Caroxylon aphyllum, Argemone ochroleuca#, Atriplex nummularia#, A. vestita, Afroscirpoides dioeca, Phragmites australis and other grass species. # denotes alien species. All these species are widespread and common riverine species. Invasive aliens previously recorded by the author in the vicinity of the power line corridor south of Beaufort West include Prosopis glandulosa (an invasive thorn tree resembling Vachellia karroo), Opuntia elata, Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata (boxing glove cactus) and Tephrocactus articulatus.

Photo 7 Southern Karoo Riviere (Site 17).

Gamka Karoo Moving further east along the proposed powerline route towards Merweville, one enters the Nama-Karoo Biome. Gamka Karoo is the predominant vegetation type found here. It can be described as a low sparse to mid-dense shrubland (see Photo 8). North-east of Beaufort West it changes to a grassy shrubland. Plant cover varies greatly between 5 and 60%. The 19 lower values are typically associated with areas subject to overgrazing and extreme drought conditions, notably in the Koup Karoo.

Photo 8 Gamka Karoo (Site 27).

A fair number of succulent species were recorded in Gamka Karoo, including Ruschia intricata, R. cf divaricata, R. grisea, R. sp nov (undescribed), Drosanthemum karrooense, D. hispidum, Pleiospilos compactus, Stomatium difforme, Rhinephyllum graniforme, R. luteum, Conophytum minimum, Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Antimima sp, Trichodiadema mirabile, T. pomeridianum, Malephora latipetala, Delosperma multiflorum, Mesembryanthemum noctiflorum, M. tetragonum, M. junceum, M. coriarium, M. emarcidum, Aizoon africanum, Tetragonia cf microptera, T. fruticosa, Anacampseros telephiastrum, A. arachnoides, Haworthiopsis viscosa, Astroloba robusta, Aloe microstigma, A. claviflora, Adromischus liebenbergii, Crassula deltoidea, C. tecta, C. capitella, C. corallina, C. muscosa, Euphorbia stellispina, E. rhombifolia, Hoodia gordonii, Kleinia longiflora, Senecio abbreviatus, Tephrocactus articulatus#, Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata# and Opuntia rastrera#. # denotes alien species.

Shrub species recorded include Osteospermum sinuatum, O. scariosum, Chrysocoma ciliata, Pentzia incana, P. quinquefida, Senecio acutifolius, Felicia hirsuta, F. filifolia, Garuleum bipinnatum, Gazania lichtensteinii, Eriocephalus spinescens, E. brevifolius, E. 20 ericoides, Helichrysum pumilio, H. rosum, H. lucilioides, Pteronia incana, P. empetrifolia, P. viscosa, Oedera humulis, Euryops subcarnosum, E. oligoglossus, Macledium spinosum, Dicoma capensis, Berkheya spinosa, Pegolettia retrofracta, Vachellia karroo, Rhigozum obovatum, Searsia burchellii, Euclea undulata, Diospyros lycioides, Hermannia cuneifolia, H. grandiflora, H. desertorum, Lycium cinereum, L. schizocalyx, L. pumilum, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Carissa bispinosa, Gomphocarpus filiformis, Grewia robusta, Asparagus capensis, A. lignosus, A. mucronatus, A. striatus, A. retrofractus, A. burchellii, Tetraena retrofracta, T. microcarpa, Polygala teretifolia, P. pungens, Chaenostoma halimifolium, Aptosimum indivisum, A. spinescens, Peliostomum leucorrhizum, Barleria stimulans, Blepharis mitrata, Monechma spartioides, M. incanum, Acanthopsis hoffmannseggiana, Sericocoma avolans, Caroxylon sp, Trichodesma africanum, Sesamum capense, Monsonia crassicaulis, M. cf camdeboensis, Lacomucinaea lineata, Thesium hystrix, Moquiniella rubra and Tribulus zeyheri. Grasses become prominent north-east of Beaufort West. The lack or scarcity of geophytes, compared to the other surveyed vegetation types, is noticeable. Polygala pungens is an interesting observation from the calcrete band inside the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve. It was previously only known from the Upper Karoo and areas further inland.

Upper Karoo Hardeveld Northeast of Beaufort West, the proposed powerline route sporadically encounters Upper Karoo Hardeveld on its way to the upper Karoo. Upper Karoo Hardeveld is found on the steeper slopes and crests of the hills and mountains associated with the Escarpment (in this case the Nuweveld Mountains). It includes the prominent landmark of the Three Sisters, three similar looking dolerite capped hills just outside the namesake railway siding next to the N2. Due to the geographic position of Upper Karoo Hardeveld between Gamka Karoo and Eastern Upper Karoo one would expect that the majority of species will be shared with the latter two vegetation types. It noticeably accommodates a greater variety of plant species then the surrounding flats. It can be described as a low open to mid-dense (often grassy) shrubland. Plant cover varies between 30 and 70% (see Photo 9).

The following species were recorded, namely Ruschia intricata, Trichodiadema pomeridianum, Tetragonia arbuscula, T. cf microptera, Oedera humilis, Eriocephalus cf brevifolius, E. ericoides, Pteronia adenocarpa, P. glauca, Pegolettia retrofracta, Felicia hirsuta, F. ovata, Garuleum bipinnatum, Pentzia incana, Kleinia longiflora, Helichrysum lucilioides, H. rosum, Arctotis leiocarpa, Vachellia karroo, Rhigozum obovatum, Aloe claviflora, Astroloba robusta, Opuntia ficus-indica#, Euphorbia rhombifolia, Asparagus striatus, A. burchellii, A. mucronatus, Lycium sp, Carissa bispinosa, Grewia robusta, 21

Diospyros lycioides, Searsia burchellii, Hermannia vestita, H. desertorum, Pelargonium sp, Selago geniculata, Blepharis capensis, Monechma incanum, Lacomucinaea lineata, Cheilanthes eckloniana, Boophone disticha, Veltheimia capensis and grasses (dominant).

Photo 9 Upper Karoo Hardeveld (Site 47).

Eastern Upper Karoo The eastern most section of the proposed powerline route runs through Eastern Upper Karoo, which is associated with the higher lying plains above the Escarpment. It can be described as a low open to mid-dense grassy shrubland (see Photo 10). Plant cover varies between 40 and 60%. A persistent dominance of grasses is noticeable. Apart from a few regionally restricted species, such as Hertia cluytiifolia and Euphorbia arida, it is botanically less interesting and diverse than the vegetation types described above.

The following species were recorded, namely Drosanthemum karrooense, Ruschia intricata, Mesembryanthemum coriarium, Oedera humilis, Pteronia viscosa, P. glauca, Eriocephalus spinescens, E. eximius, Osteospermum sinuatum, Pentzia incana, Berkheya carlinifolia, Hertia cluytiifolia, Euphorbia arida, Asparagus mucronatus, A. burchellii, Lycium cinereum, L. pumilum, Roepera incrustata, R. lichtensteiniana, Tetraena chrysopteron, Carissa bispinosa, Diospyros lycioides, Hermannia desertorum, Polygala cf leptophylla, Caroxylon sp, Sesamum capense, Aptosimum indivisum, Monechma incanum, 22

Lacomucinaea lineata, Moraea sp, Podaxis pistillaris and grasses (dominant).

Photo 10 Eastern Upper Karoo (Site 54).

5.2 Species of Conservation Concern & regional endemics

Thirteen Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) and regional endemics were recorded along the proposed powerline route, including Didymaotus lapidiformis (Vul, endemic to the Tanqua Karoo), Antimima loganii (Vul) and Romulea hallii (Vul) (see Appendix B). However, several more are expected to occur along the route as listed in Appendix B (information obtained from Ismail Ebrahim of CREW, online Red List of South African Plants and Jan Vlok). The majority of the SCC and endemics are found in the western part of the study area, including the Tanqua Karoo, Tanqua Wash Riviere, Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo, Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld and the western part of the Gamka Karoo. This area falls mainly inside the winter rainfall region of the Western Cape.

Of the recorded species, only Ruschia sp. nov, an undescribed dwarf succulent, was found in the eastern part on a calcrete band east of Beaufort West. This emphasises the botanical value of the western part, which includes the Klein Roggeveld. Maps 5-10 show the areas of perceived high biodiversity and positions of recorded SCC and regional endemics. The alluvial plains northeast of Beaufort West, through which the proposed powerline passes, 23 may also yield an as yet undescribed Nananthus species. The latter, which is a member of the Aizoaceae family (Titanopsis Group) was recently discovered in a similar habitat between Beaufort West and Aberdeen (Coertzen 2017).

Map 5 The Kappa substation end of the proposed powerline route, showing areas of perceived high biodiversity, specialised habitats and SCC/regional endemics.

Map 6 The Klein Roggeveld section of the proposed powerline route, showing areas of perceived high biodiversity and SCC/regional endemics.

Map 7 The Koup Karoo section of the proposed powerline route, showing areas of perceived high biodiversity and SCC/regional endemics.

Map 8 The Beaufort West section of the proposed powerline route, showing areas of perceived high biodiversity and SCC/regional endemics.

Two specialised habitats recorded include a chert band on a low ridge north of the Kappa substation and a calcrete band east of Beaufort West (see Photos 11 & 12). These areas are typically rich in small (and often rare) succulents, especially members of the Aizoaceae family. Elsewhere in the study area, especially in the western part (Klein Roggeveld) and around Merweville, gravelly shale slopes and sandstone outcrops are also home to a variety 25 of succulents and geophytes. In a vegetation study near Beaufort West, Todd (2003) compared species richness within several habitat types and found that dolerite hills, shale gravel hills and drainage lines had significantly higher species richness than calcrete and sandy plains. In his study about a quarter of the species found on rocky hills are unique and not found elsewhere.

Map 9 Close-up view of the proposed powerline route (Alternative 1) through the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve in relation to the specialised habitat (calcrete band).

Map 10 The eastern end of the proposed powerline route, showing areas of perceived high biodiversity. No SCC or regional endemics were recorded here. 26

Photo 11 Chert band north of the Kappa substation. Insert: Didymaotus lapidiformis

Photo 12 Calcrete band east of Beaufort West, in the vicinity of the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve. Insert: Ruschia sp nova 27

5.3 Protected areas and critical biodiversity areas (CBA’s)

The level of transformation and conservation status of the affected vegetation types are summarised in Table 3. Due to a low level of transformation, none of the vegetation types are currently listed as threatened (DEA 2011, Skowno et al. 2019). Tanqua Karoo and Tanqua Wash Riviere are the best protected vegetation types.

Table 3 Level of transformation and conservation status of the affected vegetation types (information obtained from Mucina & Rutherford 2006 and Skowno et al. 2019). Vegetation type Transformation Conservation status Tanqua Karoo <1% transformed 10% formally conserved in the Tankwa Karoo National Park. Tanqua Wash Riviere 6% transformed 13% formally conserved in the Tankwa Karoo National Park. Koedoesberge-Moordenaars <1% transformed Very small portion formally conserved in Karoo the Gamkapoort Nature Reserve. Central Mountain Shale 3% transformed None conserved Renosterveld Southern Karoo Riviere 13% transformed 1.5% formally conserved in the Karoo National Park and a few nature reserves, including the Gamkapoort and Karoo Nature Reserves. Gamka Karoo <1% transformed 2% formally conserved in the Karoo National Park, as well as in a few private nature reserves, such as Steenbokkie. Upper Karoo Hardeveld <1% transformed 3% formally conserved in the Karoo National Park and Karoo Nature Reserve. Eastern Upper Karoo 3% transformed 2% formally conserved in the Mountain Zebra and Karoo National Parks, as well as in Oviston, Rolfontein, Commando Drift and Gariep Dam Nature Reserves.

The Karoo National Park, located northwest of Beaufort West, is the only formal conservation area in the eastern part of study area that is encroached by the proposed powerline. Alternative 1 touches the southern tip of the Park, while Alternative 2 actually runs through it crossing the entrance road to the office and accommodation area. While the latter will clearly have a direct impact on the Park, it is uncertain if Alternative 1 will impact on future initiatives of the Park, such as further expansion towards the N2. Alternative 1 also runs through the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve, located a few kilometres east 28 of Beaufort West. The latter has no formal conservation status and comprises mainly a guest farm offering tourist accommodation, game viewing, hiking, hunting and mountain biking.

In the western part of the study area, the line runs through the recently established Spitzkop Protected Environment, which is also mapped as a critical biodiversity area (CBA) (see Maps 6 & 11). Spitzkop is a 7639 ha area, which form part of the CapeNature stewardship programme. The latter facilitates conservation on privately owned land through agreements between the landowners and CapeNature. It must be noted that the route follows the same route as an existing powerline and gravel road through the Spitzkop area.

Map 11 Biodiversity network map of the western part of the proposed powerline route.

The biodiversity assessment for the Central Karoo District, which is traversed by the proposed powerline route, was designed to identify an efficient set of critical biodiversity areas (CBA’s) and ecological support areas (ESA’s) that meet the targets for the underlying biodiversity features in areas with least conflict with other activities (Skowno et. al. 2009). Of critical importance was that these areas are identified in order to facilitate the functioning of ecological processes (both currently and in the face of climate change), which are required to ensure that the biodiversity features persist in the long term (Skowno et. al. 29

2009). These areas include high priority unfragmented landscapes, riparian corridors, areas of high topographical variability, south-facing slopes and kloofs. Like the existing lines, the proposed powerline is expected to largely avoid the steeper slopes and mountains. The crossing of numerous seasonal rivers by the proposed powerline, many of which are mapped as CBA’s, is however unavoidable (see Maps 11 & 12).

Map 12 Biodiversity network map of the eastern part of the proposed powerline route.

Essentially all the significant rivers crossed by the proposed powerline are considered to be priority rivers according to the National Protected Areas Expansion Strategy (NPAES) freshwater priorities and were classified as either critically endangered or endangered rivers. They are therefore indicated as CBA’s on the biodiversity network map (see Maps 11 & 12). The crossing of these CBA’s, which run in a roughly north-south direction across the study area, is therefore unavoidable. The impact however can be mitigated by avoiding the placement of pylons inside the riparian zones. Where the floodplains are too wide these cannot be avoided though.

CBA’s incorporate areas that need to be safeguarded in order to meet national biodiversity thresholds; areas required to ensure the continued existence and functioning of species and ecosystems; and important locations for biodiversity features or rare species (Skowno 30 et. al. 2009). Loss of designated CBA’s is therefore not recommended. ESA’s, on the other hand, are supporting zones required to prevent the degradation of CBA’s and Protected Areas. Two biodiversity hotspots have been identified during the SKEP initiative (Driver et al. 2003) in the western part of the study area, one of which (i.e. Klipfontein se Berg) is crossed by the proposed powerline (see Map 13). The latter has also been mapped as a CBA (see Map 12). The existing powerlines actually bypass Klipfontein se Berg to the north and it is assumed that the new line will follow a similar route close by. Gravelly areas like those associated with Klipfontein se Berg are home to the Tanquana vygie, a regional endemic genus.

Map 13 Biodiversity hotspots in the western part of study area (map supplied by Dr P. Desmet). The proposed powerline (blue line) cuts across a large SKEP hotspot (Klipfontein se Berg) northeast of Laingsburg. The red areas are previous SKEP identified areas of interest, which are spatially very general. The orange areas are the most recently mapped areas and more accurate.

Other significant CBA’s traversed by the proposed powerline, include certain high-lying areas in the Klein Roggeveld, the Merweville area, areas on the southern side of the Karoo National Park (west of Beaufort West), an area directly east of Beaufort West, and the Nelspoort area (between Beaufort West and the Gamma substation). Reasons for the inclusion of these areas into the CBA network include the presence of Cape mountain zebra habitat, watercourse protection, wetlands (especially channelled valley bottom wetlands), 31

FEPA river corridors, Succulent Karoo and Nama Karoo vegetation types, ecological processes, and very high significance dry rivers.

6 ANTICIPATED IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY

The potential impact imposed by the powerline alternatives is difficult to assess and even compare due to the length of the powerline and the botanical diversity of the areas it traverses. Eight karoo vegetation types, from three different biomes, are traversed. Fortunately, none of the affected vegetation types are currently listed as threatened. All the affected vegetation types are widespread and transformation is still very low. The impact on vegetation is expected to manifest itself mainly during the construction period. The latter will involve the clearing of veld required for the pylon footprints, as well as the establishment of access roads (informal tracks) to the footprints. The pylon footprints are roughly 400 m apart.

It was previously noted that the proposed powerline will follow the same route of existing powerlines. Existing roads and tracks can therefore be used to access the proposed route. However, a track along the new route will still be needed in order to allow the depositing or stringing of pylon infrastructure and cables. Given the fact that the vegetation types affected by the proposed powerline are still well represented in the area, the impact on vegetation type per se is of a lesser concern. Disturbance around the pylon footprints can be contained by means of temporary demarcation (fencing).

It seems fruitless to attempt to weigh one alternative off against the other as the impact in all instances can be highly significant, as shown in Table 4. Nevertheless, Alternative 1 should probably be favoured due to the presence of other powerlines along the same route and existing access roads. Alternative 2 is the least favoured as it passes through extensive areas of virgin land with seemingly less access possibilities. It also passes through the Karoo National Park, but sidesteps the Spitzkop Protected Environment and the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve. Perhaps a compromise with the least conflict should be further investigated among the alternatives.

Given the nature of the project, most of the area disturbed during construction, such as new access roads and pylon footprints, can potentially be rehabilitated. But as noted earlier in the report, vegetation recovery in the Karoo, which is dependent on erratic rainfall, can be very slow. Karoo soils are also susceptible to erosion and take decades to recover if allowed to rehabilitate. In undisturbed veld there are two features that protect the soil and enrich 32 them, namely the biogenic crust and plant litter mulch (Jacobs & Jangle 2008). These protect the soil against erosion and provide the ideal conditions for seeds to germinate. Disturbance and reduction of vegetation cover lead to destruction of the biogenic crust and subsequent erosion (Jacobs & Jangle 2008). Plant litter also slows the water flow and allows for infiltration. Therefore, by minimising the footprint areas and access roads for the powerline, disturbance will be minimised. Unless the created access roads can be closed off permanently and rehabilitated, road maintenance and erosion control will become long term maintenance issues.

Table 4 Construction phase impact on vegetation type.

– – –

xtent

Duration Intensity

Mitigation

occurren

Confidence

Alternative1 Alternative

Probabilityof

Spatial Spatial e

Significance Significance Alternative Significance

Without Pylon Long Med- High Med- Med- Med- Med- mitigation footprints, term to high high (-) high (-) high (-) high roads & perm servitude With Pylon Long Med- High Low- Low- Med (-) Med- mitigation footprints, term to high med (-) med (-) high roads & perm servitude Mitigation measures: • During the construction phase, avoid the unnecessary disturbance of the surrounding vegetation by means of demarcation, especially in the areas of perceived high diversity and areas where were SCC/regional endemics were recorded (e.g. in the Tanqua Karoo and Klein Roggeveld). • Where possible, place the pylon footprints in previously disturbed areas or areas of low diversity. Avoid steep, gravel slopes, exposed sandstones and riparian zones. • Minimise the construction of new access roads by using existing farm roads. • It is strongly recommended that a botanist familiar with the Karoo be appointed for input into the final route of the powerline and position of the pylons prior to construction. A walkdown with the appointed botanist is recommended. This will be especially beneficial for the section through the Klein Roggeveld and specialised habitats, such as the chert band north of the Kappa substation and the calcrete band east of Beaufort West.

Species richness and a fair number of SCC and regional endemics encountered in the western part (Tanqua Karoo and Klein Roggeveld) renders this area of high botanical value with an expected high impact if not mitigated (see Table 5). A further concern is the presence of a few specialised habitats, such as the chert band north of the Kappa substation and the calcrete bands and floodplains east and northeast of Beaufort West. These areas are home to specialist plant species, some of which are rare and threatened. Great care 33

(under the supervision of a suitably experienced botanist) needs to be exercised when working in these areas.

Table 5 Construction phase impact on SCC/regional endemics.

– – –

xtent

Duration Intensity

Mitigati

occurrence

Confidence

Alternative1 Alternative

Probabilityof

Spatial Spatial e

Significance Significance Alternative Significance

Without Pylon Long Med- High High (-) High (-) High (-) Med- mitigation footprints, term to high high roads & perm servitude With Pylon Long Med- High Med (-) Med (-) Med (-) Med- mitigation footprints, term to high high roads & perm servitude Mitigation measures: • During the construction phase, avoid the unnecessary disturbance of the surrounding vegetation by means of demarcation, especially in the areas of perceived high diversity and areas where were SCC/regional endemics were recorded (e.g. in the Tanqua Karoo and Klein Roggeveld). • It is strongly recommended that a botanist familiar with the Karoo be appointed for input into the final route of the powerline and position of the pylons prior to construction. A walkdown with the appointed botanist is recommended. This will be especially beneficial for the section through the Klein Roggeveld and specialised habitats, such as the chert band north of the Kappa substation and the calcrete band east of Beaufort West. • Search and rescue of plants is not recommended, unless it can be replanted in disturbed areas of a similar vegetation type close by where it can be maintained until it is established.

The potential impact on the biodiversity (CBA) network and conservation areas will probably be of a lesser order than that on vegetation type and SCC/regional endemics. Only the Karoo National Park can comment on the impact of a powerline through their Park. Risk to fauna, infrastructure and potential erosion on the steeper slopes where a road will be needed to access the powerline route will be a big concern. The crossing of a large number of CBA’s, especially the north-south orientated Karoo rivers, will be unavoidable. With mitigation, the impact should be mitigated to acceptable levels (see Table 6). Ecological connectivity should not be greatly affected as the powerline will not create a physical barrier, like a highway or a wall. An attempt should be made not to create new access roads through the riverine areas as far as possible, but rather use existing farm roads for this purpose.

Table 6 Construction phase impact on the biodiversity (CBA) network, conservation areas, etc.

– – –

xtent

Duration Intensity

Mitigation

occurrence

Confidence

Alternative1 Alternative

Probabilityof

Spatial Spatial e

Significance Significance Alternative Significance

Without Pylon Long Med- High Med- Med- Med- Med- mitigation footprints, term to high high (-) high (-) high (-) high roads & perm servitude With Pylon Long Med- High Low- Low- Med (-) Med- mitigation footprints, term to high med (-) med (-) high roads & perm servitude Mitigation measures: • Where the powerline crosses a river, position the pylons on elevated surfaces away from the riparian zones. Also try to minimise the number of pylons on floodplains, such as on the Groot River north of the Kappa substation and those between Beaufort West and Nelspoort, including the Platdoring and Sout Rivers. • Do not establish new access roads through riverine areas if not absolutely necessary. Use existing farm roads as far as possible. In this regard, the final route should take the presence of farm roads into consideration. • Karoo vegetation in the servitude should not be cleared as it (unlike fynbos) has an open to mid-dense structure and presents a low fire risk. Consideration should also be given not to clear in the renosterveld areas. It is understood that the riverine areas will need to cleared of all tall shrubs and trees for fire safety reasons.

In a further evaluation of the potential impact, the estimated passages (in km) of the route options through areas of perceived high biodiversity, specialised habitats, protected areas and CBA’s were calculated and compared in Table 7 below. From the comparison it is clear that Alternative 2 is the least preferred with regards to impact on high biodiversity areas. The impact on protected areas is roughly the same for all alternatives, with Alternative 1A slightly less favoured. With regards to specialised habitats, Alternative 2 with a 2.2 km long passage is the best option. The reason for this is that Alternative 2 avoids the calcrete band east of Beaufort West. However, with slight changes or refinement to any of the alternatives, the impact on specialised habitats can be significantly reduced.

Table 7 Sensitive area comparison between the alternatives. Alternatives High biodiversity Specialised Protected CBA’s areas habitats areas Alternative 1 159.2 km 3.0 km 15.2 km 137.2 km Alternative 1A 164 km 3.0 km 16.3 km 139.2 km Alternative 2 181 km 2.2 km 14.8 km 91.9 km

Photo 13 Concrete track below an Eskom line south-east of Merweville.

Prosopis glandulosa and Atriplex nummularia were observed in the riverine areas (Southern Karoo Riviere) directly south and northeast of Beaufort West. It is, however, unlikely that they will become a serious problem. Invasive cacti, such as Opuntia species and Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata which were observed to the south, directly to the east and northeast of Beaufort West, can easily spread along the powerline route as parts can 36 break off and spread by sticking to the wheels of construction vehicles. These aspects could be managed as part of a maintenance protocol for Eskom powerlines and servitudes.

Photo 14 Erosion control measures (berms) in the Moordenaars Karoo.

7 SUMMARY & CONCLUDING REMARKS

Eight karoo vegetation types, from three different biomes, are traversed by the proposed powerline. All the affected vegetation types are widespread and none are currently listed as threatened. However, species richness and a fair number of SCC and regional endemics encountered in the western part (Tanqua Karoo and Klein Roggeveld) renders this area of high botanical value with an expected high impact if not mitigated. A few specialised habitats, such as the chert band north of the Kappa substation and the calcrete bands and floodplains east and northeast of Beaufort West, are also present. These areas are home to specialist plant species, some of which are rare and threatened. Other areas of a perceived high diversity have also been identified along the route.

With regards to the powerline alternatives, it is very difficult to favour one option to the others due to the length of the proposed powerline and the botanical diversity of the areas it traverses. However, it makes sense to choose an option alongside one of the existing powerlines due to the availability of access roads. Option 2 is clearly less accessible and 37 will result in greater disturbance from road construction through virgin areas. The latter also passes through the Karoo National Park, but sidesteps the Spitzkop Protected Environment and the Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve. Perhaps a compromise with the least conflict should be further investigated among the alternatives.

The potential impact on the biodiversity (CBA) network will probably be of a lesser order than that on vegetation type and SCC/regional endemics. The crossing of a large number of CBA’s, especially the north-south orientated Karoo rivers, will be unavoidable. With mitigation, the impact should be mitigated to acceptable levels. Ecological connectivity should not be greatly affected as the powerline will not create a physical barrier, like a road or a wall. An attempt should be made not to create unnecessary access roads through the riverine areas, but rather use existing farm roads.

If the project is allowed to proceed, the following mitigation measures should be considered:

• During the construction phase, avoid the unnecessary disturbance of the surrounding vegetation by means of demarcation, especially in the areas of perceived high diversity and areas where were SCC/regional endemics were recorded (e.g. in the Tanqua Karoo and Klein Roggeveld). • Where possible, place the pylon footprints in previously disturbed areas or areas of low diversity. Avoid steep, gravel slopes, exposed sandstones and riparian zones. • Minimise the construction of new access roads by using existing farm roads. • It is strongly recommended that a botanist familiar with the Karoo be appointed for input into the final route of the powerline and position of the pylons prior to construction. A walkdown with the appointed botanist is recommended. This will be especially beneficial for the section through the Klein Roggeveld and specialised habitats, such as the chert band north of the Kappa substation and the calcrete bands east of Beaufort West. 38

• Search and rescue of plants is not recommended, unless it can be replanted in disturbed areas of a similar vegetation type close by where it can be maintained until it is established. • Where the powerline crosses a river, position the pylons on elevated surfaces away from the riparian zones. Also try to minimise the number of pylons on floodplains, such as on the Groot River north of the Kappa substation and those between Beaufort West and Nelspoort, including the Platdoring and Sout Rivers. • Do not establish new access roads through riverine areas if not absolutely necessary. Use existing farm roads as far as possible. In this regard, the final route should take the presence of farm roads into consideration. • Karoo vegetation in the servitude should not be cleared as it (unlike fynbos) has an open to mid-dense structure and presents a low fire risk. Consideration should also be given not to clear in the renosterveld areas either. It is understood that the riverine areas will need to cleared of all tall shrubs and trees for fire safety reasons.

A further useful mitigation measure, but with a financial implication, would be to propose biodiversity offset areas for the sections where the proposed power line passes through protected areas, such as the Spitzkop Protected Environment and Steenbokkie Private Nature Reserve. In the Western Cape, these are normally requested by CapeNature where a proposed development will result in an unavoidable loss of a threatened vegetation type. An estimated offset area can be determined by multiplying the footprint area (obtained from the servitude width of the power line and the length of the section passing through the protected area) with ten. Such offset areas can then be obtained or bought from the landowner(s) and formally conserved. It is normally recommended that offset areas be obtained in areas similar to that where loss in biodiversity is expected. However, the determination of such areas is complex and requires a lot of negotiation among the relevant stakeholders.

REFERENCES

Coertzen, L. 2017. Preliminary description of the potentially undescribed Nananthus species in Karoo relative to the Karoo Uranium Project. Enviro-Insight Environmental Impact Assessments, Pretoria.

DEA 2011. National List of Ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection. Government Gazette No. 34809, Government Notice No. 1002. National Printer, Pretoria.

Driver, A., Desmet, P., Rouget, M., Cowling, R. & Maze, K. 2003. SKEP Biodiversity Component Technical Report. Cape Conservation Unit, Report No CCU 1/03, Botanical Society of South Africa.

Esler, K.J., Milton, S.J. & Dean, W.R.J. 2010. Karoo Veld: Ecology and Management. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

Jacobs, K. & Jangle, R. 2008. Karoo Ecosystem Management Plan: Western Cape. Unpublished, The Nature Conservation Corporation, Cape Town.

Manning, J. & Goldblatt, P. (eds.) 2012. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region. 1: The Core Cape Flora. Strelitzia 29. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Pool-Stanvliet, R., Duffell-Canham, A., Pence, G. & Smart, R. 2017. The Western Cape Biodiversity Spatial Plan Handbook. CapeNature, Stellenbosch.

Skowno, A.L., Holness, S.D. & Desmet, P. 2009. Biodiversity Assessment of the Central Karoo District Municipality. DEAP Report EADP05/2008.

Skowno, A.L., Raimondo, D.C., Poole, C.J., Fizzotti, B. & Slingsby, J.A. (eds) 2019. South African National Biodiversity Assessment 2018 Technical Report Volume 1: Terrestrial Realm. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Snijman, D.A. (ed.) 2013. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region, Vol. 2: the Extra Cape Flora. Strelitzia 30. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Todd, S. 2003. Final Report to the Conservation Farming Project, Beaufort West study site. http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/industry-and-conservation/conservation-and- agriculture/agricultural-research/conservation-farming-project/

Van der Merwe, H., Van Rooyen, M.W. & Van Rooyen, N. 2008. Vegetation of the Hantam- Tanqua-Roggeveld subregion, South Africa. Part 1: Fynbos Biome related vegetation. Koedoe Vol. 50 No. 1, Cape Town.

APPENDIX A

Vegetation and floristic data recorded at the sampling sites.

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Sampling site 1 Vegetation type = Tanqua Karoo Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.3-0.4 m; cover 30-50%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 660 m

Species recorded: Ruschia spinosa (dom), Braunsia geminata, Leipoldtia schultzei, Cephalophyllum curtophyllum, Mesembryanthemum tortuosum, M. resurgens, M. nitidum, Conophytum minimum, Aizoon africanum, Lacomucinaea lineata, Tylecodon wallichii, Crassula deltoidea, Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus ericoides (dom), Euphorbia multiceps, Asparagus capensis, Monsonia crassicaulis, Pelargonium crithmifolium, Roepera maculata, Microloma sp, Eriospermum capensis and Brunsvigia comptonii.

The prominence of succulents is noticeable. No evidence of grazing pressure. Nearby Eskom substation (Kappa).

Sampling site 2 Vegetation type = Tanqua Karoo Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.3-0.4 m; cover 30-40%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 670 m

Species recorded: Lampranthus haworthia, Ruschia spinosa (dom in places), Leipoldtia schultzei, Mesembryanthemum junceum, M. nitidum, Osteospermum sinuatum, Chrysocoma ciliata, Othonna auriculifolia, Monsonia crassicaulis, Roepera

Sampling sites Botanical attributes maculata and Oxalis purpurea. The prominence of succulents is noticeable.

A nearby chert gravel area just outside the proposed powerline corridor but extending through the corridor was also investigated and the following additional species recorded: Didymaotus lapidiformis, Malephora crassa, Mesembryanthemum vaginatum, Peersia

macradenia, Schlechteranthus spinescens and Rhinephyllum graniforme.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Sampling site 3 Vegetation type = Tanqua Wash Riviere Structural form = tall mid-dense shrubland in the riparian zone (height ±4 m; cover 50-70%); low to mid- high open shrubland in the open areas (height 0.3-1.6 m; cover ±30%) Terrain = flat and sandy/silty Altitude = 620 m

Species recorded: Vachellia karroo, Caroxylon aphyllum, Drosanthemum hispidum, D. crassum, Lampranthus otzenianus, Mesembryanthemum nitidum, M. splendens, M. noctiflorum, M. vaginatum, Pteronia pallens, P. glomerata and Lycium sp.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Nearby a wind farming project currently under construction.

Sampling site 4 Vegetation type = Tanqua Wash Riviere Structural form = low mid-dense shrubland (height 0.3-0.6 m; cover 70-80%) Terrain = flat and sandy/silty Altitude = 700 m

Species recorded: Ruschia cf spinosa (dom), Mesembryanthemum tetragonum, M. excavatum, M. noctiflorum, Drosanthemum hispidum, D. karrooense, Lampranthus otzenianus, Eriocephalus ericoides and Pteronia pallens.

Sampling sites Botanical attributes

No evidence of grazing pressure.

Sampling site 5 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low mid-dense shrubland (height 0.2-0.6 m; cover 40-70%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 790 m

Species recorded: Ruschia spinosa (dom), Aizoon africanum, Tylecodon wallichii ssp wallichii, Eriocephalus ericoides, Pteronia sp, Roepera maculata, Asparagus fasciculatus, Romulea austinii and Oxalis flava.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Sampling site 6 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low mid-dense shrubland (height 0.2-0.5 m; cover ±60%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 940 m

Species recorded: Ruschia spinosa (dom), Leipoldtia schulzei, Aizoon africanum, Tetragonia sarcophylla, Euphorbia rhombifolia, Crassula columnaris, C. nudicaulis var platyphylla, C. tomentosa, C. subaphylla, Tylecodon wallichii ssp wallichii, T. reticulatus, Senecio abbreviatus, Eriocephalus punctulatus, Gorteria alienata, Pelargonium crithmifolium, Asparagus capensis, Ornithogalum corticatum and Massonia depressa

No evidence of grazing pressure.

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Sampling site 7 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.2-0.4 m; cover 30-40%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 850 m

Species recorded: Ruschia spinosa (dom),

Trichodiadema pomeridianum, Eriocephalus sp, Senecio abbreviatus, Tylecodon reticulatus, Adromischus liebenbergii, Crassula deltoidea, Ornithoglossum undulatum and Romulea austinii.

Signs of overgrazing.

Sampling site 8 Vegetation type = Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.2-0.4 m; cover ±30%) Terrain = moderately sloped and gravelly (shale) Altitude = 1230 m

Species recorded: Ruschia spinosa (dom), Antimima loganii, A. hantamensis, Aizoon africanum, Euryops lateriflorus, Eriocephalus ericoides, Gorteria alienata, Tylecodon reticulatus, Crassula cotyledonis, C. muscosa, C. deltoidea, Stachys rugosa, Dianthus namaensis, Selago albida and Romulea hallii. Stomatium difforme, Ruschia punctulata and Bulbine lagopus were also recorded nearby, but outside the proposed power line corridor.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Nearby a wind farming project, which is currently under construction. Sampling site 9 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low mid-dense shrubland (height ±0.7 m; cover 60-70%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Altitude = 940 m

Species recorded: Aizoon africanum (dom), Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Pteronia incana, Wiborgea sericea, Tylecodon wallichii, Roepera maculata, Pelargonium carnosum, Asparagus retrofractus, Salvia disermas, Eriospermum capensis, Boophone disticha and Drimia capensis.

No evidence of grazing pressure.

Sampling site 10 Vegetation type = Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Structural form = low mid-dense shrubland (height 0.5-1.2 m; cover 60-70%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 1120 m

Species recorded: Elytropappus rhinocerotis (dom), Oedera genistifolia, Euryops lateriflorus, Eriocephalus punctulatus and Drimia capensis.

No evidence of grazing pressure.

Sampling site 11 Vegetation type = Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height ±0.4 m; cover 20%) Terrain = moderately sloped gravelly ridge Altitude = 1250 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Aizoon africanum, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Pteronia empetrifolia (dom), P. incana, Oedera genistifolia, Euryops lateriflorus, Eriocephalus ericoides, E. africanus, Gorteria alienata, Othonna oleracea and Euphorbia rhombifolia.

No evidence of grazing pressure.

Sampling site 12 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.2-1 m; cover 30-40%) Terrain = mildly sloped Altitude = 1070 m

Species recorded: Ruscia spinosa (dom), Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Euryops lateriflorus, Eriocephalus ericoides (dom), Othonna oleracea, Crassothonna protecta, Euphorbia rhombifolia, Asparagus capensis and Ornithogalum corticatum.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Nearby an Eskom substation.

Sampling site 13 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.3-0.8 m; cover ±40%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly; exposed sandstone layer Altitude = 1070 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Antimima pumila, A. hallii, Hammeria meleagris, Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Elytropappus rhinocerotis (dom), Euryops lateriflorus, Pteronia pallens, Oedera genistifolia, Eriocephalus ericoides, Ohtonna auriculifolia, Wiborgea sericea, Crassula columnaris, Romulea austinii, Eriospermum capensis and Drimia capensis.

No evidence of grazing pressure.

Sampling site 14 Vegetation type = Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.3-0.9 m; cover 30-40%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 1230 m

Species recorded: Ruschia spinosa, Elytropappus rhinocerotis (dom), Euryops lateriflorus, Pentzia sp, Oedera genistifolia (dom), Osteospermum sinuatum, Eriocephalus punctulatus, E. ericoides, Othonna auriculifolia, Crassula tomentosa, Wiborgea sericea, Pelargonium nervifolium, Muraltia spinosa, Asparagus capensis, Brunsvigia comptonii, Lachenalia comptonii, Drimia capensis and Eriospermum capensis.

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 15 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.2-0.4 m; cover 30-40%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 980 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Aizoon africanum, Ruschia sp (dom), Mesembryanthemum resurgens, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Chrysocoma ciliata, Eriocephalus ericoides, Pteronia empetrifolia (dom), P. cinerea, Crassula deltoidea, C. nudicaulis, Tylecodon wallichii, Pelargonium carnosum, Lycium sp, Hyobanche glabrata and Romulea austinii.

Signs of overgrazing.

Sampling site 16 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.2- 0.4 m; cover 10-20%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 1040 m

Species recorded: Aizoon africanum, Ruschia sp, Pteronia empetrifolia, Eriocephalus ericoides (dom), Pentzia spinescens, Othonna auriculifolia, Tylecodon reticulatus, Lycium sp and Asparagus capensis.

Severely overgrazed.

Sampling site 17 Vegetation type = Southern Karoo Riviere (Spitzkop Protected Environment) Structural form = closed woodland (height ±4 m; cover 50-70%) Terrain = sandy riverbed Altitude = 980 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Euryops oligoglossus, Vachellia karroo (dom), Searsia lancea, Lycium horridum, L. oxycarpum, Diospyros sp, Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Melianthus comosus and Phragmites australis.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Nearby tourist accommodation. Sampling site 18 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo (Spitzkop Protected Environment) Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.2-0.4 m; cover 20-30%) Terrain = mildly sloped and rocky; exposed sandstone layer Altitude = 990 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata (dom), Stomatium difforme, Aizoon africanum, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Chrysocoma ciliata, Pteronia empetrifolia, Eriocephalus punctulatus, E. ericoides, Berkheya carlinifolia, Vachellia karroo, Crassula deltoidea, C. pyramidalis, Euphorbia rhombifolia, Lycium sp, Hermannia cuneifolia, Chaenostoma halimifolium, Monsonia salmoniflora and Asparagus capensis.

No grazing pressure was noted on this site, but sheep farming was noted to the south of the bypassing gravel road. Sampling site 19 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo (Spitzkop Protected Environment) Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.2- 0.4 m; cover 20%) Terrain = mildly sloped and rocky; exposed sandstone Altitude = 1000 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata, Pleiospilos compactus, Trichodiadema pomeridianum, Aizoon africanum, Pteronia glauca, Oedera spinescens, Eriocephalus punctulatus, Berkheya spinosa, Othonna auriculifolia, Tylecodon wallichii, T. reticulatus,

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Rhigozum obovatum, Asparagus capensis, Drimia capensis and Boophone disticha.

No evidence of grazing pressure. A herd of springbok was noted nearby.

Sampling site 20 Vegetation type = Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.2- 0.8 m; cover 10-20%) Terrain = mildly sloped and rocky Altitude = 1120 m

Species recorded: Aizoon fruticosum, Stomatium

difforme, Trichodiadema pomeridianum, T. setuliferum, Lampranthus cf uniflorus, Drosanthemum karrooense, Pentzia sp, Pteronia empetrifolia (dom), Eriocephalus sp, Berkheya sp, Chrysocoma ciliata, Euhorbia rhombifolia, Lycium sp, Searsia burchellii, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Asparagus capensis, Chaenostoma halimifolium, Kedrostis capensis, Eriospermum paradoxum, E. capensis and Massonia

depressa.

Signs of overgrazing. Nearby tourist accommodation (Brinksfontein).

Sampling site 21 Vegetation type = Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.2- 0.8 m; cover ±20%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 970 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Ruschia sp, Mesembryanthemum splendens, Drosanthemum karrooense, D. hispidum, Rhinephyllum graniforme, Trichodiadema mirabile, Osteospermum sinuatum, Chrysocoma ciliata, Eriocephalus cf microphyllus (dom), Macledium spinosum, Crassothonna protecta, Haworthiopsis viscosa, Crassula rupestris, C. muscosa, Lycium sp, Asparagus capensis and Boophone disticha.

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 22 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height 0.2-0.8 m; cover 20-30%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 1050 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata, Pleiospilos compactus, Stomatium difforme, Rhinephyllum graniforme, Conophytum minimum, Osteospermum sinuatum, Chrysocoma ciliata, Eriocephalus sp, Euryops subcarnosum, Macledium spinosum, Senecio abbreviatus, Haworthiopsis viscosa, Aloe microstigma, Adromischus liebenbergii, Crassula deltoidea, C. tecta, Searsia burchellii, Euclea undulata, Lycium sp, Lacomucinaea lineata, Asparagus capensis and A. lignosus.

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 23 Vegetation type = Southern Karoo Riviere & Gamka Karoo Structural form = closed woodland in the riparian zone (height ±4 m; cover 50-70%); low sparse shrubland in the open areas (height 0.3-1 m; cover ±20%) Terrain = flat and sandy in the riparian zone; mildly sloped and rocky outside the riverine area Altitude = 1060 m

Species recorded: Vachellia karroo (dom), Lycium oxycarpum, Searsia lancea, Asparagus retrofractus

Sampling sites Botanical attributes and Tetraena retrofracta in the riverine area; and Ruschia grisea, R. intricata, Macledium spinosum, Pteronia incana, Chrysocoma ciliata, Oedera humulis, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Euclea undulata, Hermannia cuneifolia, Lycium cinereum, Lacomucinaea lineata and Asparagus capensis on the rocky slopes.

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 24 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height 0.2-0.4 m; cover 20-30%) Terrain = flat rocky area; exposed sandstone layer Altitude = 1130 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata (dom), Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Antimima sp, Stomatium difforme, Trichodiadema mirabile, Pteronia empetrifolia (dom), Eriocephalus brevifolius, Euryops subcarnosum, E. oligoglossus, Oedera humilis, Macledium spinosum, Felicia hirsuta, Berkheya spinosa, Crassula capitella, Anacampseros telephiastrum, Euphorbia rhombifolia, Euclea undulata, Polygala teretifolia, Chaenostoma halimifolium, Aptosimum indivisum, Asparagus

capensis, A. mucronatus and Moquiniella rubra.

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 25 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.3-1 m; cover 5-10%) Terrain = flat, gravelly in places Altitude = 710 m

Species recorded: Eriocephalus cf spinescens, Kleinia longiflora, Osteospermum scariosum, Chrysocoma ciliata, Macledium spinosum, Helichrysum pumilio, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Euphorbia rhombifolia, Barleria stimulans, Lacomucinaea lineata and Sericocoma avolans.

Sampling sites Botanical attributes

Severely overgrazed. Sampling site 26 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.3- 1.6 m; cover ±15%) Terrain = relatively flat and gravelly Altitude = 730 m

Species recorded: Trichodiadema sp, Eriocephalus cf spinescens, Kleinia longiflora, Macledium spinosum, Garuleum bipinnatum, Chrysocoma ciliata, Vachellia karroo, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Barleria stimulans, Blepharis mitrata, Gomphocarpus filiformis and Lacomucinaea lineata.

Severely overgrazed.

Sampling site 27 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height 0.3-1 m; cover 20-30%) Terrain = rocky hill slope Altitude = 710 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata (dom), R. cf divaricata, Rhinephyllum luteum, Chrysocoma ciliata,

Pteronia viscosa, Vachellia karroo, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Searsia burchellii, Crassula deltoidea, Barleria stimulans, Monechma spartioides, Acanthopsis hoffmannseggiana, Sericocoma avolans, Gomphocarpus filiformis and Trichodesma africanum.

Signs of overgrazing.

Sampling site 28 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.3- 1.6 m; cover 10-15%) Terrain = flat gravelly area Altitude = 740 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Eriocephalus cf spinescens, Kleinia longiflora, Chrysocoma ciliata, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Crassula corallina, Tephrocactus articulatus# and Gomphocarpus filiformis. Vachellia karroo, Searsia lancea and Diospyros lycioides were recorded in a nearby river course.

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 29 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height 0.3-1 m; cover ±25%) Terrain = moderately sloped and rocky Altitude = 780 m

Species recorded: Drosanthemum karrooense, D. hispidum, Mesembryanthemum emarcidum, Eriocephalus cf spinescens, Garuleum bipinnatum, Pteronia viscosa, Chrysocoma ciliata, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Crassula corallina, Searsia burchellii, Lycium schizocalyx, Asparagus striatus, A. retrofractus, Barleria stimulans, Monechma spartioides and Lacomucinaea lineata.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Nearby access road to radio tower. Sampling site 30 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.3- 1.6 m; cover 10-15%) Terrain = flat gravelly area Altitude = 660 m

Species recorded: Kleinia longiflora, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Vachellia karroo, Searsia burchellii, Asparagus sp, Tetraena retrofracta, T. microcarpa, Monechma spartioides, Blepharis mitrata and Gomphocarpus filiformis.

Severely overgrazed. Sampling site 31 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height 0.3-1 m; cover 10-15%) Terrain = flat to mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 660 m

Species recorded: Tetragonia cf microptera, Eriocephalus cf spinescens, Macledium spinosum, Garuleum bipinnatum, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Searsia burchellii, Diospyros lycioides, Asparagus cf burchellii, Tetraena retrofracta, Monechma spartioides, Lacomucinaea lineata and Gomphocarpus filiformis.

Severely overgrazed. Sampling site 32 Vegetation type = Southern Karoo Riviere Structural form = closed woodland (height ±5 m; cover ±50%) Terrain = rocky riverbed bordered by a sandy/silty wash Altitude = 620 m

Species recorded: Eriocephalus cf spinescens, Pentzia incana, Vachellia karroo (dom), Lycium sp, Argemone ochroleuca#, Tetraena microcarpa, and Afroscirpoides dioeca.

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 33 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height ±0.3 m; cover ±25%) Terrain = flat, gravelly in places Altitude = 670 m

Species recorded: Kleinia longiflora, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Monsonia sp and Gomphocarpus filiformis.

Severely overgrazed. Sampling site 34 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height ±0.4 m; cover 10-15%) Terrain = flat, gravelly in places Altitude = 810 m

Species recorded: Aizoon africanum, Malephora latipetala, Drosanthemum karrooense, D. hispidum,

Eriocephalus spinescens, Pteronia viscosa, Pentzia incana, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Aloe claviflora, Tetraena retrofracta, Sesamum capense, Gomphocarpus filiformis and Lacomucinaea lineata.

Severely overgrazed.

Sampling site 35 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse shrubland (height ±0.6 m; cover 15-25%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 830 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata, Osteospermum scariosum, Garuleum bipinnatum, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Carissa bispinosa, Searsia burchellii, Asparagus striatus, A. retrofractus, A. mucronatus, Monsonia crassicaulis, Sericocoma avolans and Sesamum capense.

Signs of overgrazing.

Sampling site 36 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo (Karoo National Park) Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height 0.2-0.8 m; cover 20-30%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 900 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Ruschia intricata (dom), Eriocephalus ericoides, Chrysocoma ciliata, Vachellia karroo, Carissa bispinosa, Asparagus sp, Hermannia desertorum and Monsonia sp.

No evidence of grazing pressure. National Park with tourist accommodation, game viewing, etc.

Sampling site 37 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.2-0.6 m; cover ±40%) Terrain = flat gravelly area Altitude = 810 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata (dom), Drosanthemum karrooense, Delosperma multiflorum, Trichodiadema pomeridianum, Tetragonia fruticosa, Eriocephalus spinescens, Pegolettia retrofracta, Kleinia longiflora, Pentzia incana, Vachellia karroo, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Carissa bispinosa, Crassula muscosa, Euphorbia stellispina, Grewia robusta, Searsia burchellii, Asparagus mucronatus, A. striatus and Lacomucinaea lineata.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Nearby Eskom substation. Sampling site 38 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low open shrubland (height 0.2-0.8 m; cover 30-35%) Terrain = flat, gravelly in places Altitude = 870 m

Species recorded: Drosanthemum hispidum, Eriocephalus spinescens, Kleinia longiflora, Rhigozum obovatum, Lycium sp, Hoodia gordonii, Asparagus retrofractus, Tetraena retrofracta, Lacomucinaea lineata, Sesamum capense and grasses (30%).

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 39 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height 0.2-0.5 m; cover 15-40%) Terrain = flat gravelly area Altitude = 830 m

Species recorded: Aizoon fruticosum, Ruschia intricata, Trichodiadema pomeridianum, Mesembryanthemum noctiflorum, M. junceum, M. tetragonum, Eriocephalus spinescens, Felicia filifolia, Gazania lichtensteinii, Oedera humilis, Helichrysum pumilio, Kleinia longiflora, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata#, Hoodia gordonii, Asparagus burchellii, A. striatus, Blepharis mitrata, Peliostomum leucorrhizum and Lacomucinaea lineata.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Sampling site 40 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height ±0.6 m; cover 20-30%) Terrain = flat, gravelly in places Altitude = 860 m

Species recorded: Drosanthemum karrooense, Ruschia intricata, Eriocephalus spinescens, Pteronia viscosa, Dicoma capensis, Kleinia longiflora, Senecio acutifolius, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Carissa bispinosa, Lycium sp, Searsia burchellii, Asparagus burchellii, Hermannia grandiflora, Lacomucinaea lineata, Tetraena retrofracta, Monsonia sp, Sesamum capense and grasses.

Signs of overgrazing (cattle). Sampling site 41 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo (Steenbokkie PNR) Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height ±0.4 m; cover 20-30%) Terrain = mildly sloped and gravelly Altitude = 920 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Ruschia intricata (dom), Eriocephalus ericoides, Osteospermum scariosum, Helichrysum rosum, H. lucilioides, Pentzia quinquefida, Vachellia karroo, Rhigozum obovatum (dom), Euphorbia stellispina, Opuntia rastrera#, Astroloba robusta, Diospyros lycioides, Lycium pumilum, Carissa bispinosa, Searsia burchellii,

Asparagus striatus, A. mucronatus, A. burchellii, Hermannia desertorum, Blepharis mitrata, Aptosimum spinescens and Monsonia crassicaulis.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Game farm, hunting and tourist accommodation.

Sampling site 42 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo (part of the site is located inside the Steenbokkie PNR) Structural form = low sparse to open shrubland (height ±0.3 m; cover 10-35%) Terrain = flat, gravelly in places (calcrete) Altitude = 910 m

Species recorded: Ruschia sp nov, R. intricata, Mesembryanthemum coriarium, Pteronia viscosa (dom), Vachellia karroo, Aloe claviflora, Caroxylon sp, Thesium hystrix, Tetraena microcarpa, Hermannia desertorum and Monsonia cf camdeboensis. Polygala pungens, Anacampseros arachnoides, Tribulus zeyheri and Aptosimum indivisum were also recorded nearby, inside the Steenbokkie PNR.

No evidence of grazing pressure. Game farm, hunting and tourist accommodation. Sampling site 43 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low open to mid-dense grassy shrubland (height ±0.3 m; cover 30-60%) Terrain = flat, gravelly in places Altitude = 970 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Ruschia intricata, Drosanthemum karrooense, Oedera humilis, Pteronia viscosa (dom), Vachellia karroo, Caroxylon sp (dom), Asparagus mucronatus, Tetraena retrofracta, Monechma incanum, Aptosimum spinescens and grasses (dom).

Signs of overgrazing. Game farm.

Sampling site 44 Vegetation type = Gamka Karoo Structural form = low open grassy shrubland (height ±0.3 m; cover 35-40%) Terrain = flat and sandy/silty Altitude = 1020 m

Species recorded: Mesembryanthemum coriarium, Drosanthemum karrooense, Pentzia cf incana (dom), Vachellia karroo, Lycium pumilum, Asparagus burchellii, Tetraena sp, Monechma incanum and grasses (dom).

Signs of overgrazing.

Sampling site 45 Vegetation type = Southern Karoo Riviere Structural form = low to mid-high open shrubland (height 0.3-1.8 m; cover 30-50%) Terrain = flat and sandy/silty Altitude = 1040 m

Species recorded: Mesembryanthemum coriarium, Malephora latipetala, Felicia hirsuta, Pentzia incana, Oedera humilis, Arctotis leiocarpa, Vachellia karroo, Melianthus comosus, Crassula corallina, Lycium pumilum (dom), Asparagus mucronatus, Roepera incrustata, Monechma incanum and grasses.

Signs of overgrazing. Sampling site 46 Vegetation type = Southern Karoo Riviere

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Structural form = low to mid-high open shrubland (height 0.3-2.5 m; cover 30-50%) Terrain = flat and sandy/silty Altitude = 970 m

Species recorded: Mesembryanthemum splendens, Lampranthus uniflorus, Drosanthemum karrooense,

Malephora latipetala, Osteospermum sinuatum, Vachellia karroo, Atriplex nummularia# (dom), A. vestita, Caroxylon aphyllum (dom), Lycium sp (dom), Asparagus burchellii, Selago sp and grasses.

Signs of grazing.

Sampling site 47 Vegetation type = Upper Karoo Hardeveld Structural form = low open shrubland (height ±0.4 m; cover 30-40%) Terrain = mildly to moderately sloped and rocky Altitude = 1040 m

Species recorded: Ruschia sp, Tetragonia cf microptera, Oedera humilis, Eriocephalus cf brevifolius, Felicia hirsuta, F. ovata, Garuleum bipinnatum, Pentzia incana (dom), Kleinia longiflora, Vachellia karroo, Rhigozum obovatum, Aloe claviflora, Astroloba robusta, Opuntia ficus-indica#, Carissa bispinosa, Asparagus striatus, A. burchellii, A. mucronatus, Lycium sp, Grewia robusta, Searsia burchellii, Hermannia desertorum, Pelargonium sp, Selago geniculata, Blepharis capensis, Lacomucinaea

lineata and grasses (dom).

No evidence of grazing pressure. Sampling site 48 Vegetation type = Upper Karoo Hardeveld Structural form = low open grassy shrubland (height ±0.4 m; cover 40-50%) Terrain = mildly to moderately sloped and rocky Altitude = 1100 m

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Species recorded: Ruschia intricata (dom), Tetragonia arbuscula, Oedera humilis, Eriocephalus ericoides (dom), Felicia hirsuta, Helichrysum lucilioides, Arctotis leiocarpa, Rhigozum obovatum, Euphorbia rhombifolia, Asparagus burchellii, Lycium sp, Grewia robusta, Searsia burchellii, Hermannia vestita, Pelargonium sp, Monechma incanum, Lacomucinaea lineata, Cheilanthes eckloniana, Boophone disticha, Veltheimia capensis and grasses (dom).

No evidence of grazing pressure.

Sampling site 49 Vegetation type = Eastern Upper Karoo Structural form = low mid-dense grassy shrubland (height ±0.3 m; cover 50-60%) Terrain = flat Altitude = 1230 m

Species recorded: Asparagus burchellii, Lycium sp, Carissa bispinosa, Hermannia desertorum, Monechma incanum, Lacomucinaea lineata, Moraea sp, Podaxis pistillaris and grasses (dom).

Signs of overgrazing. Nearby tourist accommodation. Sampling site 50 Vegetation type = Southern Karoo Riviere Structural form = low open grassy shrubland (height ±0.4 m; cover 30-50%) Terrain = flat and sandy/silty Altitude = 1160 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata, Trichodiadema setulifera, Drosanthemum karrooense, Berkheya carlinifolia, Pentzia incana, Vachellia karroo, Atriplex nummularia#, Roepera incrustata, Lycium cf pumilum (dom), Carissa bispinosa, Asparagus burchellii, A. mucronatus, A. striatus, Searsia burchellii, Hermannia

Sampling sites Botanical attributes desertorum, Lacomucinaea lineata and grasses (dom).

No evidence of grazing pressure. Nearby tourist accommodation.

Sampling site 51 Vegetation type = Eastern Upper Karoo Structural form = low mid-dense grassy shrubland (height 0.3-1 m; cover ±60%) Terrain = flat Altitude = 1250 m

Species recorded: Drosanthemum karrooense, Oedera humilis, Pteronia viscosa, Pentzia incana, Berkheya carlinifolia, Euphorbia arida, Asparagus mucronatus, Lycium cinereum (dom), Roepera incrustata, Tetraena chrysopteron and grasses (dom).

Signs of grazing. Nearby tourist accommodation. Sampling site 52 Vegetation type = Eastern Upper Karoo Structural form = low open grassy shrubland (height ±0.3 m; cover 45-50%) Terrain = flat Altitude = 1240 m

Species recorded: Pentzia incana (dom), Caroxylon sp, Asparagus cf burchellii, Lycium sp (dom), Roepera

lichtensteiniana, Polygala cf leptophylla, Aptosimum indivisum and grasses (dom).

Signs of grazing. Nearby tourist accommodation.

Sampling site 53 Vegetation type = Upper Karoo Hardeveld Structural form = low mid-dense grassy shrubland (height 0.2-1 m; cover 60-70%)

Sampling sites Botanical attributes Terrain = mildly to moderately sloped and rocky Altitude = 1330 m

Species recorded: Ruschia intricata (dom), Trichodiadema pomeridianum, Pteronia adenocarpa, P. glauca, Pegolettia retrofracta, Eriocephalus sp (dom), Helichrysum rosum, Vachellia karroo, Rhigozum obovatum, Asparagus burchellii, Lycium sp (dom), Carissa bispinosa, Grewia robusta, Searsia burchellii, Diospyros lycioides, Monechma incanum, Blepharis capensis, Cheilanthes eckloniana and grasses (dom).

No evidence of grazing pressure.

Sampling site 54 Vegetation type = Eastern Upper Karoo Structural form = low open to mid-dense grassy shrubland (height ±0.5 m; cover 40-60%) Terrain = flat Altitude = 1200 m

Species recorded: Mesembryanthemum coriarium, Ruschia intricata, Pteronia glauca, Eriocephalus

spinescens, E. eximius, Osteospermum sinuatum, Pentzia incana (dom), Hertia cluytiifolia, Caroxylon sp, Asparagus mucronatus, Lycium pumilum (dom), Roepera incrustata, Diospyros lycioides, Sesamum capense, Moraea sp and grasses (dom).

Signs of grazing. Nearby Eskom substation (Gamma).

APPENDIX B

Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) and regional endemics expected to occur along the proposed powerline route (species in bold were recorded by the author).

SCC & endemics Vegetation type Status

Adromischus humilis Gamka Karoo, Klipfontein se Berg Regional endemic

Adromischus phillipsiae Tanqua Karoo & Koedoesberge- Rare Moordenaars Karoo

Aloinopsis loganii Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Vulnerable

Antimima hallii Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Regional endemic

Antimima loganii Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Vulnerable

Brunsvigia josephinae Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld & Vulnerable Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo?

Calobota elongata Tanqua Karoo Vulnerable

Cyanella alba ssp minor Tanqua Karoo Vulnerable

Didymaotus lapidiformis Tanqua Karoo & Tanqua Wash Riviere Vulnerable

Drosanthemum crassum Tanqua Karoo & Tanqua Wash Riviere Near Threatened

Eriocephalus grandiflorus Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo & Rare Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld

Euryops zeyheri Southern Karoo Riviere, Gamka River Critically south of Beaufort West Endangered, possibly extinct

Geissorhiza cantharophila Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo & Regional endemic Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld

Geissorhiza karooica Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo & Near Threatened Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld

Hammeria meleagris Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Regional endemic

Haemanthus tristis Tanqua Karoo & Tanqua Wash Riviere Vulnerable

Hoodia dregei Gamka Karoo, Merweville to Beaufort Vulnerable West

SCC & endemics Vegetation type Status

Lachenalia comptonii Tanqua Karoo, Koedoesberge- Regional endemic Moordenaars Karoo & Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld

Lachenalia longituba Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Vulnerable

Lachenalia whitehillensis Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo & Near Threatened Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld

Lotononis venosa Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo & Endangered Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld

Octopoma nanum Tanqua Karoo, Tanqua Wash Riviere & Vulnerable Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo

Ornithogalum corticatum Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Regional endemic

Pauridia breviscapa Tanqua Karoo Rare

Peersia macradenia Tanqua Karoo & Koedoesberge- Regional endemic Moordenaars Karoo

Phymaspermum thymelaeoides Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo & Regional endemic Upper Karoo Hardeveld

Pleiospilos bolusii Gamka Karoo, gravelly flats in Beaufort Vulnerable West area

Rhinephyllum luteum Gamka Karoo Regional endemic

Romulea eburnea Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo & Vulnerable Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld

Romulea hallii Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Vulnerable

Ruschia beaufortensis Gamka Karoo, Eastern Upper Karoo Vulnerable

Ruschia karrooica Gamka Karoo, Klipfontein se Berg Regional endemic

Ruschia punctulata Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Regional endemic

Ruschia sp nov (undescribed) Gamka Karoo (limestone patches east Rare regional of Beaufort West) endemic

Stomatium difforme Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo, Regional endemic Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld & Gamka Karoo (western part)

Tanquana archeri Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Vulnerable

Trachyandra sanguinorhiza Tanqua Karoo Rare

APPENDIX C

Brief CV of specialist

M.G. (Mark) BERRY BIODIVERSITY SPECIALIST & ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT Address: 14 Alvin Crescent, Somerset West, 7130, Western Cape Tel: 083 286-9470 Fax: 086 759-1908 E-mail: [email protected]

PROFESSIONAL STATEMENT Environmental assessment professional and biodiversity specialist with over 20 years of experience mainly in the Western Cape Province, but also in the Northern Cape, Eastern Cape and Free State. Experience in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA’s), biodiversity assessments, Environmental Management Programmes (EMPr’s), Environmental Control Officer (ECO) duties and environmental due diligence investigations.

WORK EXPERIENCE 1989-1990 Served as a Nature Conservation Officer in the South African Air Force, based at Langebaan Road Air Force Base. 1997-2005 Employed as principal environmental specialist at Planning Partners, a multi- disciplinary consultancy specialising in town and regional planning, environmental planning and landscape architecture. Duties included the conducting of EIA’s, compiling EMPr’s, ECO duties, biodiversity surveys and status quo environmental assessments for spatial development frameworks. 2000-2006 Examiner for the Board of Control for Landscape Architects (BOCLA), responsible for the setting up and marking of the Environmental Planning Section of exam paper. 2005-current Started Mark Berry Environmental Consultants in June 2005. Responsibilities include office management, seeking tenders, conducting EIA’s, compiling EMPr’s, construction site environmental audits, biodiversity surveys, etc. A relationship is maintained with previous employer, and, among other, undertook land-use surveys and reporting for the Eskom’s site safety reports for three proposed nuclear power plants in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces.

QUALIFICATIONS ● BSc (1988) University of Stellenbosch ● BSc-Hons in Botany (1991) University of Stellenbosch

● MSc in Botany (1993) Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University ● PhD in Botany (2000) Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP Professional member (reg. no. 400073/98) of the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP).

REFERENCES Dr John Manning (Compton Herbarium, Kirstenbosch) Phone: (021) 799-8660, e-mail: [email protected]

Warren Manuel (Environmental Manager at Mossel Bay Municipality) Phone: (044) 606-5163, e-mail: [email protected]

John Sharples (Sharples Environmental Services, George) Phone: (044) 873-4923, e-mail: [email protected]

Andrew Cleghorn (civil engineer and branch manager at Knight Piesold (Pty) Ltd) Phone: (021) 555-0400, e-mail: [email protected]

Prof Eileen Campbell (Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University) Phone: (041) 504-2329, e-mail: [email protected]