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An Interesting Case of Acute Asymptomatic Lead Perforation of a Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker

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An Interesting Case of Acute Asymptomatic Lead Perforation of a Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13334 An Interesting Case of Acute Asymptomatic Lead Perforation of a Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker Anunay Gupta 1 , Sourabh Agstam 1 , Tushar Agarwal 1 , Sunil Verma 2 1. Cardiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, IND 2. Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND Corresponding author: Sunil Verma, [email protected] Abstract Acute complications of pacemaker implantation such as lead dislodgement, pneumothorax, and myocardial perforation are not uncommon. Management of these usually requires reintervention. We herein describe lead perforation after a single chamber pacemaker implantation, which was successfully managed conservatively. This case underscores that vigilant monitoring post lead perforation can avoid a redo procedure. Categories: Cardiac/Thoracic/Vascular Surgery, Cardiology, Radiology Keywords: impending pericardial effusion, pacemaker lead perforation, pacemaker lead displacement, pacemaker complication Introduction Acute complications such as lead dislodgement, pneumothorax, and myocardial perforation are not uncommon after pacemaker implantation. Lead perforation can be either early or late, and lead can perforate through the myocardium, into the epicardial space, pericardium, or chest wall [1]. Such perforations can sometimes be clinically occult and not accompanied by symptoms such as pain or pericardial effusion [2]. A chest X-ray in two different views is useful in demonstrating perforation but is limited by its inability to differentiate between the ventricular cavity, myocardium, and pericardium. A cardiac computed tomography (CT) is more reliable for lead tip identification. Such a case is usually managed by repositioning the leads at the desired position, at the risk of pericardial effusion, infection, and prolonged admission. We herein present a case of an 80-year-old gentleman who was managed conservatively following lead tip perforation into the left ventricular apex. Case Presentation An 80-year-old male presented in the emergency department with symptoms of recurrent syncope for one day. He was a chronic smoker with a smoking index of 200 pack years without any other comorbidities. At presentation, the pulse rate was 15/minute, blood pressure was 90/60 mmHg, and respiratory rate was Review began 10/05/2020 14/minute. The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showed complete atrioventricular dissociation with a heart Review ended 02/13/2021 rate of 15/minute, suggestive of complete heart block (CHB) (Figure 1). Published 02/14/2021 © Copyright 2021 Cardiac biomarkers were negative and after proper consent, he was taken up for single chamber permanent Gupta et al. This is an open access article pacemaker implantation (VVIR) Sensia SESR01 Implantable Pulse Generator (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, distributed under the terms of the USA) for symptomatic CHB due to financial constraints on part of the patient. The passive fixation lead Creative Commons Attribution License (tined lead) was used at the right ventricular apex for ease of positioning and atraumatic implantation. The CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any permanent pacemaker implantation procedure using a bipolar lead was uneventful with the optimal medium, provided the original author and achievement of lead parameters and lead position fluoroscopically. Postoperative EKG showed a left bundle source are credited. branch block with a heart rate of 60/minute, suggestive of right ventricular apical pacing (Figure 2A). The next day, ECG revealed a right bundle branch block heart rate of 60/minute, which was suggestive of left ventricular apical pacing (Figure 2B). How to cite this article Gupta A, Agstam S, Agarwal T, et al. (February 14, 2021) An Interesting Case of Acute Asymptomatic Lead Perforation of a Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker. Cureus 13(2): e13334. DOI 10.7759/cureus.13334 FIGURE 1: 12-lead-electrocardigram (ECG) showing complete atrio- ventricular dissociation with baseline heart rate of 15/minute, suggestive of complete heart block FIGURE 2: (A) 12-lead ECG showing left bundle branch block with left axis, suggestive of right ventricle apical pacing; (B) 12-lead ECG showing right bundle branch block with superior axis, suggestive of left ventricle apical pacing This raised the doubt of lead migration. Echocardiography revealed minimal pericardial effusion. CT scan showed the lead tip traversing intramyocardially through the right ventricular apex and lying near the left ventricular apex in the pericardial cavity (Figures 3A-3B). FIGURE 3: Non-contrast computed tomography of chest (oblique sagittal views) showing the lead tip (arrow) outside the right ventricular 2021 Gupta et al. Cureus 13(2): e13334. DOI 10.7759/cureus.13334 2 of 5 cavity and lying epicardially at the left ventricular apex in the pericardium Pacemaker interrogation revealed normal lead parameters in bipolar mode with R wave of 9.2 mV, Impedance of 680 ohms and threshold of 0.9 V at 0.4ms pulse width. There was no evidence of phrenic nerve capture. At this stage, there were two options either to reposition the intramyocardially impacted bipolar lead (with the risk of cardiac tamponade and subsequent consequences like infection and prolonged admission) or to manage the patient conservatively with close monitoring of lead position and parameters. After discussion with the patient, we opted for the second option and were able to discharge the patient after 10 days of monitoring and mobilizing him completely. After 12 months of follow-up, the patient is fine with excellent lead parameters and no pericardial effusion. Discussion Symptomatic pacemaker lead perforation in the right atrium or right ventricle is uncommon, with an incidence of 0.1%-0.8% [1,2]. However, asymptomatic lead perforation as detected by CT scan occurs in 15% of patients, with a higher incidence in atrial leads as compared to ventricular leads [3]. Symptomatic perforations can present with chest pain, pneumothorax, hemopneumothorax, pneumopericardium, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and death [4-6]. The patient can present with vague chest pain radiating to the neck and shoulder, mistaken as musculoskeletal rather than pericarditic pain leading to delayed diagnosis [7,8]. Pacing parameters like capture threshold and sensing threshold may change depending on the new position of the lead tip. Syncope, heart failure, and cardiac arrest can occur following failure to pace. The causes of lead perforation are multifactorial. The pacemaker lead-related factors are excessive loop or tension on the passive fixation lead; an excessive number of turns to deploy the full helix and rotating faster than 1/second are risk factors in active fixation lead. Atrial leads, implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads, leads with a small diameter or a small tip surface-as well as the excessive length of the electrode are other risk factors. Patient factors include the thinner, dilated cardiac chambers, recent episode of myocardial infarction, temporary leads, steroid use, low body mass index (<20kg/m²), older age, female gender, and concomitant anticoagulation therapy [9]. A chest X-ray in the posterior-anterior and lateral view helps identify the position of lead but it cannot differentiate between the ventricular cavity, myocardium, and pericardium. Transthoracic echocardiography is an easily available non-invasive modality and can be diagnostic [10,11]. CT scan is currently the gold standard in the diagnosis of lead perforation [12,13]. The star artifact, related to the imaging of the metal implant, surrounding the electrode tip sometimes makes it difficult to precisely identify the lead tip. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not recommended for detecting lead perforation due to concerns about catastrophic complications, especially in older devices. However, with new generations of MRI-conditional devices, this imaging modality, with fewer lead artifacts compared with CT, may become the gold standard for the detection of lead perforation in the future. Currently, it is only performed with safety protocols in patients with other definite indications for MRI [14]. Surgical removal of the perforating leads is usually considered as the preferred strategy [5,15]. Atrial lead perforation usually requires open drainage. Percutaneous transvenous extraction with surgical backup is also a feasible option [6,16]. Acute lead perforation, which occurs during or shortly after implantation (<24 hours), maybe hemodynamically unstable and thus requires consideration for emergency treatment [6]. One study has reported altered lead parameters in 16 cases out of 18 patients with lead perforation and extracted all the leads [17]. Patients with asymptomatic lead perforations also show altered lead electrical parameters, necessitating removal and repositioning [17]. The extraction of a perforated lead in the asymptomatic patient even with abnormal lead parameters is not mandatory when the risks of repositioning outweighed the potential benefits in high-risk patients with comorbidities [18]. Lead parameters may or may not be significantly different between perforated and non-perforated leads [3,17]. Similarly, there was no significant change in lead parameters and impedance in our case, and should not be used as a parameter to rule out lead perforation. The plausible reason being that the lead anode is still in contact with the endocardium and the cathode is in contact with the epicardium
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