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1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project GEORGE F. SHERMAN, JR. Interviewed by: Dennis Kux Initial interview date: January 18, 1995 Copyright 014 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in Massachusetts Dartmouth College; Oxford University Visit to Soviet Union, 1955 East European correspondent for the London Observer 1956.19-1 /hrushchev0s 10th Party Congress speech Hungarian crisis Nixon./hrushchev 4/itchen5 de,ate Cu,a 6ashington, DC" European correspondent, 6ashington Star 19-1.19-7 Punta del Este Conference Castro Alliance for Progress 8evolutions exico Em,assy relations Peace Corps Argentina President 9ohnson policies London, England" European correspondent, 6ashington Star 19-7.19-7 Africa De Gaulle 6ashington, DC" Correspondent, 6ashington Star 19-7.1977 De Gaulle and Que,ec Ara,.Israel conflict Vietnam 9oseph Sisco 9ack Anderson 1 Pentagon Papers Henry /issinger iddle East 1973 6ar Defense Department 8o,ert cCloskey State Department" Pu,lic Affairs Advisor, NEA 1977.1981 6atergate iddle East Peace Process 9oe /raft Henry /issinger Arms for Turkey Briefing the press Israeli lo,,y 9oseph Sisco Sadat visits President Carter policy shift State0s iddle East policy team Egypt0s policy Press briefings Brzezinski Camp David Calcutta, India" Consul General 1981.1987 Environment 8elations Technology transfer Communists Government American Am,assadors Assam elections Cairo, Egypt" Political Counselor 1987.1987 Israel.Egypt Ta,a dispute Egypt.Israel relations Terrorism USAID u,arak Iran Achille Lauro Palestinian terrorists US Am,assadors NeA Delhi, India" Political Counselor 1987.1991 Am,assador 9ohn Gunter Dean 1 Nuclear issue Domestic sta,ility 8ajiv Gandhi ilitary relationship /ashmir India.Pakistan relations Government Gates Commission Soviet Union Afghanistan INTERVIEW BNoteC This intervieA Aas not edited by r. ShermanE &: This is Dennis Kux interviewing George F. Sherman, Jr. for the Foreign Affairs ,ral -istory Program. Today is January 18, 1995. George, than/ you very much for ta/ing part in our program. Could you start by telling us a little bit about your bac/ground1 How you became interested in foreign affairs, as well as an overview of your career. SHE8 ANC Fes. First of all, it is a pleasure, Dennis, to be part of the ADST program. I Aould like to begin Aith a general frameAork for my career in international affairs. That career spans the years betAeen Octo,er, 195- and August, 1997, and Aithin those years there Aere actually tAo careers. The first in journalism, the second in the Foreign Service. The journalism part began Aith the O,server in London from Octo,er, 195- to Fe,ruary, 19-1. Then I joined the 6ashington Star Ahere I Aas until ay, 1977 at Ahich time I ended my journalism career. In ay of that year I joined the State Department in the NEA Bureau as a 8eserve Foreign Service Officer. &: 2hat got you into journalism1 SHE8 ANC It Aas an accident, as a matter of fact. I saA myself as a budding academic. I Aas born in assachusetts in 9uly 1930 and Aas proceeding forAard after graduating from Dartmouth in 1951. I Aas at Oxford doing a graduate degree at St. Anthony0s College from 1957.5-. I Aas doing Aork on Soviet policy in Germany, post.6orld 6ar II. During that time I made my first visit to the Soviet Union in arch, 1955, just tAo years after the death of Stalin. That trip greA out of a group effort that had begun Ahen I Aas at the School of International Affairs in the 8ussian Institute at Colum,ia University doing a graduate degree from 1951.57. After Stalin died and the jockeying for poAer in the Soviet hierarchy began, Ae students of the Soviet system calculated that /hrushchev, as the head of the Party, Aould emerge victorious. Fou remem,er the original division of 3 la,or Aas alenkov as Prime inister and /hrushchev as Party Secretary. During that period in 1957, /hrushchev began giving intervieAs and talking a,out the need for peaceful coexistence betAeen the super poAers, Ahich Aas a recogniza,le tactic given the Aeakness in the Soviet Union folloAing the death of Stalin. They Aere uncertain hoA to proceed so they needed to reduce the tension Aith the United States and the 6est. And, of course, the first practical outcome of this Aas the Austrian Peace Treaty Ahere they agreed on the neutrality of Austria. As part of this campaign, /hrushchev began giving intervieAs to the American press talking a,out peaceful coexistence .. if people got to knoA each other, there Aould be less tension in the Aorld. One has to recall that at this period the Soviet Union Aas completely closed. It had been closed virtually since 6orld 6ar II, reflecting Stalin0s paranoia and the totalitarian system that existed there. So, Ahen /hrushchev began talking this line, it Aas a complete break Aith Ahat had previous existed in terms of the closed society there. 6e students, 8 of us at the 8ussian Institute, Arote a letter to /hrushchev saying that Ae had seen Aith great interest his Aords on peaceful coexistence, Ae Aere students of the Soviet Union and 8ussian speakers, and Aould very much like to get to knoA the Soviet Union firsthand. Could he help us get visas, Ahich Aere virtually impossi,le to get at that time. That summer, 1957, four of the group got visas and Aent to the Soviet Union. A friend of mine, Peter 9uviler, and myself Aere not among the four. 6hen they got back, Ae discussed Aith them their month.long journey. After this discussion, Peter 9uviler and I decided to Arite another letter to /hrushchev saying that Ae Aere still interested in going and our friends had found the visit very interesting, etc. 6e didn0t hear anything back immediately and Ae both graduated that 9une from Colum,ia. I Aent to Oxford, St. Anthony0s College, to do this program, as I mentioned, on Soviet policy in Germany. That Ainter, the Ainter of 1957.55, I Aas on a ski trip from Oxford University at Christmas time to GHrs in Austria. I came in from skiing one day and there Aas a call from Peter in NeA Fork saying that he had heard from the Soviet Em,assy in 6ashington that Ae Aould be given visas. So, Ae agreed to go as soon as possi,le, Ahich Aould be the folloAing arch. I Aas on a Ford Foundation Grant at Oxford University, as Aell as a FelloAship Grant from Dartmouth College, my undergraduate college. I Arote to the Ford Foundation and told them I had this opportunity to go to the Soviet Union and they gave me the money to pay for the trip. So, Peter and I Aent to oscoA, Leningrad and /iev, over a tAo Aeek period, a very intensive trip in arch, 1955. It Aas one of the most fascinating trips of my life. At that time, I Aas 15 years old and had been studying 8ussian and the Soviet Union for a,out three or four years. 6e behaved as tourists, going everyAhere Ae could. Having the 8ussian language Ae could speak...to shoA the strangeness of the Soviets at that time, Ae Aould begin conversations on the streets Aith ordinary 8ussians, and just like this a croAd Aould gather as soon as they realized Ae Aere Americans. 6e might have been from outer space. People Aere intensely interested in everything American. Asking 7 Ahether it Aas true that American Aorkers had automo,iles and Aashing machines and houses, that sort of thing. 6e had a myriad of experiences ranging from spending practically a Ahole night in our hotel in /iev Aith some art students Iuizzing us a,out the movement in art in the 6est" to a young military cadet Ae met in a hotel in a Leningrad dining room and Aho had been Aarned not to talk to us, so Ae met him out on the street afterAard. 6e Aalked around the streets talking a,out his life. 6e Aent to a neigh,orhood bath, the traditional type of Finnish sauna bath Ahere people sat around and gossiped a,out everything .. not politics. &: Did you have any contact with State Department people1 SHE8 ANC Fes and no. 6e called at the Em,assy, a courtesy call. One of my friends at the 8ussian Institute Aas seconded from the American Navy and Aas doing a graduate course. He Aas in Naval Intelligence and su,seIuently Aas in London Ahere I Aould see him. He kneA Ae Aere going to the Soviet Union. He asked me in strict confidence if Ahen flying over Leningrad I could look at the disposition of ships in the har,or and to be alert in oscoA to the amount of military presence there. That Aas the extent of our contact Aith the American government. Of course, I gave him Ahat little information Ae had picked up Ahen I got back. Before Ae left, Ae had talked to people at the O,server in London a,out possi,ly Ariting some articles on our visit. So, Ahen Ae got back, Ae Aent to them and told them a,out these various experiences. They Aere very interested. They set us up in a cottage outside Oxford .. by noA Ae are into April .. for a Aeek. Peter and I spent each day descri,ing our recollections of the experiences Ae had had. Very much a kind of stream of consciousness exercise. As students Ae Aanted to start out draAing cosmic conclusions a,out Ahat had happened .. this Aas my first brush Aith journalism .. but they said the important thing Aas to put doAn our experiences, the human angle Aas Ahat people Aere interested in.
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