Time Order, Time Direction, and the Presentist's View on Spacetime
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Parts of Persons Identity and Persistence in a Perdurantist World
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO Doctoral School in Philosophy and Human Sciences (XXXI Cycle) Department of Philosophy “Piero Martinetti” Parts of Persons Identity and persistence in a perdurantist world Ph.D. Candidate Valerio BUONOMO Tutors Prof. Giuliano TORRENGO Prof. Paolo VALORE Coordinator of the Doctoral School Prof. Marcello D’AGOSTINO Academic year 2017-2018 1 Content CONTENT ........................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1. PERSONAL IDENTITY AND PERSISTENCE...................................................................... 8 1.1. The persistence of persons and the criteria of identity over time .................................. 8 1.2. The accounts of personal persistence: a standard classification ................................... 14 1.2.1. Mentalist accounts of personal persistence ............................................................................ 15 1.2.2. Somatic accounts of personal persistence .............................................................................. 15 1.2.3. Anti-criterialist accounts of personal persistence ................................................................... 16 1.3. The metaphysics of persistence: the mereological account ......................................... -
Terminator and Philosophy
ftoc.indd viii 3/2/09 10:29:19 AM TERMINATOR AND PHILOSOPHY ffirs.indd i 3/2/09 10:23:40 AM The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series Series Editor: William Irwin South Park and Philosophy Edited by Robert Arp Metallica and Philosophy Edited by William Irwin Family Guy and Philosophy Edited by J. Jeremy Wisnewski The Daily Show and Philosophy Edited by Jason Holt Lost and Philosophy Edited by Sharon Kaye 24 and Philosophy Edited by Richard Davis, Jennifer Hart Weed, and Ronald Weed Battlestar Galactica and Philosophy Edited by Jason T. Eberl The Offi ce and Philosophy Edited by J. Jeremy Wisnewski Batman and Philosophy Edited by Mark D. White and Robert Arp House and Philosophy Edited by Henry Jacoby Watchmen and Philosophy Edited by Mark D. White X-Men and Philosophy Edited by Rebecca Housel and J. Jeremy Wisnewski ffirs.indd ii 3/2/09 10:23:40 AM TERMINATOR AND PHILOSOPHY I'LL BE BACK, THEREFORE I AM Edited by Richard Brown and Kevin S. Decker John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ffirs.indd iii 3/2/09 10:23:41 AM This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. -
Presentism/Eternalism and Endurantism/Perdurantism: Why the Unsubstantiality of the First Debate Implies That of the Second1
1 Presentism/Eternalism and Endurantism/Perdurantism: why the 1 unsubstantiality of the first debate implies that of the second Forthcoming in Philosophia Naturalis Mauro Dorato (Ph.D) Department of Philosophy University of Rome Three [email protected] tel. +393396070133 http://host.uniroma3.it/dipartimenti/filosofia/personale/doratoweb.htm Abstract The main claim that I want to defend in this paper is that the there are logical equivalences between eternalism and perdurantism on the one hand and presentism and endurantism on the other. By “logical equivalence” I mean that one position is entailed and entails the other. As a consequence of this equivalence, it becomes important to inquire into the question whether the dispute between endurantists and perdurantists is authentic, given that Savitt (2006) Dolev (2006) and Dorato (2006) have cast doubts on the fact that the debate between presentism and eternalism is about “what there is”. In this respect, I will conclude that also the debate about persistence in time has no ontological consequences, in the sense that there is no real ontological disagreement between the two allegedly opposite positions: as in the case of the presentism/eternalism debate, one can be both a perdurantist and an endurantist, depending on which linguistic framework is preferred. The main claim that I want to defend in this paper is that the there are logical equivalences between eternalism and perdurantism on the one hand and presentism and endurantism on the other. By “logical equivalence” I mean that one position is entailed and entails the other. As a consequence of this equivalence, it becomes important to inquire into the question whether the dispute between endurantists and perdurantists is authentic, given that Savitt (2006) Dolev (2006) and Dorato (2006) have cast doubts on the fact that the debate between presentism and eternalism is about “what there is”. -
Mind the Gap a Cognitive Perspective on the flow of Time in Physics
Mind the Gap A cognitive perspective on the flow of time in physics Master's Thesis History and Philosophy of Science Supervisor: Prof. dr. Dennis Dieks Utrecht University August 16th 2009 Annemarie Hagenaars Lange Hilleweg 31b 3073 BH Rotterdam Student number: 3203808 Preface The image on the title page of my thesis is The Persistence of Memory (1931), which is the most famous painting by Salvador Dali. This painting captures many standard issues that relate to time: relativity theory, clocks, memory, and the flow of time. This thesis is about the flow of time. As time moves on and never stops, so will the philosophical and scientific research on its flow be incomplete forever. Never in my life has time flown by as fast as it did this last year of my master's research. So many questions remain unanswered; so much works still needs to be done, while the months were passing like weeks and the weeks were passing like days. One year is too short, to dive into the fascinating river of time. To me it feels like this thesis is a first survey of the possibilities within the field of the philosophy of time. Time's passage has been a source of interest for quite a long time. When I was a child I kept diaries and memo-books to write down what happened each day in the hope I wouldn't forget it. Nowadays it is still a favorite game to exactly remember the date and time of special happenings and pinpoint those on my personal time line in my mind. -
Taking Tense Seriously’ Dean W
W. Zimmerman dialectica Vol. 59, N° 4 (2005), pp. 401–457 The A-Theory of Time, The B-Theory of Time, and ‘Taking Tense Seriously’ Dean W. Zimmerman† ABSTRACT The paper has two parts: First, I describe a relatively popular thesis in the philosophy of propositional attitudes, worthy of the name ‘taking tense seriously’; and I distinguish it from a family of views in the metaphysics of time, namely, the A-theories (or what are sometimes called ‘tensed theories of time’). Once the distinction is in focus, a skeptical worry arises. Some A- theorists maintain that the difference between past, present, and future, is to be drawn in terms of what exists: growing-block theorists eschew ontological commitment to future entities; pre- sentists, to future and past entities. Others think of themselves as A-theorists but exclude no past or future things from their ontology. The metaphysical skeptic suspects that their attempt to articulate an ‘eternalist’ version of the A-theory collapses into merely ‘taking tense seriously’ – a thesis that does not imply the A-theory. The second half of the paper is the search for a stable eternalist A-theory. It includes discussion of temporary intrinsics, temporal parts, and truth. 1. Introduction Sadly, the great metaphysician J. McT. E. McTaggart is now remembered mainly for what must be his worst argument: the infamous argument for ‘the unreality of time’. But even this ‘philosophical “howler” ’ (as C. D. Broad rightly called it1) includes enough insightful analysis to have made it a natural starting point for most subsequent work on the metaphysics of time. -
The Quantum Mechanics of the Present
The quantum mechanics of the present Lee Smolina and Clelia Verdeb a Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2J 2Y5, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo and Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto bCorso Concordia, 20129 - Milano April 21, 2021 Abstract We propose a reformulation of quantum mechanics in which the distinction be- tween definite and indefinite becomes the fundamental primitive. Inspired by suggestions of Heisenberg, Schrodinger and Dyson that the past can’t be described in terms of wavefunctions and operators, so that the uncertainty prin- ciple does not apply to past events, we propose that the distinction between past, present and future is derivative of the fundamental distinction between indefinite and definite. arXiv:2104.09945v1 [quant-ph] 20 Apr 2021 We then outline a novel form of presentism based on a phenomonology of events, where an event is defined as an instance of transition between indefinite and definite. Neither the past nor the future fully exist, but for different reasons. We finally suggest reformulating physics in terms of a new class of time coordinates in which the present time of a future event measures a countdown to the present moment in which that event will happen. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Constructions of space and time 3 3 A phenomonology of present events 4 3.1 Thedefiniteandtheindefinite. .... 5 3.2 Thepast ....................................... 6 3.3 Thefuture ...................................... 6 3.4 Causalitywithoutdeterminism . ..... 7 4 Thequantummechanicsofdefiniteandindefinite 7 5 Theframeofreferenceforanobserverinapresentmoment 10 6 Closing remarks 11 1 Introduction The idea we will discuss here has arisin from time to time since the invention of quan- tum mechanics. -
Endurantism Or Perdurantism?
The embodied self: Endurantism or perdurantism? Saskia Heijnen Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Endurantism versus perdurantism in metaphysics .............................................................. 5 1.1 Particulars ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Persisting particulars ......................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Temporal parts: a closer look ......................................................................................... 10 1.4 Wholly present: a closer look ......................................................................................... 14 1.5 Perdurantism and endurantism in action ........................................................................ 17 1.5.1 Fusion ....................................................................................................................... 17 1.5.2 Fission ...................................................................................................................... 19 2. Endurantism versus -
Temporal Parts and Spatial Location
Temporal parts and spatial location Damiano Costa Abstract. The literature offers us several characterizations of temporal parts via spatial co-location: by these accounts, temporal parts are roughly parts that are of the same spatial size as their wholes. It has been argued that such definitions would fail with entities outside space. The present paper investigates the extent to which such criticism works. Keywords: temporal parts, spatial location, events, four-dimensionalism, perdurance. § 0. Introduction Temporal parts of an entity – according to current vulgate – incorporate “all of that entity” for as long as they exist (Heller 1984; Sider 2001; Olson 2006). For example, a temporal part of Sam incorporates “all of Sam” for as long as it exists. One immediate consequence of this fact is that some “smaller parts” of Sam, like his brain and hearth, do not count as temporal parts of Sam, because they do not incorporate “all of Sam” at a certain time. A suitable definition for temporal parts must exclude such “smaller parts”. In this regard, two approaches have been put forward, a mereological one (Simons 1987; Sider 1997; Parsons 2007) and a spatial one (Thomson 1983; Heller 1984; McGrath 2007). On the one hand, the mereological approach says that such “smaller parts” of Sam are not temporal parts because they don’t overlap every part of Sam at a certain time. On the other hand, the spatial approach roughly says that such “smaller parts” of Sam are not temporal parts because a temporal part is of the same spatial size as its whole for as long as that part exists. -
Nietzsche's Doctrine of Eternal Return
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Senior Honors Projects Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island 2007 Nietzsche’s Doctrine of Eternal Return David R. Gadon University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Gadon, David R., "Nietzsche’s Doctrine of Eternal Return" (2007). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 47. http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/47http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/47 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nietzsche’s Doctrine of Eternal Return David Ray Gadon Honors Senior Thesis Spring 2007 Sponsor: Dr. Galen A. Johnson Gadon 2 Nietzsche’s Doctrine of Eternal Return “Six thousand feet beyond man and time.” 1 In the Western world, we have a pronounced affinity for understanding time as something ultimately simple. Despite our recognition of the differences in subjective perception of the passing of intervals, we tacitly affirm that time itself must objectively follow a comprehensible structure of unidirectional flow which, like the commonly cited river metaphor, begins at one point and is definitively moving towards another. Thanks especially to the Judeo-Christian model of history plowing inevitably towards a conclusion at the end of days, even in the absence of direct religious influence, our intuitive understanding of time remains linear. We see this model addressed and contested by metaphysicians throughout the ages, but only rarely do we glimpse a philosophy that is able to cogently upturn this intuitively correct ideal. -
KRITERION | Journal of Philosophy
KRITERION JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY Volume 30, Issue 2 2016 Special issue: New Developments in Philosophy of Time Guest edited by Florian Fischer Florian Fischer: Philosophy of time: A slightly opinionated intro- duction ............................................................3 Jesse M. Mulder: Defining Original Presentism . 29 Florian Fischer: Carnap's Logic of Science and Reference to the Present Moment ..............................................61 Cord Friebe: Time Order, Time Direction, and the Presentist's View on Spacetime ................................................91 Sonja Deppe: The Mind-Dependence of the Relational Structure of Time (or: What Henri Bergson Would Say to B-theorists) . 107 Pamela Zinn: Lucretius On Time and Its Perception . .125 EDITORIAL KRITERION { Journal of Philosophy is a forum for contributions in any field of analytic philosophy. We welcome submissions of previously unpublished papers, not under consideration for publication anywhere else. Submissions are reviewed in double-blind peer review mode. Con- tributions should meet the following conditions: (1) The content must be philosophical. (2) The language must be intelligible to a broader readership. (3) The contribution must contain a traceable argumentation. The length should be between 4000 and 8000 words. Only contributions in English (preferred) and German are accepted. IMPRESSUM Editors-in-Chief: Christian J. Feldbacher-Escamilla, Alexander Gebharter Editorial Board: Albert J. J. Anglberger, Laurenz Hudetz, Christine Schurz, Christian Wallmann Address: Franziskanergasse 1, 5020 Salzburg, Austria. E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.kriterion-journal-of-philosophy.org Indexing: KRITERION { Journal of Philosophy is indexed and abstracted by The Philosopher's Index and EBSCOhost Humanities Source. Infor- mation about the journal's ranking is available at SJR. The journal was also approved of satisfying the ERIH (European Reference Index for the Humanities) criteria: ERIH PLUS. -
Relativity and Three Four Dimensionalism
Relativity and Three Four-Dimensionalisms Abstract: Relativity theory is often said to support something called ‘the four-dimensional view of reality’. But there are at least three different views that sometimes go by this name. One is the B-theory of time, according to which the past, present, and future are all equally real and there is nothing metaphysically special about the present. A second is ‘spacetime unitism’ (as we call it), according to which there is a spacetime manifold, and if there are such things points of space or instants of time, these are just spacetime regions of different sorts: thus space and time are not separate manifolds. A third is perdurantism, according to which persisting material objects (rocks, trees, human beings) are made up of different temporal parts located at different times. We sketch routes from relativity to the B-theory and to unitism. We then discuss some routes to perdurantism, via the B-theory and via unitism. Introduction Relativity theory1 is often said to support something called ‘the four-dimensional view’ of reality. But there are three independent views that go by this name: (i) spacetime unitism, as we call it, according to which spacetime is more fundamental than space or time, and points of space and instants of time, if they exist at all, are just spacetime regions of different sorts; (ii) the B-theory of time, according to which the past, present and future are all equally real and there is nothing objectively special about the present; and (iii) perdurantism, according to which material objects are four-dimensional wholes made up of different temporal parts. -
Forthcoming in Time and Identity: Topics in Contemporary Philosophy
Time and Identity: Topics in Contemporary Philosophy, Vol. 6, Michael O’Rourke, Joseph Campbell, and Harry Silverstein, eds. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2009). Temporal Reality Lynne Rudder Baker University of Massachusetts Amherst Nonphilosophers, if they think of philosophy at all, wonder why people work in metaphysics. After all, metaphysics, as Auden once said of poetry, makes nothing happen.1 Yet some very intelligent people are driven to spend their lives exploring metaphysical theses. Part of what motivates metaphysicians is the appeal of grizzly puzzles (like the paradox of the heap or the puzzle of the ship of Theseus). But the main reason to work in metaphysics, for me at least, is to understand the shared world that we all encounter and interact with. And the shared world that we all encounter includes us self-conscious beings and our experience. The world that we inhabit is unavoidably a temporal world: the signing of the Declaration of Independence is later than the Lisbon earthquake; the Cold War is in the past; your death is in the future. There is no getting away from time. The ontology of time is currently dominated by two theories: Presentism, according to which “only currently existing objects are real,”2 and Eternalism, according to which “past and future objects and times are just as real as currently existing ones.”3 In my opinion, neither Presentism nor Eternalism yields a satisfactory ontology of time. Presentism seems both implausible on its face and in conflict with the Special Theory of Relativity, and Eternalism gives us no handle on time as universally experienced in terms of an ongoing now.