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Copyright © 2017 Jackson Andrew Hester All Rights Reserved. the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Has Permission to Reprod Copyright © 2017 Jackson Andrew Hester All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. STRESS AND LONGEVITY IN PASTORAL MINISTRY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Jackson Andrew Hester December 2017 APPROVAL SHEET STRESS AND LONGEVITY IN PASTORAL MINISTRY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY Jackson Andrew Hester Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Michael S. Wilder (Chair) __________________________________________ Hal K. Pettegrew __________________________________________ Shane W. Parker Date ______________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES . vi PREFACE . vii Chapter 1. RESEARCH CONCERN . 1 Introduction to the Research Problem . 2 The Primary Concern . 5 Research Purpose . 5 Delimitations . 6 Research Question . 6 Terminology . 7 Procedural Overview . 8 Reliability Measures . 10 Research Assumptions . 11 Rationale and Significance . 12 2. LITERATURE REVIEW . 14 The Problem . 15 From Stress to Burnout . 17 Stress and Coping . 21 Burnout . 24 Burnout in Ministerial Work . 38 Role Stress and Clergy Job Satisfaction . 63 iii Chapter Page Voluntary and Involuntary Termination . 68 Holistic Health in Religious Clergy . 77 Self-Compassion . 79 Conclusion . 86 3. METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN . 91 Research Questions Synopsis . 92 Research Design Overview . 92 Population . 95 Sampling . 96 Delimitations and Limitations . 98 Research Instrumentation . 101 Research Procedures: Phase 1, Preliminary Procedures . 101 Research Procedures: Phase 2, Interview Schedule . 106 Research Procedures: Phase 3, Data Organization . 107 Reliability Measures . 110 Research Assumptions . 112 Rationale and Significance . 112 Summary . 113 4. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS . 115 Compilation Protocol . 115 Demographic and Sample Data . 116 Findings and Displays . 120 Theme 1: Stressors . 120 Theme 2: Identifying and Dealing with Stress . 129 Theme 3: Personal Life . 136 Theme 4: Advice for Young Pastors . 150 iv Chapter Page Summary of Research Findings . 153 Evaluation of the Research Design . 155 5. CONCLUSION . 158 Research Questions. 161 Interpretation of Findings . 161 Major Themes . 163 Implications of Findings . 186 Limitations of the Study . 188 Transferability . 189 Recommendations for Future Research . 190 Summary and Conclusions . 191 Appendix 1. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE . 192 2. INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTIONS . 194 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 369 v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table Page 1. Strategies for dealing with stress . 130 2. Summary of data . 156 Figure 1. Organizational stressors . 120 2. Effect of stress on spirituality . 146 3. Words of advice . 150 vi PREFACE From the excellent library staff to the proficient baristas in Founder’s Café and everyone in between, I have come to realize that many have contributed to my advancement on this dissertation. I wish I could mention every one of them, but the limited space I have will not allow. However, I would be remiss not to recognize, at the very least, some of the most influential personalities that impacted my growth as a student and a pastor. This dissertation was birthed in the coffee shop, Founders Café, on the campus of Southern Seminary. During one of the on-campus seminars, I met with Dr. Michael Wilder to discuss the direction of my research. He knew to ask just the right questions to help me think through and develop a project that not only would add to a growing body of literature but, at the same time, would be something about which I was personally passionate. Then again, that is what he has always been to me—throughout my tenure as a student at SBTS, he has gone from my academic guide and counsellor, to a friend, fellow pastor, and someone I consider to be one of the most influential mentors I have ever had in ministry. Without his guidance, encouragement, patience (lots and lots of patience), and expertise, I am sure I would not have made it this far. Dr. Hal Pettegrew is another whom I greatly respect. His knowledge of and passion for biblical leadership and Christian education have had a profound impact on my life and ministry. However, his sincerity, compassion, and humility have impacted me most. He not only teaches invaluable truths and concepts well, but models them just as proficiently. Also, Dr. Shane Parker always provided constructive critiques enveloped in passionate encouragement and exhortation. His wise words of direction and invaluable insight was a great asset for the process of this project as well as the final results. vii Beyond the seminary campus, I must recognize pastors and friends Dr. Ed Litton and Dr. Fred Wolfe, who assisted me in finding pastor participants for this research project. Their mentorship in my life has provided me great insight into the topic of this research. I am thankful for my wife, Brandi, who puts up with my procrastination and endless supply of excuses and yet finds a way to encourage me anyway. Our three kids, Collin, Caleb, and Caroline, are the inspiration for me to “get it right.” I am also thankful to be a part of a great church, Mars Hill in Mobile/Fairhope, Alabama, which allowed me the time and energy to focus on this project. And last, my dad, who has never given up on me about anything, even though he had every right to so many times, and my mom, whom I lost and heaven gained while I was working through this dissertation. She was my greatest prayer warrior, and she has been missed tremendously. I wish she could have seen me finish. Jackson Andrew Hester Louisville, Kentucky December 2017 viii CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH CONCERN The role of pastor is no doubt, a difficult occupation. Recent statistics from a study done by Lifeway Research point to the seriousness of the matter. Lifeway research states that many pastors often consider leaving the ministry “due to circumstances concerning their families, the demands of the position, or personal moral lapses.”1 The study goes on to describe the themes developed from the research that cause the greatest stress for pastors: demands and expectations, need for fulfillment, and spiritual and emotional health. Burnout is also a real concern for those who serve in the role of pastor. Lance Witt, president of Replenish Ministries, mentions that one out of every three pastors will burn out within the first five years of ministry. Lifeway Research, which Witt contributed to, also shows that dealing with stress is a prevalent.
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