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Historical and Archaeological Summary:

Proposed Eastern Extension of Bestwood II Quarry, Papplewick,

Report Reference: CE-BS1034-RP02 - FINAL (16/55)

Produced by Crestwood Environmental Ltd. in conjunction with MOLA

19 September 2016 BESTWOOD QUARRY,

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2 BACKGROUND...... 1 3 THE HISTORY OF THE QUARRY……...... 3 4 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD...... 3 5 HISTORIC MAP REGRESSION...... 9 6 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS...... 11 7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL………...... 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………...... 12

Tables Table 1: Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record data for a 1km search radius, annotated with Historic List UID numbers where relevant

Figures Front cover: Site location on 1:25,000 OS map Fig 1: Site location Fig 2: Undated photo of the monument, from http://www.papplewick.org/local/history/howe.html Fig 3: The monument in its new location, photographed in 2007 © Mr Peter J Ellis, http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=4289 45 Fig 4: Historic Environment Record (HER) data

Report CE-BS1034-RP02 - FINAL (16/55) i Historical and archaeological summary of Bestwood Quarry Nottinghamshire

SITE NAME: Bestwood 2 Quarry, Nottinghamshire

NATIONAL GRID REF: SK 57380 52512

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Crestwood Environmental Ltd. has been commissioned to produce a summary of the archaeological and historical background of a proposed extension of Bestwood 2 Quarry, Nottinghamshire. A number of sources, including the Historic Environment Record and historical maps, have been examined to determine the history of the proposed extension of Bestwood Quarry up to the present day. No designated or undesignated heritage assets are to be found within the area of the proposed extension, and there is no evidence to suggest that there are any known buried archaeological features within the proposed extension. As such, it can be inferred that the potential of the site to produce buried archaeological remains is low.

1 INTRODUCTION

Crestwood Environmental Ltd. has been commissioned to produce an historical and archaeological summary for inclusion as a Technical Appendix in a planning statement for the extension of Bestwood Quarry in Nottinghamshire (Fig 1). The work has been undertaken in conjunction with MOLA. The summary will include a discussion of the historical and archaeological background of the proposed extension area, including a search of the Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record and a historic map regression exercise. This document does not fulfil the requirements of a full Desk- Based Assessment and should be utilised only as a technical summary.

2 BACKGROUND

Location, topography and geology Bestwood Quarry currently occupies a c.30ha area of land. It is situated around 5.5km north of Nottingham, and 1.2km south of the village of in the Gedling district of Nottinghamshire (Fig 1). The quarry area is currently bounded to the west by the route of Road (A60). Beyond the road to the west lies a belt of woodland, and to the north, south and east the site is enclosed by arable and pastural agricultural land.

Report CE-BS1034-RP02 - FINAL (16/55) Page 1 of 12 \ / \ .135 / / / racks / arm /' -/ 520 Forest Farm Cottages o

0 500m D Eastern expansion area D Extraction areas © Crown Copyright 2016. All rights reserved. Licence Number 100047514 D Site location Scale 1:10000 Site location, extraction areas and expansion areas Fig 1 BESTWOOD QUARRY, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE

The land the quarry is situated on slopes down to the north-east, falling from a height of c.127m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) along the southern edge of the site, to c.110m aOD to the north-east. The underlying geology of the area is mapped as Nottingham Castle Sandstone Formation (BGS 2016). Overlying deposits are not recorded. Previous applications for extension were granted in 1997, and 2001, and an application for increase of depth within the area in 2008. The area of the proposed extension lies to the eastern side of the main quarry area. It is centred on SK 57380 52512 in an area of former woodland. An area of approx. 3.3ha will newly be targeted for extraction.

3 THE HISTORY OF THE QUARRY The following history of Bestwood 2 Quarry is drawn from Nottinghamshire’s Adopted Minerals Local Plan (Webster 2005), and previous approved planning applications. Bestwood II Quarry is one of seven permitted mineral extraction sites working the Sherwood Sandstone outcrop. The quarrying of sand at the site of the Bestwood Quarry was being undertaken from at least the 1940s. The quarry changed ownership in the early 1980s, after which it became a major producer of Sherwood Sandstone and red building sand. This product is used in asphalt mortars where it supplies a ready mixed mortar plant on site, and for horticultural use. An extension of the site to this east was granted in 2001, and was undertaken within an area of woodland designated as a SINC (Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation). The loss of a part of this SINC was mitigated through the proposed reclamation scheme, which will create a new area of nature conservation interest, comprising mixed heathland and woodland. In the long term, it is considered that this will increase the biodiversity.

4 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD

A search of the Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record (HER) was undertaken. The results of the search are described below, detailed in Table 1, and depicted in Fig 4. There are no designated or undesignated heritage assets within the proposed quarry extension, and archaeological remains and findspots in the wider area are limited. The majority of records in the HER relate to boundary stones, plantation monuments or to the buildings of the Papplewick Pumping station.

Prehistoric Over 2km to the north-west of the site, a small bronze side-looped spearhead of middle Bronze Age date was found in 1965 while digging house foundations. A small square enclosure, possibly laid around a moat, is situated around 650m to the south-west of the site (SMR L2751). It has been identified through aerial photography, and may date from the prehistoric period.

Romano-British Around 1.6km to the west of the site near Newstead Grange, it is recorded that in 1949 around 10 coins were found. These were locally identified as Roman but their location is now unknown (Historic England’s Pastscape Mon ID 318031). No further Romano-British finds or features are known.

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Medieval A low earthwork bank previously ran along the boundary between the parishes of Newstead (now Ravenshead) and Papplewick (SMR L12154). At the point where it passed along the southern edge of the quarry, the bank is recorded as being c.1.5m across and less than 0.5m high, and it was noted that weathered, randomly pitched stonework was exposed along the bank by erosion. Towards the east, the feature took on the form of a hollow way, with a slight bank on the north marking the parish line, before eventually becoming a substantial terraced trackway with a bank (Challis and Appleton 1998). The previous expansions of the quarry into this area mean it is no longer extant (former location marked on Fig 4). Other indistinct earthworks are noted from within Howe and Longdale Plantations, probably early 20th-century trackways and a possible historic sand pit (ibid). A circular feature, possibly a pond, has been identified from aerial photography around 1km to the south-east of the quarry (SMR L2750). The date of this feature is unknown; it could be a medieval or post-medieval feature. Historic England records the location of a venerable oak, known as Stump Oak, which was situated in the fields to the west of Mansfield Road c.850m west of the site. There was no record of the tree on historic maps after 1959.

Post-medieval and modern Around 2.4km south-west of the proposed quarry extension is the Grade I Listed Building of Papplewick Hall (List UID: 1265296), with its Grade II* Registered Park and Garden (List UID 1001084). This building was built or re-built in 1787 for the Hon. Frederick Montague, Lord of the Treasury, and may have stood on the site of an earlier structure (Butler 1953). Montague owned 13.6ha of plantations of oak, ash, elm and other trees and was preparing another 16ha (Challis and Appleton 1998). He was also responsible for establishing much of the plantations in the area, typically naming them after commanders at naval victories. Amongst these are the Howe Plantation, which lies just to the south of the quarry, as well as plantations dedicated to Nelson (dated 1 August 1798), Warren (13 August 1798), St. Vincent (14 February 1797), and Duncan (1797). In each instance, the date of planting was commemorated on an obelisk, although several of these no longer survive (Butler 1953; Challis and Appleton 1998). The Howe Plantation obelisk (SMR M9087, Grade (II) List UID: 1264008) was formerly positioned within the planation to the east of Mansfield Road (A60), originally at SK 56864 52350 (Figs 2 and 3). The obelisk is dedicated to the naval victories of Admiral Howe. The inscription reads "HOWE PLANTATION June the 1st 1794" with above the inscription "F" and "M".

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Fig 2 Fig 3

Fig 2 - Undated photo of the monument, from http://www.papplewick.org/local/history/howe.html

Fig 3 – The monument in its new location, photographed in 2007 © Mr Peter J Ellis http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=428945

The permission for the 2001 expansion of the quarry contained Condition 19 which required that: “No felling of trees or stripping of soil within 30 metres of the listed structures, mainly the parish boundary marker stone and Howe Plantation monument…shall take place until a scheme for their removal and re-location has been submitted...” (Planning No: 7/99/0553, dated 20 Dec 2001), as proposed by Challis and Appleton (1998). It is subsequently recorded that the obelisk was moved and rebuilt onto a new plinth further to the south in Howe Plantation in 2003. Neither the obelisk’s current nor former positions are within the present proposed extension area. (http://www.papplewick.org/local/history/howe.html; Figs 2, 3, and 4). A monument to George III previously stood to the east of the Papplewick Reservoir, on a hilltop overlooking Forest Farm. This was also constructed by Montague in 1800 (Butler 1953), but is reported in the Nottingham Express on 26 May 1880 that it was already dilapidated (Challis and Appleton 1998). The memorial had collapsed by 1948, when the local paper, the Guardian, reported: "Three years ago the tall column rising from a square base succumbed to a hard winter, collapsed and fell in two pieces. Today it lies among the long grass and the rest of the stonework is crumbling, although the inscription is still decipherable. It reads "GEORGIO TERTIO REGI PIO MAGNANIMO PATRIE PATRIAE DDD XV MAII MDCCC" [to George III, a virtuous and high-minded king, the father of his country, given and dedicated by F.M. 15th May 1800]” (http://www.papplewick.org/local/history/plantations.html)

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A series of Grade II Listed boundary stones on square sandstone with pyramidal tops, mark the northern limit of the parish of Papplewick as it was defined in 1757 (SMR M12947, M12928). Stone M12928 was formerly situated to the north of the Howe Plantation obelisk. Its inscription read “P January 11th 1757” on the south face, and “N” on the north face. It was moved as part of earlier quarry expansion (List UID: 1264007). Neither the stone’s current nor former positions are within the present proposed extension area. At Forest Farm there is a notable brick-built dovecote c.620m south of the proposed extension. The dovecote, which was built in 1860/70 by Curtis Machin and owned by Sir Hugh Seely, retains its brick perches and nesting holes (SMR M17364). It is described as the “last great dovecote” built in the county. “It has three hundred and seventy nesting boxes of uniform size. It has fourteen entrance holes, fourteen inches apart, and nine inches between rows. The ledges are fives inches wide.” (Butler 1953). (http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/butler1953/linby7.htm) Blidworth Lodge falls within the search area, lying just over 1km north-east of the expansion area (SMR M17366). This is a historic farmstead, possibly dating from as early as 1780, but certainly was constructed by 1835. The remaining HER records for the area relate to the Papplewick Pumping Station, situated 1km east of the proposed expansion area (SMR M2568). The Papplewick Pumping Station is a Grade II* Listed Building and a Scheduled Monument (List UID: 1006373). It was constructed between 1881-1884 by M. O. Tarbotton for the Nottingham Corporation. It was one of three pumping stations built in the late 19th century to serve the city of Nottingham. The pumps comprise twin beam engines built by James Watt and Co before absorption into Averys Ltd. The site is recoded as being virtually intact, with several surviving elements having their own HER records, including the chimney (SMR M9080), stable block (SMR M9081), engine house and boiler room, formal pool, supervisor's house, deputy's house and three stoker's cottages. The main buildings of the station are richly decorated with terracotta work, brasswork, and stained glass windows. The grounds at the pumping station are a Grade II* Registered Park and Garden (List UID 1001339; MNT26783). The site is now owned by the Papplewick Pumping Station Trust.

Report CE-BS1034-RP02 - FINAL (16/55) Page 6 of 12 HER data Former location of HER data 0 500m Eastern expansion area Extraction areas © Crown Copyright 2016. All rights reserved. Licence Number 100047514 Site location

Scale 1:10000 Historic Environment Record (HER) data Fig 4 BESTWOOD QUARRY, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE

Table 1: Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record data for a 1km search radius, annotated with Historic England List UID numbers where relevant

SMR Description Date Grid Reference Number L2751 Small square enclosure, Papplewick, Unknown date 456681,352243 possibly a moat, Aerial photograph L12154 Boundary bank between Papplewick and Early Medieval to 456860,352390 Ravenshead. Modern - 900 AD *Lay within to 2000 AD previous expansion area. L2750 Circular feature, possible pond, Unknown date 457873,351899 Papplewick, Aerial photograph M17364 Dovecote at Forest Farm Modern - 1800 457369,351786 AD to 2000 AD M9087 Howe Plantation obelisk 70m north-east Modern - 1794 456864, 352350 of Woodland Grange (II) AD to 2000 AD M12928 Boundary stone 30m north of Howe Post Medieval to *Was within Plantation obelisk, 1757, Listed Building Modern - 1757 previous (II) List UID: 1264007 AD to 2000 AD expansion area 456876,352391 M12947 Boundary stone north of pumping station Post Medieval to 457452,352319 reservoir, 1757, Listed Building (II) List Modern - 1757 UID: 1268476 AD to 2000 AD M2568 Papplewick Pumping Station (Listed 1884, Modern - 458280,352129 Building (II*) (List UID: 1006373) Water 1884 AD to 2000 pumping station. 1881 by M. O. Tarbotton AD for [the] Nottingham Corporation. M9080 Boiler house chimney at Papplewick Modern - 1884 458280,352129 Pumping Station, Listed Building (II) List AD to 2000 AD UID: 122754 M9081 Smithy, stable and cartshed at Modern - 1884 458280,352129 Papplewick Pumping Station, Listed AD to 2000 AD Building (II) List UID: 1237141 MNT26783 Grounds at Papplewick Pumping Station, Modern - 1800 458145,352228 Registered Park and Garden (II*) List UID AD to 2000 AD 1001339 M17366 Blidworth Lodge Farmstead Modern - 1780 458222,353031 AD to 2000 AD

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5 HISTORIC MAP REGRESSION

Ordnance Survey 1884 On the first edition Ordnance Survey map of 1884, the area of the current quarry is shown to have been occupied by Wildman’s Wood. This was an enclosed area of mixed woodland, bordered to the west by a field, beyond which lay the bend of Mansfield Road. To the east were a series of parallel north-east by south-west-aligned fields. These were edged to the south by a narrow straight track aligned east-west, along which ran the boundary. Three boundary stones were marked along this section of the boundary. The present day civil parish boundary follows this route. To the south of Wildman’s Wood and the boundary track lay Howe Plantation, four large fields, and the properties of Papplewick Forest Farm. To the east was the route of Longdale Lane, which, as in the present day, passed the site to the east on a north-south alignment before turning broadly north-west and passing to the north of the site. Longdale Farm was situated to the north-east corner of the site on Longdale Lane. Between Papplewick Forest Farm and the southern edge of the site, on the highest point of the landscape, a monument was formerly situated. This is recorded on the map as the George III monument. To the west at the edge of Mansfield Road is depicted a milepost, reading 132 miles to London, 6 miles to Mansfield and 8 miles to Nottingham. An obelisk is marked within Howe Plantation to the south of the civil parish boundary; this is labelled on all Ordnance Survey edition maps until after 1955. To the west of Mansfield Lane, opposite Howe Plantation, the map label notes the historic tree named Stump Oak.

Ordnance Survey 1885 Little has altered from the previous map, except that a well is depicted to the north of Wildman’s Wood adjacent to Longdale Lane

Ordnance Survey 1900 The site had undergone a significant change by the time the 1900 map was published, due to the planting of Longdale Plantation. This was situated to the east of Wildman’s Wood, and filled all of the former fields between Longdale Lane and the civil parish boundary track to the south. A single area of open field remained to the east of the plantation adjacent to Longdale Lane. The plantation was divided into 25 blocks divided by straight intersecting trackways. Two of the blocks along Longdale Lane are shown as mixed forest; the remaining 23 blocks contained coniferous woodland. The area of the proposed quarry extension is occupied by three blocks, divided by east-west trackways. To the south of the civil parish boundary track, the Papplewick Reservoir had been constructed immediately adjacent to the George III monument. The covered reservoir was square in shape. To the south-east of the site, the Papplewick Pumping Station (Nottingham Corporation Water Works) had been constructed. Additional buildings had been constructed to the west of Papplewick Forest Farm, adjacent to the road.

Ordnance Survey 1915 The 1915 Ordnance Survey map depicts small areas of woodland that have been added between Papplewick Forest Farm and the reservoir.

Ordnance Survey 1920 There were no observable alterations on the 1920s map. This is the last map on which the Howe Plantation obelisk is marked.

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Ordnance Survey 1955 This map depicts the first extraction works on the site of Bestwood II Quarry. These were situated on the far west of the current quarry area, just inside the bend of Mansfield Road. The wooded areas of Longdale Plantation and Wildman’s Wood are now marked as rough pasture with intermittent trees, with mixed woodland having survived around the extraction pits, in a single block in the south-west corner of the plantation, and to the south at Howe Plantation. Further stands of trees had been added to the south of Papplewick Reservoir. An overhead electricity transmission line had been constructed crossing the eastern end of the Longdale Plantation on a north-east by south-west alignment, to a pylon at the north of Papplewick Forest Farm. The map also indicates that a curvilinear row of houses has been constructed south of Howe Plantation, to the west of Mansfield Road.

Ordnance Survey 1961 By the time the 1961 edition Ordnance Survey map was published, the area of extraction had extended into the main area previously occupied by Wildman’s Wood. A number of small buildings stood in the central and western parts of the quarry, probably associated with the quarry workings. To the north-west of the boundary which delineates the northern edge of Wildman’s Wood, a narrow strip of field contained a single structure. The field to the north of the original sand pits is now marked as having been under plantation. Within the main plantation at Longdale, many of the smaller subdivided plantation blocks appear to have been removed, with the whole area now being divided into 14 blocks. To the south-east of Longdale Farm, a large plantation area was cleared, and two small groups of buildings (numbered 280 and 282) and one rectangular open area were constructed. Additional areas of plantation had been constructed to the south of the site boundary around the reservoir. The George III monument, which formally stood to the east of the reservoir, is no longer marked. The Stump Oak, in the field to the west of Mansfield Road is now marked Stump Oak (remains of). Papplewick Forest Farm is renamed on this map to Forest Farm, and the buildings immediately to the west of the farm have been named Forest Farm Cottages. A new building was constructed within Howe Plantation, accessed by a driveway from Mansfield Road. This is labelled Woodland Grange.

Ordnance Survey 1967 The quarry still occupied the same extent in 1967. The only significant change may be that this map is the latest that the remains of the Stump Oak are labelled to the west of Mansfield Road.

Ordnance Survey 1983 By 1983, much of the plantation area to the east appeared to have been cleared, and a Gas Galve Compound constructed to the east in the turn of Longdale Lane. The plantation, including the area of the proposed extension, is marked with scattered coniferous and deciduous trees, and coppices. The land to the east of Mansfield Road and to the north of the earliest sand pits is marked as being reed beds.

Ordnance Survey 1991 No significant changes had been made to the site or quarry as depicted on the 1991 Ordnance Survey map.

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6 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS A Desk-Based Assessment was carried out by Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust in 1998 in advance of the second quarry expansion. This work examined the Nottinghamshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), aerial photographs, cartographic and documentary sources, and the observations of a site visit to determine the heritage features of the landscape within the proposed extension area. The work identified the parish boundary earthwork bank, as well as the Howe Plantation obelisk and boundary stone, which would be at risk from the quarry extension. It was suggested that the former feature was investigated and recorded archeologically before quarry extension, and that the two Listed monuments be relocated with sensitivity for their landscape settings. Little other archaeological work has been undertaken in the area. A geophysical survey has previously been undertaken on 12ha of land on the north-eastern edge of , around 3km to the south-east (Harrison 2013). The survey identified anomalies indicative of land drains, sub-surface pipes/drains and recent agricultural activity. No anomalies of obvious archaeological potential were identified.

7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL A number of sources, including the Historic Environment Record and historical maps, have been examined to determine the history of the proposed extension of Bestwood Quarry up to the present day. No designated or undesignated heritage assets are to be found within the area of the proposed extension, and there is no evidence to suggest that there are any known buried archaeological features within the site or vicinity. As such, it can be inferred that the potential of the site to produce buried archaeological remains is low.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Butler, L, I, 1953 Linby and Papplewick Notebook

Harrison, S, 2013 Land north of Papplewick Lane, Hucknall, Nottinghamshire, Geophysical Survey, Archaeological Services WYAS report, 2518

Challis, K. and Appleton, E. M, 1998 Bestwood II Quarry Extension: Archaeological Desk-based Assessment for Aspinwall & Company, Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust report, BQE.1

Webster, P 2005 Nottinghamshire Minerals Local Plan: Adopted December 2005, Nottinghamshire County Council

WEBSITES

BGS 2016 British Geological Survey http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html

Images of England, http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk

Papplewick Parish Website http://www.papplewick.org/

Nottinghamshire History http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/butler1953/linby7.htm

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