Surfactants and Detergents

ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

SURFACTANTS AND DETERGENTS

S&D 1a: Fabric Care Chair: Yvon Durant, Itaconix, USA

Formulating High Performance Odor interest in products that offer sensory benefits Neutralizing Carpet Cleaners. Gregory Smith*1, in addition to cleaning. Leveraging sensorial Scott Jaynes1, and Anita Augustyniak2,1Croda, attributes related to touch and smell enable Inc., USA; 2Itaconix, USA enhanced consumer enjoyment while doing Carpet cleaning shampoo formulations laundry and benefit from an extended sensorial must deliver high cleaning performance, experience after laundering provided by appropriate foaming levels, and low residues innovative multifunctional sensorial ingredients. after cleaning. In addition, cleaning One of the key challenges for such formulations should neutralize persistent odors multifunctional sensorial ingredients for use in such as those from pet stains, food and smoke 2-in-1 automatic laundry detergent is the whether in household or institutional settings. delivery of a fabric care benefit through the Finally, market demands for sustainable wash while minimizing compromise on products mean that these cleaning products whiteness retention. Current multifunctional must incorporate highly renewable raw sensorial ingredient technologies typically lead materials that have acceptable toxicity and to excessive greying and loss of color brightness biodegradation profiles. We present guidelines of fabrics. Our new cationic cellulosic additive for producing carpet cleaning formulations that addresses this challenge by offering improved meet these high performance standards using softness and fragrance deposition with minimal highly sustainable raw materials. Cleaning greying negatives that renders the experience surfactants are chosen from a family of high of doing laundry more enjoyable. bio-based materials with EPA Safer Choice® and USDA BioPreferred® credentials. Odor Study on Change in Clothing Texture of Clothes neutralization is provided by zinc polyitaconate, Bought by Depending on Drying Method. an effective, water soluble and bio-based odor Hiroyuki Masui, Aiko Tai*, Shota Okeda, neutralizer. Data will be presented showing the Tsuyoshi Terabayashi, Ai Tanaka, Yoichiro high performance and low residual material left Kohno, Yukari Matsunaga, Lion Corporation, behind by these formulations, as well as Japan potential negative effects from residuals of As more Japanese women choose full-time alternative odor neutralizers such as zinc employment over staying at home and pollen, ricinoleate. PM2.5, etc. deteriorate the outdoor environment, drying laundry indoors is Deliver In-Wash Laundry Care with Minimal becoming more common. However, our Greying - Smart Cationic Sensorial Enabler. research shows that most Japanese consumers Yunshen Chen*, Randara Pulukkody, Emmett still want to dry outdoors, and even those who Partain, John Hayes, Peilin Yang, Michael Clark, own dryers may seldom use them. One major Sharon Vuong, Daniel Miller, Asghar Peera, and reason is that consumers expect drying Mariann Clark, Dow Chemical Company, USA outdoors to not only dry their laundry Cleaning is a primary need when doing completely and eliminate odors but also make it laundry. While today’s consumers do not want feel good. In this study, we focused on laundry to compromise on cleaning, there is increased texture after outdoor drying as a new value and

– 1 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 looked at how to achieve it indoors. First, we affective values that this dried-outdoors feeling interviewed consumers and found fluffiness and provides consumers. dryness to be important factors for them. We evaluated the physical properties of towels Elucidation of Softening Mechanism in Rinse dried under a variety of conditions and Cycle Fabric Softeners. Takako Igarashi*1, discovered that compared to indoor drying, Masato Hoshi1, Kouichi Nakamura2, Takeshi towels dried outdoors were thicker and Kaharu2, and Ken-ichiro Murata3,1Kao transferred less heat. Postulating that this was Corporation, Japan; 2Material Science Research because the greater thickness contained more Laboratory, Japan; 3Institute of Low air, reducing heat transfer, our research then temperature Science, Hokkaido University, revealed a positive correlation between Japan fluffiness and thickness and a negative We have proposed a new idea that correlation between dryness and heat transfer. softening mechanism with the use of fabric In other words, wind and the sun’s heat raised softener that softener has an important role of the towel piles, increasing fluffiness and inhibition of constructing 3D cross-linkage of reducing heat loss when touched, increasing the hydrogen bonding network made of non- feeling of dryness. Based on these findings, we freezing type of bound water. We have studied how to chemically impart physical understood the detail of effect of softener to properties to fabric and found that increasing this kind of bound water with new surface and maintaining fiber bulkiness created the analytical method. feeling of outdoor drying even when dried indoors. Finally, we explored what kinds of

– 2 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

S&D 1b: Trends in Clothing/Trends in Machines Chairs: Erika Szekeres, Method, USA; and Hongwei Shen, Colgate Palmolive Co., USA

Principles and Applications of PhabrOmeter - set of challenges on the formulator. Examples Comparison with Other Existing Instruments will be given how polymer design can affect Ning Pan*, University of California Davis, USA both the physical properties, such as tableting, This talk starts by examining the physics of and the performance of dishwash cleaners in fabric sensory performance including the tactile the consumer and Commercial sectors in order (Fabric Hand) and visual (Wrinkle Recovery and to illustrate how formulators respond to Drape) properties, and the challenges in machine and market differences. Other measuring them. It will also explain the formulation adjustment reflecting the trends in inherent problems in other existing water conservation, lower temperatures, instruments. Then the principles of shorter cycle times impact will be discussed, PhabrOmeter design and operation will be particularly regarding total soil load, and soil introduced. Through both analysis and practical removal. applications, it will demonstrate why Dishwashing Appliance Trends’ Impact on PhabrOmeter is indeed a promising technology Detergent Formulation Monica Ochoa Ruiz*, for measuring and evaluating fabric sensory Home and Personal Care, DuPont, The properties. Focuses will also include issues like Netherlands the repeatability or reproducibility; sensitivity The dishwasher appliance industry is or resolution of the instrument; range of focusing on improving the consumer experience product coverage (density and thickness) and of using a dishwasher and solving unmet needs, types of products (woven, knit, nonwoven, together with detergent manufacturers and tissue, etc.), as well as the applications (both other stakeholders in this industry. In the proved and potential) of the technology for 1960’s, the ‘Sinner circle’ concept was cloud data analysis and online service to developed, stating that cleaning performance is industries and consumers. Test results of a function of time, temperature, mechanical samples from various users are provided as action and chemistry. Therefore, if one examples. component is decreased, one or more of the

other factors must increase to compensate for Impact of ADW Machine Design on it, meaning that dishwashing appliance trends Formulations and Raw Materials Jim W. such as reducing the cycle length or main wash Gordon*, and Bo Jiang, Itaconix, USA temperature, can have a significant effect on European and North American dishwashers innovations for detergent formulations. The key have noticeable differences that when Dishwashing appliance trends are providing combined with market preferences and testing solutions for convenience, performance and methodology differences results in quite sustainability. By way of illustration, different formulations. Institutional and dishwashing appliance manufactures in North commercial machines are different again as America are looking at decreasing the cycle consumer dishwashers take too long to time to help consumers to keep their fast pace complete a wash cycle. In this sector machine while reducing their impact to the environment. size and detergent solubility matters. Products Therefore, the new energy efficient automatic tend to be in a Liquid format for small machines dishwashing machines have a short cycle option and in Liquid or Solid block format for larger for which the detergent contribution must and more expensive units, placing a different

– 3 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 compensate and enzymes are key ingredients to engineered fibers, surface treated materials, address these new challenges. These and highly colored synthetic and blended developments create new opportunities for fabrics. We present a bio-polymer based innovation in ADW detergents to deliver on additive for fabric softeners that provides performance expectations under new measurable improvements in fabric protection conditions. compared to the use of traditional fabric softener alone. The bio-polymer is highly Sustainable Fabric Protection using Bio- substantive to textile fibers, delivering colour Polymers Gregory Smith*1, Sue Burn2, Scott protection, reduced greying of whites, and Jaynes1, and Xin Chen1, 1Croda, Inc., USA; 2Croda reduced damage to fabrics through multiple International Plc, United Kingdom washing and drying cycles. As a result, fabrics An effective way to provide sustainability to are kept looking newer for longer, reducing the laundry consumers is to minimize damage to need to replace garments. We will present a fabrics in the washing and drying process so quantification of the water savings and reduced that garments last longer and need to be emissions offered through this lifetime replaced less often. This is particularly true for extension of garments. high value garments that incorporate

– 4 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

S&D 1.1: Analytical and Performance Determination Chairs: Robert Nolles, Cosun Biobased Products, USA; and Eric Theiner, Evonik Corporation, USA

Wettability Determination using High-Speed approach will lead to a more reliable centrifuge, NMR, and Micro-CT Sarmad Khan 1, understanding of rock-fluid interactions. Syed S. Hussain2, Muhammad Sha Kamal*2, Xianmin Zhou1, and Syed S. Hussain2,1KFUPM, Branched Alcohols Contribution to Surfactants Saudi Arabia; 2King Fahd University of Characteristic Curvature and Other HLD-NAC Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Parameters Sanja Natali*, ExxonMobil The primary objective of this study is to Chemical, USA assess the wettability alteration of different The HLD-NAC methodology is increasingly rocks by injection of different commercial being used for surfactants formulations, surfactants using a high-speed centrifuge, NMR, creating opportunities to fine tune molecules and micro CT. This is done by determining and optimize performance for numerous drainage and imbibition capillary pressure applications. To that extent, a series of curves of an oil/ water system and then doing branched alcohol ethoxylates were evaluated the same with an oil/surfactant system. Three with the goal of obtaining contribution of different surfactants from different classes alcohols to characteristic curvature and were studied and two different rocks were characteristic length of surfactants. Surfactants used. The drainage and imbibition tests are with different tail lengths, ranging from C8 to conducted on a centrifuge where the core C13, and different degrees of ethoxylation were samples immersed in a mobile injection fluid examined with salinity scans at different are spun at predefined speeds for a certain temperatures. Additionally, free alcohol effect period. NMR and micro CT were also used to was studied to provide complete study the wettability alteration and results were characterization of these molecules. The compared with the centrifuge. The USBM detailed results will be presented and the data wettability index obtained from high-speed analysis will be discussed. centrifuge was used to measure wettability alteration of different rock types. Results MACH 5+, the Next Generation of Image obtained using different surfactants and rocks Analysis for Measuring Cleaning Performance reveal that wettability alteration strongly Caspar van Leeuwen*1, and Björn depends on surfactant type, rock type, and Hotting2,1Center For Testmaterials BV, aging process. The hydrocarbon zwitterionic Netherlands; 2Colour Consult BV, Netherlands surfactant was most effective to alter the Six years ago the MACH 5 was introduced in wettability of the Indiana limestone from oil- the detergent industry. A Multi-Area wet to neutral-wet and water-wet, followed by Colormeasurement Hardware. The MACH 5 was fluorinated zwitterionic surfactant and designed to save time in assessing the results of fluorinated nonionic surfactant. The micro-CT any wash performance test, especially in data and NMR data also supported the combination with multi-swatch monitors. The wettability alteration data obtained using a use of image analysis tools and software is high-speed centrifuge. This work is first of its getting more common in our industry. The kind where wettability alteration was studied by MACH 5 is the only instrument developed from a combined approach using a centrifuge, micro within this same industry and thus its is CT, and NMR analysis. This comprehensive particularly equipped for use in testing laundry

– 5 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 detergents, (auto)dish detergents, and other narrowing an experimental field to pinpoint a cleaning agents. With the introduction of the value) often requires multiple iterations as well. new MACH 5+ even more accurate L*A*B* and This presentation will show how the use of a XYZ measurements can be generated, where robotic formulator, combined with image the user is free to position as many ‘sample analysis, can simplify salt scans and provide areas’ as needed on a 27x35cm measurable data that will minimize screening runs with area and assess the results for all of these proper analysis. sample areas simultaneously in only a few seconds. The biggest improvement is that the Comparing Industry Soiled Stains to Freshly MACH5+ can give %R reflection values in 10nm Soiled Stains in Laundry Detergent Evaluations intervals similar to a spectrophotometer. This Tod Losey*, Sterling Laboratories, USA makes the difference between a conventional Objective: To show differences in the soil spectrophotometer and this image analysis removals that may or may not be valuable to device even smaller. Another improvement is detergent manufacturers when determining the gloss-reduction filter which gives better levels of performance measurements for glossy objects, like dishes, Methods Used: Consumer Washers, glass, stainless steel etc. Apart from the Average Wash Conditions (120ppm water/90°F timesaving advantage, the device is also very wash temperature). ASTM D4265 & D3050- capable in measuring non-homogeneous Based Methodologies used as guidelines for surfaces, which is often necessary for dish wash testing. and hard surface cleaning tests. Compared to Results: Results will be given in % Soil the MACH5, the MACH 5+ has enhanced light Removals based on Reflectance Values of the sources which yield more accurate swatches, before & after testing. Comparisons measurements across the entire visible of the detergents used will be broken down by spectrum and more homogeneous lighting over soil groups and over all soil removals the measurable area. Conclusions: Conclusions will discuss the differences found between the 2 stain sets. Employing Image Analysis to HLD-NAC Salt Positive and negative outcomes will be Scans Eric Theiner*, and J. R. Bennett, Evonik discussed. Corporation, USA As the use of the HLD-NAC model in Effect of Alkyl Chain Distribution, Branching formulation gains momentum, there is and Oligomer Distribution on Hard Surface increasing interest in characterizing surfactants Cleaning Performance George A. Smith*1, and in terms of Characteristic Curvature (Cc) and Ollie James2, 1Sasol North America, USA; 2Sasol hydrophobic materials in terms of Equivalent Performance Chemicals, USA Alkane Carbon Number (EACN). Although The effect of nonionic surfactant structure calculations can be used to give initial on cleaning performance of oily particulate soil indications for these values, experimental using in-line abrasion testing has been evidence is the only way to ensure the correct investigated. Soil removal was measured as a values are used. This becomes even more function of cleaning cycles to give kinetic curves necessary when industrial grade, rather than describing the cleaning process. The effect of pure, materials are being examined. The alkyl chain length, different kinds of branching experimental method, often called a salt scan, is in the hydrophobic chain, the degree of simple but time consuming. Screening (i.e. ethoxyaltion and peaking of the oligomer

– 6 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 distribution has been studied. The alkyl chain differentiation. Once key factors were length was varied from C6 to C20. Different determined, the method was challenged for types of alkyl chain structures were studied precision and accuracy. Market trends in hard including linear, C2 monobranched, random surface, performance data with detailed chain branching and multiple methylbranched analysis and method parameter hydrophobes. The degree of ethoxylation was recommendations will be presented. varied to span a range of HLB values and the oligomer distribution was also peaked using a The Interaction of Hydrophobe-Terminated narrow range alkoxylation catalyst. Dynamic Nonionic Surfactants with Silica Eric P. interfacial tension between surfactant solution Wasserman*, Kebede Beshah, Sara Klamo, Junsi and soil components was measured by drop Gu, Fang Yuan, and Robert Campbell, The Dow volume and correlated with soil removal. Soil Chemical Company, USA removal depends on a number of different Low cloud-point nonionic surfactants are factors. In general, soil removal increases with often included in automatic dishwashing decreasing alkyl chain length. Shorter chain detergent formulations to improve the lengths give lower IFT values and faster wetting appearance of glassware and other surfaces. kinetics. Soil removal increases with increasing Analytical and computational techniques were branching in the hydrophobe. Branching at the brought to bear on a series of capped C2 position lowers the effective chain length surfactants with varied ethylene oxide (EO) and and lowers IFT values. The optimum degree of 1,2-epoxybutane (BO) block lengths in order to ethoxylation depends on the alkyl chain length. evaluate how they function in wash liquor of For the oily particulate soil studied, the varying temperature. Clouding out, an optimum surfactant HLB is around 11. Peaking endothermic phenomenon, is surprisingly the oligomer distribution decreases IFT and uncorrelated with significant changes to the improves soil removal. Learning’s can be used local environment of the surfactant molecules to formulate better hard surface cleaners for as viewed by NMR. At low surfactant loadings, different applications. silica suppresses the signal from the EO blocks to an extent that defies explanation by Limiting Variance: Exploring Primary Cleaning fractionation, and indicates that the initial Evaluations for Hard Surface Cleaners Kevin M. monolayer is strongly anchored by hydrogen Salmon*, BASF Corporation, USA bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate In this presentation, best practices of that both EO and BO blocks can participate in primary cleaning evaluations for products hydrogen bonding to an amorphous silica intended for use on assorted hard surfaces will surface. However, robust multilayer structures be explored along with a critical assessment of form at higher surfactant:silica ratios, and this the currently implemented industry standards. process appears to be endothermic overall. Method parameters (e.g., substrate selection Thus BO appears to have a dual nature: and preparation, soil composition and hydrophobe and promoter of adhesion to application techniques, mechanical action, etc.) surfaces with active protons. were trialed under controlled, but practical, hard surface cleaning conditions to optimize for

– 7 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

S&D 2a: Trends in I&I Cleaning and O&G Applications Chairs: Michael Tate, The Dow Chemical Company, USA; and Juan Goncalves, Diversey, Inc., USA

Globally Harmonized System (GHS) Trend for Ability of Terpene-Based Microemulsions to I&I Cleaners: Surfactants to Help Minimize GHS Remove Asphaltene Residue from Solid Pictograms and Classification Ron A. Masters*, Surfaces Eleazar Mendoza1, Alyssa Perrard2, Lela Jovanovich, Tracy Strilich, Luke Jancich, and Helen W. Hernandez*2, Wesley Ehlert2, and Sangeeta Ganguly-Mink, Stepan Company, USA Siwar Trabelsi2,1Texas A&M University, USA; Response to GHS initially was focused on 2Flotek Chemistry, USA tactical operations, such as updating Safety Asphaltenes often precipitate and then Data Sheets (SDS) for compliance. Recently, deposit on the rock surfaces altering the however, a more strategic trend is emerging wettability and plugging formation pores with a where manufacturers of cleaning products are detrimental effect on relative permeability and seeking formulations with minimal SDS hazard oil production. This paper showed the ability of and pictogram designations. Achieving this with terpene based microemulsions to remove concentrated dilutable cleaning formulations asphaltenic residue from solid surfaces using can be a significant challenge. This presentation two novel experimental techniques. One discusses the technical aspects of this challenge technique is based on the use of microfluidics with concrete examples focused on the to visualize asphaltene residue deposition into surfactant portion of formulations. model two dimensional (2D) porous media followed by application of a dilute Shiny and Spotless Dishes with Phosphate-free microemulsion to wash off asphaltenic residue. Formulations Yves Kensicher1, and Alexandra L. The removal is quantified by analyzing images Foguth*2, 1Coatex SAS, France; 2Arkema, USA taken before and after microemulsion The recent European regulation banning the treatment using image analysis software. use of phosphate in automatic dishwashing Another technique consists of shaken bottle products forces companies to completely tests to quantify the removal of asphaltenic reformulate their product range. To answer this deposits from crude oil coated sand. In both specific need, Coatex has designed a new techniques, the diluted microemulsion removed polymeric dispersant, Rheosolve™ D 15AS, a significant amount of the residue compared to providing outstanding performances of anti- surfactant alone. The amount of removal was spotting and anti-filming. Rheosolve™ D 15AS is strongly dependent on surfactant chemistry, a proprietary product with a unique chemical solvent type and amount contained within the structure and it has been developed thanks to microemulsion as well as microemulsion an innovative technology combining process concentration and crude oil composition. These and chemistry. techniques can be used to effectively quantify removal of asphaltene residues from solid C20+ Alkoxylates in Industrial Applications surfaces and to better understand the Ollie James*1, and George A. Smith2,1Sasol underlying mechanism of removal. These Performance Chemicals, USA; 2Sasol North results are expected to have a significant impact America, USA in completing and re-stimulating wells using Abstract not available. microemulsions.

– 8 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

Effect of Reservoir Parameters and Surfactant designing surfactant molecular structures that Structures on Surfactant – Rock Adsorption in minimize adsorption to rock surfaces, while Various Rock Types Daniel F. Wilson*1, Laurie A. maintaining desired fluid performance for Poindexter1, Carla Morgan2, and Thu Nguyen2, effective oil recovery. 1Sasol North America, USA; 2Sasol Performance Chemicals, USA Rapid Identification of Surfactants to Improve Role of both the adsorbent and surfactant Rheological Compatibility and Cleaning of Oil- molecule are individual characteristics that Based Drilling Muds Carol Mohler*1, Thiago combine to affect how adsorption of surfactant Alonso1, Robert Sammler1, Valeriy Ginzburg1, occurs onto rock surfaces. Surfactant Stephanie Hughes1, Brian Nickless1, Anatoly adsorption capacity in crude oil reservoirs is Medvedev2, and Yan Gao2,1Dow Chemical variable and dependent upon a number of Company, USA; 2Schlumberger, USA unique parameters specific to each reservoir, During oil well completion, aqueous-based adding complexity to these relationships. spacer fluids are used to remove the drilling Considering that surfactant based fluid (mud) from the casing prior to cementing. unconventional means to improve oil recovery The spacer is intended to displace the drilling are strongly dependent on the liquid/liquid mud from the well, invert the emulsion, and interface between soluble surfactant solution transform casing surfaces from oil-wet to and crude oil, loss of surfactant to liquid/solid water-wet. However, many mud-spacer interfaces can create negative effects for these mixtures exhibit significant rheological applications in terms of performance and incompatibility, which could generate viscosity economics. Alcohol propoxy sulfate and ether spikes and lead to incomplete cleaning. carboxylate were the two anionic surfactant Surfactants may be added to the spacer to types studied. Focus was on investigating static promote fluid compatibility and cleaning adsorption mechanisms of surfactants onto effectiveness, but it is challenging to screen sandstone, limestone, and shale reservoir surfactants for these properties in complex media. Besides quantifying how much mixtures using conventional rheology surfactant is adsorbed, emphasis on the effect techniques. A new approach is described to of surfactant parameters on adsorption capacity identify spacer fluid surfactants and solvents was evaluated. Notwithstanding specific that are effective in cleaning and promote surfactant parameters, a number of other rheological compatibility. An automated total mechanisms involved in surfactant loss from aspiration and dispense viscometry method aqueous solutions to varied porous media add (TADM) is combined with a standard rotor to the complexity of this phenomenon. Effects cleaning test to rapidly identify effective of temperature, pH, and salinity on adsorption surfactants or other additives. The relationship capacity of surfactants to solid surfaces also between surfactant properties and rheological play strong roles. These parameters were compatibility is described, and a model isolated and evaluated to determine their proposed for rheological incompatibility based influence on static surfactant-rock adsorption on the formation of co-continuous phases and capacity. Therefore, this study attempts to disruption by surfactants. The best performing investigate effects of reservoir environments, surfactants identified by TADM measurements including temperature, formation water pH and are further tested for mud cleaning salinity on the adsorption capacity of the two effectiveness using a rotor test. The addition of anionic surfactant types. This may help enhance co-solvent to the spacer formulation further

– 9 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 improves its cleaning ability, and cleaning observed in mud-spacer mixtures, and guides efficacy is related to solvent properties. The new approaches for rheology control and combination of high-throughput technology and cleaning effectiveness. rheology gives insight into the viscosity spikes

– 10 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

S&D 2b: Disinfectants and Preservatives Chairs: Andrew Guttentag, Church and Dwight, USA; and Nancy Falk, Clorox, USA

Application of Quantitative Microbial Risk antimicrobial activity, product preservation, Assessment (QMRA) to Predict Infection Risk odor control and even human physiological by Disinfection Interventions of Hard Surfaces impacts. We dedicate a significant portion of Charles P. Gerba*1, and Nancy Falk2,1University our research efforts to understanding this of Arizona, USA; 2Clorox, USA functional activity. Primary research tools Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment utilized are microbiology, enzymology, and (QMRA) has been used by the U.S. analytical science. When can see clear Environmental Protection Agency and the opportunity in use when beneficial properties World Health Organization to set guidelines for such as preservation are targeted. Fragrances treatment standards for drinking water and may be able to supplement or replace existing wastewater reuse. The process involves preservatives in a formulation. In addition, in estimating the risk of infection from a given consumer goods for home care applications, pathogen via a route of exposure (water, food, needs and opportunities exist for development fomites). Models based on this process can be of fragrances that have antimicrobial activity via used to determine quantitatively the reduction kill or inhibition. This activity can be used to in the risk of infection from interventions (e.g. supplement product actives, support claims and disinfection of drinking water). QMRA has been enhance performance. Other efforts have validated against epidemiological data involving focused on understanding the positive benefits outbreaks of food, drinking water and fomite of fragrances and flavors for odor control based transmission. QMRA has been used to on biological activity. This talk will summarize determine reduction of risks of infection from some of the scientific background of these hard surface disinfectants and hand sanitizers in efforts and provide R&D support for the use of homes, office buildings, hotels, nursing homes, fragrances and flavors to achieve functional and outpatient clinics using tracer viruses. It can secondary benefits in consumer good product also be used to set targets for the reduction of a applications. pathogen on hard surfaces to achieve a certain level of risk of infection. QMRA offers a new Polymer-micelle Complexes for Enhanced tool for setting standards for performance of Adsorption and Antimicrobial Activity David disinfectants and other hygiene interventions. Scheuing*, and Nancy Falk,Clorox, USA Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) Functional Secondary Benefits of Fragrances are commonly used to provide antimicrobial and Flavors in Consumer Products Charles C. activity in household and professional cleaning Steward*, Takasago International Corp. (USA), formulations. Antimicrobial efficacy, including USA kinetic effects, depends on the extent and rate Fragrances and flavors are most commonly of adsorption of quats onto the complex created and used based on the primary surfaces of microbes. The formation of mixed attributes of olfaction and taste. In addition to micelles of quats and other surfactants can the sensory properties and benefits of negatively affect the efficacy, due to reduced fragrances and flavors, they often have quat monomer concentrations and/or secondary functional activity benefits that can enhanced binding of quats to cellular debris. be researched and exploited. These can include Complexes of micelles containing quats with

– 11 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 soluble anionically charged polymers are known do you know the correct chemistries were to deliver adsorbed layers which are used? How can you monitor the cleanliness of fundamentally different from mixed surfactant multiple surfaces? What new technologies exist adsorbed layers. The utility of this approach to to aid in measuring compliance to disinfection controlling the efficacy of quats will be regimens? Research has shown that immediate reviewed. feedback to cleaning crews improves compliance, but this typically takes direct Beyond the Blindfold – Conquering the Unseen observations or multiple room visits by the IC. A Enemy Gina P. Sloan*, Microban International, new technology exists that will aid in Ltd., USA compliance measurements and immediate Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAIs) feedback loops to create a better outcome for are an increasingly prevalent issue for hospitals, patients. care homes and other healthcare facilities worldwide. Despite the efforts of global public A Brief Overview of the Continuum of Care: health organizations to raise awareness of the The Cleaning Touchpoints Doe Kley*, Clorox importance of hand hygiene, compliance Company, USA remains low, indicating the need for additional This presentation will review the preventative measures. The patient environment in different healthcare settings, environment has been highlighted as a from clinic to hospital to long term care. You potential source of pathogen contamination will learn about the priorities, the staff, and the and transmittance, focused mainly on implications on cleaning and disinfection in the inanimate objects surrounding the patient. In different departments and settings. You will many cases, infection control (IC) professionals also learn about the staff that makes the set standards for disinfection regimens but decisions on disinfectant selection for different there are limited indirect measuring techniques. health care settings. This leaves the IC to operate in the blind. How

– 12 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

S&D 2.1: General Surfactants I Chairs: Michael Miguez, Shell Global Solutions, Inc., USA; and Ann Lee, Novozymes North America, Inc., USA

Microemulsions as Robust Electrolyte Impact of Number of Ethylene Oxide Groups Solutions for Electrochemistry? Douglas G. on the Surface and Thermal Properties of Hayes*, Jing Peng, Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Betaine-based Polyoxyethylene Surfactants for Gabriel A. Goenaga, and Mark Dadmun, Enhanced Oil Recovery Syed S. Hussain*, and University of Tennessee, USA Muhammad Sha Kamal,King Fahd University of The development of energy storage systems Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia that are fast, utility-scale, and power-dense is a The salinity of carbonate reservoir ranges grand challenge for the development of robust from 120,000 ppm to 220,000 ppm and the 21st Century power systems. Microemulsions temperature is around 100 oC. The injected are one examples of potentially useful surfactants can be degraded due to these high nanostructured fluids that can be employed to salinity and high temperature environment meet this grand challenge. This presentation which ultimately reduce the surfactant ability to will provide a critical assessment of lower interfacial tension. The stability of the microemulsions’ employment in applied surfactants under such harsh conditions electrochemistry and energy storage, is a challenging task. In order to overcome the identifying gaps in knowledge based on the stability issues, variety of betaine based current literature. In addition, our initial results polyoxyethylene conventional zwitterionic and will be described. We have investigated oil in- gemini cationic surfactants were synthesized. water microemulsions formed by a model The structures were confirmed using NMR system consisting of the electron carrier, (oil- (proton and carbon) and FTIR spectrometry. The soluble) ferrocene, dissolved in the short range heat stability was investigated using toluene/Polysorbate-20/butanol/water thermogravimetric analysis and the long range (electrolyte solution) system for their heat stability was studied by aging methods. performance in electrochemistry and their The interfacial tension was identified using behavior near model electrode surfaces. From spinning drop technique and surface tension cyclic voltammetry studies, we have was measured by pendant drop method at 20 determined that higher volume fractions of oC. The rheological parameters were identified microemulsions provided very high current using discovery hybrid rheometer (DHR-3). The densities, even though the microemulsions are synthesized surfactants exhibited excellent weakly structured and likely consist of water short rang and long range thermal properties. and surfactant as the continuous phase . From The interfacial tension, critical micelle neutron reflectivity studies, we have concentration and the related surface tension determined that the structure of the values were comparable to the commercial microemulsions changes significantly near surfactants. The rheological results indicated surfaces, with the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity that the storage modulus was reduced by of the surface playing a significant role. enhancing the concentration of surfactants at low frequency and shear rate because of surfactant polymer interaction and charge screening. The synthesized betaine based polyoxyethylene surfactants showed excellent heat stabilities and salt tolerance and displayed

– 13 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 huge potential in high salinity high temperature to overcome the phase instability issue can carbonate reservoirs. compromise the ability of the surfactant formulation to reduce the oil/water IFT to Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate - Process and ultralow values for effective oil mobilization and Applications Revisited David Li*,Jiangsu Secol therefore, oil recovery. The objective of this Chemical Company, China study was to identify appropriate co-surfactants Secondary alochol ethoxylates (SAE) are a that can help overcome the aqueous instability series of non-ionic surfactants that have been of alkyl propoxylate sulfates at high around for more than half a century. Due to temperature/high salinity conditions and limited manufacturing capacity, the applications maintain ultralow IFT for crude oils. A group of are limited despite its unique physicochemical high mole ethoxylates of various structures was and biodegradation properties. Jiangsu Secol systematically investigated as co-surfactants in Chemical Company (China) will add 18kta SAE formulations with APS at temperatures up to 60 capacity in 2019 and 160kta in 2022 with °C and salinities up to 22 % total dissolved solid improved process technology and product containing divalents. The formulations that propeties, e.g. 4~5% higher yield from normal meet both aqueous stability and IFT reduction paraffin, narrower EO distribution of high-mole criteria were identified. The studied parameters ethoxylates. Combining lower cost and better are the co-surfactant structure and the low-temperature properties, SAE will see wider surfactant/co-surfactant ratio. The static applications from high-concentration homecare adsorption of the promising formulations on to industrial cleaning. This talk will describe the three types of sands (Berea, limestone and improved SECOL process technology and shale) was also evaluated. The finding of this demonstrate the improved physicochemical study is advantageous in overcoming the properties of the SAEs thus made. challenges in EOR for HT/HS reservoirs.

Surfactant EOR Formulations for High Defoaming of Non-Aqueous Foams: Temperature/High Salinity Reserviors Thu Occurrence, Challenges and Silicon-free Nguyen*1, Carla Morgan1, and Jorge M. Defoamers Ramesh Varadaraj*1, Ollie James1, Fernandez2,1Sasol Performance Chemicals, USA; and George A. Smith2,1Sasol Performance 2Sasol North America, USA Chemicals, USA; 2Sasol North America, USA The challenges of chemical enhanced oil Abstract not available. recovery (EOR) formulations for reservoirs with high temperature (HT) and/or high salinity (HS) The Effect of Surface Roughness on Surfactant are often associated with the phase instability Adsorption at the Solid-Water Interface Brian of the formulations. Alkyl propoxy sulfates (APS) P. Grady*,University of Oklahoma, USA had been demonstrated to have robust Surfactant adsorption from water onto a performance in oil/water interfacial tension solid surface is important in applications such as (IFT) reduction and increased oil solubilization laundry, hard-surface cleaning and enhanced oil capacity for effective oil recovery. However, at recovery. For ~90% of the surfactant adsorbed, HT/HS, these surfactants tend to precipitate the driving force for adsorption is entropic, and create phase instability, which can lead to which in turn is a function of the adsorbed layer lower oil recovery. Adding appropriate co- to exclude water. Our work shows that surface surfactants can improve the aqueous stability of topological variations reduce adsorption, APS at HT/HS. However, adding co-surfactants consistent with the expectation that such

– 14 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 variations reduce the ability of the adsorbed reaction. The water is also a critical parameter, layers to pack well and exclude water. Through 30% w/w of added water allowing the highest the use of a model surface, namely pillars with yield. When testing for cleaning efficiency the varying dimensions, we are able to show that products having the highest soap content, those topological variations can affect adsorption from individual by-products give a low microbial when the variations are on the order of tens of count reduction after hand-washing (30-37%). nanometers removed from the adsorbing But a much better score (74%) is obtained when surfactant. using SBC:PFAD soap mixtures. This improvement could be due to abrasive and Solvents and Surfactants for Cleaning absorption effects of the clay, combined to the Applications in Oil and Gas Jorge M. Fernandez, high soap content. The acceptability through a and Cornell Stanciu*, Sasol North America, USA panel test is good for all soaps when formulated The choice of surfactants or surfactant- with citrus oil. The most active product solvent blends proves to be critical in corresponds to a SBC:PFAD ratio close to the successfully solving various challenges the production one in refining plants. Therefore Oilfield industry is facing. Further complications these results provide an easy way for co- arise from the ever-changing parameters that valorising these by-products, after further need to be accounted for, such as different optimizing the saponification reaction in this crude oil compositions, different additives, complex triphasic medium (aqueous solution, compatibility issues of treatment formulations, oil, clay). chemical and geological differences between the rocks in different reservoirs, etc. This paper Controlling the Physical Properties of Softener presents some case studies involving cleaning in a Continuous Manufacturing Process Fumiya formulations developed by authors in the Yamagishi*, Tatsuo Nagano, and Taku Nishio, recent years in applications ranging from drill Lion Corporation, Japan cuttings cleaning, to asphalt or bitumen Diversification of consumer needs based on cleaning off metal surfaces. The challenges recent lifestyle changes is altering the softener between fine tuning the applied science market structure. Consumers not only want knowledge and economic viability of a solution more particular types of softness, the on industrial scale will also be discussed. conventional function, but also lifestyle- accommodating functions such as fragrance and Cleaning Efficiency of soap Spent Bleaching hygiene, resulting in a diversity of product clay and Palm Fatty acid Distillate Daniel variants. Efficiently producing a wide range of Pioch1, and Teerasak Punvichai*2,1CIRAD, UR functions to meet these market needs is not 114 Biowooeb, TA-B 114/16, France; 2Prince of only a matter of the formula; the manufacturing Songkla University, Thailand process also plays a major role. Adding This study deals with the co-valorization of ingredients with different physicochemical spent bleaching clay (SBC) and palm fatty acid properties corresponding to this diversification distillate (PFAD) –by-products of palm oil of functions affects product qualities such as refining plants- through soap manufacture. viscosity, homogeneity and stability as well as When mixing SBC and PFAD (ratio 1:3), the consumer usability. Therefore, we researched reaction completion (92.5%) is surprisingly how to control these physical properties in the higher than expected, indicating a synergistic manufacturing process, specifically the effect on the course of the saponification continuous manufacturing process of liquid

– 15 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 crystal phase inversion emulsification, in which emulsifying performance. Herein, the meso- liquid crystals containing cationic surfactant are structure of citrus pectin was modulated by formed and then dispersed. We were able to reducing molecular weight (hydrolysis for 0-240 establish a technique to ensure stable product min) and changing environmental condition (pH viscosity and homogeneity by controlling 2-7 and 0-100 mM NaCl). The meso-structure of conditions such as stirring and water content citrus pectin and the various interfacial during liquid crystal formation according to the capacities were determined to illustrate the physical properties of the ingredients. This relationship between meso-structure and the makes it possible to efficiently produce a variety emulsifying performance. Compared with the of formulas, for example various fragrances and initial one, the aggregates of low molecular functional ingredients as well as microcapsules weight citrus pectin, obtained by hydrolysis, containing them, within the same presented smaller size (from 1600 nm to 750 manufacturing process. nm) and better interfacial ability (interfacial tension reduction 1 mN/m more), but the The Role of Meso-structure of Citrus Pectin for emulsifying performance became poorer with its Emulsifying Performance Shaojie Zhao1, the reduction of molecular weight. In contrast, Guifang Tian*, David Julian McClements2, Hang decreasing pH and increasing ionic strength not Xiao3, and Jinkai Zheng1,1Institute of Food only reduced aggregate size and improved the Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of interfacial ability, but also promoted Agricultural Sciences; 2Department of Food emulsifying performance. From the SEM, it was Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst; found that acid and ionic strength resulted in 3Department of Food Science and Technology, compact meso-structure of citrus pectin in University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA solution and at the interface, which brought There is a growing interest in using pectin about compact interfacial layer resisting as an emulsifier to deliver functional ingredients coalescence of emulsion droplets during due to its natural source and good emulsifying homogenization. In summary, the compact capacity. Citrus pectin molecules assemble to meso-structure of citrus pectin was vital for its aggregates in solution under multi- emulsifying performance. The results provided intermolecular interactions, and the meso- a better understanding of the meso-structure, structure was important for the emulsifying which may facilitate the utilization of citrus performance. However, little information was pectin as emulsifier. known about the relationship between citrus pectin meso-structure parameter and its

– 16 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

S&D 3: Trends in Household Cleaning Chairs: Mark Sivik, Procter & Gamble Co., USA; and Brian Sansoni, American Cleaning Institute, USA

Evolving Trends and their Influence on the Attendees will come away with a better Design of Fabric, Air and Home Care Products understanding of the power of fragrance Mary B. Johnson*, P&G Fabric and Air Care, USA beyond its ability to enhance lives. Much of the world relies on commercially manufactured products for their laundry, indoor Green Chemistry and Noncovalent air management, and home cleaning needs. To Derivatization in Fabrics and Home Care ensure that these products continue to provide Products John C. Warner*, Warner Babcock meaningful benefits it is crucial to understand Institute for Green Chemistry, USA the latest trends that influence consumer needs The defining text “Green Chemistry: and challenges. This presentation uniquely Theory and Practice” and the 12 principles of combines decades of consumer research with a Green Chemistry were published twenty years detailed analysis of evolving trends in consumer ago in 1998 by John Warner and Paul Anastas. lifestyles, occupations, and habits and practices, There are now dozens of Green Chemistry textile fiber and hard surface composition, and textbooks, journals, conferences, university advances in consumer appliance technology. courses and degree programs around the world The surprising conclusion of our analysis is that documenting molecular level mechanistic today’s consumers face substantially more approaches to reducing or eliminating negative sophisticated and multi-facetted cleaning impacts of materials and products on human challenges than they did 10 or more years ago. health and the environment. In the early days of Green Chemistry, Warner, as an industrial Commercialization Opportunities for Printed, chemist, develop the concepts of Noncovalent Flexible, Stretchable and Functional Fabric Derivatization, a first-principles approach to Sensors and IoT. What does it mean to have a designing multimolecular complexes to control functional fabric? Eric Spackey*, Advanced chemical and physical properties. In 2014 he Functional Fabrics of America, USA received the Perkin Medal (consider the highest Abstract not available. honor in US Industrial Chemistry) for this work. This presentation will discuss Warner’s basic Promoting Fragrance’s Ability to Enhance Lives concepts of Green Chemistry and Noncovalent — People, Perfume & the Planet Farah K. Derivatization. Examples of technologies Ahmed1, and Lia K. Dangelico*2,1Fragrance developed and commercialized at the Warner Creators Association, USA; 2Fragrance Creators Babcock Institute for Green Chemistry will be Association, United States presented with an emphasis on approaches that In addition to increasing enjoyment of are most relevant to fabric and home care everyday tasks, such as laundry and dishes, products. fragrance and scent often play a vital role in our fondest memories, emotions, and connections. Product Manufacturers Approach to Ingredient This session will illuminate fragrance and the Transparency and Sustainability Nancy Falk*, fragrance industry, including how Fragrance Clorox, USA Creators Association is translating the story of Clorox is a pioneer in ingredient fragrance for diverse audiences, educating on transparency. Ten years ago, we pioneered how fragrances are regulated, and advocating online ingredient disclosure in cleaning for sound science, innovation, and more. products with Ingredients Inside. With

– 17 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 deadlines approaching for the New York and depletion of finite resources at all stages of the California ingredient disclosure legislation product lifecycle are minimized by slowing, requirements, this presentation will talk about closing, and narrowing energy and material Clorox’s efforts has effort to take ingredient loops during the design of new products. transparency to the next level for both Biomaterials, that is materials made from nonregistered and registered cleaning products, renewable rather than fossil-based resources, including the implementation of a fully can play an important role in moving towards integrated data system to aid in ingredient this ideal state. This talk will give an innovator’s selection and disclosure and partnering with perspective on specific examples of success suppliers for accurate raw material stories as well as some of the challenges that compositions. remain for Biomaterials.

Biomaterials and the Circular Economy Michael Appliance Manufacturers Trends and Approach A. Saltzberg*, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, to Sustainability Brigitte Mader-Urschel*, GE USA Appliances, USA One of the most important trends in This session explores sustainability trends household cleaning is the demand by for major appliances products. Consumer trends consumers and governments around the world call for deeper definition of materiality in the to reduce the environmental impact of appliances industry, to go beyond regulatory products, packaging and processes. Over the drivers to an expanded view of environmental past few years, this thinking has evolved to and human impact. This session will review the include all aspects of a product’s life cycle, from materiality in the appliances sector, and how the raw materials that go into a product, to its consumer trends and behavior patterns on manufacturing process, to how it is used by components and detergent selection, lifecycle consumers, and finally to what happens to the assessment and other areas can drive changes product when its useful life is over. As described in environmental footprint and result in a by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, the ideal broader view of impact as manufacturer. system is a Circular Economy where waste and

– 18 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

S&D 3.1: General Surfactants II: Surfactant Synthesis and Fundamental Properties Chairs: George A. Smith, Sasol, USA; and Sanja Natali, ExxonMobil Chemical, USA

An Analytically Defined Fire-sppressing Foam formulations. Formulation for Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Replacement Katherine M. Hinnant1, Spencer L. Correlation Between Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Giles1, Arthur W. Snow*1, John P. Farley1, James Deviation (HLD) and Detergency of Different W. Fleming2, and Ramagopal Ananth1,1U.S. Oily Soils Parichat Phaodee*, and David A. Naval Research Laboratory, USA; 2NOVA Sabatini, University of Oklahoma, USA Scientific Inc., USA In this work, detergency of oily soils with A 4-component, analytically defined, different equivalent alkane carbon number reference fluorosurfactant formulation (Ref- (EACN) was carried out to correlate detergency aqueous film forming foam [AFFF]) composed of with HLD values. Different EACN oil mixtures 0.3% fluorocarbon-surfactant concentrate, 0.2% were evaluated in detergency studies using hydrocarbon-surfactant concentrate, and 0.5% C10-4PO-SO4Na with different salinities (low to diethylene glycol mono butyl ether by volume high salt levels). The surfactant salt scans were in distilled water was found to have rapid fire able to produce microemulsions Type I, Type III extinction comparable to a commercial AFFF in and Type II regions at washing temperature of tests conducted on a bench scale and a large 25C for all the oil systems studied. Then, the scale (28 ft2, part of US Military Specification, salinity scan values were converted to HLD MILF-24385F). The Ref-AFFF was analytically values using the constructed HLD equation characterized to provide the identity and which was obtained via middle microemulsion quantity of the chemical structures of the formulations of different known EACN oils. The surfactant molecules that were lacking for HLD parameters of C10-4PO-SO4Na surfactant commercial AFFF formulations. To arrive at an were determined to be as follows: surfactant acceptable Ref-AFFF formulation, three head group (k) of 0.053 and a surfactant candidate formulations containing different characteristic curvature (Cc) of -2.29. The hydrocarbon surfactants in varying amounts detergency results of different EACN oil were evaluated and ranked relative to a mixtures showed that good detergency for all commercial AFFF using a bench-scale fire- oils studied was observed at different optimal extinction apparatus; varying the hydrocarbon salinities depending on the EACN of oils. Finally, surfactant was found to affect the fire- the correlation between HLD (conversion of extinction time. The ranking was confirmed by salinity to HLD) and detergency demonstrated the large-scale tests suggesting that the bench- highest detergency for HLD values in the range scale apparatus is a reasonable research tool for of -3.00 to 0.00 for all oil systems. This trend identifying surfactants likely to succeed in large- demonstrates that good detergency scale testing. In the future, replacing the corresponded with the microemulsions fluorocarbon surfactant with an alternative between Type I and optimum Type III (S*) which surfactant in the Ref-AFFF enables a direct exhibited a favorable region with the interfacial comparison of fire extinction and tensions (IFTs) well below 1 mN/m. Thus, while environmental impact to identify an acceptable the optimal salinities varied widely for the fluorine-free formulation. This Ref-AFFF also different oil systems, the results converged to serves as a starting point design and common values of HLD, highlighting the utility preparation of new surfactants for such of using the HLD approach in design surfactant fluorine-free and environmentally acceptable formulations for detergency.

– 19 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

Tuning Structuring in Aqueous Media via from 5 to >20. We then compare the properties Surfactant-polymer Interactions Paschalis of formulations to existing theories, including Alexandridis* and Marina Tsianou, University of hydrophile-lipophile deviation (HLD), to Buffalo, SUNY, USA elucidate structure/performance relationships Mixtures of surfactants and polymers afford for emulsion and microemulsion directed great flexibility in conferring structure and applications. These relationships are then function in waterborne formulations applied to validated through experiments using high coatings, home and personal care products, throughput experimentation techniques to food and drinks, pharmaceutics, and enhanced formulate, measure, and analyze emulsion oil recovery. Underlying such structure and phase behavior at varying temperatures and function are inter- and intra-molecular surfactant, oil, and salt type and concentration. interactions that depend on the (i) polymer This approach combines three specific tools: 1) chemistry, architecture and concentration, (ii) a multichannel liquid handler, 2) a custom-built surfactant type and concentration, (iii) solvent image-capture station that captures images conditions (e.g., pH, ionic strength, presence of under well-controlled, uniform lighting cosolvents or cosolutes), (iv) interfaces and conditions, and 3) a custom data-analysis surfaces (e.g., presence of colloidal particles), algorithm to identify and determine the and (v) external stimuli (e.g., temperature, volumes of each phase. Overall, the results shear). The presentation will highlight examples presented here will enable rapid formulation of from our research on the formation and emulsions for each of the above mentioned structure of complexes by commercially applications. available anionic surfactants and nonionic poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymers in water, Effect of Alkyl Chain and Oligomer Distribution as affected by the ability of the polymer to on Performance of Ziegler Alcohol Ethoxylates associate upon incorporation of hydrophobic Tamra Weemes*1, and George A. Smith2, 1Sasol poly(propylene oxide) segments, the Performance Chemicals, USA; 2Sasol North hydrophobicity of the surfactant (aliphatic America, USA hydrocarbon vs fluorocarbon chain), and the The effect of alkyl chain length and hydrophobicity of the solvent (added ethanol, oligomer distribution of nonionic surfactants on salt or ionic liquids). physiochemical and performance properties has been investigated. The effect of peaking the Characteristic Curvature of Secondary Alcohol oligomer distribution on micellization was Ethoxylates and Emulsion Stability Michael determined by equilibrium and dynamic surface Tate*1, Daniel Miller2, Emily Bellairs1, Bethany tension measurements. Pendant drop and drop Karl1, and Christopher J. Tucker1, 1The Dow volume measurements were used to measure Chemical Company, USA; 2Dow Chemical the interfacial tension against different types of Company, USA oils. The effect of narrow range oligomer Secondary alcohol ethoxylates enable distribution on performance was determined by performance driven differentiation across rheology, foam measurements and detergency multiple applications from cleaning and oilfields in laundry and hard surface cleaning to agrichemicals. Here we study the impact of applications. Peaking the oligomer distribution changes to the structure of secondary alcohol increases the critical micelle concentration ethoxylates on the formation and stability of (CMC) and the surface tension at the CMC by emulsions, including variation of the EO length reducing the amount of unreacted alcohol and

– 20 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 low mole ethoxylates. Peaking the distribution showed that only surfactant formulations with also increases the rate at which the surfactant added octanols and S* revealed a promising diffuses from the bulk solution to the interface. solubilization result, and that in these systems Narrow range ethoxylates show lower the solid coconut oil was softened by interfacial tension against polar and nonpolar surfactant/octanols penetration. This insight oils. This increases the solubilization capacity of showed that good cold water detergency could the surfactant and improves cleaning properties be attributed to semisolid soil-softening process in laundry and hard surface applications. required as a preparing semisolid soil removal step which allowed surfactant/octanols to wet The Effect of Surfactant Systems, Alcohol the semisolid soil easier resulting in increasing Types and Salinity on Cold Water Detergency solubility and also wettability. of Triglyceride Semisolid Soil Parichat Phaodee*, and David A. Sabatini, University of On the Oil-like and Surfactant-like Oklahoma, USA Characterization of Polar Oils Edgar Acosta*, In previous work, the detergency results and Amir Ghayour, University of Toronto, showed that 0.1 w/v% C14-15-8PO-SO4Na with Canada 100% branching /90 mM 1-octanol/4%NaCl (the Polar oils such as long chain alcohols and previous best surfactant formulation) removed fatty acids are quite relevant in detergency, the semisolid coconut oil as high as 95.4±0.2% at alcohols present as the unreacted fraction in 10C corresponding to lower interfacial tension alcohol ethoxylates, the fatty acids present as a (IFT) and contact angle. The present work fraction of cooked oils. Alcohols, esters and attempts to further investigate the effect of ethers are also present in formulations as different anionic extended surfactant systems fragrances. Their polarity gives them a and branching octanols on cold water surfactant-like behavior along with their oil-like detergency of solid coconut oil at washing behavior. This presentation describes an temperature of 10C. In this work, three more approach that introduce both of these anionic extended surfactants were studied; 50% characteristics within the hydrophilic-lipophilic branching LC14-15-8PO-SO4Na, 50% branching difference (HLD) framework. The surfactant-like LC14-15-8PO-3EO-SO4Na and 50% branching segregation of the polar oils to the oil-water LC14-15-8PO-7EO-SO4Na. The detergency interface is accounted for using a Langmuir-type results of all 50% branching anionic surfactants model. The proposed framework can account did not improve upon the 100% branching C14- for changes in formulation conditions as a 15-8PO-SO4Na; this could be attributed to function of the polar oil concentration. The higher minimum IFTs. Furthermore, 2-octanol implication of the findings for detergent and and 2-ethyl-hexanol were selected as branching hard surface cleaning formulations will be octanols to further study the effect of branching discussed. alcohol on detergency. Interestingly, detergency with 0.1 w/v% C14-15-8PO-SO4Na/90 mM 2- Characteristic Curvature of Various octanol/2%NaCl (an optimum surfactant Commercial Laundry Formulations Jeff Harwell, formulation) was 98.3±2.4% removal which was Brian P. Grady, and Michael T. Warren* comparable to the previous best detergency University of Oklahoma, USA formulation. The detergency results showed The hydrophilic-lipophilic difference (HLD) that detergency correlated with lower contact equation is a semi-empirical equation that was angle reflecting higher wettability. It also originally developed to correlate the formation

– 21 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 of microemulsions with surfactant typically does not allow equilibrium. Instead, we characteristics, oil characteristics etc. Even are using minimum coalescence time to though the surfactant concentration is not determine Cc; the method will be detailed in sufficient in a typical washing machine to form a the talk. Results for 7 different detergents with microemulsion, recent work in this area varying manufacturers and price points indicate suggests that cleaning of liquid and solid that all but one detergent varies in Cc between - triglycerides is maximized when HLD is near 1.35 to -1.9, which we consider to be a narrow zero. One obvious question from this work is range. We plan to measure a total of 15-20 what is the value of the parameter that different commercial detergents, and all results quantifies the surfactant characteristics in the will be presented. HLD equation in a specific commercial laundry detergent. This parameter, called the New Sugar-based Surfactant Compositions characteristic curvature (Cc), is somewhat Phillip K. Vinson* and Ryan M. West, The analogous to the HLB number. For a hydrophilic Procter & Gamble Co., USA surfactant, Cc is less than zero while for a Novel surfactants based on sugar amides or hydrophobic surfactant, Cc is greater than zero. sugar amines have been synthesized and This work was motivated by an unfounded studied. Improved physical properties will be belief that the Cc of all commercial detergents discussed based on both the surfactant would be approximately the same. Normally the hydrophobe, e.g., from new sources of unique measurement of Cc requires thermodynamic methyl esters, as well as from mixtures of the equilibrium; however, with commercial sugar-based head group. detergents the existence of kinetic barriers

– 22 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

BIO 4.1 / S&D 4: Biosurfactants and Environmentally Friendly Ingredients Chairs: Sujan Singh, Arkema, USA; and Douglas Hayes, University of Tennessee, USA

Comparative Antimicrobial Efficiency Among effective degreasing. This presentation will C18 and C22 Sophorolipid Congeners towards show the benefits of one approach in removing Select Gram+ Bacterial Strains Richard D. heavy industrial greases and the resulting Ashby*, and Daniel K.Y Solaiman, USDA, ARS, formula options revealed. ERRC, USA Many microbial glycolipids are effective The Combined Effects of Soap and antimicrobial agents. Sophorolipids (SLs) are Sophorolipids in the Development of Mild naturally composed of sophorose (a Body Wash for Sensitive Skin Glen Lelyn disaccharide) connected to a fatty acid ‘tail’ Quan*1, Chie Matsubara1, Yoshihiko Hirata1, through a glycosidic bond and depending on the Satoshi Yoshida1, Maiko Iwai1, Shinji producing strain, the substrate, and the culture Hamaguchi1, Etsuko Komiyama2, and Shigaku conditions, the structure of the lipid tail may Ikeda1,1Saraya Co., Ltd. , Japan; 2Juntendo vary in terms of chain length and number of University, Japan olefinic groups. The antimicrobial activity of SL Skin care is one of the cited pillars of seems to be greater against Gram-positive treatment according to the Atopic Dermatitis (Gram+) bacteria. This presentation will focus Treatment Guidelines released by the Japanese on the antimicrobial efficiency of different SL Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. In order congeners against select Gram+ bacterial strains to control Staphylococcus aureus flora, the skin including Propionibacterium acnes, various should be washed by showering, bathing, Streptococci and Lactobacilli strains commonly followed by topical treatment as necessary. found in the oral cavity and Listeria However, routine washing can be harsh to the monocytogenes, a strain associated with food- skin, making milder cleansing agents more borne illness. This presentation will present our desired. Sophorolipids are promising glycolipid recent findings on the production and biosurfactants which have known purification of C22 SL isoforms from characteristics such as excellent detergency and Pseudohyphozyma bogoriensis and provide a good rinsability, to name a few. Another quality comparative assessment of the antimicrobial to explore is its low-irritating effect on the skin, efficiency for various SL congeners produced by making them suitable to be used in both Starmerella bombicola and P. bogoriensis. formulations for sensitive skin. We tried to incorporate sophorolipids in formulations with How Biosurfactants Can Enable Degreasing J. R. soap and other components to develop a mild Bennett1, Eric Theiner*1, and Stephanie body wash. After establishing a stable Hackney2,1Evonik Corporation, USA; 2Evonik formulation, effects of sophorolipids in the Corporation, United States formulation were observed through sensory Biosurfactants such as sophorolipids and tests and their effect on the stratum corneum rhamnolipids are gaining considerable interest barrier function, followed by safety evaluation because of their utility in forming emulsions as and comparison with other commercial well as the potentially positive toxicity and products. Furthermore, a clinical evaluation environmental attributes. By combining these involving 200 patients of Juntendo University types of surfactants with environmentally Hospital with various skin diseases (including preferable lipophilic materials one can take those with atopic dermatitis) was also advantage of basic emulsion properties to show performed. The obtained data showed

– 23 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 improvement on the degree of skin dryness and Aspartic Acid-based Ampholytic Amphiphiles: skin itchiness of patients after two weeks of Synthesis, Characterization, and pH-Dependent use. It can be concluded that the combined Properties at Air/Water and Oil/Water effect of soap and sophorolipids in the Interface Weiwei Cheng1, Sampson developed mild body wash provide cleansing Anankanbil2, Liu Guoqin3, and Zheng action that is also safe and soothing, even for Guo*4,1South China University of Technology, patients with sensitive skin. China; 2Dept. of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark; 3School of Food Science and Optimal Regulation of Oxygenation for Engineering, South China University of Coordination of Rhamnolipid Productivities Technology, China; 4Aarhus University, Denmark and Residual Fatty Acid Content in A facile and two-step strategy was Fermentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Qin employed to synthesize two series of novel Meng*,Zhejiang University, China aspartic acid-based ampholytic amphiphiles Rhamnolipids are multipurpose surface- from sustainable and commercially viable active molecules produced by the bacterium substances as starting materials. The molecular Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite the high structures of the synthetic compounds were reputation of biosurfactants, such as low well identified by MS and 1H/13C analysis, and toxicity, biodegradability and high stability, the physicochemical, pH-dependent foaming these compounds have not been widely used and emulsifying properties were evaluated by because of the high cost of production and the the use of multiple techniques such as FTIR, difficulty on purification. Vegetable oil is DSC, Langmuir−Blodgett study, and believed to be the best raw material for fluorescence microscopy imaging. Due to the rhamnolipid fermentation. The rhamnolipid coexistence of amino and carboxyl groups in the synthesis from oil prefer to a medium aeration, synthetic compounds, the compounds which provide an inhibition of the microaerobic presented varying charges (cationic, denitrification. Nevertheless, the severe ampholytic, and anionic) depending on the pH foaming become a big problem in aerobic of the medium compared to the dissociation rhamnolipid fermentation, decreasing the constants (pKa). Compounds with cationic (pH rhamnolipid yield. Meanwhile, the residual fatty 1.0) and anionic (pH 9.0) forms had significantly acid with similar lipid tails as rhamnolipids higher γ0.1 and CMC values than that with usually exacerbate the difficulties on the final ampholytic forms (pH 7.0). Sn-1-lauroyl-sn-3- separation and purification which are critical for aspartic acid (compound 3) at neutral and the bioprocess of biosurfactant detergent. alkaline conditions displayed comparable Hence, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) will foaming properties including foaming, calcium- be extremely important in coordination of tolerance, and temperature-resistance ability foaming, denitrification and β-oxidation in with commercial sulfonate SDS, and thus might biosynthesis of rhamnolipids by fermentation. be a promising alternative to SDS, applied in This study will monitor the rhamnolipid personal care products and detergent formula. productivity and residual fatty acid content Sn-1-palmtoyl-sn-3-aspartic acid (Compound using different oxygenation level which was 5a) with ampholytic structure was proved as the represented by the oxygen transfer coefficient most excellent stabilizer for the preparation of (KLa) as a result of agitation and aeration. oil-in-water nanoemulsions compared with palmityl aspartic acid (compound 5b), commercial food ingredient DATEM, and

– 24 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 glyceride monopalmitate at aqueous phase pH the reliance on soap has declined. Fatty acid 7.0. Thus, it has promising use as a pH- ethoxylates (FAE) are prepared by reacting fatty dependence emulsifying agent in various fields. acids with ethylene oxide or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Both reactions produce a mixture of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Oxygen-Based Bleach ethoxylated fatty acid, bis fatty acid ester and Systems Sam Adamy*, Church & Dwight Co. PEG. FAE can be used in neutral pH and is Inc., USA relatively insensitive to hard water ions but Systems which generate oxidative suffers from low yields due to the molecules in the form of a peroxide or a peracid transesterification reaction. Methyl ester are attractive for use in a number of ethoxylates (MEE) were originally developed to applications, not only from the standpoint of improve the efficiency of fatty acid ethoxylates. stain removal, but for antimicrobial action as Reacting fatty acid methyl ester with ethylene well. Such systems additionally exhibit favorable oxide using a calcium or magnesium based environmental and toxicity profiles, thus making catalyst or esterification of fatty acids with them well-positioned for consumer and polyethylene glycol methyl ether (MPEG) regulatory acceptance. For example, two produces MEE high yeilds. MEE is soluble at components associated with oxygen-based neutral pH and shows favorable detergency but bleaching, sodium percarbonate and suffers from hydrolytic stability issue in alkaline tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), have been solution and does not build viscosity in low safely employed in the marketplace for many active formulations through the salt effect. years, and produce relatively benign waste Vegetable oil ethoxylates (VOE) are made by streams. Achievement of required efficacies for direct ethoxylation of triglycerides or sanitization and/or disinfection claims can be transesterficiation of tryglycerides with challenging, however. In this presentation, ethoxylate glycerin. VOE show good surface examples of oxygen-based bleaching systems activity and are exceptionally mild to skin and and associated efficacies in laundry and other eyes. VOE is used primarily in personal care as home care applications will be presented, along emollients and foam boosters in rinse off with comments around the applicability to products. claims of disinfection and sanitization. Data will be presented on both antibacterial and antiviral Biobased Surfactants: An Overview Douglas G. outcomes. Hayes*, University of Tennessee, USA Biobased surfactants continue to gain Fatty Acid, Methyl Ester and Vegetable Oil increased attention and employment, despite Ethoxylates George A. Smith*, Sasol North the relatively low cost of fossil fuels in today's America, USA world. In this paper, I will provide a review of Soap is the first and oldest example of a biobased surfactants, providing information on biobased surfactant. Soap is prepared by underlying trends relating to biobased saponifying fats and oils with caustic. Soap has surfactants, particularly in terms of been used for over 4500 years for personal environmental sustainability, and describe new cleaning and washing of clothes. In personal and emerging biobased surfactants. cleaning products, the high pH of soap can Laundry Sustainability vs. Laundry Sanitization: irritate the skin and eyes and soap also suffers The Tension and the Solutions Nancy from sensitivity to salinity and hard water ions. Falk*,Clorox, USA With the advent of modern industrial chemistry, Most of the laundry process carbon

– 25 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 footprint is related to the energy required to biodegradable polymeric carbon. heat the wash water. As a result, wash temperatures have decreased, chemistries have Greener and Milder Functionalized Sugar- become less harsh, and cloth-to-wash water Based Surfactants for Home Care and ratios have increased. Studies have also shown Industrial Applications Robert J. Coots*, Dennis that microbial contamination in laundry is Abbeduto, and Andy Sun,Colonial Chemical, common and spreads readily within and USA between washloads, exposing consumers to Colonial Chemical Inc. is a leading supplier pathogens. In this talk, innovations in laundry to of naturally-derived, functionalized sugar-based advance sustainability are contrasted with surfactants with the trade names of Suga® and microbial contamination, and current chemical Poly Suga®. These products meet the growing solutions are reviewed. demands in Household and Personal Care industries to replace ingredients which have Biodegradable Dispersants for Phosphate Free Prop 65 concerns or are highly irritative, such as Automatic Dishwashing Detergents Scott A. alcohol alkoxylates and sulfates. Suga®Nate is a Backer*1, Severine S. Ferrieux2, Eric P. series of 100% naturally-derived anionic Wasserman1, Paul P. Mercando1, Randara polyglucoside surfactants, produced using Pulukkody1, Anurima Singh1, Lin Wang, Ken concepts well known in the field of green Laughlin4, Steve Arturo1, and Lu Bai1, 1Dow chemistry, as opposed to the traditional means Chemical Company, USA; 2The Dow Chemical for manufacturing sulfates and sulfonates. Company, France These ingredients are qualified for Safer Choice Over the last decade, a significant shift in Direct Release and they show no, or very low the sustainability profile for detergent irritation to eyes and skin. These surfactants formulations has been taking place. In order to show good detergency and foaming and have combat eutrophication of waterways, unique attributes to applications in home, pet, regulations requiring the removal of sodium and vehicle care applications. Suga®Fax D10NC tripolyphosphate from detergents in the is a 100% natural, green hydrotrope with developing world have been proposed and improved performance versus Sodium Xylene implemented. This has radically altered the Sulfonate (SXS). This product can be used at strategies of formulators, as new combinations lower levels with improved performance while of ingredients are required to take the place of avoiding the toxic impurities in SXS, which are once-abundant phosphates. One area of of Prop 65 concern. Poly Suga®Mulse products research has been on novel polymers capable of represent 100% biobased, EO-free emulsifiers dispersing inorganic salts formed as detergents for fragrances and other emulsion formulations. come into contact with hard water. These The nonionic surfactants function much like dispersants, classically low to moderate ethoxylated fatty alcohols, with superior molecular weight polyacrylic acids, are excellent performance and without the concern of performers which demonstrate only minimal residual EO or 1,4-Dioxane. Poly Suga®Quat biodegradability. This talk will discuss strategies surfactants, with their cationic nature, have used to design and test a new class of been shown to boost cleaning of greasy soils, biodegradable dispersants which exceed the and have the ability to boost the efficacy of a performance of current dispersants while preserved formulation. significantly increasing the overall level of

– 26 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

S&D-P: Surfactants and Detergents Poster Session Chair: Mike Wint Amway Corp., USA

1. Amide Types of Gemini Surfactants one of the techniques, water retention was Derived from Diethyl Tartrate. Daisuke Ono*, measured through collagen swelling. In the Keisuke Yoshida, Yuki Morimoto, Shintaro other complementary method, the water Kawano, Hirofumi Sato, Motohiro Shizuma, and retention of the pig skin* was assessed with a Araki Masuyama, Osaka Research Institute of Raman spectroscopy technique. In the study, Industrial Science and Technology, Japan pig skin samples were subjected to D2O and The development of surfactants with formulation mixture. The Raman spectral peaks excellent surface-active properties or additional representing D2O were accounted for functions has become desired. Therefore, it has estimating the water retention capability of the come to be interest to develop "gemini" skin. In addition, Critical Micelle Concentration surfactants which are synthesized by (CMC) curves were measured for these connection of the traditional monomeric formulations to gain fundamental insights on amphipihilic molecules with a spacer. They have their performance. All three methods resulted a high performance such as good water in a consistent ranking of the product mildness. solubility, excellent micelle-forming property * pig skin was sourced from the food chain and high ability to lower surface tension. Low molecular-weight gelator is also attractive 3. Monoglyceride-stabilized Pickering materials. In this work, amide types of gemini Emulsions as Vehicles for Controlled Release. surfactants were prepared by a reaction of Malek El-Aooiti*, Auke de Vries, and Dérick diethyl tartrate with long chain amine, and Rousseau, Ryerson University, Canada subsequent sulfation without any expensive Water-in-oil emulsions (W/O) can be reagents and special equipment. We discussed stabilized by interfacially adsorbed glycerol about their surface-active properties and gel- monostearate (GMS) crystals. This is achieved forming properties in various solutions. The by melting the GMS wax in the oil phase of the viscosity of the toluene solution containing the emulsion followed by shear-cooling to induce surfactant were higher than blank solvents. crystallization of interfacially adsorbed GMS. Emulsions formulated using this method have 2. Assessment of Skin Mildness of Personal shown to be robust, stable during storage, and Care Cleansers. Brajesh Jha*1, Aixing Fan1, can encapsulate aqueous material with high Hongwei Shen1, Derek Kim2, Irina Chernyshova2, efficiency. Previous efforts from our group Ponisseril Somasundaran2, and Parta Patra2, demonstrated that W/O emulsions with 1Colgate Palmolive Co., USA; 2Dept. of Earth and interfacially bound glycerol monostearate Environmental Engineering, Columbia (GMS) crystals can be destabilized by the University, USA addition of a secondary surfactant. Addition of For personal care cleansing products, the the surfactant, sorbitan monooleate (SMO), nature of the skin-surfactant interactions subsequently resulted in destabilization of determines the mildness of the product. To emulsion droplets followed by release of study the mildness of four personal care aqueous cargo. In the current study, it was cleansers, we assessed the skin-surfactant found using microscopy, that droplets undergo interactions by determining the water retention rapid coalescence and decomposition upon capability of the skin using two techniques. In exposure to SMO. The current study explores

– 27 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019 this phenomenon at different length scales. different nanoparticles concentrations also is Light and fluorescence microscopy were used to evaluated and compared. The crude oil study the effect of added surfactant on composition at each pore volume is emulsion microstructure and droplet investigated by a high-performance liquid morphology, while dynamic contact angle chromatography (HPLC). Thus, the selection of studies were used to determine the effect of suitable design condition of carboxylate-based SMO on the wetting behaviour of the GMS extended surfactant/nanoparticles foam system crystals. This works aims to elucidate a in enhanced oil recovery process will be mechanism of action by which added surfactant discussed. destabilizes monoglyceride-stabilized W/O Pickering emulsions to design tuneable 5. DSC and 3D X-Ray Microscopy Study on Bar controlled release systems. Soap Structures. Aradhana Das and Hongwei Shen*, Colgate Palmolive, USA 4. Nanoparticles Stabilized Foams for The structure of bar soaps is critical to the Enhanced Oil Recovery using Carboxylate- consumer experience. Thus, understanding the based Extended Surfactants. Pattamas structures of bar soaps is paramount for Rattanaudom*1, Ben Shiau2, Ampira producing the best products with nice lather, Chareonsaeng1, and Uthaiporn minimal cracking, and the right hand feel along Suriyapraphadilok1, 1The Petroleum and with other attributes since both formulation Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn and process can impact these structures. University, Thailand; 2University of Oklahoma, Historically, differential scanning calorimeter USA (DSC) & X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) (Gupta, JAOCS, The adding of nanoparticles in a surfactant- 1991) were reported for identification of delta, stabilized foam system shows remarkably beta, and omega soap phases and then related potential to improve the foam stability. to lather properties for pure fatty acid based Recently, the novel carboxylate extended soaps. In the current study, we focus on the surfactants show several benefits regarding study of bar soaps with additives such as foam stability, solubility, thermal stability in calcium carbonate and/or starch. DSC is used harsh conditions. Notwithstanding, the for soap structure analysis. It is found that the behaviors foam prepared by novel carboxylate previously identified soap structures such as extended surfactants as a foaming agent is delta, beta, and omega were not influenced by significantly influenced by pH values. In this these additives. The composition of the work, the carboxylate-based extended structures also directionally correlates to the surfactants, fatty alcohol ethoxylated performance such as lather properties, based carboxymethylated (SOLOTERRA@ 172) at the on expert panel results. In addition, we applied controlled pH (pH9) in the presence of SiO2 a new technique, 3D X-ray microscopy, to nanoparticles is conducted as a foam system. understand the distribution & dispersion of The effect of the nanoparticles-surfactant foam additives in the soap matrix. It is found that is investigated on the foam behavior in the sand processing can impact the dispersion and pack column at controlled temperature (60˚c) sometimes cause agglomeration of additives in and in the presence of API brine. The efficiency bar soap. It is learned that 3D X-ray microscopy of oil recovery in the porous media is evaluated can be a powerful tool to study the distribution at different temperatures and brine conditions. and agglomeration of additives during the soap In addition, the improvement in oil recovery at making processes

– 28 – ABSTRACTS 2019 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO May 5–8, 2019

– 29 –