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“Innocent Bystanders”: White Guilt and the Destruction of Native Americans in Us Literature, 1824-1830

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“Innocent Bystanders”: White Guilt and the Destruction of Native Americans in Us Literature, 1824-1830 University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--English English 2020 “INNOCENT BYSTANDERS”: WHITE GUILT AND THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN US LITERATURE, 1824-1830 Noor Al-Attar University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2170-2226 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2020.489 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Al-Attar, Noor, "“INNOCENT BYSTANDERS”: WHITE GUILT AND THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN US LITERATURE, 1824-1830" (2020). Theses and Dissertations--English. 118. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/english_etds/118 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the English at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--English by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Noor Al-Attar, Student Dr. Andy Doolen, Major Professor Dr. Michael Trask, Director of Graduate Studies “INNOCENT BYSTANDERS”: WHITE GUILT AND THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN US LITERATURE, 1824-1830 ________________________________________ DISSERTATION ________________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Noor Hisham Al-Attar Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Andy Doolen, Professor of American Literature Lexington, Kentucky 2020 Copyright © Noor Hisham Al-Attar 2020 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2170-2226 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION “INNOCENT BYSTANDERS”: WHITE GUILT AND THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN US LITERATURE, 1824-1830 Stereotypes describing the Native Peoples as lacking in many attributes such as religion, civilization, self-control, and even family bonds originated in the early years of contact, popularized through captivity narratives, and used in nineteenth century writings to justify the “vanishing” of the Native people. My dissertation adds to the discussion of myth of the Vanishing American by focusing on overlooked representations of Native illness. Illness, a shared human experience, was preserved for white characters in white authors’ writings. Ailing Native peoples were either denied any stories narrating this experience of human vulnerability or were depicted as resorting to superstitious and heathenish practices. This dismissal and manipulation of Native illness, especially when set against the typical Christian model of suffering and redemption through illness, is meant to dehumanize and demonize the Native people and to avert any sympathy towards them. My work analyzes narratives published in the crucial decade of the 1820s to argue that while Nineteenth century writers such as James Fenimore Cooper and Lydia Maria Child used stereotypes about Native peoples to blame them for their own decrease in number and to absolve the whites of any guilt towards them, the Native American writer William Apess used his narrative to combat these stereotypes and to reflect the physical and spiritual sameness between the white and Native races. KEYWORDS: Native American, Illness, Nineteenth century American literature, stereotypes, Affliction, Captivity Narrative Noor Hisham Al-Attar 11/04/2020 Date “INNOCENT BYSTANDERS”: WHITE GUILT AND THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN US LITERATURE, 1824-1830 By Noor Hisham Al-Attar Andy Doolen Director of Dissertation Michael Trask Director of Graduate Studies 11/04/2020 Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe the completion of this project to so many great people beginning first with my advisor, Dr. Andy Doolen, who showed me that the sky is the limit when one puts in the effort. His knowledge of and passion for Native American literature and history are truly inspiring. The pride I felt for meeting his high expectations was always complemented with his kind gestures that continuously left me utterly speechless. Dr. Michelle Sizemore’s patience and support are literally boundless. She is the best example of a professor who attends to the emotional and academic wellbeing of students. Since my first semester here, Dr. Sizemore spared no time or effort to ensure my success. Dr. Marion Rust’s kindness and guidance pushed me to keep going despite all difficulties. And last but not least, I owe my self-confidence to Dr. Elinor Brown whose comment “you do not need luck; you have your work” became a lens through which I judge my work. My gratitude is also due to the Transformative Learning members who gave me a sense of belonging to the University of Kentucky by offering me the opportunity to teach and learn and make great friends. A big thank you to Dr. Francis Bailey and Christine Stephens- Bez who made that opportunity possible. Special thanks to Ms. Martha Fightmaster and Rebecca Wiltberger Wiggins whose sincere friendship and academic support made writing this dissertation a much less agonizing process. Thanks should also go to Kelly Wright for her invaluable editorial assistance. I am indebted to my husband, Aus, and my daughters Lubna and Zeena for keeping me sane and my priorities in order. I am forever grateful to and for my parents and my brothers and sisters who are the best role models in hard work and perseverance; their love and support leave no task impossible. And finally, getting a PhD from the University of Kentucky would not have been possible without the generous scholarship, legal assistance, and continuous encouragement from the Iraqi Higher Committee for Education Development. I am forever grateful. Many thanks to the University of Mosul for the prolonged study leave. A big thank you also goes out to the English Department and the Graduate Student Congress at the University of Kentucky for the monetary assistance they kindly offered. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Stereotypes of Self-Destruction ............................................................................................................................ 9 1. Chapter One ..................................................................................................................................................... 20 1.1 Self-destruction through Divisions and Revenge ............................................................................ 28 1.2 Superstition and self-destruction .......................................................................................................... 54 2. Chapter Two .................................................................................................................................................... 68 2.1 Affliction and Race in Lydia Maria Child’s Hobomok ..................................................................... 68 2.2 Hobomok, “the best Indian I ever knew” ............................................................................................... 73 2.3 Inner Goodness of Whites ............................................................................................................................. 86 2.4 Mary Conant: A Cautionary Tale ........................................................................................................... 107 3. Chapter Three ............................................................................................................................................... 119 3.1 William Apess’s Captivity and Illness in A Son of the Forest .................................................. 119 3.2 A Son of the Forest: Combatting Native American Stereotypes .............................................. 124 3.3 The Native Captive ...............................................................................................................................
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