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animals Communication First Description of Sarcoptic Mange in a Free-Ranging European Wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Spain Fernando Nájera 1,2,* , Elena Crespo 2,3, Amalia García-Talens 2,4, Rebeca Grande-Gómez 2 , Francisco Javier Herrera-Sánchez 2, Michaela Gentil 5, Carmen Cortés-García 5, Elisabeth Müller 5, Rafael Calero-Bernal 6,* and Luis Revuelta 1 1 Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 2 Asistencia Técnica de la Dirección General del Medio Natural y Desarrollo Sostenible de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza del Cardenal Siliceo s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; [email protected] (E.C.); [email protected] (A.G.-T.); [email protected] (R.G.-G.); [email protected] (F.J.H.-S.) 3 “El Chaparrillo” Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Ctra de Porzuna s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain 4 “La Alfranca” Wildlife Rehabilitation Center Finca de la Alfranca s/n, Pastriz, 50195 Zaragoza, Spain 5 Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (C.C.-G.); [email protected] (E.M.) 6 SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.N.); [email protected] (R.C.-B.) Citation: Nájera, F.; Crespo, E.; Simple Summary: Sarcoptic mange caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei is a worldwide-distributed García-Talens, A.; Grande-Gómez, R.; skin infestation with a wide range of hosts, among them several species within the Felidae family. Herrera-Sánchez, F.J.; Gentil, M.; Sarcoptes scabiei was diagnosed in a dead adult female European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Cortés-García, C.; Müller, E.; Spain. This is the first description of Sarcoptes scabiei in a European wildcat. Since this is a species of Calero-Bernal, R.; Revuelta, L. First conservation concern due to its critical demography in the southernmost population of the Iberian Description of Sarcoptic Mange in a Free-Ranging European Wildcat (Felis Peninsula, the impacts of infectious diseases, including sarcoptic mange, should be considered during silvestris silvestris) from Spain. disease surveillance programs of the species’ populations. Animals 2021, 11, 2494. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ani11092494 Abstract: Sarcoptic mange caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei is a worldwide-distributed skin infestation with a wide range of hosts, among them several species within the Felidae family. Sarcoptes Academic Editors: María José Cubero scabiei was diagnosed in a dead adult female European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Spain, Pablo and Jorge Rivera Gomis based on histological evaluation of skin biopsies and identification of the arthropod from skin scrapings and molecular methods. This is the first description of Sarcoptes scabiei in a European Received: 2 August 2021 wildcat. Due to its critical demography in the southernmost population of the Iberian Peninsula, Accepted: 23 August 2021 the impacts of infectious diseases, including sarcoptic mange, as a new potential threat should be Published: 25 August 2021 considered during disease surveillance programs of the species’ populations. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Keywords: European wildcat; Felis silvestris; mange; Sarcoptes scabiei; Spain with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Sarcoptic mange caused by arthropods of the genus Sarcoptes is a highly contagious skin disease that has been observed to affect nearly 150 species of mammals, leading to Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. acute or chronic forms depending on factors such as host immunity and mite lineage [1,2]. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article Its relevance relies on an economic, zoonotic and ecological basis [3–5]. Additionally, distributed under the terms and sarcoptic mange could represent a potential threat to be considered within the Carnivore conditions of the Creative Commons guild, which is already of conservation concern, since 14% (15/108) of the species under Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// suboptimal conservation status within the order Carnivora are considered susceptible creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ to this disease [2]. Sarcoptic mange has been described in several species of wild felids, 4.0/). including the African lion (Panthera leo), the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), the serval (Felis Animals 2021, 11, 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092494 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Animals 2021, 11, 2494 2 of 8 serval), the leopard (Panthera pardus), the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)[6,7]. The European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) remains a widely distributed felid species in Europe, although it is assumed to be an endangered taxa in most of the countries in which it lives [8]. The demographic situation of the southernmost population of the species in the Iberian Peninsula is somewhat critical, primarily due to low density and habitat fragmentation [9]. Under these circumstances, the species may benefit from health surveillance to detect disease threats for the populations. The present study reports the first observation of a case of sarcoptic mange in a European wildcat. 2. Materials and Methods On 1 November 2020, during a routine field surveillance performed under the Iberian lynx conservation and reintroduction program in Castilla-La Mancha (South Central Spain), an adult (>2-year-old) female wildcat was found dead in a private estate that consisted of Mediterranean scrubland in Las Virtudes (Ciudad Real province, 859857X 340946Y). The dead wildcat was found in right lateral recumbency with no signs of struggle and no injuries. The animal was brought to El Chaparrillo Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Ciudad Real), kept in refrigeration and necropsied within 12 h after harvesting. On physical examination, we discarded a putative individual based on coat patterns from dorsal, lateral, ventral, head and tail, showing a pelage characteristic typical of true wildcats [10–12]. The carcass suffered from an initial stage of decay and was calculated between 3–4 days of postmortem interval. It weighed 2.4 kg and it was given a 1/5 body condition score. Skin lesions were clearly visible on the head, and both tarsus and skin scrapings were taken from both pinnae and tarsus for microscopic examination and direct detection under light microscopy (x40–100). Two 5 × 5 cm patches of skin were submitted to the laboratory to perform molecular testing for S. scabiei via Taqman real-time PCR (qPCR), targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 region (primer Sarco S: 50-GCT AAA GAA TCC AAG TGC CA-30, Sarco R: 50-TCT TTT CCT CCG CTT ATT TAT ATG-30, probe Sarco TM: 50-6FAM-CGG GTA TTC TCG CTT GAT CTG AGG TC-BBQ-30). Prior to nucleic acid extraction, skin samples were incubated in a lysis buffer (containing proteinase K) in “MagNA Lyser Green Bead” tubes (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), which contain ceramic beads and crush the tissue through mechanical disruption (MagNA Lyser, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Afterwards, automated total nucleic acid extraction was carried out using a commercially available kit (“MagNA Pure 96 DNA and Viral NA Small Volume Kit”, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Each PCR run included a negative and a positive control, as well as an extraction control in each sample, to check for nucleic acid extraction and PCR inhibition. Additionally, portions of skin samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted to histopathological analyses by standard hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, aiming for ancillary analyses, several tissue samples from mesenteric ganglia, spleen, bone marrow, clot, kidney and lung were taken to perform PCR anal- ysis and/or culture for selected pathogens; blood (1 mL) was also taken to perform fe- line leukemia virus p27 antigen and feline immunodeficiency antibodies point-of-care enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and liver for anticoagulant rodenticide analysis (Table1). Animals 2021, 11, 2494 3 of 8 Table 1. Additional diagnostic tests performed in the female European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) found dead in Ciudad Real province, Spain, in November 2020. Analyte 1 Tissue Sample Result Test Laboratory and/or Reference FPV Mesenteric ganglia Negative PCR Laboklin [13] FCoV Intestinal scraping samples Negative PCR Laboklin [14] FHV-1 Clot, spleen Negative PCR Laboklin FCV Clot Negative PCR Laboklin [15] Clot, mesenteric ganglia, FeLV provirus Negative PCR Laboklin [16] bone marrow FIV Clot Negative PCR Laboklin [17] IDEXX SNAP® Combo Plus, P27 Ag FeLV Blood Negative ELISA IDEXX Laboratories, ME, USA IDEXX SNAP® Combo Plus, FIV Ab Blood Negative ELISA IDEXX Laboratories, ME, USA CDV Clot Negative PCR Laboklin [18] Leishmania spp. Spleen Negative PCR Laboklin [19] Regional Agricultural Mycobacterium spp. Lung Negative Culture Laboratory-LARAGA Leptospira spp. Kidney Negative PCR Laboklin [20] Anticoagulant Regional Agricultural Liver Positive HPLC-MS/MS rodenticide Laboratory-LARAGA 1 FPV = feline panleukopenia virus, FCoV = feline coronavirus, FHV-1 = feline herpesvirus 1, FCV = feline calicivirus, FeLV = feline leukemia virus, FIV = feline immunodeficiency virus, p27 Ag FeLV = feline leukemia virus p27 antigen, FIV Ab = feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies, CDV = canine distemper
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