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A Romano-British Bath-House at Stonham Aspal

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A Romano-British Bath-House at Stonham Aspal Proceedingsof the SUFFOLK INSTITUTE OF ARCIVEOLOGY For 1966 A%Lg] Arq,-0 az tet t‘o) ,LY -44\1110 VOLUME XXX, PART 3 including title page and index to volume XXX. (published 1967) PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY W. E. HARRISON & SONS LTD • THE ANCIENT HOUSE • IPSWICH A ROMANO-BRITISH BATH-HOUSE AT STONHAM ASPAL By NORMANSMEDLEY,M.A., F.S.A., F.M.A. and ELIZABETHJ. OWLES, B.A., F.S.A. (with notes by F. W. ANDERSON,D.SC.,F.R.S.E., MISS D. CHARLESWORTH,M.A.,F.S.A., MRS. K. F. HARTLEY, M.A. and B. R. HARTLEY, M.A., F.S.A.) In February, 1962, the digging of a sewerage trench to serve Council houses at the western approach to Stonham Aspal, a village ten miles north of Ipswich (TM/13095964), revealed the presence of a wall, pottery, roofing tiles, and other evidences of occupation during the Roman period. The land in question had been acquired by the Gipping Rural District Council with a view to the eventual erection of further houses; this made it desirable that excavation should take place. Permission was readily granted by the Council and by the farmer, Mr. C. E. Tydeman of Broughton Hall, and his son, Mr. A. Tydeman. As the field was under cultivation, the site was measured in, in preparation for digging after harvest. The excavation was begun in September, 1962, and continued until the spring of 1965. The work was under the direction of the writers, both then members of the staff of the Ipswich Museum, and volunteer labour was used throughout. As this consisted largely of students and teachers, digging had to be confined to two to three weeks at Easter and in the summer vacation. The site was on Chalky Boulder Clay, at a general level of 170 O.D. It lies on the southern slope of a small valley and about 500 feet from the stream which runs along it (Fig. 30). The A.140, which at this point follows the line of the Roman road from London to Caister-by-Norwich is a little less than a mile to the west (the Pye Road, 3d in Margary's numeration).1 On the other side of this road, in the parish of Earl Stonham about two miles to the west, what was described by Hamlet Watling as 'a vast quantity of Roman and other remains' was discovered in the late 19th century, and is detailed in the Victoria County History.' Hamlet Watling's drawings of some of the finds are in the Ipswich Museum. On one of his sketch maps, dated 1900, an area stretch- ing from Earl Stonham to Crowfield is designated: 'Hundreds of 1 Ivan D. Margary, Roman Roads in Britain, vol. I (1955), p. 236. 2 VictoriaCountyHistory: Suffolk, vol. r (1911), pp. 316-317. PI .; • ASPAL - 3 - ° • o is 0-4 . 4 ,--7 STONHAM--------------',..--f0. ..,„ , &.-,;--.;-: ,e o . E 11.,;•.''' ° r•A 7, ,...---' 13. ''., g' -..r. sO. e 0 't, r•- IW GIPPING . :. p.f://f,,,,., 0 it • . .. p0, ----- -------:.. (111', ig I i . • • S U f V c f t I 7.; ' '.1 Fm. 30.—Thearea round Stonham Aspal. From the 6-inch OrdnanceSurveymap. CrownCopyrightreserved. A ROMANO-BRITISH BATH-HOUSE 223 acres in which Roman Rems are found', and in a communication to the British Archaeological Association he stated that the occu- pation 'extended from the church of Earl Stonham to that of Stonham Aspall'.3 An unguentariumhalf full of liquid was found in this latter village.4 In this century numerous finds of coins, all of Claudius II Gothicus (A.D. 268-270), suggest the presence of a hoard in a field near Broughton Hall, and some years ago levelling operations in the field immediately to the south of the present site, where a spring is situated, produced pottery reported by Mr. A. Tydeman to be Roman. THE EXCAVATION The site was laid out in a grid of twelve-foot squares. In order to leave as much land as possible free for ploughing, this was estab- lished parallel with the wall first exposed in the sewerage trench. In the event it would have simplified matters if it had been placed diagonally, for by an extraordinary coincidence the baulk im- mediately north of the trench coincided almost exactly with the main axis of the building. This proved to be a bath-house detached from the villa which it no doubt served, a not unusual precaution to avoid the spread of fire if the furnaces in the bath-house became overheated. There is some evidence that the building did in fact suffer damage from fire. It was not possible to obtain permission to extend the area of the excavation in order to locate the villa, but no traces were revealed in the sewerage trench, which cut across the field from east to west. It probably lay on the higher grouna to the south, nearer the spring. This seems to be borne out by the fact that only in this position would a stoke-hole not have been at some stage interposed between the two buildings. In any case, as the villa was probably of timber, with a clay floor, and the Roman level had not survived the plough, it could well have escaped detection even if it lay in close proximity to the bath-house. Below the top soil was a layer of rubble extending over an area of some 50 feet by 25 feet. When this was removed, the founda- lions of the bath-house were revealed. Only the portions below floor, level had survived; the rest had been destroyed by stone robbers and the plough. The remains (Fig. 31) consisted of a rectangle, comprising two rooms both 10 feet long and some 8 feetwide. In the westernpart, the hypocaust pillars stood to an average height of one foot; those in the eastern part had been reduced to six inches, and incorporated 3 op. cit., p. 317. 4 Proc Suff. Inst. Arch., i (1853),p. 24, and Arch.journ., iii, p. 69. 224 SUFFOLK INSTITUTE OF ARCHEOLOGY in a rough floor of pink cement (opus signinum). Three blocks of masonry marked the divisionbetween the two rooms. The bases of three flue arches were revealed to the east, north and west, and appeared to represent successivestagesin the life of the bath-house. Also on the north side were two small plunge baths, lying side by side. Only the floor of opussigninum, and the quarter-round mouldingswhich made a waterproofjoint with the wall, had survived. On the south side was the wall first seenwhen the sewertrench was dug. Unfortunately the side wallshad been destroyedby the mechanical excavator, making it difficult to establish its relation- ship to the rest ofthe building. On the southand west sidesof the bath-house was a drainage ditch, from which came most of the small finds and pottery. In the north-east corner, a large pit had been dug in mediaevaltimes; this had destroyedthe east sideof the northern flue arch. PERIODI: THEEASTFLUE In its earliestform, the east end of the building (at this stage the hot room) would appear to have been apsidal. The apse had been almost entirely destroyedin subsequentrebuilds but a singlelayer ofstonesone footnine incheswidewasrevealedafter the removalof the tile flue and its wall (Plate XXXII, a). The flue was evidently in the centre of the apse, as here the sub-soilwas burned red, with square patches of raw clay indicating the positionof the hypocaust pillars; theseunderlay the later piers. The tiled flooron which the pillars were erected, and which extended as far as the junction between the two rooms,would seemto date from the first phase, as the burnt clay was quite clean and free of soot. Beneath the floor were four small shallow depressions,and a gulley running beside the north wall, all of which contained fragmentsof pottery and re- used building material, showing that there was already some occupation in the vicinity. The line ofthe north wallwasprobably the samethroughout the lifeof the building; it also wasone footnine incheswide, composed of flints and septarian nodules, and built up against the undis- turbed sub-soil; the foundations went no lower than the base of the hypocaustpillars. The lowertwo courseswerefirmlymortared, but in a subsequentrebuild the stoneswerelaid in clay. The south wall had been entirely destroyed by a rubble-filled ditch running the length of the building, and cutting down through the rubble layer to the sub-soil. This was at firstthought to mark the site of a robber trench (Fig. 32, b), until it was found to con- tinue to the east of the building (seeDitch D, page 230). 7. 011filf1,1111fil If I fr tuff InfutilltillIfflit/totrf" --.-: i.;--_-* ‘‘‘‘ = 71 :...: — e7: 7:1 o PIT v 'I ';_r• -Y • ocaD Imff tot ttttt f1t111 BET& Is1tts tttttt 1511mIS '4',”/1/,/,11111, 0 0 '',,,(20P0000 0 .7.h"t eY 4%. \ ttttt Iftlf tttt ttt Ifitit ttttttt 111 A 11,11 '''''' ft, lee t STONHAM ASPAL 11 :-. ,-.... 7 "7-:- .... ET .r.- Fto. 31.—Plan of the bath-house. ultIVIATligiciwpoilittimfitolliv, ii,iirl 0( 1,[liiiivor,lpip 1 , fi'il'i II 11-HillilifilloHilitiiiiiirlobillow'illiwi E I ,,, ,,,,i0,1, i ,,, j,i, ",,p,iii, , , 1 ,, I , . „ . I. i How ti iir I ( i Im .- 4....'',..a ' -----: ...• "„:".: 7:.......,1,,,v,z..."-........ ....•:4'..z....;?......... • - .... f-LA.,,.=, -...: Fiat Fla. 32, a.—Section Yl—Ys. KEY to SECTIONS & PLAN ). ,c4 vv. enot'Ara/rrs•fel Dark } yr P De Light sat re 'Id ,1,,,S lt / ' ;I; 0, X , , . • 4• "" v044 1 v Rubble d4 VvfU1 Ash • 4 • 4. s. Cement&Mortar V • 0 • • FIG.
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