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California; Istanbul; and Copenhagen. Many of these moves were the result of the turbulent times in Germany early in his career. Arthur R. von Hippel, Coming from a strong academic back- ground, with a father and grandfather who had been successful university pro- fessors—and a Nobel Laureate father-in- In Memoriam law, James Franck—von Hippel had a passion, a vision, and an opportunity to do something important upon his arrival (1898–2003): at MIT in 1936. His experiences in fleeing his home to escape from Nazi Germany and the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe triggered von Hippel to do im- A Tribute to the portant scientific work to curtail and counteract the technological strength of the Nazis. The United States was just be- ginning to ramp up its military strength, Interdisciplinary and von Hippel was eager to participate personally and through his laboratory in the science and technology explosion of that time. The environment of MIT during Materials Research the war years turned researchers toward goal-oriented, large programs. It was also a time when relatively young and capable people could assume large responsibilities. He Spawned Von Hippel flourished in this environment. To do insulation research at the cutting M.S. Dresselhaus and P.Chaudhari, edge in the 1930s required expertise span- ning several academic fields, including Guest Editors materials preparation, characterization, properties measurements, and device ap- plications. The strong emphasis on funda- Abstract mental science as a scaffold for building an interdisciplinary program came both This article introduces the November 2005 issue of MRS Bulletin on the life and works from von Hippel’s early training and from of Arthur Robert von Hippel, who pioneered the interdisciplinary approach to materials the realization during World War II that research. This issue of MRS Bulletin celebrates his long life, his large volume of work, many of the innovative and high-impact, and the overall impact he had on materials research as practiced today.This introductory large programs involved the development article summarizes the start and progression of the various fields presented in this issue, of much fundamental science to allow and how many were inspired directly by von Hippel’s work and ways, and how new fields breakthrough technological advances— continue to emerge based on the same foundations of interdisciplinarity.The articles in like radar and the Manhattan Project—to this issue cover research areas in which von Hippel was involved, namely, ferroelectrics occur. The MIT setting of highly capable and magnetism; fields that thrived on an interdisciplinary approach that von Hippel personnel (students and staff) further rein- represented, such as semiconductors; and areas that reflect his own vision about mate- forced this approach. Von Hippel’s vehicle rials research and interests later in life, including molecular design and biomaterials. was the Laboratory for Insulation Re- Before the scientific work is presented, the issue begins with a personal sketch of von search (LIR), which he established in 1937. Hippel, contributed by his son Frank N. von Hippel. Not only was the interdisciplinary as- pect of the LIR a novel vision of the future, Keywords: Arthur von Hippel, biomaterials, ferroelectrics, insulation research, but von Hippel’s interest in studying a interdisciplinary, magnetism, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, materials research, large variety of different kinds of mate- MIT, molecular design, semiconductors. rials also became part of his vision. Com- ing from the Department of Electrical Engineering, von Hippel applied his knowledge of this type of interdisciplinary It can be said that when Arthur Robert several areas of applied physics, dating engineering to a variety of materials, such von Hippel joined the faculty of the Mass- from his PhD thesis completion in 1924, as conductors of electricity, insulators, and achusetts Institute of Technology in 1936, including the sputtering of metals, the ion- magnetic materials. His colleagues the era of interdisciplinary materials re- ization characteristics of mercury atoms watched his interest in different categories search was born. Karl Taylor Compton, caused by electron impact, electric break- of materials grow over the years; toward the then president of MIT, was a visionary, down of gases, and high-voltage phenom- end of his career, he became enamored with and he attracted people who could “think ena. He had also worked in many settings water (which he considered the basis of life) big” and be leaders. At the time of his ap- around the world, including Göttingen and biological materials, which fascinated pointment, von Hippel had experience in and Jena in his native Germany; Berkeley, him as he asked the recurring question

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the interdisciplinary research practiced LIR in his youth, thereby providing per- there. sonal insights into the discovery process The first technical article, by Robert E. in von Hippel’s laboratory. In this article, Newnham and L. Eric Cross, is on ferro- the authors trace the evolution of the fer- electrics—insulators with strong and roelectric BaTiO3 into a broader class of permanent electric polarizations—a field dielectric and piezoelectric materials and that von Hippel influenced strongly at their use in a variety of applications the very early stage of its development. ranging from capacitors to transducers. We Von Hippel’s entry into the field stemmed note the interplay between fundamental from his strong commitment to develop- science and applications in von Hippel’s ing more effective insulating materials. laboratory, so characteristic of materials Therefore, materials with the potential science as we see it today. of achieving very high dielectric con- The second technical article is written stants would hold great interest for him. by John B. Goodenough, a luminary in the Von Hippel’s ground-breaking work on magnetism field who got to know von Hippel the ceramic ferroelectric BaTiO3 brought at an early stage of Goodenough’s own him international fame and led to the career, with interactions between the two golden years of the LIR, corresponding men continuing long after von Hippel’s Arthur von Hippel at age 100; photo roughly to the decade before von Hippel’s retirement. The article focuses on the taken by his grandson, photographer retirement in 1964. Through his research structural and magnetic properties of Jonas A. Kahn (www.jonaskahn.com). efforts on BaTiO3, we see his scholarship ferrospinels and to some extent on gar- and his vision for understanding the be- nets, which saw significant activity at the about what was different between a “liv- havior of materials at the molecular level, LIR during the 1950s. In this work, we get ing” material and an inanimate material. his interdisciplinary approach to carrying a glimpse of the importance of the quality With this issue of MRS Bulletin, we cele- out the research itself, gaining detailed of materials, typified by a single crystal of brate the long life, the large volume of control of the materials synthesis process, Fe3O4, in establishing the underlying work, and the overall impact of Arthur characterizing the materials from several mechanism of a variety of magnetic phe- von Hippel on materials research. Because complementary standpoints, and then nomena. But beyond that, we see the of the many similarities in the vision of using all this knowledge to make devices breadth of interest of von Hippel and of von Hippel and the goals of the Materials that would have some impact on society. his colleagues and how they worked to- Research Society as embodied and ex- The authors chosen to write the article are gether at his laboratory. The ferrospinels pressed in MRS Bulletin, we also celebrate both long-term experts in the field, and von Hippel studied were insulating, and the 30th anniversary of the Bulletin Newnham himself was a member of the in that sense fit into the framework of his this year. In choosing the content of the issue to celebrate the life and work of von Hippel, we selected articles and au- thors in a special way. First, we have a short biography written by his third son, Frank N. von Hippel, that is intended to acquaint readers with the warmth and motivation of the man behind the science and the technology. We selected the personal sketch to come first because Arthur von Hippel ap- proached his scientific collaborators first with a cup of tea and cookies. Before start- ing serious work, he liked to strengthen personal relations and to discuss the big picture in a gracious atmosphere. He also wanted to be sure that his colleagues were enjoying music and art and getting enough exercise. His concern for people went far beyond his MIT collaborators, and all who knew Arthur knew about the many care packages he and his wife Dagmar sent to people abroad who were recovering from the ravages of the war years or simply to those in need. These personal aspects of von Hippel strongly affected the mutual and long-term dedica- tion he developed with his collaborators. Frank N. von Hippel focuses on the warm surroundings of the von Hippel family, but also conveys the spill-over of this am- “The Prof”: Arthur von Hippel with students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, biance to the von Hippel laboratory and to circa late 1950s.

MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 30 • NOVEMBER 2005 831 Arthur R. von Hippel: A Tribute to Interdisciplinary Materials Research

laboratory, but the science and applica- involvement in device development stem- typified by the brief description given in tions of the programs took him far afield ming from the basic science. When enter- Goodenough’s article, can trace their roots from dielectric breakdown phenomena ing a new field with uncertain outcomes, to the work done in von Hippel’s laboratory. and into a totally unexplored realm. At- he would often say to his colleagues, “We Semiconductors was selected as the tracted by the possibility of using mag- will not be intimidated!” subject of the third technical article, be- netic materials to store information in a The field of magnetism, driven by the cause when we look back to the timeframe computer, and encouraged by the similar- electrical and computer industries, has of post–World War II materials research, ities of cooperative phenomena in ferro- grown exponentially; magnetic storage, we tend to focus on the semiconductor electricity and ferromagnetism, von radiation-hard magnetic bubble memo- revolution. We chose a long-term expert in Hippel was ready to dive into new ries, and high-field and high-coercivity the semiconductor field, Alan B. Fowler, to intellectual areas, using a very similar in- magnets are a few of the examples requir- tell us why this field has been so impor- terdisciplinary research approach involv- ing a strong interdisciplinary program tant to materials research and to give us ing materials synthesis, study by multiple for their success. Our understanding insights into both why von Hippel was characterization techniques, and finally and control of materials and properties, not himself working in this field and why

The MRS Von Hippel Award

Arthur R. von Hippel was “a pioneer Rustum Roy of the Pennsylvania State in the study of dielectrics, semiconduc- University, who was serving as president tors, ferromagnetics, and ferroelectrics.” of the MRS Council in 1975 and as vice So reads the citation on the Materials Re- president of MRS, also remembers the search Society’s first Von Hippel Award, desire within the Society to name an which was presented to von Hippel him- award after someone who embodied self in 1976 and in whose honor the pre- what MRS stood for, mainly, interdisci- mier award of MRS was named. With plinarity. Roy said that the interdiscipli- this award, MRS recognized von Hippel nary nature of materials research is what as an early advocate of the interdiscipli- distinguishes it from other sciences and nary approach to materials research, stat- what distinguishes MRS from other pro- ing that “his example substantially fessional scientific societies. “The choice of von Hippel was explic- furthered the science of materials.” Up itly made for one reason alone,” Roy until 1984, von Hippel participated in said. “He was certainly the outstanding the Von Hippel Award presentations pioneer of interdisciplinarity in all of at MRS’s Fall Meetings, in which he American academia, and it was in the gave a short address (Figure 1), often re- area of materials, which made materials flecting on the interdisciplinary nature of the model for all interdisciplinarity in in- Figure 1. Arthur von Hippel in 1983, materials research. This year, Robert Langer, tellectual research.” addressing the audience during the Institute Professor at MIT, will receive the Jackson had connections with a scien- presentation of the Von Hippel Award 2005 Von Hippel Award, the 29th scientist tist at Union Carbide, where ruby laser at the MRS Fall Meeting in Boston. Von Hippel attended the annual to be so honored (see list of recipients). crystals were grown. The ruby laser Kenneth A. Jackson recalls that back presentation of the award that bears crystal (Figure 2) was chosen for the his name until 1984. in 1975, when he was vice president of Von Hippel Award trophy to symbolize the MRS Council and thus in charge of the many-faceted nature of materials the conference program, he had a con- research, and von Hippel himself liked ding the crystals in a Lucite pillar (Figure 3). versation with Rudy Voorhoeve over beautiful crystals. While the details are McGill continued to provide the trophy crys- lunch in the dining room of Bell Tele- somewhat sketchy after so many years, it tals for MRS—about three a year—for close to phone Laboratories where they both seems that a skilled polisher, Bill McGill, 30 years. worked. Jackson said that MRS should cut and polished discarded material on Jackson recalls that when the Von have an award named after a promi- his own time to create the ruby crystals Hippel Award was established, the nent materials scientist, and Voorhoeve for the awards. The crystals,ϳ 5 cm long crystals were a novelty—and are still suggested Arthur von Hippel. Being un- andϳ 2 cm in diameter, were sent to MRS not all that common. familiar with von Hippel’s work, Jackson Headquarters in small batches, and “The crystals themselves are the re- did some research and immediately each year a crystal was used in the sult of a fine example of materials work, agreed. He then took the suggestion to Von Hippel Award trophy. Initially, and they make a very nice presentation the MRS leadership, which then estab- the crystals were mounted on wooden gift,” Jackson said. “Von Hippel was a lished the award. plaques; in 1983, the Society began embed- pioneer in materials research, although

832 MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 30 • NOVEMBER 2005 Arthur R. von Hippel: A Tribute to Interdisciplinary Materials Research

his own interdisciplinary approach to ma- terdisciplinary effort. High-purity silicon delight in learning about what he called terials research is so strongly intertwined and other semiconductors with controlled “the wonders of modern materials sci- in developments in this field over the past doping and a precisely controlled silicon ence.” He was always ready to listen to 50 years. Fowler provides a succinct sum- dioxide interface are the basis of today’s the research innovations of advanced mary of the history of semiconductors and semiconductor technology. graduate students, young faculty mem- discusses how the lessons learned from Although von Hippel was not person- bers, and colleagues, especially if the work von Hippel’s work on multidisciplinary ally involved in research in the semicon- involved concepts that were new to him research were essential to the develop- ductor field, he was strongly attracted by and if the research had potential for bene- ment of this all-pervasive technology. the beautiful science emanating from this ficial societal applications. He was fasci- The integrated circuit and the multilayer research area and by the power of the elec- nated by semiconductor nanosystems, package, light-emitting diodes, solid-state tronic devices that resulted. In the 1970s, such as quantum wells, even in the 1970s, lasers, and flat-panel displays (whether when low-dimensional phenomena in for he foresaw in the future of the field a plasma or liquid-crystal-based) could semiconductors and intercalation com- deep understanding of materials at the never have been developed without an in- pounds were first emerging, he took great molecular level.

Von Hippel Award Recipients

1976 Arthur R. von Hippel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1978 William O. Baker, Bell Laboratories 1979 David Turnbull, Harvard University 1980 W. Conyers Herring, Stanford University 1981 James W. Mayer, Cornell University 1982 Clarence M. Zener, Carnegie Mellon University 1983 Sir Peter B. Hirsch, University of Oxford 1984 Walter L. Brown, AT&T Bell Laboratories 1985 John W. Cahn, National Bureau of Standards 1986 Minko Balkanski, Université Pierre et Marie Curie 1987 Sir Charles Frank, University of Bristol 1988 Jacques Friedel, Université de Paris-Sud 1989 John B. Goodenough, University of Texas at Austin 1990 Robert W. Balluffi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Figure 2. Ruby laser crystal prepared 1991 Theodore H. Geballe, Stanford University for the MRS Von Hippel Award trophy. 1992 Michael F. Ashby, University of Cambridge Length, ϳ5 cm. Photo by Kristin 1993 Frederick Seitz, Rockefeller University Wilson. 1994 Alfred Y. Cho, AT&T Bell Laboratories 1995 William W. Mullins, Carnegie Mellon University 1996 Sir Alan H. Cottrell, University of Cambridge 1997 Gabor A. Somorjai, University of California, Berkeley 1998 Larry L. Hench, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine 1999 Richard S. Stein, University of Massachusetts Amherst 2000 George M. Whitesides, Harvard University 2001 Simon C. Moss, University of Houston 2002 Howard K. Birnbaum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2003 Julia R. Weertman, Northwestern University 2004 Nick Holonyak Jr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2005 Robert Langer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

it was not called that then. He did most melts at 2072°C. The process requires very of his work on dielectrics and especially careful control so as not to melt the iridium.” oxide materials. The color in natural ruby comes “Sapphire is undoped aluminum oxide, from small amounts of elements such and ruby is chromium-doped aluminum as chromium, iron, titanium, or vana- oxide. Sapphire and ruby are very hard, dium. Laser ruby contains just a small durable, and of course, natural ruby is very amount of chromium, which is neces- expensive. Sapphire and ruby crystals are sary for the lasing action, and it is much Figure 3. The MRS Von Hippel Award very difficult to grow. The crystals are grown paler in color than natural ruby. Ruby trophy, showing a ruby laser crystal from molten aluminum oxide, which is held lasers are high-powered lasers, and are embedded in a Lucite pillar. in an iridium crucible. Aluminum oxide still used extensively. ■

MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 30 • NOVEMBER 2005 833 Arthur R. von Hippel: A Tribute to Interdisciplinary Materials Research

The topic of the fourth technical article, Samuel I. Stupp and his co-authors Jack est in the mechanism behind photosynthe- “Molecular Designing of Materials and J.J.M. Donners, Liang-shi Li, and Alvaro sis. Because of von Hippel’s knowledge and Devices,” by Morrel H. Cohen, was cho- Mata. This topic was chosen to demon- experience with a wide variety of mate- sen to reflect von Hippel’s own vision strate von Hippel’s vision toward the end rials, it was natural for him to think of about materials research. Von Hippel saw of his career of the direction materials dis- biomaterials as a mechanism for address- a future where fundamental understand- covery would take. Von Hippel spoke a ing some of the grand challenges of biol- ing at the molecular level would open an great deal about biomaterials in his later ogy. The article by Stupp et al. vividly endless frontier of new discovery and ap- years and pursued his own research inter- brings these concepts to life and ably cap- plications. In his later years, when indus- ests in this area with great enthusiasm. tures von Hippel’s visionary approach to trial business models were questioning the The objective of the article is to show materials research. concept of the endless frontier, von Hippel biomaterials to be a very promising new There is no doubt that Arthur von Hippel remained convinced of the value of heavy direction for materials research where changed the way we think about materials investment in basic research. He further much future discovery can be expected. and the way we carry out materials re- felt that the field of materials research was Biomaterials have two characteristics search investigations. The founders of the a model system for demonstrating the which often set them apart from other ma- Materials Research Society were in strong validity of his faith in basic research. To terials; one is the preponderance of hierar- agreement with von Hippel’s vision about convey this enthusiasm, vision, and docu- chical structures and the other is of the importance of interdisciplinary re- mented achievement, Cohen gives a emergent phenomena. Stupp and co- search. It is for this reason that we cele- summary of advances in theoretical and authors weave these themes into five re- brate the von Hippel vision every year as computational materials research over the search directions: materials to repair we recognize him and his legacy at the past 50 years and portrays how one break- human biology, materials that imitate biol- time of presenting the Von Hippel Award, through after another has brought us ogy, materials to monitor biology, mate- the most prestigious honor of the Materi- closer to the ability to design materials at rials to learn biology, and use of biology to als Research Society. To further commem- the molecular level so that they could pro- make materials. No doubt all of these themes orate the achievements and contributions vide the desired device applications re- would have inspired von Hippel, but it of Arthur von Hippel, the Society has quested by society. The pedagogic and was the use of materials to learn biology launched a Web site as a tribute to the man inspirational approach of the Cohen ar- that actually attracted him to the field. and the scientist behind the award: ticle is reminiscent of von Hippel and his Von Hippel was motivated by “grand http://vonhippel.mrs.org. It is with great legacy as a classroom teacher and a peda- challenges,” and the origin of life was one pleasure that we present the following gogic author. that was central to his thinking as a ma- articles celebrating von Hippel’s life and The last technical article, which ad- ture scientist, in part stimulated by his works. ■ dresses biomaterials, was contributed by father-in-law James Franck’s intense inter-

Mildred S. Dresselhaus, the Department of Elec- thermoelectricity. Guest Editor for this trical Engineering and Dresselhaus is a issue of MRS Bulletin, Computer Science in member of the National has been an Institute 1967, followed by the Academy of Sciences, Professor at the Massa- Department of Physics the National Academy chusetts Institute of in 1983, and finally her of Engineering, and the Technology since 1985. current position. She American Philosophical She received her under- also served as director of Society. She is a fellow graduate education at the Office of Science at of the American Acad- Hunter College in New the U.S. Department of emy of Arts and York City. After a year of Energy in 2000–2001 and Sciences, the American study at the University currently chairs the gov- Physical Society, IEEE, of Cambridge and erning board of the the Materials Research Mildred S. Dresselhaus Praveen Chaudhari another year at Harvard American Institute of Society, the Society of University, she com- Physics. Her research in- Women Engineers, the pleted her PhD degree terests are in experimen- American Association mittees and councils. issue of MRS Bulletin, at the University of tal solid-state physics, for the Advancement of She has received numer- has been the director of Chicago in 1958. Follow- particularly in carbon- Science, and the Ameri- ous awards, including Brookhaven National ing her doctoral studies, related materials and can Carbon Society. She the National Medal of Laboratory since 2003. she spent two years at novel forms of carbon, has served as president Science and 21 honorary He received his doctoral Cornell University as including fullerenes, of the American Physi- doctorates, and is the co- degree from the Massa- a National Science carbon nanotubes, cal Society, treasurer of author of four books on chusetts Institute of Foundation postdoctoral porous carbons, activated the National Academy carbon science. Technology in 1966. He fellow, and then seven carbons, and carbon of Sciences, president of Dresselhaus can be joined IBM Research the years as a staff member aerogels, as well as other the American Associa- reached by e-mail at same year and over the of the MIT Lincoln Lab- nanostructures such as tion for the Advance- [email protected]. years carried out re- oratory in the Solid State bismuth nanowires and ment of Science (AAAS), search in materials while Physics Division. She the use of nanostructures and a member of nu- Praveen Chaudhari, advancing to an ap- joined the MIT faculty in in low-dimensional merous advisory com- Guest Editor for this pointment as director in

834 MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 30 • NOVEMBER 2005 Arthur R. von Hippel: A Tribute to Interdisciplinary Materials Research

Morrel H. Cohen L. Eric Cross Jack J.J.M. Donners Alan B. Fowler John Bannister Goodenough 1981 and then vice presi- degree in 1948 from came a senior research Jack J.J.M. Donners is a dent of science in 1982. Dartmouth College and associate and professor postdoctoral fellow at 1958, he accepted a staff Chaudhari has served a PhD degree in physics of solid state science in the Institute for BioNano- position in the IBM Re- on numerous advisory in 1952 from the Univer- the Materials Research technology in Medicine search Division, where committees to universi- sity of California, Berkeley. Laboratory. His research at Northwestern Univer- he worked until 1993, ties, professional soci- His current research in- interests are in the field sity in Chicago. In 1998, leaving as an IBM fellow eties, and institutions terests include electronic of ferroelectric materials he received his master’s and having served in and is a member of the structure theory, first- and their applications as degree in chemistry various management National Academy of principles studies of dielectrics in capacitors (with R.J.M. Nolte) at positions over the years. Sciences, the National enzyme activity mecha- and as piezoelectric and the University of Fowler’s best-known Academy of Engineer- nisms, the foundations electrostrictive transduc- Nijmegen, the Nether- work was in 2D electron ing, and the American of chemical reactivity ers and actuators for lands; in 2002, he re- gases in MOSFETs. He Academy of Arts and theory in density func- medical ultrasound and ceived his PhD degree has received medals Sciences. He has won a tional theory, and undersea communica- in chemistry (with E.W. from APS, IEEE, and the number of awards, in- analyzing economic tion. His work on the Meijer) from the Franklin Institute, and cluding the National phenomena with statisti- phenomenology of Eindhoven University of he is a fellow of the Medal of Technology cal physics methods. He ferroelectricity and Technology. His current National Academy of (1995), presented by is a fellow of the Ameri- specifically on the research involves the Sciences, the National President Clinton. He can Physical Society and special group of materials application of self- Academy of Engineering, was executive secretary the American Associa- known as relaxor assembling peptide the American Academy of President Reagan’s tion for the Advance- ferroelectrics has amphiphile scaffolds of Arts and Sciences, Advisory Council on ment of Science, as well received international capable of growth-factor the Royal Society of Superconductivity (1988) as a member of the recognition. binding to stem cell London, the IEEE, and and a member of the National Academy of Cross is a member of differentiation. APS. National Commission Sciences. the National Academy Donners can be Fowler can be reached on Superconductivity Cohen can be reached of Engineering and a reached by e-mail at by e-mail at alnfwl@ that reported its findings by e-mail at mcohen@ fellow of the American j-donners@northwestern. aol.com. to President G.H.W. physics.rutgers.edu. Physical Society, ACerS, edu. Bush (1989). He has the IEEE, and the Ameri- John Bannister served on the U.S. L. Eric Cross is an Evan can Optical Society. He is Alan B. Fowler is now Goodenough is the National Critical Pugh Professor of elec- a member of the Defense fully retired, having Virginia H. Cockrell Technologies Panel trical engineering at the Sciences Research Coun- begun his career receiv- Centennial Chair of (1992 and 1993). Pennsylvania State cil, which is the senior ing BS and MS degrees Engineering and a profes- Chaudhari can be University. He received academic advisory group in physics from Rensse- sor in the departments reached by e-mail at BS and PhD degrees in to the Defense Ad- laer Polytechnic Institute of Mechanical Engineer- [email protected]. physics from Leeds vanced Research Pro- in 1951 and 1952, respec- ing and Electrical and University, where he jects Agency (DARPA). tively. He served in the Computer Engineering Morrel H. Cohen is a proceeded to become a He is also one of the two U.S. Army (1946–1948 at the University of Distinguished Scientist University Scholar, assis- permanent members of and 1952–1953); when Texas at Austin. He and member of the tant professor, and ICI the International Union he was recalled to the studied mathematics at graduate faculty in the fellow. He was also a of Pure and Applied Army, he was assigned Yale University, meteor- Department of Physics senior scientist at the Physics (IUPAP) advi- to the Signal Corps Lab- ology in U.S. Army Air and Astronomy at Rut- Electrical Research sory group on ferroelec- oratory at Camp Evans, Force cadet training, and gers University. He re- Association (ERA) in tricity. He has published N.J. He then moved on physics at the University ceived a BSc degree and England. Cross joined more than 650 articles to work part-time at of Chicago, receiving his an honorary DSc degree the faculty at the on topics in ferroelectric- Raytheon’s Research PhD degree in 1952. In from Worcester Poly- Pennsylvania State ity and holds some 13 Division while attending addition to consulting technic Institute in 1947 University in 1961 as a patents. Harvard. After earning for various firms in both and 1973, respectively. research associate in Cross can be reached by his PhD degree in applied the United States and He received an MA ceramics, and later be- e-mail at [email protected]. physics from Harvard in the United Kingdom,

MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 30 • NOVEMBER 2005 835 Arthur R. von Hippel: A Tribute to Interdisciplinary Materials Research

Liang-shi Li Alvaro Mata Robert E. Newnham Samuel I. Stupp Frank N. von Hippel

Goodenough was a Stupp at Northwestern Robert E. Newnham is tions. His most recent numerous awards and USAAF captain, a re- University since 2003. He professor emeritus of book is Properties of honors, Stupp has been search engineer at the received a BS degree in solid-state science and a Materials: Anisotropy, a member of the Beck- Westinghouse Research chemical physics and an former associate director Symmetry and Structure, man Institute for Ad- Corp., a research scien- MS degree in physics of the Materials Research published by Oxford vanced Science and tist and group leader at from the University of Laboratory at the University Press. Technology since its MIT’s Lincoln Labora- Science and Technology Pennsylvania State Newnham can be founding in 1989 and tory, and finally, a pro- of China; his PhD de- University. Prior to join- reached by e-mail at was the CNRS Visiting fessor and head of the gree in chemistry was ing the Penn State faculty, [email protected]. Professor at Institut Inorganic Chemistry received under the guid- he taught in the Electrical Charles Sadron in Laboratory at the ance of A. Paul Alivisatos Engineering Department Samuel I. Stupp has Strasbourg, France, in University of Oxford, at at the University of at the Massachusetts been the director of the 1997. which point he accepted California, Berkeley. His Institute of Technology Institute for BioNano- Stupp’s areas of re- his current position with PhD work involved syn- and worked for Arthur technology in Medicine search include supra- UT. His principal areas thesis, characterization, von Hippel in the Labo- at Northwestern Univer- molecular materials of research are digital and self-assemblies of ratory for Insulation sity since 2000. He re- science and self-assembly, computer components, CdSe nanorods, and his Research. ceived his BS degree in chemical synthesis of transition metal com- current research focuses Among Newnham’s chemistry from the molecules programmed pounds, metals, and on one-dimensional or- recent awards are the University of California for self-organization into materials for alternate ganic self-assemblies. Kingery Award from the at Los Angeles. He ob- functional materials, energy technologies. Li can be reached by American Ceramic tained his PhD degree in biomaterials designed Goodenough has e-mail at ls-li@ Society, the Turnbull materials science and for interactions with received numerous northwestern.edu. Lectureship of the engineering from North- cells and as scaffolds for awards and honors, in- Materials Research Soci- western University in tissue engineering, and cluding the MRS Von Alvaro Mata is a post- ety, the Third Millennium 1977, joining the faculty templating processes for Hippel Award in 1989, doctoral fellow working Medal of IEEE, and the as professor of biological nanostructured inor- and most recently, the with Samuel I. Stupp at Benjamin Franklin materials that same year. ganic materials includ- Japan Prize. He is a the Institute for BioNano- Medal in Electrical In 1980, he became ing biominerals and member of numerous technology in Medicine Engineering from the professor of materials semiconductors. scientific societies and (IBNAM) at Northwest- Franklin Institute. He is science and engineering, Stupp can be reached serves on the editorial ern University. He re- also active in several chemistry, and bioengi- by e-mail at s-stupp@ boards for the Indian ceived his BS degree professional societies, neering at the University northwestern.edu. Journal of Pure & Applied from the University of having served as editor of Illinois at Urbana- Physics and Comptes Kansas in 1998, his MS of the Journal of the Champaign, where he Frank N. von Hippel, a Rendus. He is also cur- degree from the Univer- American Ceramic Society, served as chair of the theoretical physicist, is a rently an associate editor sity of Strathclyde secretary of the Materi- Polymer Division in the professor of public and for six journals, includ- (Glasgow, U.K.) in 1999, als Research Society, Department of Materials international affairs at ing the Materials Research and his DEng degree in president of the American Science and Engineer- Princeton University Bulletin, and an advisor biomedical engineering Crystallographic ing. In 1996, he was ap- and co-director of the to various scientific from Cleveland State Association, and Distin- pointed Swanlund Program on Science & councils and boards University in 2005. guished Lecturer for the Professor of Materials Global Security at around the world. Mata’s research focuses IEEE. As a member of Science and Engineer- Princeton. His research Goodenough can be on combining microfab- the National Academy ing, Chemistry, and Bio- focuses on developing reached by e-mail at rication technology with of Engineering, Newnham engineering. In January the analytical bases for jgoodenough@ molecularly designed has written more than 1999, he rejoined North- ending the use of mail.utexas.edu. nanomaterials for tissue 500 research papers and western University as weapons-usable nuclear engineering applications. 20 patents on electro- the Board of Trustees materials as reactor Liang-shi Li has been a Mata can be reached ceramics and composite Professor of Materials fuels, making deep and postdoctoral researcher by e-mail at a-mata@ materials for electronic Science, Chemistry, and irreversible cuts in nu- in the group of Samuel I. northwestern.edu. and acoustic applica- Medicine. In addition to clear weapon stockpiles,

836 MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 30 • NOVEMBER 2005 Arthur R. von Hippel: A Tribute to Interdisciplinary Materials Research

and removing ballistic Society’s Forum Award the American Institute series, under the title Von Hippel can be missiles from hair-trigger for the book Advice and of Physics published a Citizen Scientist. He is reached by e-mail at alert. In 1977, he shared Dissent: Scientists in the collection of his articles the third of Arthur von fvhippel@princeton. the American Physical Political Arena. In 1991, in its “Masters of Physics” Hippel’s five children. edu. ■

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