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16 the Heart
Physiology Unit 3 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY: THE HEART Cardiac Muscle • Conducting system – Pacemaker cells – 1% of cells make up the conducting system – Specialized group of cells which initiate the electrical current which is then conducted throughout the heart • Myocardial cells (cardiomyocytes) • Autonomic Innervation – Heart Rate • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic regulation • �1 receptors (ADRB1), M-ACh receptors – Contractility • Sympathetic stimulus • Effects on stroke volume (SV) Electrical Synapse • Impulses travel from cell to cell • Gap junctions – Adjacent cells electrically coupled through a channel • Examples – Smooth and cardiac muscles, brain, and glial cells. Conducting System of the Heart • SA node is the pacemaker of the heart – Establishes heart rate – ANS regulation • Conduction Sequence: – SA node depolarizes – Atria depolarize – AV node depolarizes • Then a 0.1 sec delay – Bundle of His depolarizes – R/L bundle branches depolarize – Purkinje fibers depolarize Sinus Rhythm: – Ventricles depolarize Heartbeat Dance Conduction Sequence Electrical Events of the Heart • Electrocardiogram (ECG) – Measures the currents generated in the ECF by the changes in many cardiac cells • P wave – Atrial depolarization • QRS complex – Ventricular depolarization – Atrial repolarization • T wave – Ventricular repolarization • U Wave – Not always present – Repolarization of the Purkinje fibers AP in Myocardial Cells • Plateau Phase – Membrane remains depolarized – L-type Ca2+ channels – “Long opening” calcium channels – Voltage gated -
NO-1886 Decreases Ectopic Lipid Deposition and Protects Pancreatic Cells in Diet-Induced Diabetic Swine
399 NO-1886 decreases ectopic lipid deposition and protects pancreatic cells in diet-induced diabetic swine W Yin*,1,2,5, D Liao*,1,2, M Kusunoki6,SXi1, K Tsutsumi3, Z Wang1, X Lian1, T Koike4, J Fan4, Y Yang5 and C Tang5 1Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nanhua University School of Life Sciences and Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China 2Department of Pathophysiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical College, Changsha, Hunan, China 3Research and Development, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory Inc., Tokushima, Japan 4Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan 5Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Nanhua University Medical School, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China 6Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute-cho, Aichigunte, Aichi 480-11, Japan (Requests for offprints should be addressed to W Yin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanhua University School of Life Sciences and Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Email: [email protected]) *W Yin and D Liao contributed equally to this paper Abstract The synthetic compound NO-1886 (ibrolipim) is a lipo- skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas, and also caused pan- protein lipase activator that has been proven to be highly creatic cell damage. However, supplementing 1% NO- effective in lowering plasma triglycerides. Recently, we 1886 (200 mg/kg per day) into the high-fat/high-sucrose found that NO-1886 also reduced plasma free fatty acids diet decreased ectopic lipid deposition, improved insulin and glucose in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced dia- resistance, and alleviated the cell damage. These results betic rabbits. -
Pacemakers and Impla
Embargoed for release until approved by ASA House of Delegates. No part of this document may be released, distributed or reprinted until approved. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, appropriation or communication of the contents of this document without the express written consent of the American Society of Anesthesiologists is subject to civil and criminal prosecution to the fullest extent possible, including punitive damages Practice Advisory for the Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators 2020 An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices* 1 PRACTICE advisories are systematically developed reports that are intended to assist decision- 2 making in areas of patient care. Advisories provide a synthesis of scientific literature and analysis of 3 expert opinion, clinical feasibility data, open forum commentary, and consensus surveys. Practice 4 advisories developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) are not intended as standards, 5 guidelines, or absolute requirements, and their use cannot guarantee any specific outcome. They may be 6 adopted, modified, or rejected according to clinical needs and constraints, and they are not intended to 7 replace local institutional policies. 8 Practice advisories summarize the state of the literature and report opinions obtained from expert 9 consultants and ASA members. They are not supported by scientific literature to the same degree as 10 standards or guidelines because of the lack of sufficient numbers of adequately controlled studies. 11 Practice advisories are subject to periodic revision as warranted by the evolution of medical knowledge, 12 technology, and practice. -
Study Protocol C31002 Protocol a M End Ment 2
Title: Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Effect of MLN0128 on the QTc Interval in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors NCT Number: NCT02197572 Protocol Approve Date: 28 November 2017 Certain information within this protocol has been redacted (ie, specific content is masked irreversibly from view with a black/blue bar) to protect either personally identifiable information (PPD) or company confidential information (CCI). This may include, but is not limited to, redaction of the following: Named persons or organizations associated with the study. Proprietary information, such as scales or coding systems, which are considered confidential information under prior agreements with license holder. Other information as needed to protect confidentiality of Takeda or partners, personal information, or to otherwise protect the integrity of the clinical study. M L N 0 1 2 8 Clinical Study Protocol C31002 Protocol A m end ment 2 CLINICAL STUDY PROTOCOL C31002 PROTOCOL A MEND MENT 2 M L N 0 1 2 8 A P h as e 1 St u d y t o E v al u at e t h e Eff e ct of M L N 0 1 2 8 o n t h e Q T c I nt er v al i n P ati e nts Wit h Advanced Solid Tu mors Protocol Nu mber: C 3 1 0 0 2 Indication: Ad vanced solid tu mors P h as e: 1 S p o ns o r: Mill e n ni u m P h ar m a c e uti c als, I n c. Eudra CT Nu mber: N ot a p pli c a bl e Therapeutic Area: O n c o l og y Protocol History Ori gi n al 29 October 2013 Protocol A mend ment 1 26 June 2014 Protocol A mend ment 2 28 Nove mber 2017 Mill e n ni u m P h ar m a c e uti c als, I n c. -
Ct Scan- Upper and Lower Extremities
CT SCAN- UPPER AND LOWER Smithfield Imaging 919-938-7190 Clayton Imaging 919-585-8450 EXTREMITIES Scheduling 919-938-7449 WHAT IS A CT SCAN OF THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES? Extremity CT scans are taken of the bones and soft tissue of the following: arms, legs, hips, pelvis, feet, ankles, wrists, and shoulders. These CT images are far more detailed than those obtained from conventional x-rays. The scan is also used as a diagnostic tool because of its ability to display different types of tissue in the same region, including bone, muscle, soft tissue, and blood vessels. These scans evaluate for unexplained pain or swelling, trauma, a known mass, infection and questionable fractures. HOW IT WORKS Your physician may order this test with or without a contrast agent depending on your diagnosis. If contrast material is used, it will be injected through an intravenous line (IV). The contrast is an iodinated contrast so please inform the technologist if you are allergic to iodine or any type of contrast agent. Please inform the technologist if you are pregnant. Many imaging tests are not preformed during pregnancy. Please be advised of the following information before receiving any contrast agent. If you have ever had an allergic reaction to any contrast agent, you may require a steroid prep the day before the test. Please consult your physician in regards to the steroid prep. If you are age 40 or older or a diabetic; you will need labs drawn prior to your contrasted exam. Please consult your physician in regards to these labs. -
Download the Final Guidance Document
Guidance for Industry: New Contrast Imaging Indication Considerations for Devices and Approved Drug and Biological Products Additional copies are available from: Office of Combination Products, HFG-3 Office of the Commissioner Food and Drug Administration 15800 Crabbs Branch Way Rockville, MD 20855 (Tel) 301-427-1934 (Fax) 301-427-1935 http://www.fda.gov/oc/combination U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Office of Combination Products (OCP) in Office of the Commissioner Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) December 2009 Contains Nonbinding Recommendations TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 3 II. SCOPE ............................................................................................................................... 4 III. TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 4 IV. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 5 V. GENERAL PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................... 6 VI. WHAT TYPE OF MARKETING SUBMISSION TO PROVIDE............................. 10 VII. ILLUSTRATIONS FOR WHEN A DEVICE SUBMISSION (510(K) OR PMA) IS SUFFICIENT AND AN NDA SUBMISSION IS NOT NECESSARY ...................... 12 VIII. ILLUSTRATIONS -
Use of Biodegradable, Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Alzheimer’S Disease
molecules Review Use of Biodegradable, Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Eniko Manek 1, Ferenc Darvas 2 and Georg A. Petroianu 1,* 1 College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi POB 12 77 88, UAE; [email protected] 2 Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA; ferenc.darvas@fiu.edu * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Cyrille Boyer Received: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 16 October 2020; Published: 21 October 2020 Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 24 million people worldwide and represents an immense medical, social and economic burden. While a vast array of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is available for the prevention and possibly treatment of AD, applicability is limited by the selective nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as by their severe peripheral side effects. A promising solution to these problems is the incorporation of anti-Alzheimer drugs in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). However, while several polymeric NPs are nontoxic and biocompatible, many of them are not biodegradable and thus not appropriate for CNS-targeting. Among polymeric nanocarriers, chitosan-based NPs emerge as biodegradable yet stable vehicles for the delivery of CNS medications. Furthermore, due to their mucoadhesive character and intrinsic bioactivity, chitosan NPs can not only promote brain penetration of drugs via the olfactory route, but also act as anti-Alzheimer therapeutics themselves. Here we review how chitosan-based NPs could be used to address current challenges in the treatment of AD; with a specific focus on the enhancement of blood-brain barrier penetration of anti-Alzheimer drugs and on the reduction of their peripheral side effects. -
Iodinated Contrast Agents and Diabetes
RECOMMENDATION FOR THE USE OF CONTRAST MEDIA IODINATED CONTRAST AGENTS AND DIABETES PRESENTATION There is 3 problems with the diabetic patient: fasting, renal failure, and ongoing medication (insulin, oral antidiabetic, metformin). fasting can cause hypoglycaemic accidents. Renal failure can be worsened by the injection of a contrast agent. Metformin exposes to the risk of lactic acidosis by diminution of renal clea- rance in case of ICM induced nephropathy. GENERAL ADVICE Have at hand a recent serum creatinine level test (less than 3 months old in the absence of intercurrent events). Use low osmolality agents. Keep the patient hydrated: orally = 2 litres of sodium rich water in the 24 hours preceding and follo- wing contrast medium injection. parenterally: 100ml per hour of saline isotonic serum or bicarbonated isotonic serum in the 12 hours to and after the injection of ICM. PATIENTS ON INSULIN Insulin therapy should not be discontinued. Fasting should be avoided. However, in cases where it is recommended, put on a perfusion of glucose until the fast is broken, and do the examination as early as possible. Fasting should not exceed 6 hours. 1 Version 2 - Avril 2005 CIRTACI - RECOMMENDATION FOR THE USE OF CONTRAST MEDIA IODINATED CONTRAST AGENTS AND DIABETES PATIENTS ON DERIVATIVES OF METFORMIN Meftformin is the most common of oral antidiabetic drugs. The active princi- ple is not metabolized and is eliminated via the kidneys. Elimination is complete in 48 hours. Metformin is contraindicated in cases of renal insufficiency. Accumulation of the drug can induce lactic acidosis when contrast medium induced renal failure happens (in the 48 hours following the injection). -
ACR Manual on Contrast Media
ACR Manual On Contrast Media 2021 ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media Preface 2 ACR Manual on Contrast Media 2021 ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media © Copyright 2021 American College of Radiology ISBN: 978-1-55903-012-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Page 1. Preface 1 2. Version History 2 3. Introduction 4 4. Patient Selection and Preparation Strategies Before Contrast 5 Medium Administration 5. Fasting Prior to Intravascular Contrast Media Administration 14 6. Safe Injection of Contrast Media 15 7. Extravasation of Contrast Media 18 8. Allergic-Like And Physiologic Reactions to Intravascular 22 Iodinated Contrast Media 9. Contrast Media Warming 29 10. Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Contrast 33 Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Adults 11. Metformin 45 12. Contrast Media in Children 48 13. Gastrointestinal (GI) Contrast Media in Adults: Indications and 57 Guidelines 14. ACR–ASNR Position Statement On the Use of Gadolinium 78 Contrast Agents 15. Adverse Reactions To Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media 79 16. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) 83 17. Ultrasound Contrast Media 92 18. Treatment of Contrast Reactions 95 19. Administration of Contrast Media to Pregnant or Potentially 97 Pregnant Patients 20. Administration of Contrast Media to Women Who are Breast- 101 Feeding Table 1 – Categories Of Acute Reactions 103 Table 2 – Treatment Of Acute Reactions To Contrast Media In 105 Children Table 3 – Management Of Acute Reactions To Contrast Media In 114 Adults Table 4 – Equipment For Contrast Reaction Kits In Radiology 122 Appendix A – Contrast Media Specifications 124 PREFACE This edition of the ACR Manual on Contrast Media replaces all earlier editions. -
Medicare National Coverage Determinations Manual, Part 1
Medicare National Coverage Determinations Manual Chapter 1, Part 1 (Sections 10 – 80.12) Coverage Determinations Table of Contents (Rev. 10838, 06-08-21) Transmittals for Chapter 1, Part 1 Foreword - Purpose for National Coverage Determinations (NCD) Manual 10 - Anesthesia and Pain Management 10.1 - Use of Visual Tests Prior to and General Anesthesia During Cataract Surgery 10.2 - Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Acute Post- Operative Pain 10.3 - Inpatient Hospital Pain Rehabilitation Programs 10.4 - Outpatient Hospital Pain Rehabilitation Programs 10.5 - Autogenous Epidural Blood Graft 10.6 - Anesthesia in Cardiac Pacemaker Surgery 20 - Cardiovascular System 20.1 - Vertebral Artery Surgery 20.2 - Extracranial - Intracranial (EC-IC) Arterial Bypass Surgery 20.3 - Thoracic Duct Drainage (TDD) in Renal Transplants 20.4 – Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) 20.5 - Extracorporeal Immunoadsorption (ECI) Using Protein A Columns 20.6 - Transmyocardial Revascularization (TMR) 20.7 - Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) (Various Effective Dates Below) 20.8 - Cardiac Pacemakers (Various Effective Dates Below) 20.8.1 - Cardiac Pacemaker Evaluation Services 20.8.1.1 - Transtelephonic Monitoring of Cardiac Pacemakers 20.8.2 - Self-Contained Pacemaker Monitors 20.8.3 – Single Chamber and Dual Chamber Permanent Cardiac Pacemakers 20.8.4 Leadless Pacemakers 20.9 - Artificial Hearts And Related Devices – (Various Effective Dates Below) 20.9.1 - Ventricular Assist Devices (Various Effective Dates Below) 20.10 - Cardiac -
Atrioventricular Conduction in Patients with Clinical Indications for Transvenous Cardiac Pacing1
British Heart Journal, 1975, 37, 583-592. Atrioventricular conduction in patients with clinical indications for transvenous cardiac pacing1 Stafford I. Cohen, L. Kent Smith, Julian M. Aoresty, Panagiotis Voukydis, and Eugene Morkin From the Cardiac Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Eighty patients with clinical indications for cardiac pacing had atrioventricular conduction analysed by His bundle study. The indicationsfor cardiac pacing included high grade atrioventricular block, sick sinus node syndrome without tachycardia, bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, unstable bilateral bundle-branch block, and uncontrolled ventricular irritability. Complete heart block, Wenckebach block (Mobitz I), and 2:i block were notedproximal and distal to the His bundle. Mobitz II block only occurred distal to the His bundle. Ofspecial interest were the high incidence ofdistal conduction abnormalities by His bundle analysis (40/80, 5o%), the re-establishment ofnormal atrio- ventricular conduction in acutely ill patients with recent evidence of heart block, and the high incidence of intraventricular conduction disturbances on standard electrocardiogram (48/8o, 60%). Intensive study of atrioventricular conduction by occurring electrophysiological data in this large His bundle analysis has been performed in a variety group of patients in clinical need of pacemakers of patient populations. In many instances studies constitutes the substance of this report. The data were electively undertaken in patients who had should be representative of the cardiac conduction never been threatened by a compromising cardiac abnormalities which present in a general hospital. arrhythmia. In addition, abnormalities of atrio- ventricular conduction were frequently achieved by Subjects and methods pacemaker-induced acceleration of the atrial rate. -
The Miniaturization of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities
micromachines Review The Miniaturization of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities Richard G. Trohman *, Henry D. Huang and Parikshit S. Sharma Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; [email protected] (H.D.H.); [email protected] (P.S.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-312-942-2887 Received: 26 August 2019; Accepted: 17 September 2019; Published: 21 September 2019 Abstract: The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by an unprecedented fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres, continues the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices. In this manuscript, we outline the way cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) have evolved into remarkably smaller units with greatly enhanced applicability and capabilities. Keywords: implantable cardioverter defibrillators; cardiac pacing; cardiac resynchronization therapy; implantable heart failure sensor; implantable loop recorder 1. Introduction The Fourth Industrial Revolution [1], characterized by an unprecedented fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres, continues the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices [2]. In this manuscript, we outline the way cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) have evolved into remarkably smaller units with greatly enhanced applicability and capabilities. 2. Prevention of Sudden Death The current annual incidence of sudden cardiac death in the United States is in the range of 180,000 to 450,000 per year [3,4]. Although the prevalence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias as the etiology has declined, they remain the most common cause of cardiac arrest [3].