DOCSLIB.ORG

Alloy Ratio and Raw Material Sourcing of Warring States Period Bronze

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alloy Ratio and Raw Material Sourcing of Warring States Period Bronze Chen et al. Herit Sci (2020) 8:69 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-00413-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Alloy ratio and raw material sourcing of Warring States Period bronze bracelets in Huili County, Southwest China by pXRF and MC‑ICP‑MS Dian Chen1,2, Yingdong Yang3, Jing Du1,2,4, Xiang Tang5 and Wugan Luo1,2* Abstract Up to now, there have been few monographic analyses of metal ornaments in China. This study presents a case study of the metallurgical archaeology on bracelets from Huili (会理), which may shed light on the issue as production status, technical level, use of raw material and workmanship exchange. Ten bronze bracelets from the Fenjiwan (粪箕 湾) site, Huili County and nine ancient slags within 2 km were analyzed by pXRF and MC-ICP-MS methods. The clas- sifcation of bronze bracelets according to alloy ratio is exactly the same as that of lead isotope. One group used local copper from Huili without adding lead, while the other group added lead material from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Combined with other relevant data, the results indicate that the technology route of bronze in South- west China was from Cu-Sn binary alloys to Cu-Sn–Pb ternary alloys, and during the Warring States period (475-221 BC), this region may have certain contacts and exchanges with the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and even the Central Plains. Keywords: Bronze bracelet, Chemical composition, Lead isotope ratio, The Warring States period, pXRF, MC-ICP-MS Introduction roughly distinguished from the armband [2]. In addition, Metal is very attractive for decorative, representational, bracelets difer in many aspects such as pattern, size, gap, instrumental, ofensive or ritual purposes in both mod- cross-sectional shape, etc. ern and ancient time. Moreover, metal is relatively easy In China, the earliest known metal bracelets appeared to process into some small accessories. Among them, the in some ruins of Qijia culture (around 420–3600 BC) and bracelet is one of the most common ornaments on the Siba culture (around 3900–3400 BC) in the northwest [3, wrist or ankle, which is circular or oval in shape. Tech- 4]. After preliminary analysis, it was found that most of nically, the bracelet was frst made of bone or stone [1]. them were cast, and the raw materials were red copper After entering Bronze Age, the ancestors began to cast or arsenic copper. In the ensuing time, the metal brace- or make bracelets from metal. Specifcally, the ratio lets only spread southward along the crescent-shaped between the diameter of the bracelet and the diameter cultural-communication belt, and there was almost no of its metal wire or the width of its metal sheet is usu- trace in the Central Plains before Han Dynasty [5]. Espe- ally greater than 5, which is the main feature that can be cially when Southwest China entered bronze age, bronze bracelets began to appear on a large scale and became a prominent feature of this region [6]. *Correspondence: [email protected] Archaeological research in Southwest China in the pre- 1 Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Han period is currently receiving increasing attention. Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Some of the results achieved in several relatively large © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat​iveco​ mmons​.org/licen​ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/publi​cdoma​in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Chen et al. Herit Sci (2020) 8:69 Page 2 of 10 areas have expanded our knowledge of various aspects of tombs are straight and neat. Generally, the tombs are elon- southwestern societies during the frst millennium BC, gated rectangular in shape, 2 to 4 m long and 0.4 to 0.6 m as well as the prehistoric communications between this wide, and up to 2 m deep. Judging from the remaims, the region and areas outside its borders [7–9]. Meanwhile, burial style is mainly extended supine, and no funeral imple- the information provided by metallurgical archaeology ments are found. Pottery occupies a large proportion in has also played a pivotal role. However, most previous funerary objects, accounting for about 90%. Each tomb is research has focused on larger bronzes such as drums usually buried with 1 to 4 pieces of pottery, a few tombs up and weapons, with little attention paid to smaller objects to 10 pieces. Most of the funerary objects are placed at the involving accessories and ornaments [10]. As a portable head of the tomb, occasionally in the middle of the tomb. item, the bracelet is more personalized and more capable Black smoke marks on most potteries indicate that they of embodying cultural and technical exchange [11]. were practical utensils in life. Te yellow color character- Terefore, this paper focuses on the technical status istic of the local clay suggests that the ceramic vessels were of the bronze bracelets in the southwest before the Han locally produced. Besides, the number of bronze artifacts is Dynasty. At that time, this region was quite closed and less small and most of them are crudely made. Te main types subject to the Central Plains infuence. Te analysis of a of bronze are spears, knives, bracelets and ornaments [12, batch of bracelets from the Fenjiwan site in Huili County 14]. According to typology analysis, these tombs should be can help us to better understand the local bronze culture. in the Warring States period, and most of the objects seem By revealing alloy characteristics and raw material sources, to come from local or nearby areas [14, 15]. and combining relevant scientifc data, some issues about It is worth noting that gray-green fat-round pebbles the production status, technical level, use of raw material, were found in almost all tombs. Tere are only one peb- workmanship exchange and even external interactions in ble object in most tombs, while two or three in a few Southwestern China can be discussed in more depth. tombs. Tis funeral custom is very rare in the tombs of the same period in Southwest China. Tis discovery coin- The archaeological context and samples cides with the record of Huayangguo Zhi (华阳国志), The background of Huili which is a local chronicle book completed around 350 Huili has convenient water and land transportation, AD, specialized in ancient China’s southwestern region. and has been a turning point in the trade and com- It should be that the recorder was also impressed by this merce between southwest Sichuan, western Yunnan, and unique burial custom and felt the need to take notes [16]. South Asia since ancient times. Known as the the ‘lock of Sichuan and Yunnan’, it is across the Jinsha River from The bronze bracelet and slag samples Yunnan Province and is the gateway and fortress of the Te bracelets from the Fenjiwan site are made of plain Southern Silk Road. In addition, Huili could also reach sheet metal without decoration (Fig. 2). Tey are rela- eastward to Chongqing by the Jinsha River. Previous tively uniform in size, leaving a certain gap, and are archaeological investigations have found stone models around 6 cm in diameter. Te width and thickness of for casting copper spears and dagger-axe in Huili, which these bracelets range from 0.1 cm to 0.3 cm, and no more indicated that local casting activities existed as early as tham 0.5 cm. In addition, the cross sectional shape of all the Warring States Period [12, 13]. the bracelets is rectangular rather than circular or ellipti- As recorded in Historical Records (史记), ‘Of the doz- cal. Tis very popular type in Southwest China makes it ens of chiefs north of Dian (滇), the most important is difcult to determine whether they are infuenced by any Qiongdu (邛都)’. Book of the Later Han (后汉书) depicted particular cultural factors [11, 15]. that Qiongdu was conquered by Emperor Wu of Han, In addition, for data comparison, Huili County Ofce and the land became an administrative unit of the Han for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments provides Dynasty. Historians have concluded that the Qiongdu nine ancient slags (around the 15th century) from Raoji- people’s scope of activity was centered on today’s Xichang adi (饶家地). It is also located in Lixi Town, Huili County, City (西昌), Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture (凉山 less than 2 km from the Fenjiwan site and therefore these 彝族自治州), Sichuan Province and Huili County was on slags can adequately refect the information of local the southern border [6]. deposits and geochemical background. The archaeological site Analytical methods and results Te Fenjiwan site is located in Lixi Town, Huili County, Component analyses within 5 km from the Jinsha River (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Printmgr File
    THE WEB PROOF INFORMATION PACK IS IN DRAFT FORM. The information contained herein is incomplete and is subject to change. This Web Proof Information Pack must be read in conjunction with the section headed “Warning” on the cover of this Web Proof Information Pack. DEFINITIONS In this document, the following terms shall have the meanings set forth below unless the context otherwise requires. “Articles of Association” or “Articles” the articles of association of our Company, adopted on September 4, 2009 and as amended from time to time “Baicao Mine” the Baicao Vanadium-bearing Titanomagnetite Mine located in Xiaoheiqing Townlet, Huili County, Sichuan, the PRC and operated by Huili Caitong “Baicao Processing Plant” the ore processing plant located at our Baicao Mine “Board” the board of Directors “Business Day” a day (other than a Saturday or Sunday) on which banks in Hong Kong are open for business “BVI” the British Virgin Islands “CAGR” compound annual growth rate “Cayman Companies Law” the Companies Law, Cap. 22 (Law 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands “Chengdu Yingchi” Chengdu Yingchi Trading Co., Ltd. ( ), a limited liability company (non-state owned) incorporated in the PRC on May 8, 2006 and an Independent Third Party customer of our Group “Chengdu Yushengtian” Chengdu Yushengtian Electrical and Mechanical Equipment Co., Ltd. ( ), a limited liability company (non-state owned) incorporated in the PRC on December 16, 2005 and an Independent Third Party customer of our Group “China” or “PRC” the People’s Republic of China excluding, for the purpose of this document, Hong Kong, the Macau Special Administrative Region of the PRC and Taiwan “Chuan Wei” Sichuan Chuanwei Group Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Precambrian Basement and Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China
    minerals Article Precambrian Basement and Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China: Constraints from Zircon U–Pb Dating and Hf Isotopes Wei Liu 1,2,*, Xiaoyong Yang 1,*, Shengyuan Shu 1, Lei Liu 1 and Sihua Yuan 3 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (L.L.) 2 Chengdu Center, China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China 3 Department of Earthquake Science, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang 065201, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.) Received: 27 May 2018; Accepted: 30 July 2018; Published: 3 August 2018 Abstract: Zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses are performed on clastic rocks, sedimentary tuff of the Dongchuan Group (DCG), and a diabase, which is an intrusive body from the base of DCG in the SW Yangtze Block. The results provide new constraints on the Precambrian basement and the Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China. DCG has been divided into four formations from the bottom to the top: Yinmin, Luoxue, Heishan, and Qinglongshan. The Yinmin Formation, which represents the oldest rock unit of DCG, was intruded by a diabase dyke. The oldest zircon age of the clastic rocks from the Yinmin Formation is 3654 Ma, with "Hf(t) of −3.1 and a two-stage modeled age of 4081 Ma. Another zircon exhibits an age of 2406 Ma, with "Hf(t) of −20.1 and a two-stage modeled age of 4152 Ma.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
    Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115
    [Show full text]
  • Sichuan Earthquake
    SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE THREE YEAR REPORT MAY 2011 Overview TABLE OF 5 CONTENTS 2008–2011 Key Results 8 Maps 11 Health and Nutrition 13 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 25 Education 37 Child Protection 57 HIV/AIDS 67 Social Policy 73 Financial Report 76 Conclusion 81 COVER PHOTO: Students at the newly-constructed Yongchang Primary 2 - SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE School in Sichuan Province’s Beichuan County play basketball during recess. Young children in the playground of the newly constructed Anchang Kindergarten in Sichuan Province’s Beichuan County. THREE YEAR REPORT - 3 The first tranche of UNICEF’s emergency relief items contained 86 tonnes of health and nutritional supplies for children and pregnant women. 4 - SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE OVERVIEW Three years ago, on 12 May 2008, the most devastating natural disaster in China in decades struck the country’s southwestern Sichuan Province. The 8.0-magnitude earthquake affected the lives of millions of people, killing 88,000, injuring 400,000 and leaving 5 million homeless. Immediately after the earthquake, the Government of China led a remarkable disaster response and relief programme. Today, life in the Rebirth, reconstruction affected communities has resumed. Rebirth, reconstruction and renewed hope have come to replace the death, destruction and despair of the and renewed hope earthquake. On this third anniversary, UNICEF remembers what was lost have come to replace three years ago, celebrates what has been achieved since, and reaffirms the death, destruction our commitment to children and women in the Sichuan earthquake zone. and despair of the The magnitude of the earthquake triggered, for the first time in recent earthquake.
    [Show full text]
  • ECONOMIC GEOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE HUGH ALLSOPP LABORATORY University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg
    2 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE HUGH ALLSOPP LABORATORY University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg ! GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PGE-BEARING LAYERED INTRUSIONS IN SOUTHWEST SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA Y.YAO, M.J. VILJOEN, R.P. VILJOEN, A.H. WILSON, H. ZHONG, B.G. LIU, H.L. YING, G.Z. TU and N. LUO ! INFORMATION CIRCULAR No. 358 3 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND JOHANNESBURG GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PGE-BEARING LAYERED INTRUSIONS IN SOUTHWEST SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA by Y. YAO1, M. J. VILJOEN2, R. P. VILJOEN2, A. H. WILSON3, H. ZHONG1, B. G. LIU4, H. L. YING4, G. Z. TU4 AND Y. N. LUO5, ( 1 Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; 2 Department of Geology and CAMEG, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; 3 Department of Geology and Applied Geology, University of Natal, King George V Avenue, Durban, 4001; 4 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Qijiahuozhi, Deshengmenwai, Beijing 100029, P.R. China; 5 Geological Exploration Bureau of Sichuan Province, Renminglu, Chengdu 610081, P.R. China) ECONOMIC GEOLOGY RESEARCH UNIT INFORMATION CIRCULAR No. 358 December 2001 4 GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PGE-BEARING LAYERED INTRUSIONS IN SOUTHWEST SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA ABSTRACT A number of platinum-group-element (PGE-bearing), layered, ultramafic-mafic intrusions in the Pan-Xi and Danba areas of the southwest Sichuan Province of China have been investigated. The two study areas are located, respectively, in the central and northern parts of the Kangding Axis on the western margin of the Yangtze Platform, a region geologically distinguished by late- Archaean to late-Proterozoic basement and by stable sedimentary sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ROOTED STATE: PLANTS and POWER in the MAKING of MODERN CHINA's XIKANG PROVINCE by MARK E. FRANK DISSERTATION Submitted In
    THE ROOTED STATE: PLANTS AND POWER IN THE MAKING OF MODERN CHINA’S XIKANG PROVINCE BY MARK E. FRANK DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in East Asian Languages and Cultures in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2020 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Dan Shao, Chair Associate Professor Robert Morrissey Assistant Professor Roderick Wilson Associate Professor Laura Hostetler, University of Illinois Chicago Abstract This dissertation takes the relationship between agricultural plants and power as its primary lens on the history of Chinese state-building in the Kham region of eastern Tibet during the early twentieth century. Farming was central to the way nationalist discourse constructed the imagined community of the Chinese nation, and it was simultaneously a material practice by which settlers reconfigured the biotic community of soils, plants, animals, and human beings along the frontier. This dissertation shows that Kham’s turbulent absorption into the Chinese nation-state was shaped by a perpetual feedback loop between the Han political imagination and the grounded experiences of soldiers and settlers with the ecology of eastern Tibet. Neither expressions of state power nor of indigenous resistance to the state operated neatly within the human landscape. Instead, the rongku—or “flourishing and withering”—of the state was the product of an ecosystem. This study chronicles Chinese state-building in Kham from Zhao Erfeng’s conquest of the region that began in 1905 until the arrival of the People’s Liberation Army in 1950. Qing officials hatched a plan to convert Kham into a new “Xikang Province” in the last years of the empire, and officials in the Republic of China finally realized that goal in 1939.
    [Show full text]
  • Research and Development of Huili Green Pottery Based on School-Enterprise Cooperation Platform
    2019 5th International Conference on Economics, Management and Humanities Science (ECOMHS 2019) Research and Development of Huili Green Pottery Based on School-Enterprise Cooperation Platform Zheng Jian Panzhihua College, Sichuan, 617000, China Keywords: School-Enterprise Cooperation; Meeting; Green Pottery Abstract: Huili County is located in the south end of Liangshan Prefecture, Huili Province. It has historically been an important commercial and cultural transportation town on the border between Huili and Yunnan. In order to further understand the local national culture. Based on the platform of school-enterprise cooperation, the author studied the research and development of Huili green pottery. The study found that the pottery there was named "Meeting Green Pottery" because of its special chemical composition and mineral composition, so the pottery pieces it used to produce a variety of green. It is also because of its unique geographical location, which has created a distinctive Han-Bao border national culture that is different from the Bayu and different from the Chu. 1. Introduction The Huili Basin extends in the northeast direction. For a long time, local residents have been using mudstone and siltstone in the “red layer” of the area as raw materials for firing bricks and earthenware [1]. Because the concentrator uses a large amount of lime during the beneficiation, the pH in the ore dressing wastewater is too high, and the residual flotation agent causes problems such as high COD, high heavy metal content, and strong foaming of the wastewater. Affect the beneficiation index [2]. The ceramsite adiabatic anti-corrosion coating provides anti-corrosion, heat preservation and external protection (waterproof, acid-base salt and UV-proof) in the form of coating, and its self-weight is reduced by 50% compared with the traditional form (eg: galvanized iron on glass wool wrapped steel belt) Leather, stainless steel plate) [3].
    [Show full text]
  • A New Approach for Multifunctional Zoning of Territorial Space: the Panxi Area of the Upper Yangtze River in China Case Study
    sustainability Article A New Approach for Multifunctional Zoning of Territorial Space: The Panxi Area of the Upper Yangtze River in China Case Study Jifei Zhang 1,* , Chunyan Liu 2,* and Fei Chang 3 1 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China 2 Institute of Science and Technology Information, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China 3 Sichuan Institute of Urban Planning and Design, Chengdu 610081, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (C.L.) Received: 4 March 2019; Accepted: 16 April 2019; Published: 18 April 2019 Abstract: Multifunctional zoning is the primary basis for developing differentiated spatial planning systems and management policies of territorial spaces. The purpose of the paper is to generate an integrated multifunctional zoning scheme of the territorial space in Panxi by employing the functional significance assessment funded on the niche theory and its measurement models, in order to benefit the high efficiency land utilization and other socioeconomic development initiatives, such as the industrial poverty alleviation and mountainous urbanization in the regional scale. In this paper, the six main functions of territorial space were selected and the corresponding index systems were established for the Panxi Area. First, the significances of six territorial functions were evaluated using two niche models. Second, the K-means clustering method was employed to cluster the functional significance grades, acquiring the integrated multifunctional zoning scheme after qualitative adjustment. The results showed that the spatial distribution characteristics of the functional significance for territorial spaces were different. Prominent regions with higher functional significance of agricultural production were concentrated in the vicinity of the Anning River Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Easychair Preprint Vulnerability Measurement Analysis of Rural
    EasyChair Preprint № 6472 Vulnerability Measurement Analysis of Rural Landscape under Human Disturbance Factors - An empirical analysis from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, Southwestern China Yang Chen and Ruizhi Zhang EasyChair preprints are intended for rapid dissemination of research results and are integrated with the rest of EasyChair. August 30, 2021 Proceedings of International conference 20xx for spatial planning and sustainable development ISBN:: 9-xxxxxx-xxxxx Copyright@Authors, SPSD conference, Venue Vulnerability Measurement Analysis of Rural Landscape under Human Disturbance Factors -An empirical analysis from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province,Southwestern China Yang Chen* and Ruizhi Zhang School of Architecture and Design, Southwest jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031, China. * Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected] Key words: Landscape pattern, spatial and temporal evolution, driving forces, landscape vulnerability index(LVI), landscape adaptability index (LAI), landscape sensitivity index(LSI), population pressure index(PPI). Abstract: This study Addressed the inadequacy of traditional landscape vulnerability measurement methods in considering human disturbance factors, added the population pressure index, to constructs a rural landscape vulnerability measurement model of "landscape sensitivity index (LSI) - landscape adaptability index (LAI) - population pressure index (PPI)" by combining rural landscape vulnerability characterization.Based on the land use cover data from 2005 to 2015 in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,we constructed a rural landscape vulnerability evaluation system and took empirical analysis. we found that :(1) the evaluation model has good feasibility to portray the vulnerability of rural landscape in the study area, and the research findings reflect the actual situation to a certain extent, which can provide a reference for the study of rural landscape vulnerability measurement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of China in 2011
    2011 Minerals Yearbook CHINA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2013 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CHINA By Pui-Kwan Tse China ranked second behind the United States as the world’s one child policy in the latter part of the 20th century. China’s leading economic power and was a leading mineral producing investment-to-GDP ratio was high (49.7% in 2011) compared and consuming country. In 2011, China’s economy remained with that of the Republic of Korea, 29.5%; Taiwan, 21.1%; strong even as most of the developed countries in the West were Japan, 19.9%; and the United States, 15.9%. Also, the country trying to recover from recession. During the past two decades, was likely to be confronted with social and environmental China’s economic growth was created by a combination issues that had been ignored during the past two decades of of trade and investment, which greatly affected the global development (Citigroup Global Market Inc., 2012a, p. 7; commodity market. China imported significant amounts of National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2012a, p. 1–9). raw materials and transformed the materials into products for export. The country’s demand for energy, minerals, and metals Minerals in the National Economy was particularly strong. During the 1980s and 1990s, China’s China is rich in mineral resources and was the world’s leading commodity exports went primarily to the United States and producer of aluminum, antimony, barite, bismuth, cement, Europe; however, during the past several years, intraregional trade coal, fluorspar, gold, graphite, iron and steel, lead, magnesium, in Asia increased significantly, which benefited other emerging mercury, molybdenum, phosphate rock, rare earths, salt, talc, economies in Asia, especially those that exported raw materials to tin, tungsten, and zinc in 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE THREE YEAR REPORT - 41 EXPERIENCE EXCHANGE for Safer Schools
    SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE THREE YEAR REPORT MAY 2011 Overview TABLE OF 5 CONTENTS 2008–2011 Key Results 8 Maps 11 Health and Nutrition 13 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 25 Education 37 Child Protection 57 HIV/AIDS 67 Social Policy 73 Financial Report 76 Conclusion 81 COVER PHOTO: Students at the newly-constructed Yongchang Primary 2 - SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE School in Sichuan Province’s Beichuan County play basketball during recess. Young children in the playground of the newly constructed Anchang Kindergarten in Sichuan Province’s Beichuan County. THREE YEAR REPORT - 3 The first tranche of UNICEF’s emergency relief items contained 86 tonnes of health and nutritional supplies for children and pregnant women. 4 - SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE OVERVIEW Three years ago, on 12 May 2008, the most devastating natural disaster in China in decades struck the country’s southwestern Sichuan Province. The 8.0-magnitude earthquake affected the lives of millions of people, killing 88,000, injuring 400,000 and leaving 5 million homeless. Immediately after the earthquake, the Government of China led a remarkable disaster response and relief programme. Today, life in the Rebirth, reconstruction affected communities has resumed. Rebirth, reconstruction and renewed hope have come to replace the death, destruction and despair of the and renewed hope earthquake. On this third anniversary, UNICEF remembers what was lost have come to replace three years ago, celebrates what has been achieved since, and reaffirms the death, destruction our commitment to children and women in the Sichuan earthquake zone. and despair of the The magnitude of the earthquake triggered, for the first time in recent earthquake.
    [Show full text]
  • SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE ONE YEAR REPORT May 2009
    SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE ONE YEAR REPORT May 2009 unite for children SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE ONE YEAR REPORT May 2009 1 SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE ONE YEAR REPORT May 2009 FOREWORD Minutes after picking up seismological reports of a major tremor in the vicinity of Chengdu, UNICEF China and the global UNICEF Operations Centre in New York began to gather information on the situation of children. Those activities laid the foundation for what has since become a full-fledged emergency response to the 12 May 2008 Sichuan earthquake. The huge scale of the devastation along a swath of territory running from central Sichuan to southern Gansu quickly prompted a major government mobilization. The Government of China worked around the clock to organize and undertake a massive rescue and relief operation to save lives and address the needs of earthquake survivors. The government’s TABLE OF CONTENTS response was impressive in its speed, scope of mobilization, and resource inputs. The scale of damage riveted attention as media reports and citizen 1 Foreword blogs carried the story to a stunned world. It quickly became clear that the public response to this disaster would be on a scale quite different 3 Introduction from previous major disasters in China. Immediately, a national wave of concern and support materialized, and it was not unusual to see cars and 5 Maps buses filled with food, water and volunteers making their way to Sichuan to offer whatever help they could. Scenes of young volunteers – taking 6 Key Principles leave from their schools and jobs – working day and night to provide services for earthquake victims were witnessed all over Sichuan.
    [Show full text]