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Protista: Nombre Informal; No Es Reino

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Protista: Nombre Informal; No Es Reino BIOL 3052 - Protistas Protista : Nombre informal; no es Reino Capítulo 28: • Grupo informal y diverso de organismos eucariotas que varían en: ¿Protistas, Protoctistas o Protozoa? – Plan corporal : unicelulares, coloniales, cenocíticos (varios núcleos en una masa citoplásmica), y multicelulares – Motilidad : sésiles, pseudópodos, cilios, flagelos (membrana Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó ondulante) Departamento de Biología – Tipo de nutrición : autótrofos, heterótrofos y mixótrofos (fotosíntesis y heterótrofos) Recinto Univeritario de Mayagüez – Modo de reproducción : asexual y sexual (algunos protistas son estrictamente asexuales). • Singamia (unión de gametos) – Cambios drásticos en la clasificación por los avances en sistemática molecular: constituyen grupo polifilético • No existe reino Protista Protista Protista • Primeros organismos eucariotas que existieron; eucariotas más diversos • Hay unos sesenta grupos mayores de • La mayoría de los protistas viven en ambientes acuáticos: protistas – La mayoría habitan en los océanos y cuerpos de agua dulce tales como charcas, lagos, y ríos – Formas parásitas viven en los fuídos corporales y celulares del hospedero • Evidencia molecular apoya el agrupar los • De importancia para la bioesfera: protistas y otros eucariotas en cuatro (4) – Sirven de alimento para otros organismos – Protistas fotosintéticos generan oxígeno “supergrupos” informales: • Interacciones con otros organismos – Vida libre, mutualismo, comensalismo y parasitismo – Excavata • Desde microscópicos hasta grandes – Clade “SAR”: Stramenopila, Alveolata, • Más complejos que procariotas: protistas unicelulares bien complejos: todas las actividades en una sola célula Rhizaria • 60,000 especies • Mayoría protistas son mótiles – Archaeplastidia • Llevan a cabo mitosis – Unikonta Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 1 BIOL 3052 - Protistas Figure 28.2a Diplomonads Excavata Parabasalids Euglenozoans Stramenopiles Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae “SAR” “SAR” clade Alveolates Rhizarians Dinoflagellates • Teoría endosimbionte: Apicomplexans Ciliates – Algunos organelos surgieron de la simbiosis Forams Cercozoans con procariotas Radiolarians – Los mitocondrios surgieron a partir de Archaeplastida Red algae Green algae Chlorophytes endosimbiosis de una proteobacteria alfa Charophytes Land plants – Los cloroplastos surgieron de cianobacterias Amoebozoans Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Unikonta Nucleariids Opisthokonts Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Figure 28.3 Dinoflagellates Membranes Secondary are represented endosymbiosis as dark lines in the cell. Red alga Cyanobacterium Plastid Chlamydomonas 1 2 3 Primary endosymbiosis Stramenopiles Nucleus Secondary Plastid Heterotrophic One of these endosymbiosis eukaryote membranes was lost in red and Euglenids green algal Secondary descendants. endosymbiosis Green alga Chlorarachniophytes Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 2 BIOL 3052 - Protistas ANTES: División tradicional - Protistas • Clasificación de los eucariotas – Ultraestructura • Detalles finos de la estructura celular • Se clasificaban de acuerdo a su nutrición – Datos moleculares – Protozoarios (parecidos a animales)- heterótrofos- ingieren • RNA ribosomal [rRNA] (flagelo,cilios o pseudópodos) • Genes nucleares [del núcleo] – Mohos- Protistas que absorben nutrientes (parecidos a hongos) – Lo que llamamos Reino Protista es parafilético – Algas- Protistas fotosintéticos (parecidos a plantas)- autótrofos Figure 28.UN06 Excavata Excavata Diplomonads Diplomonads Eukaryote Key Morphological Supergroup Major Groups Characteristics Specific Examples Parabasalids Parabasalids Excavata Diplomonads and Modified mitochondria Giardia, AHORA – Euglenozoans Euglenozoans parabasalids Trichomonas Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Euglenozoans Spiral or crystalline rod in- Trypanosoma, side flagella Euglena Diatoms Diatoms Kinetoplastids Clasificación Euglenids Golden algae Golden algae Brown algae Brown algae “SAR” “SAR” clade “SAR” “SAR” clade “SAR” Clade Stramenopiles Hairy and smooth flagella Phytophthora, Laminaria Moderna Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates Diatoms Golden algae Apicomplexans Apicomplexans Brown algae Ciliates Ciliates Alveolates Membrane-enclosed sacs Pfiesteria, Dinoflagellates (alveoli) beneath plasma Plasmodium, Forams Forams membrane • Los Eucariotas Apicomplexans Paramecium Cercozoans Cercozoans Ciliates se han dividido Radiolarians Radiolarians Rhizarians Amoebas with threadlike Globigerina Radiolarians pseudopodia Forams Archaeplastida en cuatro Red algae Archaeplastida Red algae Cercozoans Green algae Green algae Chlorophytes Chlorophytes Archaeplastida Red algae Phycoerythrin (photosyn- Porphyra thetic pigment) supergrupos Charophytes Charophytes Green algae Plant-type chloroplasts Chlamydomonas, Land plants Land plants Ulva (hipótesis) Amoebozoans Slime molds Slime molds Land plants (See Chapters 29 and 30.) Mosses, ferns, conifers, Tubulinids Tubulinids flowering plants Entamoebas Entamoebas Unikonta Unikonta Unikonta Amoebozoans Amoebas with lobe- Amoeba, Dictyostelium Nucleariids Nucleariids shaped or tube-shaped Opisthokonts Slime molds pseudopodia Tubulinids Fungi Fungi Entamoebas Choanoflagellates Choanoflagellates Opisthokonts (Highly variable; see Choanoflagellates, Chapters 31–34.) nucleariids, Animals Animals animals, fungi Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 3 BIOL 3052 -BIOL Protistas Dr. Fernando Bird-Picó J. Dr. - 2016 Gruposmonofiléticoseucariotas de (publicada en Octubre 2005) ClasificaciónEucariotas de © © 2012 J. Eukaryotic Microbiology Zooflagellates (diplomonads) Zooflagellates, (euglenoids) Apicomplexans Ciliates eukaryote Ancestral Water molds Brown algae Red algae Green algae A Land plants Amoebas Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds Animals Fungi 4 BIOL 3052 - Protistas Figure 28.UN06a Eukaryote Key Morphological Supergroup Major Groups Characteristics Specific Examples Excavata Excavata Diplomonads and Modified mitochondria Giardia, parabasalids Trichomonas Euglenozoans Spiral or crystalline rod in- Trypanosoma, Kinetoplastids side flagella Euglena • Caracterizado por Euglenids citoesqueleto “SAR” Clade Stramenopiles Hairy and smooth flagella Phytophthora, • Algunos con “surco” Diatoms Laminaria Golden algae bucal Brown algae Alveolates Membrane-enclosed sacs Pfiesteria, • Poseen flagelos Dinoflagellates (alveoli) beneath plasma Plasmodium, Apicomplexans membrane Paramecium Ciliates Rhizarians Amoebas with threadlike Globigerina Radiolarians pseudopodia Forams Cercozoans Excavatos: Giardia y Trichonympha • Mayoría de Excavatos viven en ambientes anaeróbicos – Diplomonadidos Nuclei • Mitocondrios modificados llamados mitosomas Nucleus • Sin aparato o complejo de Golgi • Dos núcleos de igual tamaño • Hasta ocho flagelos Flagella • Giardia intestinalis (G. lamblia) es un parásito 2 µm intestinal – Parabasálidos 50 µm • Mitocondrios reducidos (hidrogenosomas – generan poca energía anaeróbicamente) • Trichomonas vaginalis – infección vaginal Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 5 BIOL 3052 - Protistas Fig. 28-07 Euglena gracilis Euglenozoa • Clade diverso que incluye desde heterótrofos Long flagellum depredadores, parásitos y autótrofos fotosintéticos • Flagelo con estructura interna espiral o cristalina: no se Eyespot conoce función • Euglénidos Short flagellum Light detector – Euglenoides Contractile vacuole • 1/3 son fotosintéticos Nucleus • Habitan cuerpos de agua dulce y charcas Chloroplast • protistas con flagello unico (flagelo que contiene en Plasma membrane su interior un tubo cristalizado o en espiral) Pellicle Euglena (LM) 5 µm • Cinetoplastidos: Un sólo mitocondrio, con DNA organizado en una masa (cinetoplasto) • Trypanosoma causa la Enfermedad del Sueño en África [2] y el Mal de Chagas en América del Sur [1] Fig. 28-05 Fig. 28-06 Flagella 0.2 µm Crystalline rod 9 µm • Euglenozoan flagellum Ring of microtubules • Trypanosoma , enfermedad del sueño- transmitido por mosca tsé-tsé Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 6 BIOL 3052 - Protistas Figure 28.UN06a Eukaryote Key Morphological Clade “SAR” Supergroup Major Groups Characteristics Specific Examples Excavata Diplomonads and Modified mitochondria Giardia, parabasalids Trichomonas Euglenozoans Spiral or crystalline rod in- Trypanosoma, Kinetoplastids side flagella Euglena Euglenids “SAR” Clade Stramenopiles Hairy and smooth flagella Phytophthora, Diatoms Laminaria Golden algae Brown algae Alveolates Membrane-enclosed sacs Pfiesteria, Dinoflagellates (alveoli) beneath plasma Plasmodium, Apicomplexans membrane Paramecium Ciliates Rhizarians Amoebas with threadlike Globigerina Radiolarians pseudopodia Forams Cercozoans Stramenopilos Stramenopilos • Mayoría con flagelo “peludo” parado a un flagelo sencillo • Todos fotosintéticos • Diatomeas, algas doradas y algas pardas • Phytophthora infestans – hambruna de la papa en Irlanda (Siglo 19) © 2013 Evolution and Development Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 7 BIOL 3052 - Protistas Stramenopilos Figure 24-12 Diatomeas [Bacillariophyta] Page 470 • Mayormente unicelulares con “conchas” [valvas o frústulas] que contienen sílice • Algunas diatomeas forman parte del plancton [fitoplancton] • Clorofila A y C con pigmento accesorio – fucoxantina • Más de 100,000 especies (marinas y dulceacuícolas 100 µm • Tierra diatomácea: filtros e insecticida Diatomeas Fig. 28-13 freshwater diatom Stramenopilos Algas doradas (Chrysophyta) • Mayormente unicelulares y biflageladas; algunas coloniales • Fotosintéticas; algunas tambien heterotróficas (mixótrofas) • Tanto marinas como dulceacuícolas • Carotenoides amarillo
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