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The ins and outs of ’up’ and ’down’: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages Alexandre François

To cite this version:

Alexandre François. The ins and outs of ’up’ and ’down’: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages. Alexandre François; Sébastien Lacrampe; Michael Franjieh; Stefan Schnell. The Languages of : Unity and Diversity, 5, Asia-Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp.137-195, 2015, Studies in the Languages of Island , 9781922185235. ￿halshs- 01186010￿

HAL Id: halshs-01186010 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01186010 Submitted on 23 Aug 2015

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Citation François, Alexandre. 2015. The ins and outs of up and down: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages. In The : Unity and Diversity, ed. by A. François; S. Lacrampe, M. Franjieh, S. Schnell. Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, 5. Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access. Pp. 137-195.

Acknowledgments The research underlying this study was funded by LACITO–CNRS. This publication forms part of the strand ”Typology and dynamics of linguistic systems” within the program Investissements d’Avenir, overseen by the French National Research Agency (Labex EFL, Empirical Foundations of Linguistics). I thank Maïa Ponsonnet, Olivier Le Guen, Michael Franjieh, Stefan Schnell and an anonymous reviewer for their insightful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Finally, I feel greatly indebted to the Torres and Banks people for their kindness and patience as they taught me their beautiful languages.

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