Preliminary Proposal to Encode Devanagari Letter Numerals L2/17
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Roman Numerals
History of Numbers 1c. I can distinguish between an additive and positional system, and convert between Roman and Hindu-Arabic numbers. Roman Numerals The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome (753 BC–476 AD) and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. By the 11th century, the more efJicient Hindu–Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe by way of Arab traders. Roman numerals, however, remained in commo use well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Roman numerals are still used today, in certain contexts. See: Modern Uses of Roman Numerals Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, are based on seven symbols: The numbers 1 to 10 are expressed in Roman numerals as: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X. This an additive system. Numbers are formed by combining symbols and adding together their values. For example, III is three (three ones) and XIII is thirteen (a ten plus three ones). Because each symbol (I, V, X ...) has a Jixed value rather than representing multiples of ten, one hundred and so on (according to the numeral's position) there is no need for “place holding” zeros, as in numbers like 207 or 1066. Using Roman numerals, those numbers are written as CCVII (two hundreds, plus a ive and two ones) and MLXVI (a thousand plus a ifty plus a ten, a ive and a one). -
The Number-System of Algebra : Treated Theoretically and Historically
- ; THE NUMBER-SYSTEM OF ALGEBRA TKEATED THEORETICALLY AND HISTORICALLY BY HENRY B. FINE, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY SECOND EDITION, WITH CORRECTIONS BOSTON, U.S.A. D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 1907 COPYRIGHT, 1890, BY HENRY B. FINE. 66 f 6 T PREFACE. THE theoretical part of this little book is an elementary of exposition the nature of the number concept, of the posi- tive integer, and of the four artificial forms of number which, with the positive integer, constitute the "number- " system of algebra, viz. the negative, the fraction, the irra- tional, and the imaginary. The discussion of the artificial numbers follows, in general, the same lines as my pam- phlet : On the Forms of Number arising in Common Algebra, but it is much more exhaustive and thorough- going. The point of view is the one first suggested by Peacock and Gregory, and accepted by mathematicians gen- erally since the discovery of quaternions and the Ausdeh- nungslehre of Grassmann, that algebra is completely defined formally by the laws of combination to which its funda- mental operations are subject; that, speaking generally, these laws alone define the operations, and the operations the various artificial numbers, as their formal or symbolic results. This doctrine was fully developed for the neg the fraction, and the imaginary by Hankel, in his Complexe Zahlensystemen, in 1867, and made complete by Cantor's beautiful theory of the irrational in 1871, but it has not as yet received adequate treatment in English. this kind is Any large degree of originality in work of from a naturally out of the question. -
Ancient Indian Mathematical Evolution Since Counting
Journal of Statistics and Mathematical Engineering e-ISSN: 2581-7647 Volume 5 Issue 3 Ancient Indian Mathematical Evolution since Counting 1 2 Sankar Prasad Mukherjee , Sandip Ghanta* 1Research Guide, 2Research Scholar 1,2Department of Mathematics, Seacom Skills University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Email: *[email protected] DOI: Abstract This paper is an endeavor how chronologically since inception and into growth of mathematics occurred in Ancient India with an effort of counting to establish the numeral system through different ages, i.e., Rigveda, Yajurvada, Buddhist, Indo-Bactrian, Bramhi, Gupta and Devanagari Periods. Ancient India’s such contribution was of immense value helped to accelerate the progress of Mathematical development up to modern age as we see today. Keywords: Brahmi numerals, centesimal scale, devanagari, rigveda, kharosthi numerals, yajurveda INTRODUCTION main striking feature being counting and This research paper is an endeavor to evolution of numeral system thereby. synchronize all the historical research with essence of pre-historic and post-historic Mathematical Evolution in Vedic Period respectively interwoven into a texture of Decimal Number System in the Rigveda evolution process of Mathematics. The first Numbers are represented in decimal system form of writing human race was not (i.e., base 10) in the Rigveda, in all other literature but Mathematics. Arithmetic Vedic treatises, and in all subsequent Indian what is today was felt as an essential need texts. No other base occurs in ancient for day to day necessity of human race. In Indian texts, except a few instances of base various countries at various point of time, 100 (or higher powers of 10). -
Crowdsourcing
CROWDSOURCING The establishment of the ZerOrigIndia Foundation is predicated on a single premise, namely, that our decades-long studies indicate that there are sound reasons to assume that facilitating further independent scientific research into the origin of the zero digit as numeral may lead to theoretical insights and practical innovations equal to or perhaps even exceeding the revolutionary progress to which the historic emergence of the zero digit in India somewhere between 200 BCE and 500 CE has led across the planet, in the fields of mathematics, science and technology since its first emergence. No one to date can doubt the astounding utility of the tenth and last digit to complete the decimal system, yet the origin of the zero digit is shrouded in mystery to this day. It is high time, therefore, that a systematic and concerted effort is undertaken by a multidisciplinary team of experts to unearth any extant evidence bearing on the origin of the zero digit in India. The ZerOrigIndia Foundation is intended to serve as instrument to collect the requisite funds to finance said independent scientific research in a timely and effective manner. Research Academics and researchers worldwide are invited to join our efforts to unearth any extant evidence of the zero digit in India. The ZerOrigIndia Foundation will facilitate the research in various ways, chief among which is to engage in fundraising to finance projects related to our objective. Academics and researchers associated with reputed institutions of higher learning are invited to monitor progress reported by ZerOrigIndia Foundation, make suggestions and/or propose their own research projects to achieve the avowed aim. -
A Review on Handwritten Devnagari Numerals Recognition Using Support Vector Machine
Proceedings of VESCOMM-2016 4th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “RECENT TRENDES IN VLSI, EMBEDED SYSTEM, SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION In Association with “The Institution of Engineers (India)” and IJRPET February 12th, 2016 Paper ID: VESCOMM03 A REVIEW ON HANDWRITTEN DEVNAGARI NUMERALS RECOGNITION USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE Rupali Vitthalrao Suryawanshi Department of Electronics Engineering, Bharatratna Indira Gandhi College, Solapur, India, 413006 [email protected] Abstract— Handwriting has continued to persist as a mean of SVM stands for Support Vector Machine and this method of communication and recording information in day-to-day life even recognition is gaining immense popularity now-a-days. SVM with the invention of new technologies. Natural handwriting is classifier gives better results as compared to the other one of the easiest ways of information exchange between a human classifiers for the handwritten numeral recognition of Kannada and a computer. Handwriting recognition has attracted many script in [3]. In [6], SVM approach is used to recognize researchers across the world since many years. Recognition of strokes in Telugu script. The set of strokes are segmented into online handwritten Devanagari numerals is a goal of many subsets based on the relative position of the stroke in a research efforts in the pattern recognition field The main goal of character. An SVM based classifier is built for recognition of the work is the recognition of online hand written Devanagari strokes in each subset. A rule based approach is used to numerals using support vector machine. In the data collection recognize a character from the sequence of stroke classes phase, co-ordinate points of the input handwritten numeral are given by the stroke classifier. -
Numerical Notation: a Comparative History
This page intentionally left blank Numerical Notation Th is book is a cross-cultural reference volume of all attested numerical notation systems (graphic, nonphonetic systems for representing numbers), encompassing more than 100 such systems used over the past 5,500 years. Using a typology that defi es progressive, unilinear evolutionary models of change, Stephen Chrisomalis identifi es fi ve basic types of numerical notation systems, using a cultural phylo- genetic framework to show relationships between systems and to create a general theory of change in numerical systems. Numerical notation systems are prima- rily representational systems, not computational technologies. Cognitive factors that help explain how numerical systems change relate to general principles, such as conciseness and avoidance of ambiguity, which also apply to writing systems. Th e transformation and replacement of numerical notation systems relate to spe- cifi c social, economic, and technological changes, such as the development of the printing press and the expansion of the global world-system. Stephen Chrisomalis is an assistant professor of anthropology at Wayne State Uni- versity in Detroit, Michigan. He completed his Ph.D. at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he studied under the late Bruce Trigger. Chrisomalis’s work has appeared in journals including Antiquity, Cambridge Archaeological Jour- nal, and Cross-Cultural Research. He is the editor of the Stop: Toutes Directions project and the author of the academic weblog Glossographia. Numerical Notation A Comparative History Stephen Chrisomalis Wayne State University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521878180 © Stephen Chrisomalis 2010 This publication is in copyright. -
Elements of South-Indian Palaeography, from the Fourth To
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com ELEMENTS SOUTH-INDIAN PALfi3&BAPBY FROM THE FOURTH TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY A. D. BEIN1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ?TIK STUDY OF SOUTH-INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS AND MSS. BY A. C. BURNELL HON'. PH. O. OF TUE UNIVERSITY M. K. A, ri'VORE PIS I. A SOClfcTE MANGALORE \ BASEL MISSION BOOK & TRACT DEPOSITORY ft !<3 1874 19 Vi? TRUBNER & Co. 57 & 69 LUDOATE HILL' . ' \jj *£=ggs3|fg r DISTRIBUTION of S INDIAN alphabets up to 1550 a d. ELEMENTS OF SOUTH-INDIAN PALEOGRAPHY FROM THE FOURTH TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY A. D. BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF SOUTH-INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS AND MSS. BY A. p. j^URNELL HON. PH. D. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF STRASSBUB.G; M. R. A. S.; MEMBKE DE LA S0CIETE ASIATIQUE, ETC. ETC. MANGALORE PRINTED BY STOLZ & HIRNER, BASEL MISSION PRESS 1874 LONDON TRtlBNER & Co. 57 & 59 LUDGATE HILL 3« w i d m « t als ^'ctdjcn kr §anltekcit fiir Mc i|jm bdic<jcnc JJoctorMvk ttcsc fetlings^kit auf rincm fejjcr mtfrckntcn Jfclk bet 1®4 INTRODUCTION. I trust that this elementary Sketch of South-Indian Palaeography may supply a want long felt by those who are desirous of investigating the real history of the peninsula of India. Trom the beginning of this century (when Buchanan executed the only archaeological survey that has ever been done in even a part of the South of India) up to the present time, a number of well meaning persons have gone about with much simplicity and faith collecting a mass of rubbish which they term traditions and accept as history. -
Some Interesting Facts, Myths and History of Mathematics
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) E-ISSN: 2321 – 4767 P-ISSN: 2321 - 4759 www.ijmsi.org Volume 4 Issue 6 || August. 2016 || PP-54-68 Some Interesting Facts, Myths and History of Mathematics Singh Prashant1 1(Department of Computer Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University) ABSTRACT : This paper deals with primary concepts and fallacies of mathematics which many a times students and even teachers ignore. Also this paper comprises of history of mathematical symbols, notations and methods of calculating time. I have also included some ancient techniques of solving mathematical real time problems. This paper is a confluence of various traditional mathematical techniques and their implementation in modern mathematics. I. INTRODUCTION I have heard my father saying that ―Mathematics is the only genuine subject as it does not change with boundary of countries‖. It is lucrative just because of its simplicity. Galileo once said, ―Mathematics is the language with which God wrote the Universe.‖ He was precise in calling mathematics a language, because like any dialect, mathematics has its own rubrics, formulas, and nuances. In precise, the symbols used in mathematics are quite unique to its field and are profoundly engrained in history. The following will give an ephemeral history of some of the greatest well-known symbols employed by mathematics. Categorized by discipline within the subject, each section has its own interesting subculture surrounding it. Arithmetic is the most rudimentary part of mathematics and covers addition, subtraction, multiplication, and the division of numbers. One category of numbers are the integers, -n,…-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…n , where we say that n is in .The capital letter Z is written to represent integers and comes from the German word, Zahlen, meaning numbers. -
Numbering Systems Developed by the Ancient Mesopotamians
Emergent Culture 2011 August http://emergent-culture.com/2011/08/ Home About Contact RSS-Email Alerts Current Events Emergent Featured Global Crisis Know Your Culture Legend of 2012 Synchronicity August, 2011 Legend of 2012 Wednesday, August 31, 2011 11:43 - 4 Comments Cosmic Time Meets Earth Time: The Numbers of Supreme Wholeness and Reconciliation Revealed In the process of writing about the precessional cycle I fell down a rabbit hole of sorts and in the process of finding my way around I made what I think are 4 significant discoveries about cycles of time and the numbers that underlie and unify cosmic and earthly time . Discovery number 1: A painting by Salvador Dali. It turns that clocks are not as bad as we think them to be. The units of time that segment the day into hours, minutes and seconds are in fact reconciled by the units of time that compose the Meso American Calendrical system or MAC for short. It was a surprise to me because one of the world’s foremost authorities in calendrical science the late Dr.Jose Arguelles had vilified the numbers of Western timekeeping as a most grievious error . So much so that he attributed much of the worlds problems to the use of the 12 month calendar and the 24 hour, 60 minute, 60 second day, also known by its handy acronym 12-60 time. I never bought into his argument that the use of those time factors was at fault for our largely miserable human-planetary condition. But I was content to dismiss mechanized time as nothing more than a convenient tool to facilitate the activities of complex societies. -
International Journal of Research Ancient Indian Mathematicians
International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 & p-ISSN 2348-795X Vol-5, Special Issue-9 International Seminar on Changing Trends in Historiography: A Global Perspective Held on 2nd February 2018 organized by The Post Graduate Department of History. Dev Samaj College for Women, Ferozepur City, Punjab, India Ancient Indian Mathematicians Sanjay Gupta Assistant Professors, P.G. Department of Mathematics, Dev Samaj College For Women, Ferozepur City, Punjab, India. Poonam Assistant Professors, P.G. Department of Mathematics, Dev Samaj College For Women, Ferozepur City, Punjab, India. Sandeep Sandhu Assistant Professors, P.G. Department of Mathematics, Dev Samaj College For Women, Ferozepur City, Punjab, India. Abstract The aim of this paper is to present a brief history of ancient Indian mathematicians. We want to summarize the results and contributions of Indian mathematicians which were made in the period from the first civilization in Indian subcontinent to 5th century AD when classical era of Indian mathematics began. Keywords : History, Ancient, Mathematicians, Civilization, Classical. 1. Introduction In this paper, we have to present enormous work and contributions made by Ancient Indian Mathematicians. It is no doubt that the world today is greatly thankful to the contributions made by Indian mathematicians. One of the most important contributions made by them was the invention of zero as well as the introduction of decimal system. Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent from 1200 BC until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 AD to 1200AD), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Bhaskara II. -
A History of Elementary Mathematics, with Hints on Methods of Teaching
;-NRLF I 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PEFARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA Engineering Library A HISTORY OF ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO A HISTORY OF ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS WITH HINTS ON METHODS OF TEACHING BY FLORIAN CAJORI, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN COLORADO COLLEGE REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON : MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1917 All rights reserved Engineering Library COPYRIGHT, 1896 AND 1917, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped September, 1896. Reprinted August, 1897; March, 1905; October, 1907; August, 1910; February, 1914. Revised and enlarged edition, February, 1917. o ^ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION "THE education of the child must accord both in mode and arrangement with the education of mankind as consid- ered in other the of historically ; or, words, genesis knowledge in the individual must follow the same course as the genesis of knowledge in the race. To M. Comte we believe society owes the enunciation of this doctrine a doctrine which we may accept without committing ourselves to his theory of 1 the genesis of knowledge, either in its causes or its order." If this principle, held also by Pestalozzi and Froebel, be correct, then it would seem as if the knowledge of the history of a science must be an effectual aid in teaching that science. Be this doctrine true or false, certainly the experience of many instructors establishes the importance 2 of mathematical history in teaching. With the hope of being of some assistance to my fellow-teachers, I have pre- pared this book and have interlined my narrative with occasional remarks and suggestions on methods of teaching. -
The Project Gutenberg Ebook #31061: a History of Mathematics
The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of Mathematics, by Florian Cajori This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A History of Mathematics Author: Florian Cajori Release Date: January 24, 2010 [EBook #31061] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS *** Produced by Andrew D. Hwang, Peter Vachuska, Carl Hudkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net transcriber's note Figures may have been moved with respect to the surrounding text. Minor typographical corrections and presentational changes have been made without comment. This PDF file is formatted for screen viewing, but may be easily formatted for printing. Please consult the preamble of the LATEX source file for instructions. A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS BY FLORIAN CAJORI, Ph.D. Formerly Professor of Applied Mathematics in the Tulane University of Louisiana; now Professor of Physics in Colorado College \I am sure that no subject loses more than mathematics by any attempt to dissociate it from its history."|J. W. L. Glaisher New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1909 All rights reserved Copyright, 1893, By MACMILLAN AND CO. Set up and electrotyped January, 1894. Reprinted March, 1895; October, 1897; November, 1901; January, 1906; July, 1909. Norwood Pre&: J. S. Cushing & Co.|Berwick & Smith.