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Soil Biology and Soil Management Soil Biology and Soil Management The Soil Management Series SoilSoil BiologyBiology andand SoilSoil ManagementManagement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—#F92,86/&3,6,*#3#6$&(9$8(6/&-(%&839%(086*&'()%&/(82: THE SOIL SCIENTIST —%#08#+/&$"#&/(82&/.8#6.#&9%86.892#/&$",$&,%#&839(%$,6$&&&&& &&&&&&& $(&9%(7).$8(6&,*%8.)2$)%#: YOUR FARM —"#29/&'()&,992'&+",$&'()&,%#&%#,786*&$(&'()%&(+6&-,%3: WHAT’S NEXT? —+%,9/&)9&$"#&.",9$#%&1'&"#2986*&'()&,//#//&'()%&(9#%,$8(6&,67&/(82: FURTHER RESOURCES —28/$/&9#(92#&,67&9)128.,$8(6/&$(&.(6/)2$&-(%&3(%#&86-(%3,$8(6: 5%($.+,%*,(-.,6)%$,7'*'1.2.*(,6.3%.+,%*&$"8.9 IJ&&<(82&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MNOOJ PJ&&Q(39,.$8(6&K?L>MRSSJ NJ&&=,6)%#&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSIJ&& RJ&&C%*,68.&=,$$#%&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSPJ& TJ&&<(82&?8(2(*'&,67&<(82&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSNJ :)/%.+&(-&$"#&8678087),2&$8$2#/&,67&$"#&.(392#$#&/#%8#/&KUQ>MNOVJ&.,6&1#&(%7#%#7&-%(3&$"#&L680#%/8$'& (-&=866#/($,&GF$#6/8(6&<#%08.#&W8/$%81)$8(6&Q#6$#%5&RST&Q(--#'&X,225&IRPS&G.42#/&E0#6)#5&<$:&U,)25& =Y&TTISV>ZSZV:&;(&(%7#%&1'&#>3,82H&(%7#%[#F$#6/8(6:)36:#7)& (%&1'&.%#78$&.,%7H&KVSSJ&VMZ>VZNZ: Soil Biology and Soil Management !"#$%&'()&*(+,&$(-.&"()+/&0(&1+(2)3%&0(-/&(4&"5'&(+&3(+-&4+(6&%53"&53+%&(4& $5-27&0(-/&(4&8530%+#57&4)-.#7&#-/%30/7&5-2&(0"%+&(+.5-#/6/&5+%&*(+,#-.&)-2%+9 In this .+()-27&65,#-.&45+6#-.&1(//#8$%:&;"%'&2%3(61(/%&(+.5-#3&6500%+&5-2&0+5-/4(+6& publication -)0+#%-0/&#-0(&4(+6/&'()+&3+(1/&35-&)/%:&;"%'&"%$1&8)#$2&.((2&/(#$&0#$0"7&%-"5-3%& 3+(1&.+(*0"7&5-2&3(-0+($&1%/0/: How do farming practices change soil !"#$%&'$(")$*+'+,-$./"0$*+--+/$0&'&1+0+'-$ life? of the soil biological community? What lives under­ ground, and what are !"#$%"#&'()$*&%+,*,-&<%//&4%+0#$#=%+&65'&8%&-%%2%2&#4&-)0+#%-0&3'3$#-.&8%3(6%/& they doing? !"#$%$&'()$*+%,*-%.$//%&$#+).)0$#%)/%."/+%&#"!%+1$%#""+)*2%0"*$3%4$5$#%6$/+)()-$/% 5+%&-%%2%2&*"%+%&5&2#>%+/%&/%0&(4&1%/093(-0+($&(+.5-#/6/&5+%&530#>%:&?/&/(#$& How do soil organ­ isms and plants get /0+)30)+%&#61+(>%/7&0#$$5.%&8%3(6%/&%5/#%+&5-2&1(0%-0#5$$'&$%//&3(/0$': along? .+//$*'+(&)0"1"(*'+(-%7").%"#2,*)/!/%'.+$#%,*-%-$+"8)&9%(1$!)(,./%,*-%,:/"#:% +1$%$8($//%*;+#)$*+/%+1,+%5";.-%"+1$#5)/$%:$("!$%6"..;+,*+/%51$*%+1$9%#$,(1% .+()-2*50%+&(+&/)+453%&*50%+:& 23)0+1"#&4'"/#&5(#&%0+)&6$5/'*4-&@(#$&(+.5-#/6/&5+%&,%'&0(&4(+6#-.&.((2&/(#$& /0+)30)+%&(+&0#$0":&A((2&0#$0"&1+(6(0%/&8%00%+&+((0&2%>%$(16%-0&5-2&*50%+& /0(+5.%:&B5-'&6#3+((+.5-#/6/&%-"5-3%&3+(1&.+(*0"&(+&+%2)3%&0"%&530#>#0'&(4& 2#/%5/%&(+.5-#/6/&0"50&35-&2%.+52%&0"%&C)5$#0'&(4&4((2&5-2&4%%2: How well are you taking care of your underground “herd”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ow do I encourage a diverse soil community? @1$%*$8+%&$5%6,2$/%5)..%-$/(#):$%("!!"*%5,9/%+"%$*(";#,2$%1$,.+19%/").%& :)"."29=%,*-%$86.,)*%519%/"!$%&,#!%6#,(+)($/%,&&$(+%/").%"#2,*)/!/3 F4&'()&5/,&(0"%+/&4(+&/)..%/0#(-/7&,%%1&#-&6#-2&0"50&*"50&*(+,/&#-&(-%&1$53%& 6#."0&-(0&*(+,&#-&5-(0"%+:&;(&65-5.%&0"%&/(#$&8#($(.#35$&3(66)-#0'7&8%&5&& 35+%4)$&(8/%+>%+&(4&0"%&3"5-.%/&(-&'()+&45+6:& How to encourage healthy soil biology 6"//$0,)31'*%&,2'((.3 !3)(.&(,(-.,-'#%('(,)4,+)%$,)31'*%+2+ A$2!?%2%3#$'"14$"#(%-0# A$"#-0'#$,%**!)# A$!44*+$'1241(,$1"$2!&0"# A$2%&%2%3#$'124!',%1& A$4*!&,$'1=#"$'"14( A$2%&%2%3#$9!**1@$4#"%1-($ A$2%&%2%3#$,5#$0(#$19$4#(,%'%-#( ;*&3.'+.,<'3%.(0, A$%24"1=#$@!,#"$-"!%&!)# A$'"#!,#$!$-%=#"(#$*!&-('!4# A$"1,!,#$'"14($ MANAGING FOR SOIL BIOLOGY Supply organic matter B(/0&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/&+%$'&(-&(+.5-#3&6500%+&4(+&4((2:&G53"&/()+3%&(4&(+.5-#3& !,++$#%&,<"#/%,%-)&&$#$*+%!)8%"&%"#2,*)/!/=%/"%,%<,#)$+9%"&%/";#($/%2$*$#,..9% /)11(+0/&5&>5+#%0'&(4&(+.5-#/6/:&;"%&$(350#(-&(4&0"%&(+.5-#3&6500%+H*"%0"%+& ,+%+1$%/;#&,($%"#%!)8$-%)*%+1$%/").A,./"%!,B$/%,%-)&&$#$*($3 Maximize crop residue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pply compost or manure 7+3)+,*&#-(3)$50%/&0"%&/(#$&*#0"&5&*#2%&>5+#%0'&(4&(+.5-#/6/&5-2&1+(>#2%/& 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Increase variety Create a diverse landscape F)<$#/$%1,:)+,+/%/;66"#+%("!6.$8%!)8$/%"&%/").%"#2,*)/!/3%F)<$#/)+9%(,*%:$% 53"#%>%2&*#0"&3+(1&+(050#(-/7&>%.%050%2&4%-3%&+(*/7&8)44%+&/0+#1/7&/0+#1&3+(11#-.7& ,*-%/!,..%'$.-/3% Rotate crops I+(1&+(050#(-&1)0/&5&2#44%+%-0&4((2&/()+3%&#-0(&0"%&/(#$&%53"&'%5+:&;"#/&%-3()+9 5.%/&5&*#2%+&>5+#%0'&(4&(+.5-#/6/&5-2&1+%>%-0/&0"%&8)#$29)1&(4&5&/#-.$%&1%/0& /6$()$/3%E"<$#%(#"6/%)*(#$,/$%+1$%<,#)$+9%"&%6.,*+/%)*%,%'$.-%$,(1%9$,#3 Protect the habitat of soil organisms <5+.%&5-2&/65$$&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/&-%%2&5#+7&6(#/0)+%7&5&3(-/05-0&4((2&/)11$'7&5-2& +((6&0(&6(>%&#-&5&1+(0%30%2&1$53%:&O%2)3%2&0#$$5.%7&$53,&(4&3(61530#(-7&3(-9 /05-0&.+()-2&3(>%+7&5-2&6#-#6)6&2#/+)10#(-&8'&3"%6#35$/&1+(0%30&0"%&%->#+(-9 6%-0&(4&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/: Reduce tillage ;#$$5.%&%-"5-3%/&8530%+#5$&.+(*0"&#-&0"%&/"(+090%+6&8'&5%+50#-.&0"%&/(#$&5-2& :9%+1"#";21.9%!)8)*2%+1$%"#2,*)(%!,++$#%5)+1%:,(+$#),%,*-%/").3%@1$%:,(+$#),.% 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