Soil Biology and Soil Management Soil Biology and Soil Management

The Soil Management Series

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55 THE SOIL MANAGEMENT SERIES: !"#$%&'(%)*+,(),-.$/,0)",1.(,2)3.,43)2,0)"3,+)%$

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THE SOIL MANAGER —#F92,86/&3,6,*#3#6$&(9$8(6/&-(%&839%(086*&'()%&/(82:

THE SOIL SCIENTIST —%#08#+/&$"#&/(82&/.8#6.#&9%86.892#/&$",$&,%#&839(%$,6$&&&&& &&&&&&& $(&9%(7).$8(6&,*%8.)2$)%#:

YOUR FARM —"#29/&'()&,992'&+",$&'()&,%#&%#,786*&$(&'()%&(+6&-,%3:

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FURTHER RESOURCES —28/$/&9#(92#&,67&9)128.,$8(6/&$(&.(6/)2$&-(%&3(%#&86-(%3,$8(6:

5%($.+,%*,(-.,6)%$,7'*'1.2.*(,6.3%.+,%*&$"8.9 IJ&&<(82&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MNOOJ PJ&&Q(39,.$8(6&K?L>MRSSJ NJ&&=,6)%#&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSIJ&& RJ&&C%*,68.&=,$$#%&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSPJ& TJ&&<(82&?8(2(*'&,67&<(82&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSNJ

:)/%.+&(-&$"#&8678087),2&$8$2#/&,67&$"#&.(392#$#&/#%8#/&KUQ>MNOVJ&.,6&1#&(%7#%#7&-%(3&$"#&L680#%/8$'& (-&=866#/($,&GF$#6/8(6&<#%08.#&W8/$%81)$8(6&Q#6$#%5&RST&Q(--#'&X,225&IRPS&G.42#/&E0#6)#5&<$:&U,)25& =Y&TTISV>ZSZV:&;(&(%7#%&1'&#>3,82H&(%7#%[#F$#6/8(6:)36:#7)& (%&1'&.%#78$&.,%7H&KVSSJ&VMZ>VZNZ: Soil Biology and Soil Management

!"#$%&'()&*(+,&$(-.&"()+/&0(&1+(2)3%&0(-/&(4&"5'&(+&3(+-&4+(6&%53"&53+%&(4& $5-27&0(-/&(4&8530%+#57&4)-.#7&#-/%30/7&5-2&(0"%+&(+.5-#/6/&5+%&*(+,#-.&)-2%+9 In this .+()-27&65,#-.&45+6#-.&1(//#8$%:&;"%'&2%3(61(/%&(+.5-#3&6500%+&5-2&0+5-/4(+6& publication -)0+#%-0/&#-0(&4(+6/&'()+&3+(1/&35-&)/%:&;"%'&"%$1&8)#$2&.((2&/(#$&0#$0"7&%-"5-3%& 3+(1&.+(*0"7&5-2&3(-0+($&1%/0/: How do farming practices change soil !"#$%&'$(")$*+'+,-$./"0$*+--+/$0&'&1+0+'-$ life? of the soil biological community? What lives under ground, and what are !"#$%"#&'()$*&%+,*,-&<%//&4%+0#$#=%+&65'&8%&-%%2%2&-)0+#%-0&3'3$#-.&8%3(6%/& they doing? !"#$%$&'()$*+%,*-%.$//%&$#+).)0$#%)/%."/+%&#"!%+1$%#""+)*2%0"*$3%4$5$#%6$/+)()-$/% 5+%&-%%2%2&*"%+%&5&2#>%+/%&/%0&(4&1%/093(-0+($&(+.5-#/6/&5+%&530#>%:&?/&/(#$& How do soil organ isms and plants get /0+)30)+%=+(>%/7&0#$$5.%&8%3(6%/&%5/#%+&5-2&1(0%-0#5$$'&$%//&3(/0$': along? .+//$*'+(&)0"1"(*'+(-%7").%"#2,*)/!/%'.+$#%,*-%-$+"8)&9%(1$!)(,./%,*-%,:/"#:% +1$%$8($//%*;+#)$*+/%+1,+%5";.-%"+1$#5)/$%:$("!$%6"..;+,*+/%51$*%+1$9%#$,(1% .+()-2*50%+&(+&/)+453%&*50%+:& 23)0+1"#&4'"/#&5(#&%0+)&6$5/'*4-&@(#$&(+.5-#/6/&5+%&,%'&0(&4(+6#-.&.((2&/(#$& /0+)30)+%&(+&0#$0":&A((2&0#$0"&1+(6(0%/&8%00%+&+((0&2%>%$(16%-0&5-2&*50%+& /0(+5.%:&B5-'&6#3+((+.5-#/6/&%-"5-3%&3+(1&.+(*0"&(+&+%2)3%&0"%&530#>#0'&(4& 2#/%5/%&(+.5-#/6/&0"50&35-&2%.+52%&0"%&C)5$#0'&(4&4((2&5-2&4%%2:

How well are you taking care of your underground “herd”? D()+&$5-2&65-5.%6%-0&3"(#3%/&"%$1&2%0%+6#-%& *"50&$#>%/&#-&'()+&/(#$&5-2&"(*&*%$$&'()+&/(#$& *(+,/&4(+&'():&;"#/&1)8$#350#(-&*#$$&"%$1&'()& 3(-/#2%+&0"%&%44%30/&(4&65-5.%6%-0&2%3#/#(-/& (-&0"%&/(#$&3(66)-#0':&&

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1 THE SOIL MANAGER

AIM FOR DIVERSITY 7").%6$#&"#!,*($%2$*$#,..9%)!6#"<$/%51$*%+1$%("!6.$8)+9=%"#%-)<$#/)+9=%"&%+1$% /").%:)"."2)(,.%("!!;*)+9%)*(#$,/$/3%>7$$%63%??%&"#%,*%$86.,*,+)"*%"&%("!6.$89 #0':E&;"%+%&#/&5&$#6#0&0(&0"%&56()-0&(4&2#>%+/#0'&0"50&#/&%3(-(6#35$$'&5-2&5.+(9 *"!)(,..9%:$*$'(),.=%:;+%+#9)*2%+"%)*(#$,/$%-)<$#/)+9%!,9%:$%,%;/$&;.%5,9%+"% 65-5.%&/(#$&8#($(.':&

How do I encourage a diverse soil community? @1$%*$8+%&$5%6,2$/%5)..%-$/(#):$%("!!"*%5,9/%+"%$*(";#,2$%1$,.+19%/").%& :)"."29=%,*-%$86.,)*%519%/"!$%&,#!%6#,(+)($/%,&&$(+%/").%"#2,*)/!/3 F4&'()&5/,&(0"%+/&4(+&/)..%/0#(-/7&,%%1&#-&6#-2&0"50&*"50&*(+,/&#-&(-%&1$53%& 6#."0&-(0&*(+,&#-&5-(0"%+:&;(&65-5.%&0"%&/(#$&8#($(.#35$&3(66)-#0'7&8%&5&& 35+%4)$&(8/%+>%+&(4&0"%&3"5-.%/&(-&'()+&45+6:&

How to encourage healthy soil biology

6"//$0,)31'*%&,2'((.3 !3)(.&(,(-.,-'#%('(,)4,+)%$,)31'*%+2+ A$2!?%2%3#$'"14$"#(%-0# A$"#-0'#$,%**!)# A$!44*+$'1241(,$1"$2!&0"# A$2%&%2%3#$'124!',%1& A$4*!&,$'1=#"$'"14( A$2%&%2%3#$9!**1@$4#"%1-($ A$2%&%2%3#$,5#$0(#$19$4#(,%'%-#( ;*&3.'+.,<'3%.(0, A$%24"1=#$@!,#"$-"!%&!)# A$'"#!,#$!$-%=#"(#$*!&-('!4# A$"1,!,#$'"14($

MANAGING FOR SOIL BIOLOGY Supply organic matter B(/0&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/&+%$'&(-&(+.5-#3&6500%+&4(+&4((2:&G53"&/()+3%&(4&(+.5-#3& !,++$#%&,<"#/%,%-)&&$#$*+%!)8%"&%"#2,*)/!/=%/"%,%<,#)$+9%"&%/";#($/%2$*$#,..9% /)11(+0/&5&>5+#%0'&(4&(+.5-#/6/:&;"%&$(350#(-&(4&0"%&(+.5-#3&6500%+H*"%0"%+& ,+%+1$%/;#&,($%"#%!)8$-%)*%+1$%/").A,./"%!,B$/%,%-)&&$#$*($3 Maximize crop residue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

2 THE SOIL MANAGER

4%%2%+/&P/)3"&5/&/(6%&%5+0"*(+6/E&5-2&/)+453%&2*%$$%+/&P/)3"&5/&/(6%&& 5+0"+(1(2/E:&F0&5$/(&3"5-.%/&0"%&6(#/0)+%&5-2&0%61%+50)+%&(4&0"%&/(#$&/)+453%:& @(6%&150"(.%-/&*#$$&8%&#-3+%5/%2&8'&0"%&+%/#2)%7&(0"%+/&*#$$&8%&2%3+%5/%2: Apply compost or manure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lant cover crops E"<$#%(#"6/%$8+$*-%+1$%2#"5)*2%/$,/"*%,*-%)*(#$,/$%+1$%,!";*+%"&%#""+/%,*-% 58(>%9.+()-2&.+(*0"&0"50&8%3(6%/&15+0&(4&/(#$:&?/&*#0"&(0"%+&3+(1/7&0"%&+"#=(9 /1"%+%&P0"%&5+%5B%2#50%$'&/)++()-2#-.&+((0/E&(4&5&3(>%+&3+(1&1+(>#2%/&4((2& 4(+&8530%+#5&*"%-&4((2&/()+3%/&*()$2&(0"%+*#/%&8%&/35+3%:&R%35)/%&(4&%53"& 3+(1S/&)-#C)%&1"'/#($(.'7&1(1)$50#(-/&(4&3%+05#-&150"(.%-/&*#$$&2%3$#-%&)-2%+& /6$()'(%("<$#%(#"6/3%

Increase variety Create a diverse landscape F)<$#/$%1,:)+,+/%/;66"#+%("!6.$8%!)8$/%"&%/").%"#2,*)/!/3%F)<$#/)+9%(,*%:$% 53"#%>%2&*#0"&3+(1&+(050#(-/7&>%.%050%2&4%-3%&+(*/7&8)44%+&/0+#1/7&/0+#1&3+(11#-.7& ,*-%/!,..%'$.-/3% Rotate crops I+(1&+(050#(-&1)0/&5&2#44%+%-0&4((2&/()+3%&#-0(&0"%&/(#$&%53"&'%5+:&;"#/&%-3()+9 5.%/&5&*#2%+&>5+#%0'&(4&(+.5-#/6/&5-2&1+%>%-0/&0"%&8)#$29)1&(4&5&/#-.$%&1%/0& /6$()$/3%E"<$#%(#"6/%)*(#$,/$%+1$%<,#)$+9%"&%6.,*+/%)*%,%'$.-%$,(1%9$,#3

Protect the habitat of soil organisms <5+.%&5-2&/65$$&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/&-%%2&5#+7&6(#/0)+%7&5&3(-/05-0&4((2&/)11$'7&5-2& +((6&0(&6(>%&#-&5&1+(0%30%2&1$53%:&O%2)3%2&0#$$5.%7&$53,&(4&3(61530#(-7&3(-9 /05-0&.+()-2&3(>%+7&5-2&6#-#6)6&2#/+)10#(-&8'&3"%6#35$/&1+(0%30&0"%&%->#+(-9 6%-0&(4&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/: Reduce tillage ;#$$5.%&%-"5-3%/&8530%+#5$&.+(*0"&#-&0"%&/"(+090%+6&8'&5%+50#-.&0"%&/(#$&5-2& :9%+1"#";21.9%!)8)*2%+1$%"#2,*)(%!,++$#%5)+1%:,(+$#),%,*-%/").3%@1$%:,(+$#),.%

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3 THE SOIL MANAGER

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

Minimize compaction I(61530#(-&+%2)3%/&0"%&/153%&5>5#$58$%&4(+&$5+.%+&(+.5-#/6/&0(&6(>%&0"+()."& Want to know 0"%&/(#$:&;"#/&45>(+/&8530%+#5&5-2&/65$$&1+%250(+/&(>%+&4)-.#&5-2&0"%&$5+.%+&& more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inimize fallow periods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inimize the use of pesticides 1%/0&5-2&2#/%5/%&/'610(6/7& 1%/0&$#4%3'3$%/7&5-2&3(-0+($& ?$$&1%/0#3#2%/&*#$$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

4 THE SOIL MANAGER

Q%+8#3#2%/&65'&-(0&544%30&65-'&(+.5-#/6/&2#+%30$'7&8)0&0"%&*%%2&$(//&3"5-.%/& 0"%&4((2&/()+3%/&5-2&"58#050/&5>5#$58$%&0(&(+.5-#/6/:&

Improve water drainage I""-%5,+$#%-#,)*,2$%)!6#"<$/%!)(#":),.%1,:)+,+/%:9%)*(#$,/)*2%"892$*%%%%%% 5>5#$58#$#0':

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SOIL INOCULANTS @(&45+7&0"#/&1)8$#350#(-&"5/&2%/3+#8%2&"(*&/(#$&65-5.%6%-0&1+530#3%/&3"5-.%&0"%&& %->#+(-6%-0&0"50&/)11(+0/&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/:&?-(0"%+&511+(53"&0(&65-5.#-.&/(#$& 8#($(.'&#/&0(&#-(3)$50%&0"%&/(#$&*#0"&2%/#+%2&/1%3#%/&(+&+%2)3%&0"%&530#>#0'&(4& ;*-$/)#$-%/6$()$/3%4"#%$8,!6.$=%6#"-;(+/%,#$%,<,).,:.$%+1,+%,.."5%&,#!$#/%+"G J%)*"(;.,+$%/").%"#%/$$-/%5)+1%*)+#"2$*H'8)*2%:,(+$#),= J%)*+#"-;($%:,(+$#),=%*$!,+"-$/=%"#%)*/$(+/%+1,+%,#$%6#$-,+"#/%"&%6$/+%"#2,*)/!/= J%,--%*)+#)'(,+)"*%)*1):)+"#/%+"%#$-;($%+1$%,(+)<)+9%"&%/6$()'(%:,(+$#),%+1,+%& 3(->%+0&566(-#)6&0(&-#0+50%:& B5-'&(4&0"%/%&1+(2)30/&5+%&%44%30#>%&5-2&>5$)58$%7&8)0&0"%+%&5+%&$#6#0/&0(&*"50& (,*%:$%,(("!6.)/1$-%5)+1%,%!,*,2$!$*+%,66#",(1%+1,+%+,#2$+/%/6$()'(%"#2,*9 #/6/:&F-(3)$5-0/&*#$$&"5>%&$#00$%&%44%30&(+&(-$'&5&0%61(+5+'&%44%30&0"%&(+.5-9 )/!/%(,**"+%("!6$+$%)*%+1$)#%*$5%$*<)#"*!$*+3%4;#+1$#!"#$=%/"!$%:$*$'+/%"&% /").%"#2,*)/!/%("!$%&#"!%,%!)8%"&%"#2,*)/!/=%*"+%&#"!%,%&$5%/6$()'(%/6$()$/3

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5 THE SOIL SCIENTIST

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WHAT LIVES IN YOUR SOIL? ;"%&/(#$&%3(/'/0%6&#/&0+%6%-2()/$'&>5+#%2H6(+%9/(&0"5-&65-'&58(>%9.+()-2& 1$5-0&5-2&5-#65$&4((2&*%8/:&G53"&/1%3#%/&"5/&/$#."0$'&2#44%+%-0&+%C)#+%6%-0/:& K$#":)(%!)(#":$/%#$L;)#$%"892$*3%K*,$#":$/%#$L;)#$%+1$%,:/$*($%"&%"892$*3% @(6%&1+%4%+&%#0"%+&5&"#."&(+&5&$(*&1Q7&(+&"#."&(+&$(*&6(#/0)+%:&B5-'&(+.5-#/6/& 35-&2#.%/0&/#61$%&/).5+/7&*"#$%&(-$'&5&4%*&/1%3#%/&"5>%&0"%&%-='6%/&0(&2#.%/0& $#.-#-7&5&65Y(+&3(61(-%-0&(4&*((2'&0#//)%:& ?0&0"%&6#3+(/3(1#3&$%>%$7&/(#$&3(-2#0#(-/&35-&3"5-.%&2+5/0#35$$'&4+(6&(-%&1(#-0&& +"%+1$%*$8+=%/"%,%<,#)$+9%"&%"#2,*)/!/%!,9%:$%6#$/$*+%)*%,%/)*2.$%/").%/,!6.$3%& ?%+(8%/&65'&$#>%&-%5+&5-5%+(8%/:&T+.5-#/6/&+%C)#+#-.&"#."&1Q&65'&$#>%&-%5+& 0"(/%&1+%4%++#-.&$(*&1Q: B#3+(8%/&2#44%+&.+%50$'&#-&"(*&0"%'&.%0&0"%#+&%-%+.':&B(/0&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/&5+%& "%0%+(0+(1"/&0"50&.%0&0"%#+&%-%+.'&5-2&35+8(-&4+(6&8+%5,#-.&2(*-&(+.5-#3& ("!6";*-/3%M*%("*+#,/+=%+1$%,;+"+#"61/%;/$%)*"#2,*)(%(,#:"*%>(,#:"*%-)"8)-$N3% ;"%+%&5+%&0*(&.+()1/&(4&5)0(0+(1"/:&X"(0(0+(1"/7&/)3"&5/&1$5-0/&5-2&5&4%*&/(#$& (+.5-#/6/7&.%0&0"%#+&%-%+.'&4+(6&$#."0:&I"%6(0+(1"/&5+%&5&/65$$7&8)0=(+05-07& 2#";6%"&%/").%:,(+$#),%+1,+%2$+%+1$)#%$*$#29%&#"!%"8)-)0)*2%)*"#2,*)(%("!6";*-/% #-3$)2#-.&566(-#)67&-#0+#0%7&5-2&/)$4)+&3(61()-2/:& B53+(9(+.5-#/6/7&/)3"&5/&6#0%/7&8%%0$%/7&5-2&%5+0"*(+6/7&5+%&5$/(&0+%6%-2()/$'& >5+#%2&#-&*"50&0"%'&%507&0"%#+&$#4%&3'3$%7&5-2&*"50&5.+#3)$0)+5$&3(-2#0#(-/&0"%'& *#$$&(+&*#$$&-(0&0($%+50%:&G53"&1$5'/&5&2#44%+%-0&+($%&#-&%50#-.&5-2&8+%5,#-.&2(*-& 1$5-0&+%/#2)%&5-2&0"%#+&4%$$(*&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/:&

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6 THE SOIL SCIENTIST

WHAT DO SOIL ORGANISMS DO? Q%5$0"'&/(#$&#/&5&Y)-.$%&(4&+5153#()/&(+.5-#/6/&2%>()+#-.&%>%+'0"#-.&#-&/#."0& P#-3$)2#-.&%53"&(0"%+E7&1+(3%//#-.&0"%#+&1+%'&(+&4((2&0"+()."&0"%#+&#--5+2/7&5-2& +1$*%$8(#$+)*2%)+3%@1$%<,.;$%"&%+1$/$%(#$,+;#$/%+"%&,#!$#/%.)$/%)*G J%E9(.)*2%*;+#)$*+/3% J%O*1,*()*2%/").%/+#;(+;#$=%51)(1%)!6#"<$/%5,+$#%,*-%,)#%!"<$!$*+3% J%E"*+#"..)*2%-)/$,/$%,*-%$*1,*()*2%6.,*+%2#"5+13 Nutrient cycling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ant to know 6(+%&C)#3,$'&)-2%+&*5+67&6(#/0&3(-2#0#(-/&0"5-&)-2%+&3($2&(+&2+'&3(-2#0#(-/:& more? ;"#/&#/&*"'�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

7 THE SOIL SCIENTIST

'33+A'/'C5*'+(9&0)+-#-.&#-(+.5-#3&3(61()-2/&#-0(&(+.5-#3&3(61()-2/: 4,#!$#/%-$6$*-%"*%:,(+$#),%&"#%"*$%!"#$%+#,*/&"#!,+)"*G 3'("05/&*05(,@+035*'+(9&0)+-#-.&#-(+.5-#3&6500%+&#-0(&(0"%+&#-(+.5-#3& 3(61()-2/ R530%+#5&0"50&1%+4(+6&6#-%+5$&0+5-/4(+650#(-/&5+%=(+05-0&#-&-#0+(.%-&3'3$#-.:& ;"%&+((0/&(4&$%.)6%/&"(/0&!"#$%&'!()*"!&+,-.#'$"-&0"50&3(->%+0&$5+.%&56()-0/&

(4&2#-#0+(.%-&PUME&4+(6&0"%&506(/1"%+%&#-0(&4(+6/&0"50&1$5-0/&35-&)/%:&@(6%& *)+#"2$*H'8)*2%:,(+$#),%.)<$%&#$$%)*%+1$%/").3 [ /"#$"01"!&+,-.#'$"-&3(->%+0&566(-#5&PUQJE&#-0(&-#0+50%&PUTJ E:&X$5-0/&1+%4%+& What bacteria do *)+#,+$=%:;+%*)+#,+$%)/%$,/).9%.$,(1$-%&#"!%+1$%/").3%7"!$%&,#!$#/%,66.9%R*)+#)'(,9 to nitrogen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orming soil structure B(/0&3+(1/&.+(*&8%/0&#-&3+)68$'&/(#$&0"50&+((0/&35-&%5/#$'&.+(*&0"+()."&5-2& 0"50&5$$(*/&#-&*50%+&5-2&5#+:&@(#$&(+.5-#/6/&1$5'&5-=(+05-0&+($%&#-&0"%&& 4(+650#(-&(4&5&.((2&/(#$&/0+)30)+%:& K/%/6#)*2%+;#*/%+"%/;!!$#%,*-%+1$%/").%1$,+/%;6=%&;*2)%2#"5%."*2%'.,!$*+/% 35$$%2&"'1"5%&0"50&/)++()-2&/(#$&15+0#3$%/&5-2&"($2&0"%6&0(.%0"%+&#-&/(#$&5..+%9 .50%/:&@(6%&8530%+#5&1+(2)3%&/0#3,'&/)8/05-3%/&0"50&5$/(&"%$1&8#-2&/(#$&0(.%0"%+: Want to know B5-'&/(#$&5..+%.50%/&8%0*%%-&0"%&2#56%0%+/&(4&L_L^^^&5-2&L_L^&(4&5-&#-3"&P0"%&& more? /#=%&(4&0"%&1%+#(2&50&0"%&%-2&(4&0"#/&/%-0%-3%E&5+%&4%35$&1%$$%0/:&?+0"+(1(2/&5-2& 8A+$*&5;;0";5*'+( $,#+15"#!/%("*/;!$%/").=%-)2$/+%+1$%:,(+$#),=%,*-%$8(#$+$%,%(.;!6%"&%/").%& 3(50%2&*#0"&/%3+%0#(-/&4+(6&0"%&.)0:&?/&8%%0$%/&5-2&%5+0"*(+6/&3"%*&5-2&8)+'&& A2#1(I'&'D%@%&*(PRZ9]J``& #-&0"#/&/%+#%/E: 1$5-0&+%/#2)%&5-2&8)++(*&0"+()."&0"%&/(#$7&0"%'&5%+50%&0"%&/(#$&5-2&3+%50%& -)0+#%-09$#-%2&3"5--%$/&4(+&+((0/&5-2&*50%+&0(&6(>%&0"+().":

Controlling disease and enhancing growth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

8 THE SOIL SCIENTIST

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

WHEN DO SOIL ORGANISMS DO THEIR Want to know WORK? more?

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

9 THE SOIL SCIENTIST

What Lives in the Soil and What Are They Doing? O,(1%+96$%"&%"#2,*)/!%'../%,%;*)L;$%*)(1$%,*-%6.,9/%,%-)&&$#$*+%#".$%)*%+1$%(9(.)*2%"&%*;+#)$*+/=%+1$%/+#;(+;#$%"&% /(#$7&5-2&#-&1%/0&2'-56#3/:

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='&(.3%'&&&&&&&&&&I^3&KS:SSI&33J C%*,68.&3,$$#%5&& ISS&382:&$(&& F#'1241(#$1")!&%'$2!,,#"7$C221>%*%3#$&0,"%#&,($%&$$ L/),22'&(6#> #/9#.8,22'& I&182:&86&,& $$$,5#$"11,%&)$31 .#22#7&&& /8392#&.,%1(6&& $#,/9((6 -.#/"0#1+$!&-$1,5#"$)#&#"!$.?$&%,"1)#&$9"12$!%"7 .(39()67/ Q(60#%$&,33(68)3&$(&68$%,$#5&,67&68$%,$#&$(&68$%(*#6&& &&&*,//#/: B',%&12+'#,#(<$@5%'5$)"1@$!($.*!2#&,(<$!"#$$$ &&&839(%$,6$&86&7#.(39(/8$8(6&,$&3(7#%,$#>$(>"8*"&9X: Q%#,$#&/)1/$,6.#/&$",$&"#29&1867&/(82&,**%#*,$#/:

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10 THE SOIL SCIENTIST

WHY IS DIVERSITY IMPORTANT? <#,%&0"%&58(>%9.+()-2&%3(/'/0%67&0"%&/(#$&3(66)-#0'&#/&-(0&Y)/0&5&3($$%30#(-&(4&#-2#>#2)5$&/1%3#%/7&8)0&5&& ("!6.$8=%)*+$#,(+)*2%&""-%5$:3%F$("!6"/)+)"*%"&%,%/)*2.$%("!6";*-%!,9%#$L;)#$%/$<$#,.%"#2,*)/!/3%@1$% (#$,+)"*%"&%,22#$2,+$/%)*<".<$/%,%!)8%"&%619/)(,.%,*-%(1$!)(,.%6#"($//$/%,*-%+1$%,(+)<)+9%"&%!,*9%+96$/%"&% (+.5-#/6/:& K/%+1$%("!6.$8)+9%"&%+1$%&""-%5$:%)*(#$,/$/=%6#"-;(+)<)+9%"&%+1$%/").%+$*-/%+"%)*(#$,/$3%M+%)/%*"+%(.$,#%1"5%!;(1% ("!6.$8)+9%)/%*$$-$-=%:;+%+1$#$%,#$%/$<$#,.%#$,/"*/%519%("!6.$8)+9%)/%+1";21+%+"%:$%:$*$'(),.3% 4)#/+=%+1$%/").%/9/+$!%!,9%:$%!"#$%/+,:.$%,*-%#$/).)$*+3%M&%!,*9%"#2,*)/!/%6$#&"#!%,%/)!).,#%#".$=%+1$%/9/+$!%)/% -(0&2%1%-2%-0&(-&Y)/0&5&4%*&4(+&0"50&4)-30#(-:&?&/(#$&2#/0)+85-3%&P/)3"&5/&2+()."0&(+&0#$$5.%E&6#."0&+%2)3%&0"%& ,(+)<)+9%"&%/"!$%"#2,*)/!/=%:;+%)*%,%("!6.$8%/9/+$!%"+1$#/%5)..%6$#&"#!%+1$%/,!$%&;*(+)"*/%>/;(1%,/%6#"<)-)*2% 566(-#)6&(+&2%.+52#-.&5&15+0#3)$5+&3(61()-2E:& U+1$#%:$*$'+/%"&%("!6.$8)+9%!,9%)*(.;-$%)!6#"<$-%*;+#)$*+%(9(.)*2=%-$("!6"/)+)"*=%,*-%-)/$,/$%("*+#".3% !"%-&65-'&2#44%+%-0&,#-2/&(4&(+.5-#/6/&5+%&1+%/%-07&65-'&(+.5-#3&3(61()-2/&5-2&1(0%-0#5$&1($$)05-0/&35-&8%& 2%.+52%27&5-2&65-'&3(61%0#0(+/&5-2&1+%250(+/&5+%&1+%/%-0&0(&3(-0+($&1%/0&1(1)$50#(-/:

Nematodes: Good Guys or Bad Guys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c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dJ&& K12#$!,1-#($#!,$0&-#(%"!>*#$"#(%-#&,($19$9!"2$.#*-(7$L0,$@1"2(<$91"$%&(,!&'#<$!"#$50&,#-$-1@&$>+$& (6#&/9#.8#/&(-&.,%680(%()/&6#3,$(7#:&;"#/#&6#3,$(7#/&234%5'67"5'78'*9&,%#&,0,82,12#&-%(3&/(3#& 18(2(*8.,2&/)992'&.,$,2(*)#/&$(&.(6$%(2&.)$&+(%3/&,67&($"#%&.%(9>7,3,*86*&)67#%*%()67&.,$#%9822,%/&,67& 1##$2#&2,%0,:& Y#3,$(7#/&,%#&6($&/8392'&9#/$/5&1)$&,&780#%/#&*%()9&(-&/9#.8#/&$",$&92,'&3,6'&%(2#/&86&$"#&/(82&/'/$#3:&

11 WHAT’S NEXT?

@%>%+5$&.)#2%$#-%/&4(+&65-5.#-.&/(#$&8#($(.'&*%+%&#-0+(2)3%2&#-&0"#/&3"510%+H& %-3()+5.%&2#>%+/#0'7&4%%2&(+.5-#/6/&4+%C)%-0$'7&2(-S0&2%/0+('&"58#050&*#0"& $8($//)<$%6$/+)()-$/%"#%+)..,2$3%V;+%+1$#$%5$#$%*"%/+#)(+%*;!:$#/%&"#%1"5%!,*9% 5+0"+(1(2/&'()&-%%27&(+&5&$#/0&(4&/1%3#%/&0"50&5+%&%//%-0#5$7&(+&5&1+%3#/%&/%0&(4& 6#,(+)($/%+1,+%5)..%2$*$#,+$%+1$%R)-$,.W%!)8%"&%/").%"#2,*)/!/3%@1)/%!$,*/%+1,+% .((2&(8/%+>50#(-&/,#$$/&5+%=(+05-0&0(&5//%//#-.&0"%&%44%30/&(4&1+530#3%/&(-& '()+&45+6:

MONITORING Want to know G53"&45+6%+&-(0#3%/&5&)-#C)%&/%0&(4&3"5-.%/&5/&/(#$&8#($(.#35$&530#>#0'&+#/%/:& more? T-%&6#."0&-(0#3%&6(+%&8#+2/&1#3,#-.&()0&%5+0"*(+6/&8%"#-2&0"%&1$(*:&?-(0"%+& 6#."0&/%%&65-)+%&1#%/&2#/511%5+#-.&6(+%&C)#3,$'7&(+&+%2)3%2&1(-2#-.&540%+&5& 8A+$*&3+('*+0'(;&,+'/ +5#-:&F0&05,%/&1+530#3%&0(&(8/%+>%&0"%&530#>#0#%/&(4&/(#$&(+.5-#/6/:&T8/%+>50#(-/& ;"%&I2&#*26#&D(-221(K2L&#/&5& /)3"&5/&0"%/%&5+%&%//%-0#5$7&8)0&0"%+%&5+%&5$/(&6(+%&/'/0%650#3&*5'/&0(&6(-#0(+& 8((,&2%/3+#8#-.&65-'&45+6& /(#$&8#($(.': 5//%//6%-0&0%3"-#C)%/7&& #-3$)2#-.&5&3"510%+&(-&/(#$/: Assessing soil life on your farm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�&#/=(+05-0&0(&-(0%& 0%61%+50)+%&5-2&6(#/0)+%&3(-2#0#(-/&*"%-&/561$#-.:& F-&522#0#(-&0(&2#+%30$'&6%5/)+#-.&0"%&(+.5-#/6/&(+&0"%#+&530#>#0'7�&35-&8%&& ;/$&;.%+"%!"*)+"#%+1$%6#"($//$/%+1$9%)*X;$*($3%@1$/$%)*(.;-$%+1$%/+,:).)+9%"&% /").%,22#$2,+$/=%#,+$%"&%5,+$#%)*'.+#,+)"*%)*+"%+1$%/").=%+1$%#,+$%"&%-$("!6"/)9 0#(-7&1%/0&530#>#0'7&5-2&/(#$&-#0+50%&$%>%$/:

Onfarm tests ;"%&I2&#*26#&D(-221(K2L%>/$$%4;#+1$#%Y$/";#($/N%-$/(#):$/%,%/").%#$/6)#,+)"*% +$/+%+1,+%!$,/;#$/%(,#:"*%-)"8)-$=%,*-%,%("++"*%/+#)6%+$/+%+1,+%!$,/;#$/%+1$%#,+$% "&%-$2#,-,+)"*%"&%,%:;#)$-%6)$($%"&%(."+13%@1$%@"".%V"8%,./"%-$/(#):$/%+$/+/%"&% ,22#$2,+$%/+,:).)+9%,*-%6$#(".,+)"*%>)*'.+#,+)"*N3% ?&/#61$%&(-945+6&+%/1#+50#(-&0%/0&#/&5>5#$58$%&4+(6&!((2/&G-2&O%/%5+3"&<58(9 +50(+'&PM^]9M`J9MKa]7&"001\__***:*((2/%-2:(+._E:& R#($(.#35$&530#>#0'&35-&8%&(8/%+>%2&6(+%&#-4(+65$$'&8'&-(0#-.&"(*&$(-.�& +,B$/%&"#%!,*;#$%"#%#$/)-;$%+"%-)/,66$,#%&#"!%,%'$.-3%%

12 WHAT’S NEXT?

Lab tests ?&4%*&3(66%+3#5$&$58/&*#$$&0%/0&0"%&-)68%+&(+&530#>#0'&(4&(+.5-#/6/&#-&'()+&/(#$:& @(6%&3(-/)$05-0/&5+%&2%>%$(1#-.&+%3(66%-250#(-/&85/%2&(-&/)3"&0%/0/7&8)0&0"%& Want to know +%/%5+3"&85/#/&4(+&#-0%+1+%0#-.&8#($(.#35$&6%5/)+%/&#/&/0#$$&*%5,:& more? THE FUTURE OF SOIL BIOLOGY 8A+$*&,+$0%",&+@&/5A& *",*, MANAGEMENT @%%&O1*%6&'*#B%(A2#1(-%$*#&D( P'?26'*26#%$H ;"%+%&#/&6)3"&0(&$%5+-&58()0&65-5.#-.&/(#$&8#($(.':&O%/%5+3"%+/&5+%&(-$'&& & :$2)**)*2%+"%;*-$#/+,*-%+1$%/6$()'(%:)"."2)(%!$(1,*)/!/%"&%!,*9%!,*,2$!$*+%

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

Your Farm .05%*'%"&,""'(;&,+'/&+0;5(',3,- ;,4#&",2-&,6&"()%&-(%&,&28$$2#&860#/$8*,$8(6:&D-&'()&",0#&,&+((7#7&2($5&*(&$"#%#:&C%&*(&$(&,6&)69,/$)%#75&& )6$822#7&-#6.#&286#&(%&3#,7(+:&;,4#&,2(6*&,&/"(0#2&(%&/9,7#:&e6##2&7(+6&(6&$"#&2#,-&3(27:&=,'1#&'()c22& /##&,&-%(*5&$(,75&(%&/"%#+:&f()c22&9%(1,12'&/##&/3,22&/987#%/&,67&1##$2#/&833#78,$#2':&U##2&,+,'&,&-#+& 2#,0#/:&f()c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ɠ%(63#6$&$",$&8/&*#6#%,$#7&1'&$"#&$##386*& *%9#$1&$,5#$91"#(,$H11"7$ C&$!$9#@$(60!"#$9##,$19$91"#(,$H11"$!&-$*#!9$21*-$,5#"#$!"#$(4%-#"(<$2%**%4#-#(<$(&!%*(<$(*0)(<$>##,*#$*!"=!$ ,67&9)9,#5&,67&.()6$2#//&($"#%&/3,22&.%#,$)%#/:&<.8#6$8/$/&/,'&$",$&,&/86*2#&*%,3&(-&/(82&-%(3&$"#&-(%#/$& H11"$'!&$'1&,!%&$04$,1$!$G%*12#,#"$19$90&)!*$5+45!#7$N%,510,$!**$,5%($'"0&'5%&)<$20&'5%&)<$!&-$4"1'#((%&)$ (-&28086*&$"86*/&7(+6&$(&$"#&1,/8.#3#6$/5&92,6$/&/8392'&.()276c$&*%(+:& O1@$,!G#$!$,"%4$,1$1&#$19$+10"$9!"2$.#*-(7$N5!,$-1$+10$(##$,5!,M($-%99#"#&,P

13 FURTHER RESOURCES

23#'$!-#"4'+5%"3+6'7#"!&+8-,%$-#%$"'79&?11+(1+#50%&;%3"-($(.'&;+5-/4%+&4(+&O)+5$&?+%5/&P?;;O?E: ;"#/&$#/0&#/&5>5#$58$%&4+(6&?;;O?&8'&35$$#-.&L9b^^9JKc9`LK^7&(+&(-&0"%#+&*%8&/#0%&50&"001\__***:500+5:(+._500+59 1)8_/(#$9$58:"06$ 6:'+;!.1.3%<'="-+%0+/-#>$-3+?!7'.#+@+A"7'-7'+B%!#$%3:&L`bK:&O:R:&D%1/%-7&d+:&O(25$%&X+%//: ?>5#$58$%&4+(6&O(25$%&50&b^^9`LK9`JcJ: C%!"#%$"!&+6%%3+D%*H&L``b:&<5-2&@0%*5+2/"#1&X+(Y%30&5-2&0"%&B#--%/(05&F-/0#0)0%&4(+&@)/05#-58$%&?.+#3)$0)+%: ;"#/&8((,7&5$(-.&*#0"&0"%&>#2%(&:12$%(*2(*.%(E625&+7&#/&4(+&45+6%+/&#-0%+%/0%2&#-&%5/'&0%3"-#C)%/&4(+&6(-#0(+#-.& +1$%)!6,(+%"&%!,*,2$!$*+%-$()/)"*/%"*%1$)#%.,*-=%'*,*($/=%,*-%&,!).93%%@"%"#-$#=%(,..%+1$%D,*-%7+$5,#-/1)6%& X+(Y%30&50&a^]9aMJ9JJcc:& :+'/&E$5/'*4&F",*&G'*:&@(#$&e)5$#0'&F-/0#0)0%7&U50)+5$&O%/()+3%/&I(-/%+>50#(-&@%+>#3%: K%("..$(+)"*%"&%+$/+/%+1,+%(,*%:$%("!6.$+$-%"*H&,#!=%)*(.;-)*2%+$/+/%&"#%5,+$#%)*'.+#,+)"*=%:)"."2)(,.%,(+)<)+9=%& -#0+50%/7&5..+%.50%&/058#$#0'7&5-2&6(+%:&?>5#$58$%&50&0"%&@(#$&e)5$#0'&F-/0#0)0%&*%8&15.%&50&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1++6GZZ5553/+,+.,:3),/+,+$3$-;Z/;#<$9Z7[M%"#%&#"!%9";#%."(,.%7").%,*-%\,+$#%E"*/$#<,+)"*%F)/+#)(+%"&'($3% 6:'+E$&-!".+F-$='!'$G7+H-!=,%%I+%0+/-#>$-3+?!7'.#+-!=+A"7'-7'+B%!#$%33%?]]^3%V3%O..)/=%\3%,*-%43%C,#/1,..%%%%%%%% R+52$%'7&%2/:&O(25$%&X+%//: ?>5#$58$%&4+(6&O(25$%&50&b^^9`LK9`JcJ: J%=-3'G7+K'7#+-!=+A"7'-7'+K$%,3'L+5%34'$:&L``c:&<:&A#$,%/(-7&X:&X%#+3%7&B:&@6#0":&O(25$%&X+%//: ?>5#$58$%&4+(6&O(25$%&50&b^^9`LK9`JcJ: 6:'+5%"3+D"%3%&1+K$"L'$9&L```:&@(#$&e)5$#0'&F-/0#0)0%7&U50)+5$&O%/()+3%/&I(-/%+>50#(-&@%+>#3%: ;"#/&#/&5&4)$$93($(+7&ac915.%&#-0+(2)30#(-&0(&*"50&$#>%/&#-&0"%&/(#$&5-2&*"'�&#/=(+05-0&0(&5.+#3)$0)+%&5-2&5#+&5-2& 5,+$#%L;,.)+93%4#$$%("6)$/%,#$%,<,).,:.$%&#"!%9";#%."(,.%7").%,*-%\,+$#%E"*/$#<,+)"*%F)/+#)(+%"&'($3%

14 Notes

15 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

8$*?+0 ?--&<%*5-2(*/,#7&@(#$&e)5$#0'&F-/0#0)0%7&U50)+5$&O%/()+3%/&I(-/%+>50#(-&@%+>#3%7&Z-#0%2&@050%/&N%15+06%-0&(4& ?.+#3)$0)+%&*#0"&3(-0+#8)0#(-/&4+(6&;#6&f#-.&5-2&X"#$$&?+-($27&45+6%+/7&<(-.&X+5#+#%:

8#1',+0, N%8(+5"&?$$5-7&1+(4%//(+7&N%15+06%-0&(4&@(#$7&!50%+7&5-2&I$#650%7&Z-#>%+/#0'&(4&B#--%/(05& d5'&N(+/%'7&P4(+6%+E&+%/%5+3"&5//(3#50%7&N%15+06%-0&(4&@(#$7&!50%+7&5-2&I$#650%7&Z-#>%+/#0'&(4&B#--%/(05&& ;"(65/&Q5-/6%'%+7&.+52)50%&/0)2%-07&N%15+06%-0&(4&@(#$7&!50%+7&5-2&I$#650%7&Z-#>%+/#0'&(4&B#--%/(05 N5>#2&Q)..#-/7&P4(+6%+E&1+(4%//(+7&N%15+06%-0&(4&@(#$7&!50%+7&5-2&I$#650%7&Z-#>%+/#0'&(4&B#--%/(05 B5..#%&d(-%/7&3(-/)$05-07&R$)%&G5+0"&?.+(-(6#3/& V":%U./"*=%\,/1)*2+"*%E";*+9%O8+$*/)"*=%_*)<$#/)+9%"&%C)**$/"+,%O8+$*/)"*%7$#<)($% d%5-&X%0%+/(-7&45+6%+7&N%$5-( B5+,&g)6*#-,$%7&G-%+.'&5-2&@)/05#-58$%&?.+#3)$0)+%&X+(.+567&B#--%/(05&N%15+06%-0&(4&?.+#3)$0)+%

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4;*-)*2%&"#%+1)/%6#"`$(+%,66#"<$-%:9%+1$%C)**$/"+,%D$2)/.,+;#$=%?]]a%C)**$/"+,%D,5/=%E13%^^b%7$(3%c=%7;:-3%^3 ?22#0#(-5$&4)-2#-.&1+(>#2%2&8'&0"%&@(#$&e)5$#0'&F-/0#0)0%7&U50)+5$&O%/()+3%/&I(-/%+>50#(-&@%+>#3%7&Z-#0%2& @050%/&N%15+06%-0&(4&?.+#3)$0)+%

16 THE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION EXCHANGE

1)/%6;:.)(,+)"*%)/%6,#+%"&%,%/$#)$/%-$<$."6$-%+1#";21%+1$%7;/+,)*,:.$%K2#)(;.+;#$%M*&"#!,+)"*%O8(1,*2$=%,% T3$%5+#-."()/%&(4&/)/05#-58$%&5.+#3)$0)+%&#-4(+650#(-&5-2&650%+#5$/&#-&B#--%/(05:&;"%/%&#-4(+650#(-5$& !,+$#),./%,#$%,(($//):.$%+"%+1$%6;:.)(%:9%61"*$%>+"..H&#$$N=%&,8=%$H!,).=%"#%\"#.-%\)-$%\$:3 @1$%M*&"#!,+)"*%O8(1,*2$%5"#B/%+"%:#)-2$%+1$%2,6%:$+5$$*%+1$%*$$-%&"#%+)!$.9=%6#,(+)(,.%)*&"#!,+)"*%,:";+% /;/+,)*,:.$%,2#)(;.+;#$%,*-%$8)/+)*2%#$/";#($/%,*-%)*&"#!,+)"*d%+"%)-$*+)&9%2,6/%)*%#$/$,#(1%,*-%$-;(,+)"*%,*-% -)#$(+%&;*-)*2%,*-%/;66"#+%+"%,--#$//%+1$!d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eE"..$2$%"&%K2#)(;.+;#,.=%4""-=%,*-%O*<)#"*!$*+,.%7()$*($/%,*-%+1$%& 7;/+,)*$#/T%E",.)+)"*=%,%2#";6%"&%)*-)<)-;,./%,*-%("!!;*)+9H:,/$-%*"*H6#"'+%"#2,*)0,+)"*/3 T0"%+&1)8$#350#(-/&#-&0"#/&/%+#%/&#-3$)2%\ %%J%/"0.%1'$"(&)2$%*#0)"()3(4"5'46)24,.'07&8;0+@+0",*04&I))+0*$('*'",&@+0&8##"#&2(%+3"&PZ-#>%+/#0'&(4&&&& C)**$/"+,%O8+$*/)"*%7$#<)($%F)/+#):;+)"*%E$*+$#%V_HcfbfN %%J%8$&,(".)9'$#"*.,#"%()%:)9$%;)2$%<=.#"%()"()>"(('0%#,%>_*)<$#/)+9%"&%C)**$/"+,%O8+$*/)"*%7$#<)($% N#/0+#8)0#(-&I%-0%+&RZ9]M^ME %%J%?@%4')A,$B)24,(("(&7)9%BC"("(&)A,B"46D)2$%*#D),(<)E(1"$%(B'(#&PZ-#>%+/#0'&(4&B#--%/(05&&&&&&&&&&&& O8+$*/)"*%7$#<)($%F)/+#):;+)"*%E$*+$#%V_Hg]haN U%*&0(1#3/&#-&0"%&/%+#%/&5+%&3(-0#-)5$$'&#-&2%>%$(16%-07&#-3$)2#-.&5$0%+-50#>%&"(.&1+(2)30#(-&/'/0%6/7&8)/#9 -%//&1$5--#-.7&3($$58(+50#>%&65+,%0#-.&(+.5-#=50#(-/7&65-5.%6%-0&(4&/($#2&"(.&65-)+%7&5-2&+%/()+3%/&4(+&-%*& 45+6%+/: 4"#%!"#$%)*&"#!,+)"*%"*%+1)/%/$#)$/=%+1$%M*&"#!,+)"*%O8(1,*2$=%CM7K=%"#%+"%#$L;$/+%)*-)<)-;,.)0$-%)*&"#!,+)"*% (-&C)%/0#(-/&+%$50%2&0(&/)/05#-58$%&5.+#3)$0)+%7&1$%5/%&3(-0530&)/:

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