THE

STUDENT'S MANUAL

I 1\ \. I I • ,_

5 Lo~mos l'nIXTED IlY SPOTTISWOODE Ar-."D co,

:t.""E\V·STREET SQUARE: THE STU·DENT'S MANUAL

DUNG

AN. ETYMOLOGICAL AND EXPLANATORY VOCABULARY

ill' WORDS DElUVED FROM THE GREEK

BY R. HARRISON BLACK, LL.D.

CI So many of our most expressive words arc derived Crom tho Greek, that without some Imo\Vlcdge of that language, or at least of the compounds adopted from it, we lose aU the beauties and ingenuity of our terms of art or science; which, for want of the interesting associations which a knowledge of their origin would create, appear to us a mere jumble of letters tlllmcaningly put to. gether, and of arbitrary sounds."

NEW EDITION

LONDON J,ONGMA.N, GREEN,· LONGMA.N,' AND ROBERTS 1861 .. , - ~I, ~ 1

, , PREFACE

TO

THE FOURTH EDITION.

IN the preceding editions of this little book, the words were not given in the Greek cha­ racters, because it was intended for the use of young persons, particularly' ladies, who were not likely to pursue the study of that language; and who, when writing to a Mathe.. matical Instrument Maker for a Telescope or Microscope, would not require to write 'rEAE­ ,n~Cl.l'7I'E or1""1f...E-o-KQ7rE:Cl.', l\r')'~J(J(]'x.C,Jn£ or IVIntS'0~-ery.OT.'ElrJ, but the plain English letters. The Author has, however, since been honoured by com­ munications from several gentlemen engaged in teaching the Greek language, suggesting that if the Greek characters were added, the book-might be advantageously employed as an introduction to the knowledge of the Greek A 3 vi PREFACE. language.- Although this was a use not ori~ ginally contempiated by the Author, still he feels very happy in complying with the sug­ gestion. He returns his sincere thanks to those correspondents, and is IlighlJ gratified _ that the book has been thought worthy or being so applied. ·EXTRACTS

FROil! THE PREFACES TO THE PRECEDING EDITIONS.

THE following little volume was originally compiled for the use of a young female .relative, and is now published with the hope of being gemirally useful; more especially to young ladies, whose mode of education pre­ cludes them from an acquaintance with Greek, and consequently, to whom the etymological knowledge in Johnson's Dictionary is inac­ cessible, - that is, so illr as it relates to the Greek language, whence our own has derived almost all its scientific words: the English letters have therefore been employed instead of the Greek characters. The thought of arranging the words !mder distinct heads, as well as putting them into alphabetical order, originated from perusing the observations which Locke makes on the association of viii EXTRACTS :;"ROM THE PREFACES ideas, and from having frequently remarked that terms of science are much more readily retained in the memory when so arranged, than when they are arranged simply in an alphabetiCal order. vVhen several words are deri:,ed from the same root, such as mathe-' matics, sub., mathematical, ael):, mathemati­ cally, adv., mathematician, s;tb., generally, only one of them is inserted, and the readers are left either to form the rest themselves, or to consult their dictionary, to which this vocabulary is simply an appendage. Many words, inserted in this book, arc not ofclassical authority, though so frequently employed by modern writers as to have found their way into several of our dictionaries. It is to be observed, that names and titles of bool,s, engines, instruments, &c., are arbitrary, and the authors and inventors make no scruple of coining new words when there are no old ones which they consider p()rfectly expressive.*

'$ The words l1. Paneurnatlda" and " Paitlopldlean" will serve as examples. " PANEUMATIlI.\. or a New l\Ietho,1 of Knowledge, capable of universal application in Literature and the Sciences." - The term Pan-eu-mathia is formed of TO THE PItECEDING EDITlOI'S. ix The Author has to acknowledge the receipt of a communication in which the writer " observes, " that deriving the English word , enthusiasm' tj'om 8EG" God, ~yjll very much limit the sense of the word, and in some de­ gree oppose the rules of orthography. An enthusiast is not only a zealot in reHgion, but- he may be 0l1e in love, ambition, glory, honour, or study, about whatever scheme his ardent mind is employed, whatever business or mode of life he pursues, in war, or peace, in virtue or vice. Deriving it from 8"" naturally confines the sense of the 1vord to religion alone; hut if we derive it from 'Ju.', (el'veo, it will bear all the senses I have above pointed out, and it will also remedy the per­ verseness of the sentence." If further consideration be given to the subject, the writer 0,£ the above remark will find that many words deviate considerably

pan, " all, universal," eu," good," and mathia, "know.. ledge." "PAIDO·PHILEAN System of Education, or a System which is the friend qf children," For" notice 01' a work under this title, see page 112. X EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES, ETC. from the original orthography, and lJa\'c greatly extended their primitive signification; in consequence .of his observation, however, the word has been more amply illustrated in this edition. PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

To Instructors who employ this little Work in Tuition, the Author would suggcst that it be occa­ ~ionally used in the following manncr:- Let the Pupil be directed to seek for the words Tele-scope and Geo-graphy, Philo-sopher and lUis-anthropy, Ortho-dox and Calli-graphy, Chrono-meter and l\iytho-logy; and then be required to give, without seeking furthcr into the Vocabulary, the Etymology of Telc-graph-Phil-anthropy- Ortho-graphy - and Chrono-logy. Thc Greek alphabet has no lettcr It, and ccrtain vowels, instcad of being prcceded by that lettcr, are mm-ked by an aspirate or rough breathing; but, in the present case, for the sake of pcrspicuity, thc lettcr It is substituted for the aspirate. In Grcck, the letter g is pronounced like an n, when it pre­ cedes g, k, or c, as Aggelos, an Angel, is pro­ nounccd as if written Angelos, and for this reason a 3 xvi PRELIMINARY

1L is placed over the g, when it is to be so pro­ nounced. It is also to be observed, that the English letter y is here used for the Greek letter v (upsilon).

THERE are a number of words frequently used in tile' Englisb language, which by some are said to be derived solely from the Arabic, and by others to be compounded partly from the Arabic ~nd partly from tlie Greek; these the Author has judged right here to class together: for the et)'mology of most of which he is indebted to Dr. J. BORTHWICK Gn,CHRlsT. AL, EL, or UL, as an Arabic noun, denotes" God, heaven, divine;n as an Arabic particle, it-is prefixed to words to give them a more emphatic signification, signifying much the same as our particle tile, as in AlcoranJ "The Koran:" and in the Arabic Astronomy we have Al Thllraiya, "The Pleiades." Alcahest, or alkahest, perhaps from ul, "the," and qusd, "project," or q'llssut, " a plaster," qissut, "an j'

affair ;" also kalzislz, or kast, "diminution, alloy. n A liquor ,vhich has the power of resolving all things into their first principles. 'Vith the secret 01 preparing this extraordinary liquor Van Helmont" professed

,. Helmont was born at Brussels in 1577. He ac- quired such skill in natural philosophy, that he was accounted a magi<;ian, and thrown into the prison of the inquisition; having with difficulty justified himself, he was releaseel. He died in 1644. . OBSERVATIONS, xvii

himself to be acquainted, and solemnly affirmed he once had some of it in his possession. That these pretcnsions should gain credit, when it is so evident that no such liquor could cxist, may appear wonder­ ful (for no yessel can contain that which is capable of dissolving all things); but when we reflect on the cxtreme ignorance of thc agc, with respect to physical science, and on the extensive utility of such an al. kahest, if attainable; and when we also reflect that " what men wish they easily believe," we shall be less surprised at the avidity with which this, and other equally absurd notions, such, for example, as the " Philosopher's Stone·," were propagatedandreceived.

• The Philosopher's Stonc, During a long series of ycnrs a subst:mce was eagerly sought for, which was to convert lead, mcrcury, and other metals, into gold, and which unknown substance was termed the Philosopher's Stone, King Henry VI. gmnted letters patent to certain per~ons, who undertook to find the Philosopher's Stone, and these letters were to free them from the penalties of n former statute made against attempts of n like nature. It app('nrs that mnny of those persons, who made the Philosopher's Stone an object of their search, wcre well skilled in sleight of hand, and hence often performed tricks which coul,r not fail to impose upon the great bod)' of those who witnessed them; and in this way must lIcnr)· Vr., and other so\'ereigns who granted si .. nlilar protections, have been imposed on. In the present dal' it would be a waste of time to enter into an)' minute detcction ofsuch impositions or absurd pretensions. "'e now know with tolcmble decisiveness that ever)' distinct metal is a simple subslnnce, as differcnt from eveT)' other metal as fire is from frost, ond Ihal a cT)'slal nla)' as soon xviii PRELIMINARY

Alchymy: This word is compounded, acconting to some writers, of the Arabic particle 'ttl, " the," nnel the word keemiyu, or seemi!Ju, " chemistr)' ;" or otherwise, as some authors imagine, from the Greek verb elmo, "I melt." The objects of Alchymy were two-fold: 1. The art of making gold from any other metal, in­

cluding the search after the" Philosopher's Stone,n which was to effect this transmutation; nnd, 2. The discovery of a panacea or mcdicine for the cure of a1l diseases to which the human body. is liable. 'This study was pursued for many centuries, notwithstand. ing the failurcs, the disappointments, and the losses, which those who gavc way to it sustaincd. ,Tllis delusion scems to havc commenced about the fourth ccntury, appears to have .reached its greatest height about the eleventh or twelfth, and to have prevailed with unabated energy till the sixteenth. Some of the Alchymists in Germany, who had the unfortunate reputation ofpossessing the Philosopher's. Stone, were imprisoned, and furnished with apparatlls

be converted into a seed, as lead .into mercury,· or mer­ cury into gold. Dr. Lmvis, speaking of Commerce, says, " This is the true Philosopher's Stone, so much sought after in former times, the discovery of which has been­ reserved for genius, when studying to improve the mechanic arts. Hence, a pound of raw materials is con­ verted into stuffs of fifty times its original value; and the metals too nre not converted into gold - they are more; for the labour of man has been able to work the baser metal, by the ing'enuity of art, so as to become worth more than manY,times its weight in gold."

1'1· ==~--~~-~~------~------j OBSERVATIONS. xix

till they should have purchased their liberty by pro­ I ~ot I· ducing a certain quantity of Gold; but an ounce was ever produced by this method. Though the pur­ suits of A1chym)' were the most preposterous that can be conceived, yet th~ ardour with which they were followed, and the amazing number of experiments that were made in consequence, contributed to the disco­ very of many facts to which chymbtry, even at this day, is highly indebted; and thus the activity of error was eventually favourable to the cause of truth. Alcohol, from ai, "the," and koohi, "a substance ap_ plied to the eye, or adjoining parts." Koohl is a ge­ neral term. The substance used as a paint for the eyebrows is principally composed of a metal termed Antimony, reduced to a most subtle powder, and is called simply al koohl, "that is " tile cohol." From this powder the name was trausferred to other im­ palpable powders, and afterwards to ardent spirit, or as it is commonly called, highly rectified spirits of wine. 'Dr. Shaw, speaking,of the ,~omen in Barbary, says, " None of them cOllsider themselves dressed till they .~. ; have tinged the edges of their eyelids with a1 coho1." Lady lIfontagu takes notiee of the eustom among the eastern women, and, in her sprightly manner, sup­ poses our English ladies would be ove,joyed to know the seeret. A1coran, ttlqooran, from the particle ttl, "the," and the sub:luntive cO"'an, which is derived from the verb earaa, xx PRELIMINARY

or kaJ"{ta, " I read." Thus it lneans the reading, or rather that which ought to be read. l\fahomet gave his book this title in imitation of the Christians, who call their selection of sacred writings the Bible. Sec

BIBLE. Alembic, from the Arabic particle ttl, "the," .and ttmbeeq, corrupted from the Greek word alllbix, "a kind of cup." A chemical vessel used for distilling. Algebra, from 11l, "the," jubr, " force, consolidation," whence ttljubr'll, our word. Algebra is the term applied to a geneml metho,] of computation; wherein certain symbols and letters arc. made usc of to represent numbers or any other qnan­ tities. Numbers were originally expressed by their names at full length ; afterwards, these were abridged, and the initials of the words used instead of them. Alkali, from ai, "the," and "ali, "the name of a plant." The word was first applied to a salt obtaine,l from the ashes of burnt "ali, and is now.a general term for an order of salts of great use and importance in chymistry. t,} Almanaek. Some derive the word from the Arabic particle, ai, "the," and the Greek word men, "a month;" others from the two Arabic words, ai, and 11lanQch, "the diary or journal." Carat, is a bean, the fruit of an Abyssinian tree, called Kuara. This bean, from the time of its being gathered, varies very little in its weight, and seems to OBSERVATIONS. xxi

have been, in the earliest ages, a weight for gold in Africa. In India it is med as aweight for diamonds. The Arabic words arc 'l0orl, 'liral, 'lirml, converted by Europeans to " carat."

-" I 'I i

THE STUDENT'S MANUAL.

PART 1. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK, ARRANGED UNDER. DISTINCT HEADS.

" ,," The words placed at the head of each class, are i intended to show the termination of the words which are ,I arranged under them: for example _ Ert-S-oDE is com­ pounded of epi, upon, and ode. [The letter s being added for the sake of euphony.] MON-OllY, of monos, single, and ode. PALIN-ODE, of palin, again, and ode .. and so on with the rest. The repetition was omitted .,,' from a double motive; to confine the work within a small compass, and to accustom those who read it to aluilyse compound words.,

", A:!;:IDO, AEl8." I sing. - ODE, 08'i, a song, or poem, intended to be recited or sung. 'I CO't-EDY, «OJP:1/, kume, a village. A dramatic repre. sentation of the foibles of mankind, intended to make vice and folly ridiculous. Comedies were originally represente

c,r AEI

was c311ed ep-ode concluder! the song, so the name was afterwards applied to a short "erse, whic11, being placed after a long one, concludes the period, and finishes the sense which is suspended in the former verse. - Epi-s-odc; A digression in a poem, se­ parable from the main design, yet rising naturally out of it. Mon-ody, ~ovos, m~nos, single. A poem in which one person only is introduced as speaking. Mel-ody, s; from fh:LODY, so does a continued combination of these produce HARMONY. Ode. "From the Greekword ode, are derived the termi­ llations ad and ade, in the following words: Iliad, JIen1'lade, L'usiad, and Dunciad. ILIAD, the song concerning Ilium, the capital of Troy. HENnIADE and LUSIAD are names given to two poems which celebrate the persons whose name they bear. DUNCIAD is the name of a poem relating to the dunces who had invidiously criticised Pope's Iliad." Sutcliffe. - A modern poet has puhlished two poems, entitled" The Daviad" and" The l\lroviad," in imitation.of Virgil, who criticised two wretched poets under the names or Bavins and lIIrovius. Odes are commonly divided into stanzas or strop"es, rStanza is anltalian word derived AEI 3

from the Latin word stare, to rest; because every stana' ought to form a complete sense.] Sec also STROPIIE. P(\lin~ode, 7t"ai\JV, palin, again. Change in " contrary direction. A declaration of a change of opinion, a recantation. Parcody, "'apa, para, like. A kind of writing, in which the words of an author, or his thoughts, are taken, and by a slight change adapted to somc new purpose Pros-ody «', from 7rPOi, prus, togctl~r with, and ode, that is, a song sung in concert with SOlnc musical in..

*" Prosody is a term applied to that modulation pro­ duced by the mixture of long and short syllables in a verse; which wc call thcir quantity, although "'poO"'I'o'a signifies the accent of syllables. For the proper modu­ lation of speech, it is necessary that onc syllable in every word should be distinguished by a tone, or an elevation of the .voice. This elevation docs not lengthen the time of that syllable, so that accent and qllantity are considered by the best critics as perfcctly distinct, but by no means inconsistent with each other. _ In our language, the distinction between accent and quantity is obvious; the accent falls on the antepenultimate equally in the words liberty and library, yet in the former the tone only is elevated;- in the latter, the syllable is also lengthened. The same difference will appear in baron and bacon, in tevel and lever, in Reading, the name of the place in which these observations are written, and the participle reading." Valpy's Greek Grammar. [Penultimate, from the Latin words, pene, almost, and ultimus, the last, is a term applied to the last syllable bllt one in a word, and alltepenultimate (ante, before) signifies the last 'syllable bllt two.] An ingenious author distinguishes accent from quantity thus: "The beats of a drum," he says, "may_repre­ sent quantity, which, because of the monotony in that instrument, admit only the changes of long and short. B 2 ALG

struments. In an enlarged sense it implies alI that can affect articulated harmony in verse or prose: it is common, therefore, to include under this term, accent, emphasis, quantity, pause, tone, and the laws of versification. Psalm-ody, !/Ja?"fLos, psalm';)s, a psalin. The- art or practice of singing psalm,s. 0 lthaps-ody, is used to denote '_' an incoherent jumble o-f ideas;" it originally meant any number of parts joined together without necessary dependence on natural connection, from pa:rr-I'''', rhapto, I sew, or joiJ.1 to": gether. - Rhapsodist was a name-given- by the Greeks to persons who sung or recited, in public, detached parts of the poems of Homer, or other poets. They performed on the theatres; and sometimes strove for prizes, in contests of poetry, or of singing.

AGO, AYI

DEM-AGOGUE; ~nfLOs, demlis, the people. The leader of a faction. Ped-agogue, ""a,~os, paia

ALGOS, A'Ayo" pain.

CARDI-AfoGLI, "ap~'", kardia, the heart. The heart-burn. loud and sqft notes. The mllsic of the trumpet may re­ IJrcsent accent, which, besides the intermixture of long ltud Sh01-t notes, admits a beautiful variety of others. These capt;,'ate tlie passions, and sllrprise the soul in its inmost recesses. It .

=---~~~.-.------_. ARC .5

Cephal-algia, ItEep"7\'1, klJphalii, the head, the head-ache. . Cephalic, is a term given to a pal1ieular kind of snuff for the cure of the head-ache. Odont-algia, OOOVTOS-, owntos, gen. of ODOUS, OcWllS, a tooth. The tooth.ache. Ot-algi~,. OOTor, utos, gen. of ous, OtiS, car. The car-ache.

ANTHROPOS, AvOp"''''o" a man. ANTHRorO-rllAGr, ep,,:yw, phago, I cat. Cannibals or men-eaters. l\Iis-anthropy, p,(l'EW, miseo, I hate. Hatred of mankind. Phil-anthropy, o/'7\EW, philifii, I love. Love of mankind. The-anthropos, ~EOS, th'f6s, God. A title of our Saviour being God and man. ARCHE, Apy"'1' government.-ARCHOS,ApY..o" a chief.

A-N-ARC,llV, a" a, not, without. 'Want of government, Chili-arch, X,7\IOI, clliWJi, 1000. A commander of 1000 men. I Gene-arch, 'YfVECC, g~nl!a, a generation. A chief of a '\ tribe or family. I Hept-archy, «hrTa, h..'iJpta, seven. A government under I seven chiefs. 1 Hier-archy, [epas, ll-ieros, holy. An ecclesiastical go­ '~ vernment. j IVlon..archy, p.ovos, mon'6s, one. A government under one chief. .Anti-mon.arehieal; against government by a single person. Myri-areh, pvplas, mltrias, 10,000. A commamler of 10,000 men. ~ Olig.. archy, OAlj'OS, oligils, few. Thatform of govcrll­ .' D 3 6 BIO'

ment in which the supreme power is' pl~~ed in the hands of a few. I'atri-arch, "'''T7)p, patiir, a father. The ruler of a family or tr;be. Tetr-arch, TfT'pets, t'Etras, .. four. A Roman governor oycr four provinces.

BAPTIZO, Bet"'T'S"" or BAPTO, net....,.." I dip.

ANA-BAPTIST, ava, ana, again. One wlIo baptizes a second time. Baptism.' A rite or ceremony by which persons are initiated into the profession of the Christian ReIigi-on. Sec l.£att. xxviii. 19. "The washing with water, or dipping into the water, was probably intended to re. present the washing away or renouncing the impuritic:i of some former state, vito the sins that had been com. mitted, and the vicious habits that had been con­ tractco. n I'",do-baptism, Pedo-baptism, ",,,,oos, p"icMs, gen. of ...,,'s, pais, (v. Pedagogue) a child. Infallt baptism.

BIOS, BIOI", lift. A"rltI-mous, "I"IJI, amplli, both, double. A term ap­ pliod to animals that live in two elements, air and water. Dio-grapher, 7P"¢"', grapl,o, I write. One who relates the actions of particular persons. Bio-Iogy, s. See LOGOS, p. 13. The science of life, i. c. " the acth'c state of the animal structure." Ceno-bite, «OlVOS, k'Uini)s, commOn. ~ A name given to monks who live i~l common societJ".

Lychno-bite, AVXVOS, luclm~s, a candle. Onethat trans­ acts business by night, and sleeps by da~" nox 7

CHRONOS, Xpwo" time•

. Al\'"TI... CllR01USM, CWTt, anti, against, contrary LOt - A wfong computation of time. t Ana... chronism, ava, ana, back. An anachronism is an error hi the date of events, which nrc stated to have occurred sooner than they reallydid;-and nrc there­ I fore thrown back or more distant from the presenttime. Iso.~hronous, "TO', is~s, equal. Ferformed in equal time. Pnra-chronism, lI"apa, para, beyond. An error in chro­ nology, by which an event is placed Intcr than it ought to be. The contrary of Anachronism. Pro-chronism, lI"pO, pr", before. The act of dating II thing before it occurred. S~'n-chronism, (J'tJJ', sun, with. A concurrence of events.

DEMOS, A"/}[J.0" people. DE:\I-AGOGUE, tt'Y(J;, ago, I lead. The lcadc~ of a faction. Demo.. cracy, "pctTOS, h;ratos, power. That form of go... \'Crnment in which the power is lodged in the col­ leetivc body of the people. En-demic, EV, en, in. A term applied to diseases peculiar to a country.

Epi-demic, E1i'l, epi, upon or among. A tenn applied to contagious discases. Fnn-demic, lI"av, pan, all.. Incident to a whole people.

nOXA, Aoga, opiniM, glory.-nOKEO, Ao",." I perceive. DOXO-LOGY, 7\o,,/OS, 109'i$s, a discourse. A form of giving glory to God. Hctero-dox, hEpos, h-~ter1is, dissimilar. -Deviating from established opinion. 8 GEN

Ortbo-dox, opeos, ~rthus, correct. Soundness in opinion and doctrine. II. Para-dox, 1rapa, para, contrary to. A seeming con. tradiction. . Pseudo-dox, 1J1EV~7/S, ps~udes, false.

GAMOS, faV-.', a marriage. -:-- GAMEa, fap.'''', I marry, I mia::.

A-GAlIt!..!ST, a, a~ not. An unmarried person. Ama-l-gam, ap.a, ama, togetber. A mixture of metals. Bi-gam..ist, f3tS, bis, twice. One who marries a second wife wbilst tlle first is living. Miso-gam-ist, P.IG'E"', mis~o, I bate. One who dislike<: matrimony. Mono-gam-ist, p.avos, m~nos, single. One who disallows of a second marriage.

Nco-gam-ist, PEDS, neas, new. One newly married. Polr-gamy, 1ro;>,vs, p~llls, many. The state of having several whes. ./' GENa, r.v"" I become. - GENNAD, rEvva;', Iproduce.

HYDRO-GEN, {/8c.Jp,lt-udUr, water. A gas so named, be­ cause wben combined witb oxygen, water is produced. Oxy-gen, o~vs, ~xus, an acid. A gas so called, on account of the property it possesses, of cJmnging n great number of substances witb which it unites into the state of acid. Vital air. G:ENOS, rm" ldnd, nature, or race.

I-IET.F.RO-O:ENE0l!S, ~TfPO~ 'H-et'ifr'Us, dissimilar. :Having. contrary qualities. GR.A. 9

l-!omo.gCI1COUS, ~p.os, "-~mlls, the same. Having the ~l same nature.

GONIA, r,ma, an angle. :'1 DECA-GON, 5EKet, d'iJl,a, ten. A figure having ten equal sides and angles. -.'1 I)., jjI Dia-gom,l, 5"", dia, through or across. Applied to a line drawn from angle to angle. Dodeca.gon, 5w5EKet, dijdl!ka, twelve. A figure haying .twelve equal sides and angies. Endeca.gon, I-Iendcca-gon, ~J!oEKa, h-'ifllr1iJka, cleven. IIepta-gon, E7M"a, h-epta, seven. I-Iexa,;,gon, ~~, h-~.r, six. Octa-gon, OK"O, okto, eight. Penta-gon, "'EM'e, p'iJnt'iJ, fiye. Tetra-gon, ..e"pets, tiJtrets, four. Tri-gon, -rpE1S, treis, three.

/ GRAMMA, TPetp.p.et, a letter, a character.­ GRAMME, rpetp.p.'I), a line, any writing.

AGRA1I1MA-TIST, ee, el, without. An unlearned man. Ana-gram, ava, ana, again, back. The transposition of the letters of a name, so as to compose some other word. Chrono-gram, Xpovos, chr'i5nus, time. A verse or in­ scription, in which the numeral letters, joined together, show the date of the year, or ofsome event. Dia-gram, lilet, diet, through. The delineation of a geometrical figure. Epi-gram, E"', epi, upon. A ~bort poem on one sub­ ject. 10 <.iRA

Mono-gram, !'ovor, m~n~s, single. A character com prising two or luore letters in onc. Pro-gramme, 7rpO, pro, before. A term for a writing beforehand, or advertisement posted up, or given into the hand, in which the subjects of any ceremony are detailed.

GRAPHE, rJacp~, a writing, a description.­ GRAPHO, rpa"', I write, or describe.

AGROS-TO-GRArlIY, a7pos, agrvs, a field. A descr!ption of grasses. Anemo-graphy, aveJ-tos, anem($s, the wind. The scieilcc or desLTiption of the wind. / Arcbi-grapher, apX11, arche, the chief. The head secretary. Asmato-graphy, cr.a'fJ-a:ros, asmai(5s, gen. of aCfp.a, asma, a song. The art of composing songs.

Auto-graph, aUTO, aut~, self. The" hand-writing of any person; or the original of a treatise or discourse: the word is used in opposition to copy. Biblio-grapher, !3,gi\.os, bibtOs, or l3,gl\lOv, biblL1in, a bo·ok. One who writes or transcribes books. Bio-grapher, !3lOr, bws, life. One who relates the actions of particular. persons. I Brachy-graphy, !3paxur, brachus, short. Short-hand ,j writing. Calco-graphy, Chalco-graphy,. xal\uor, chalk~s. brass. The art of writing or engraving on brass. I Ii Calli-graphy, "al\or, "al~s, fair. Fair writing. i Choro-graphy, xwpos, charas, a region. A description of particular countries. Chromato-graphy, XPWP.rJ.TOS, cltl'o1Jtat~s, gen. of xpCtIIJ"a, chroma, colour. A treatise on colours. GRA 11

Chryso-graphy, xpvaos, chrus~s, gold. Writing in,letters of gold. Cosmo-graphy, KO(fP.OS, kosm~s, the world. Description of the entire world, or the science which teaches the structure, the form, and position of the worlll, relative to the other parts ofthe universe. Crypto-graphy, "purrT"', krupto, I hide. 'Writing in secret characters. Ge-o-graphy, '}'77, ge, the earth. Description of the surface of the earth according toits several divisions. Hagio-grapha, &'}'lOS, h-agt6s, holy. The Jews divide the Old Testament into three parts. I. The Law, which comprehends the five books of 1\loses; II. The Prophets; and }II. The Writings, termed by them Cetubim, and by the Greeks Hagiographa, whence the word has been introducer} into the Euglish language. The Cetubirr{ comprehended the books. of Psalms, Proverbs, Job,. 'Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles, Ruth, Lament:ltions, Ecclesiastes, and Esther. The Hagiogl'apha were distinguished from the prophecies because the matter contained in them was not received by the way of prophecy, but simply by direction of the spirit. Horo-graphy, wpa, h-ora, hour. The art of dialling. 1-1ydro-lnetro-graph, from oooop, h-udZh', water, and p.erpov, ­ nletron, a lneasurc. An inrltnllTICnt for measuring and recording the quantity of water or other fluid discharged in a given time. Ichno-graphy, 'xvos, icl!1l~s, a mark. The gronud plot. Ichthyo-graphy, 'X8vs, ieMl",s, a fish. A description of fish. I . Icon~-g~aphy, EUi"'V, eikon, image or picture. A de­ scnptioll of statues or images. Ker.amo-graphic, frOnlIiEpap.ts, keramis, a slate. A name g,ven toa globe lately invented uy 1\1r. Addison; l'\(I, . i 12 GRA

which may he used as a slate, whereon pupils arc' able to _delineate their exercises. Lexico-grapher, A'~l/

Nomo-graphy, VOjLOS, nOmOs, a law. A treatise on laws.

Omo-graplJY, from OJlOV, o111.lht, together. An firt which is said to afford an extraordinary facility in executing not only all that has hitherto heeu done hy engraving and lithography, hut also the effects of the pencil and the stump are pr6dnced, which neither the graver nor the crayon has yet heen able to aecomplish. Opistho-graphy, omere.v, ~pisthen, hackwards. A paper w!'itten on hath sides. Orcheso-graphy, 0pX'I)erlS, ~rchJJsis, a danee. A treatise on dancing. Ortho-graphy, opeos, ~"th~s, COl'reet. The part ofgram­ mar which teaches how words should he written. Ourano-grapby, ovpct.Vos, ~uranos, heaven. A dcscl"ip.." tiun of the hcavens. Para-graph, 7I'apa, para, different. A distinct part of a I discourse. - J, Steno-graph)', ernvos, sten~s, short. Short-Imnd writing. Tachy-graphy, 'I'axvs, tachus, swift. Quick writing. Tele-graph, '1''1)1\., tii/ti, distant. An instrument that answers the entl of writing, by conveying intelligence to a distance through the means of signals.

Topo-graphy, 'I'Oll'OS, t~p'j)$, a plaee. A description of particular places.

Typo-graphy, TWOS, tllP~S, l\ printing letter. The ort of printing. j LOG '13

KOSMOS, Koo-p.o" the UJorld. IIIACIlO-COSM, l'aKpor, 71lakrl!S, large. The whole world. ·In opposition to microcosm. l\Iega~cosm, J1.ryas, megas, great. The great world. Miero-eosm, I"Kpor, 7Ilikrlls, little. The little world. Man is so called as representing the world in miniature.

KPCl.T~;, KRATOS, power.-KRATEO, Kpam'J , I rule.

ARISTO:CRACY, aptUTOS, arist'6s, the best or noblest. That form of government which places the supreme power in the nobility. Auto-erat, aUTor, alltos, self. One who governs by himself. Au absolut~ monarch. The autocrat of Russia. . Demo-craey, ~71I'Or, demos, people. A form of govern­ ment in which the common people have the chief power. .. Gynmeo.·eraey, "(wa'Kor, gunaikos, gen. of "(vV7), gw';;, a woman. Female governmerit. Ochlo-crncy, OXAOS, oc!lTos, a multitude. The same as .\ - DE~lOCRACY. '. Theo-cracy, :JEor, t"';fOs, God. A government like that, of the J eW5, under .the immediate direction of the Divine Being.

LOGOS, Aoyo" a word, discourse, reason, ratio - L:EGO, l ....y"', I say, I tel!, or I speak.

:1 AEIlO-LOGY, U71P, aer, the air. A discourse relating to the nil'. Amphibo_logy, ul'pllloAor,'amp"ibo!os, doubtful. A :' discourse. of uncertaiu menning. Ambiguity of ex­ C 14' LOG

pression. It is distingnished from equivocation, which means the donble signification of a single word. Ana-logr, ava, ana, with. An agreement or resem ... blance. Antho-Iogy, aveos, anth~s, a flower. A description of flowers; figuratively, a collection of beautiful passages from different authors. Apo-loguc, mro, apo, from. An allegorical discourse contrived to teach some moral truth. -Apo-logy, an excuse. Astra-logy, aU7pov, astron, n.. star. The science· which pretends to forctel events from the appearance of the stars, an altnow exploded. See l\1ANTEIA, p. 19. Bio-Iogy. See BIOS, p. 6. Bronto-Iogy, {3P0V'T7/, brontii, thunder. A discourse on thunder. Cata-Iogue, "aTa, kata, down. A list of things one after the other. Chiro-logy, XElP, chitir, a hand. The art of talking by signs lnadc WIth the hands. Chrano-logy, xpovos, cll1"onos, time. A discourse re- lating to time. ~ Cranio-logy. Sec Cr.ANIOSCOPY. Dacty-logy, oalCTvAos, daktulos, a finger. The com.. ( munication of our thoughts by signs made with the fiugers. ~ Deca-logue, o,,,a, ditka, tcn. The teu commandments. Dia-logue, 01, di, two. A discourse between two persons. Doxo-logy, oo~a, aoxa, glory. A form of giving glory to God. Ee-logue, Etc, ek, from, or Qut of. A selection, a choice; thus the Eclogucs .of Virgil are a selection from his Bucolics, or !'astoral Poems. Sec BUCOLICS LOG 15

Entomo-Iogy, EVTOP.C., ent()ma, insects. A treatise rc­ lath-°c to insects: EVTop.a, from EV, en, in, or into, and TEJ1.VW, temn;:;, I cut, because insects nrc nearly cut Ii into two parts. I

Epi-logue, E1I"l, epi, upon, at the end of. A speech at the end of a play. The opposite to prologue. Etymo-logy. The derivation or origin of words. "There exists, in the most ancient languages of the East, a word, which, if written in Roman characters, we should prononnce TUM, or Tnt. It signifies, literally, perfection, and figuratively, truth or justice. This word, united among the Greeks to the article E, and lengthened by the syllable os, became the adjective ETU!L0S, E-tum-'ds, nncl signified true or just. The Greeks afterwards connecting this adjective with the substantive Logia (knowledge or discourse), formed the word E.iumo-logia, and which, consequently, sig­ nified perfect knowledge, and they designated by it, the knowledge of the origin and value of words. 1Vc are far removed from the wisdom of the Greeks, when we consider Etymology:is a frivolous kind of knowledge, we confound the thing with the abuse of it." See ]J[onde Primitifanalyse et compare avec Ie 11fonde ]Jfo­ deme. Par ]Jf. Court de Gebelin. Tom. III. Chap.lO. Eu-logy, Eli; ell, well. Praise, panegyric.

Genea-Iogy, j'EJlEa, genea, a generation, origin. Tho enumeration of the descendants of a family. Genethlia-Iogy, 'YE.<9;\,a, gemtlllia, natal rites. A species of divination practised by those who pretended to foretel, at the moment of birth, what would happen' to a child during the whole course of its life. Ge-o-Iogy, "/"'1, ge, the earth. A discourse relating to the structure and nature of the interior of the earth. Horo-logy, &pa, It-ura, hour. A treatise on instruments " that show the hour. c 2 !l I j :1 i 16 LOG

Ichthy-o.logy, 'X8us, icllthus, a fish. A treatise on the lIature and properties of fish. Log-arithm, from ap16j.tos, arithm'&s, nurilbcr, signifies " the ratio of numbers," or a number in proportion with another. Logarithms are numbers in arithmetical progression, which answer, term for term, to other numb,ers which arc in geometrical progression.

Logo-griphus, i'ptrpos, griph'&s, or 7pl7rOf, gripos, a net. A kind of riddle, proposed to students for solution, in order to exercise and improve the mind. Logo-metrical, from 7\0705, [j)gos, a ratio, and J1.ETpOV, melron, a lneasurc'. The logometrical scale is a scale fer the measuring of ratios. lIfeno-logy, /-''lV, men, a month. A register of months. Meteoro-logy. Sec METEOR. : ;J['I~ /' fJ .- l\:lono.loguc, p.ovos, munos, single. A soliloquy; the part of a drama in which a person speaks to himself. lIfono-poly-logne, 'lI"OAVS, p~lus, many. The title given by Mr. Matthews to an entertainment in which he performs several characters. lIfytho-logy, /-,u80s, mutMs, a fable. An explanation of the fabulons history of the heathen divinities. Necro-Iogy, v."pos, ntfkr~$, dead. An acconnt of per­ sons who are dead. Nco-logy, PfOS, n{f()s, new. The formation of new words.; or a new application of old words. Noso-Iogy, from "ocros, n~s~$, a disease, signifies lite­ rally a treatise or discourse on diseases. The term; however, has been appropriated to a methodical arrangement of diseases. Dno-logy, avos, vn~$, an ass. A foolish way of talking. Onto-Iog)~, 01lTOS, ()lltos, gen. of '-'v, on, a being. The science which considers the various distinctions and affections of beings. LOG 17

Ornitho-Iogy, opu.90s, ~rnitM9, gen. of 0PUIS, ~rnis, a bird. A description of birds. 'Philo-logy, pao'lS, phrasis, a phrase., A mode 01 speech. Phren"o-Iogy, from

Sy].]ogism, lTVV, (sui, for) sun, with. Reasoning. An argument composed of threcpropositiol1s or reasons. Tauto-logy, Tavro, tauto, the same. The repetition of the same words.· Theo-Iogy, I'1EOs, th'if6s. God. The science which in_ structs us ill the knowledge of Ged and divine things. Zoo-logy, twos, ~oos, living. A treatise on living crea­ tures. The description of the animal kingdom, as botany is that of the vegetable, and mineralogy that of the fossil kingdom. Natural history, properly speaking, embraces the whole of this department of knowledge, though occasionally but improperly re­ stricted to the first. Sec' LOGos, p. 13.

MACHE, MaX'1, afight. ALECTORO-MACIIY, a}.£/ITO!p, ali!kti.ir, a cock. Cock-fight­ ing. Alcclron is from a, from, and At;ICTpOV, l?kt1'o1l, a couch or bed, because the cock rouses men from their beds. Logo-machy, "A07os, lfJg'tJs, a word. .A contention about words. l\fono-machy, p.apas, monos, single. A single combat. Nau-machy, pews, naus, (whence navis, Latin, and nayr, naval, etc., English) a ship. A sea-fight.

Pan-stereo-machia, from 1Tav, pan, aU, (F'UpfOS,. stereos, solid. The name given by 1\1r. Bullock to a repre_ sentation of the celebrated battle of Poictiers, con­ sisting of upwards of 1500 solid figures, modelled with the strictest regard to historical truth in appropriate costume and arms.

MANIA, Mav,a, 'l1!adne.~s,or folly•

.\NTHO-lIIANIA, aJl8os, anth'6s, a flower. An extravagant fondness for /lowers. MET 19

Biblio-mania, {31€i1l.0S, bibZus, or {31€i1l.10V, bibli~n, a book, The rage of possessing scarcce!Jr curious books.

MANTEIA, Mavwa, divination, or magic. See ApPENDIX.

MANTHANO, Mayeay"" I learn. - MA­ THESIS, Mae~crl" learning. Opsr-MATHY, o'fe, ~ps1!, late. An education begun late in life. Philo-math, pl1l.e"" pltil1!;:;, I love. A lover oflearning. Poly_mathy, ,,"o1l.us, p~lus, many. The knowledge of several sciences.

MARTUR, MapTvp, a witness. j, MARTYR, one who by his death bears witness to the truth; one who suffers death for the cause of virtue or religion. Proto-martyr, ""P"'Tos,priit~s,the first. The first martyr; a name given to St. Stephen. I Pseudo-martyr, l/teuo'lS, ps1!udiis, false. A counterfeit i'. ,. martyr, or false witness. I, ! METRGN, 'M'Tpov, a measure. - METREO, M'Tp'''', I measure.

ANEMO-1\tETER, -o.VE}J.OS, anem(Js, ·-the wind. An instru­ ment to measure the force and velocity of the wind. Al'reO-lneter, apc1,loS', araws, thin. An instrllmc~t ~ to measure the density of fluids. Daro-meter; f3apos, bar~s, a weight. An instrument to . measure the weight of the air. 20 MET

ChronO-lucter, XPOVOS, chr'dnos, time. An instrument for the exact n1cnsuration of time. Dia-meter, a"., dia, through. The line that passes through the centre of a circle. Dynamo-meter, from ouVafUS,. dunamis, power. An instrument by which is measured the comparative strength of men and animals. It is in use at the American gymnasiums for ascertaining the relative powers of the gymnasts and the increase of power gained by exercise.

Eudio_meter, EtJOtctJ eudia, 'purity of air. An instrument to measure the purity of ai~ . Ge-o-metry, )'11, ge, the earth. Geometry' signified, originally, the art of measuring the earth: at present it is used to denote the science of extension, or ex... tended things, that is, of lines, surfaces, and solids. The Egyptians are asserted to have been the first inventors of Geometry, and the annual inundations of the Nile to have been the occasion; for that river bearing away all the bounds and landmarks of men's estates, and covering the whole face of the c~untry, the people were obliged to distinguish their lands, by the consideration of their figures and quantity; and thus by experience and habit formed a method or art which was the origin of Geometry. Hydru-meter, t\awp, It-ltdor, water. An instrument to measure the specific gravity of water. a~d other fluids. Hygro-meter, tJ/,pos, ll-v..gr'&s, moist. An instrument to measure the degrees of mo'isture in the air. Mano.meter, /Aavos, manos, thin. An instrument to· show the rarity or density of the air. :I!'Hctrc, from /AETpOV, 71lel1'On, a nieasurc~ Speech con­ fined to a certain' number of harmonical syllables. Rhythm respects time only, and comprehends music and dancing as well as poetr)": metre respects the NOM 21

llime and the order of the syllables, and only extends to verse. Photo-meter,

Ant!,.nomy, CtJI'TI, anti, against. A contradiction in law. Deutero-nomy, ••ur.pos, cU!ut/!r~s, second. The secoml law (or rather, the second publication, i. c. the rcpe­ , tition of the law) of Moses. The Book of DeutcrQ- 22 aNa nomy was so called, because this last part of the work of 1\1oses comprchends a repetition, or recapi­ tulation, which that legislator made to the Israelites before his death, of 'the law he bad before delivered to them at large. Eco-nomy, O'I

OiKi10;:'6,;m" I dwell. - OIKESIS, 0',,"',,,,, a dwelling. ~\N"..mcr, aVTI, anti, opposite. ThGse inhahitants of the earth who .live under the same degrees o~ latitude aud longitude, hut in different hemispheres; the one as far south as the other is north of the equator. Dio-eese, OIOS, df6s. divine. holy. A cerlain extent of country under the jurisdiction ofa Bishop. Par-ochial, 'Irapa, pam, with or together. Belonging to a parish, or to houses placed togcthc;-. Peri.reci, WEpt, ]Jeri, about, around. Those who inhabit that part of the earth which lies in the same parallel of latitude, but in opposite points of lcngitude. Their lengths of days and seasons arc the same, but their hours are opposite; for' when it is twelve at night to the one, it is twelve at noon to the other. On the equinoctial days the sun is rising to the one, when it is setting to the other.

ONOMA, Ovop.et, a name. A-N-ONY>TOUS, a, a, not, without. Nameless., Being Witllout signature. l-!om-on),ny, Jp.os, !l-omos, similar. A term applied to words similar in their orthography, but of different Incanings; as "spring, a fountain; n " spring, a sea­ son "of the )'cor; 11 " spring, a leap," &c. OR·A 23

l\fet-onymy, p.ETa, "wla, change. A figure of speech in which one word is put for another, as the cause for the effect. Onomato-preia, from OVO}.'ctTOS, tlnomatos, tlIe genitive of ovop.a, onoma, and '1fDlEW, jJoieo, I make. A figure of speech, by which a name is made to imitate the natural sound of the thing it signifies, as "cuckoo." The South Sea islanders cal1ed a gun a tick-tic-hoo. Par~onymous, 'lrapa, para, ncar. A term applied to words which 111'C near, or which resemble each .other in sound, but differ in their orthography and signi­ fication, as " heir, air, woe." Patr-onymic, 'lraT'lJP, paler, father. Derived as a name from ancestors. Syn-onymy, (fUV, sun, with. 'Vords of the same signi­ fication. I ,ORAMA, Opo,f

the building in negen!'S Park, it has been supposed the term is formed of BIr, dis, twice, and Drama. But it is to be observed, that, if several paintings of the same kind were exhibited, each painting would con­ stitute a IJiorama. To the first meaning, however, it must be confined when only one scene is presented, as in an ingenious toy made at Brussels. Cosm-orama. The exhibition thus named consists of several distinct paintings (seen through a magnifying glass) of different places in each quarter of the world (/cOUIlOS, k~sm~s, signifiesf.~~e wOJld), , - tIL. r. J . I\Iyri-orama. (Sec I\IrRIAD.)'i' The 1\1yriorama consists of sections or fragments of'landscapes on 24 cards, so ingeniously contrived, that any two or more placed together will form a pleasing view. ,The variations which may be produccd by these 24 cards, amount to the almost incredible nnmber of 620,448,401,733,239,439,360,000, the magnitude of 'i:hieh cannot be better illustrated than by the fol­ lowing observations: - Supposing it possible to ef­ fect one of these changes every minute, night and day, to produce them all it would require 1,180,457,385,337,213,545 years, 75. days; that is to say, if all the inhabitants of this globe (com­ puting them at 1,000,000,000, of which, according to common calculation, they fall considerably short) were employed in the task, it would take them 1,180,457,385 years to complete it: which is more than 196,742 times the period which has clapsed since the Creation of the 'VorJd." Supposing the space occupied in length by each of these landscapes (when the whole of the cards arc employed) to be a yard (and it is nearly donble), they "'ould, by being placed one after the other, cover the length of 352,527,500,984,795,136,000 miles, that is,

" Taking it at 6000 years. PHA 25

14,101,100,Og9,g91,805 times the circumference of the globe":. to travel ovcr which, a man.._walking at the rate of four miles an hour, ,vould reqnire 10,060,716,gS2,gOS,768 years, 26g days, and 8 hours." Since the publication of the 1\1yriorama there have appeared four other pictures.of the Same kind. IIyper-myri-orama, from V7rfP, ll-up'€r, above, or su­ perior. " The advantage (says the pUblisher) which the Hypermyriorama has over other works of this kind, is, tl~at the views arc selected from nature." Marin.:.orama, from the Latin word 1narinus, "be.. . longing to the sea." Pan-orama-copia, from the Greek .".av, l>«n, all, ami the Latin copia, abundance. Cho~i-orama, from XWptOV, c!lorwn, a place.

PASCHO, IIM%""Isuffer, orJeel.-PATHOS, rr"e." feeling. JEI-PA'I'llY, aEl, llei, continuat A continual passion. Anti-path)', aVTl, ~nti, against. Au aversion or dislike. A-pathy, a, a, not, without•. Insensibility or want of feelhig. Sym.pathy, qVV, (S.'Im) sun, with. A fellow or mutual feeling. Patho-gnomy, -yIV",qlC"', ginijskij, I know. Sec PHY- SIOOcNOltlY". ,. ".) /-:..! t PI-iAGO, <1>,,1''''' I eat.

ACRIDO.PItAGl, alCpl~os, akrid6s, gen. of alCols, ams, a locust. People who feed on locusts.

• Taking the circumference at 25,000 miles. D 26 SKI

Ade-phagy, ao'lV, aden, much. Greediness. Anthropo-phagi, avOp"'''os, antTn'opos, a man. Canni. bals or men-eaters. illso-phagns, OL~, oW, I carry. The gullet or tube that reaches from the mouth to thc stomach. Ichthy-o-phagy, 'XUvs, ic1LtTl1Is, fish. The practice ot eating fish. . Sarco-phagus, (fapKOS, s""leos, gen. of cr"p~, sarx, flesh. A name given to a tomb, bccause the flesh is con­ sumed therein.

PHONE, (D""1], speech, or sound. A-I'HONY, a, ", not, withont. The loss of speech. Caco-phony, «"KOS, 1cak'tJs, bad. Bad pronunciation. Eu-phony, ,v, Ifu, well, good. An agreeable sound, a graceful flow of words; the contrary to harshness. Sym-phony, (fUP, (s!lm) sun, with. Harmony of sound; that part of a tunc which is snng or played between the words of a song.

N PHTHOGGOS, (DOoyyo" a sound. Dr.PIITIlONG, 0'5, dis, twice, double. The coalition of two vowels in one sound, as ai in praise. . Tri-phthong, -rpm, trlfis, three. The coalition of three vowels in one sound, as eau in beauty.

SKIA, ~KLCt, a shadow. A"PIlI-SCII, a,.,." amphi, on both sides. The inhabit­ ants of the torrid zone; so called, because their shadow falls sometimes to the north, and sometimes to the south, according to the position of the sun. SICO 27

Anti-scii, ~V'T" anti, opposite. A name given to the people who inhabit the same meridian, in opposite hemispheres, and therefore whose shadows at noon­ day fall in contrary directions. A-scii, a, a, without. The inhabitants of the tropics; so called, because, at a certain time of the year, they have no shadow at noon. Hetcro-scii,' ETfPOS, 'l-eterus, another, different. The l,eople who live between the tropics and the polar eireles; so called, because those on the north have I. their shadows always in an opposite direction to those on the south, and vice versa. Peri-scii, 1repl, peri, about, around. The inhabitants of \,! the earth within the ,polar cireles; so called, because their shadows turn all round them in the space of one of their days, or rather during the six months that the sun remains on their horizon. -.,.

SKOP:tt,O, :S"orrEI

[, ANEMO-S'COPE, aVEp.os, anem'iJs, the wind. An instru­ 'I ment to foretel the changes of the wind, 1" Baro-scope, flapos, baros, weight. An instrument by which we ascertain the density of the atmosphere. r Crania-scapy, "pavlOv, kran1.on, the skull. The inspec_ tion of the cranium; a term recently invented to ,express the study of the external form in men and animals, with the view of ascertaining the form, size, and respective functions of the subjacent parts of tho brain, and of deriving from thence indications relative to the natural dispositions, propensities, and intellec­ tual powers of each individual The science origin­ ated with Dr. Gall, a physician of Vienna: it has of late attracted much attention, and been keenly dis­ cussed both in this country and on the continent. It is. now termed PHREN.O-LOGY. Il2 --,

28 . SKO

Epi-scopal, from cpi-skopos (Errl, 'i!pi, oyer, upon), which in its primitive acceptation denoted any inspector or overseer: it was afterwards applied to a Bishop, that is, one whose duty is to overlook, or take Care of, a Christian church or congregation. Helio-scope, 1]7\IOS, "·iiZiils, the sun. An instrument to look ut the sun without offence to the eye. Horo.scopc, &pa., h-ora, an hour. The configuration of the planets at any particular time, such as the hour of one's birth. H )'gro-scope, {rypos, ".ugr'1ls, moist. An instrument to show the different degrees of moisture in the air. Ral-cido-scope, I<,7\os, kaWs, beautiful, EIOOS/'i!iws, ~ form An instrument recently iuvented for the purpose of creating and exhibiting an infinite variety of beautiful forms. Mano-scope, p.avos, man'tfs, thin. An instrument to show the alteration in the rarity and density of the air. l\Iicro-scope, pll

with considerable felicity: some of the figures stanti out well from the laudscape, and the whole perform­ ance is highly creditable to the ingenuity and industry ofthe inventor, who is, we understand, a young lady." Courier, July, 1824. [SELENa-scorIA is formed from O'fA7]V7], s~liJnii, the moon, and O'K07rla, sk~pia, objects seen.]

Tele-scope, '1"7]11.., ti!i~, distant. An instrument to view ~istant objects. Urano-scopy, ovpavos, ouranos, heaven. The contmll­ pIation of the heavenly bodies.

SPHAIRA, };(jJlXlplX, a sphere, or globe.

ATMO-SPHERE, a'1"p.os, atm~s, vapour. The body of vapour that surrounds the earth. Hemi-sphere, ~,."O'vs, h-iimisus, half. The half of a globe. Plani-sphere, 'lrAavvs, planus, plain. Therepresentation of one of the spheres on a plain surface. /

STELLO, };'1"EAAOl, I send. - STELLOMAI, };.,.fAAo/-,,,a, I convey myself.

ArO-STLE, e:t1l"0, apo, from. A messenger; onc of the twelve men our Saviour sent forth to preach the Gospel.

Epi-stle, E7rl, ~pi, upon, to, unto, a written communi.. cation sent to a person at a distance. An epistle, in 'conveying our thoughts, in a manner conveys our-. selves to another. Pseudo-~postle. ""EvollS, ps(fudes, false. A false apostle.

D (\ so TEC STICHOS, ~"""O;, a rank or rOto;· order, a lme or verse.

ACRO.STIC, aKpos, a~..rl5sJ the top, extremity. A short piece of poetry, of which each verse commences by a letter ofthe name of the person or object which forms the subject marked by order of the extremities. Di-stich, 01, di, dis, two, twice. A couplet. Hemi-stich, fJlJ.lCTVS, It-;;niisus, half. HaIfa verse or line. 1\Iono.stich, P.OIl0S, monos, single. A composition ofone single verse. .

SULLABE, ~vi.A",f:~, a syllable. Sn-LADLE, (sul, for) sun, with; and labi!, AaflfJavw, [ambano, I take together. A syIlable is properly thc letters which are comprised (taken together) in a single emission ofthe voice. Dis-syIlable, 0,,·di, two. A word of two syIlables. lVlono-syIlable, flovos, m~n~s, single. A word of one syIlable. Poly-syIlable, ",oAv" p~lus, many. A word of several syIlables. Tri-.yIlable, "'pElS, trl!is, three. A word of three ) syIlables.

T.f:CHNE, T,,,v~, art, or science. ARITIIJ\l-E-TlC, apt(Jf'0r, arithm~s, and TIK1], like, a con­ tr'action of 'UXII1J, techne, an art, a number. The science of numbers. - Arithmo-meter. "A French .artist has lately obtained a patent for a machine so· caIled. A person unacquainted with figures may, by. this machine, be made to perform all the rules of arithmetic. The most complicated calculations are done as readily and exactly as the most ·simple; and

.,j THE 3]

sums in multiplication and division, of seven 01' eight figUl'es, rcquire no more time than those of two or three. 11 Technical, belonging to arts. rtlnteo-techny, P.a.TCl.IOS, matalos, yain. A vain or un· profitable seience. Poly-technic, ,,"o;\ur, p~lus, many. Relating to several arts, as the Polytechnic School in Paris." Pyro-technic, 'I1"Up, pur, fire. Relating to fire-works.

TH't~OS, €lEo" G~d. Aro-TIlEoSIS, "'11"00,061, ap~th1f(jii, I deify, I rank among the gods. A deification or addition to the number of the gods. A-theist, ", a, not, without. One who believes" there is no God. En-thnsiast, .v, en, in. First applied to one WllO pre­ tended to d"'ine inspiration, and afterwards to one of warm imagination. The word is derived from tho Greek Ev8eos, entlzNJs, or Ev8ovs, enthous, divine" who has God in him - as applied to prophetic enthusiasm. ~ A man animated in an extraordinary manner with I the spirit" of God. 'Wheuce the verb EvOoVC1,at." I ~ntll'6usiaz(j, and the noun Ev8ovcru,urjAos, enthousiasmos, enthusiasm. One writer defines enthusiasm, to be a transport of the mind, whereby it is led to think and imagine things in a sublime, surprising, yet probable I manner. The sublime he thinks a necessary ingredient in the definition, as being the proper effect and pro­ I duction of enthusiasm. This is the enthusiasm felt ,I in poetry, oratory, music, ,painting, sculpture, &c. ; but this enthusiasm is very different from that attri. buted to the priestesses of oracles and heathen gods, which was little else than fanaticism, and consisted prineipaUy in grimaces, and contortions of the body. See PREFACE. .'

32 TlJP lIIono-theism, p.ovos, 11l~n;;s, single. The doctrine oC one God, as opposed to Poly-theism. The Jews were Mono-theists; the Gentiles, Poly-theists. Pan-theon, ".av, pan, all. A large temple at Rome, oC a drclibr form, in which the statues ofall the heathen divinities were placed. Poly.theism, ".ol\;., p~llls, many. Plnrality of Gods. Theism, lihos, tM~s, God. The opinion of those who simply acknowledge the existence of God, without believing in revealcd religion. Thco-logy. See LOGos, p. 13. Thea-cruey, «pU.T~S, krat'6s, "dominion. A government like that of the Jews, under the immediate direction of the Divine Being.

Tur6s, T"""o,, that by whiclt any thing is pre- figured. A printing letter.

AnClIE-TYl'E, apx'1/, archii, chief. } The original from Proto-type, ",pwTos,prot~s,the first. which a thing is Pro-type, "'pw, 1'ro, belore. formed.

Stereo-type, from UT€P€O<, st~rtf(ls, solid. IIIasses of letter called letter-press plates, ofthe dimensions ofa page, upon which is cast the exact faces of the types constituting the legible matter contained in a page oC common letter-press; and from a set of these new kind of solid types, in pages, a book is afterwards printed. PART 11.

A VOCABULARY

OF WORDS DERIVED FROM 1'HE GREEK;

A.

A-BYSS, $. from a, a, not, without, nnll (3U(1'O'OS, bussos *, a bollom. A bottomless pit.

Academy, $. from aKaO'lI''''' akadiJmia, the name of a public sehool at Athens. The word is now used to designate a society of persons, established for the improvement ofknowledge ; thus we say, "the Royal Academy." The word also implies a school where )'oung persons arc instructed in a private way. Ache, s. from axos, aeMs, pain. Continued pain. Acme, s. from aKft1), akmiJ, a point. The summit of any tl~jng, the crisis of a disease.

Acousticks, $. from aKOVW, ak~uii. I hear, and ....XV'l. tcehne, an art. The theory of sounds•

... From b"th~s, which also signifies" a bollom," we have taken the prefix - but - to denote the bottom or end of a thing, as when we speak of " the but-end of a guu." AGO

Acrido-phagi, s. Sec PHAGO, p. 25. Acro-spire, s. Sec AKRosp"'E. J S -._ Acro-stic, s. See STICHOS, p. BO~ C.. 0.,"'.>: A-damant, s. from a, a, not, and OUj.lCX61, damao, I break, is a term applied to a stone of impenetrahlc hardness. Ade-phagy, or Aden-phagy, s. Sec Pn.'Go, 'p. 25. A-dccatist, s. from a, a, not, and OEl(aTOS, dekatos, a tenth. One who is exempt from paying tithes, or who refuses paying them. . lEgis, $. from at')'lS, aigis, a goat's skin (at~, ai:rJ a goat). The shield ofthe heathen goddess Pallas was so named, because covered with the skin of a goat. lEi-pathy, s. Sec PASC/to, p. 25. lEolus, s. The heathen god of the winds. The name seems derived from awi\os, aioRJs, various, because the winds over which he presides arc ever varying. Aero-logy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. Aero.maney, s. Sec MANrEIA, p. 19. Acro-naut, $. from anp, aer, the air, and vct.UTlJS, naules, a sailor. One who sails through the air in a balloon.

Acro-station, $. from· al1P, aer, the air, and laTa/.leU, istamai, I remain. TJIC art or practice of sailing through the airin a balloon." . • lEther, s. from aI071P, ait";}r, the shining air, i. e. "the . highest or purest air," and thus it differs from the . common air (aer) which is dark and heavy. lEtna, s. from alOw, ait"o, I burn. A volcano or burn . ing mountain in Sicily. A-gamist, s. See GA'roS, .1;'.8. Agonistes, s. from a'l'wv, ago", contention. A prize­ fighter. - Milton wrote a poem called Samson Agonistes. / ALP 35

Agony, s. from "'Y"'V, agon, contention, struggling, writhing -hence excessive pain, great distress of Ii mind, as they produce writhing or convulsion. A-grammatist, s. See GRAM'IA, p. 9. II , 1 Agrosto-graphy, s. See GRArHE, p. 10. Air, s. See lETIlER. II1) i\i:: Ake, s. See ACHE. :1 Akro-spire, s. from ""pas, akrli!, the top, and rr"Elpc<, 'I speira, a curved or spiral line. A term applied to the ,I shoot or sprout which appears at the ends of seeds, before they arc put into the ground. Alabaster, s.· A mineral substance. Some derive the word from a, a, not, and l\ap.llav"" lambano, I take; this stone being too slippery for the hand to retain hold ofit: others from the Latin word alb liS, white, hecause ofits whiteness. Alectro-machy, s. See MACHE, p. 18. Alex-ander, s. from al\.~"" ale.rii, I defend, and avBpos, andros, gen. of aV1JP, aner, a man. A name given in the first instance to one who was remarkable for his bravery. ". Alexi-pharmic, Alexiteric, adj. from al\.~"" alexo, I avert, and epa.pP.a.KOV, pltarmakon, a poison. A tcnn applied to substances that are antidotes to poison. All-egory, s. from al\l\os, aWls, another, different, and a'Yop"", "g~rau, I make a speech. A figurative speech in which something else is contained besides what the words literally signify. Almoner, s. from '1\~71p.orrvv71, iili!iim'6sune, ch~ity. One that distribntes alms. - Alms is relief given to the poor. Alpha-bet, s. from al\epa, alp"", and f:J71Ta, bela, the first . two letters of the Greek alphabet. Alp"a is used in the Scriptures to signify the first. See OMEGA. 56 ANA

Amal-gam, $. See GAMEO, p. 8. A-maranth, s. from a, a, not,- and p.apcuJlw, 7lIuraino, J fade. A flower supposed never to fade. A-mazon, s. from a, a, -not, without, and I·m~or, ma~$, a breast. A nation of warlike women were called Amazons, from the practice of cntting off one of their breasts, that they might be enabled to handle their weapons better. A-m-brosia, s. fr,?ffi a, a, not, and [3poToS, br'6tlSs, mortal. The imaginary food of the gods. A ..methyst, s. from a, not, without, and p.E9u(J'U, '11lethusis, intoxication. A stone of a violet colour, so termed because, when mixed with spirituous liquids, it was supposed to prevent intoxication. A-mnesia, s. from a, not, pV1JO"IS, mnesis, fJ.VTJp.rJ, '11memo, or JLJ/7](fTU, 1nnestis, memor>". Forgetfulness. A ...mnesty, ·s. from a, not, and JlJl11UTlS, mnestis, remem­ brance. An act of general pardon for crimes com­ mitted against government. Amphi-bious, adj. See BIOS, p. 6.

Amphibo-logy, $. See LOGOS, p. 13.

Amphi-scii, $. See SKIA, p. 26.

A mphi-theatre, $. from af'ept,amphi, both (on both sides, double), and ~.aTpos, theatr~$, or &eaTpov, theatr'm, a theatre. See THEATRE. A building of a circular or oval form, having rows of s~ats one above another. . Ana-baptist, $. See BAPTIZO, p. 6.

Ana-chorite, An-chorite, $. from ava, ana, againJ and X"'P'''', clloreo, I "eparate; A monk who leaves his convent for a still more austere life. A hermit or solitary person.

Ana-chronism, $. See CH&ONOS, p. 7•. Ana-gram, s. Sec GRAllIl\tA, 1'. 9, ANE 37 , Ana-leptic, aly. from. analepsis, recovery, (from ava, , ana, again, and 7I.~'lils,.I",psis, taking, receivingj. A , term applied to medicines that ,'evive and strengthen. Ana-logy, s. See I,oGos, p. IS. Ana-lysis, s. from ava, ana, again, find l\VCIJ, lua, I dis.. solve. The separation ofa compound into the parts of which it consists. To analyse a compound word is to distinguish the etymon or root; the prefix,. and the' desinence 01' termination. The opposite to Synthesis• .A.n-archy, s. See ARCH';, p. 5. Ana.thema, s. from ava, ana, apart, and ;;~p.a, thema, a thing put. That which is put apart for holy pur­ poses, 3 victim for sacrifice, a person _sacrificed as a victim to' a particular cause, a curse, a person scpo... rated (put apart) as being under a curse. Anathema is also used to denote the curse 01' censure pronounced in excommunication. Excommunication is the act of excluding a pel'son from the participation of holy mysteries. An~tomy, $. frOlll'ava, ana, apart, and 'TEfJ.J/W, t~mno, I cut. . Dissection; or the nct of separating and ex­ amining the parts of animal bodies.

Anchor, s. from Ct'Y"vpa., agku1'a" (IWpTOS, kurt'6s, a cUl'ved hook for ,fishing), a curved iron instrument, which, being fastened to the ground by means of a cable attached to it, keeps a ship from driving.

Andro-ides, s. from avopos, andros, of a man, and flOOS, 1!idOs, form. A term under which some scientific writers have classed all the Automata made to imitate the human form.

A-n-ecdotes, s~ from a, a, not, and ElCOOTOS; (fkd'6t'6s, published. A circumstance not publicly known. Anemo-gmphy,s. See GRArnE, p. 10. Anemo-melel', s. See :METREO, p. 19. E ,J

38 ANT

Anerno-scope, s. Sec SKOPEO, p. 27. . n Angel, s. from ayy€}..}.."', agg'i!llo; I deliver a message, A spirit employed by God to manifest his will (that is, tocdeliver his orders) to human beings. A-ll..odyne, adj. f~om a, a, ~ot, and ol)uv7J, idune, pain. A term applied to substances which assuage pain. 'A-nomaly, A.nomy, s. See NO>IOS, p. 21. A-n-onymous, adj. See ONO>IA, p. 22. A-n-orexy, s. from a, a, not, and 0PE~IS, orexis, appetite. ·Want of appetite. A-n-osmia, $. lrotn a, a, not; and oup:t}, osme, smel! (at"', ~zo, I smell). A loss of the sense of smelling•.

Ant-agonist, s. from aJ/7Z, anti, against, opposite, and a7",vIlTT11S, ag"iYnisles, a combatant. One wI", opposes another. Ant-arctic, a4i. {rDln anI, anti, against, opposite to, and apKTo', arkt~., the bear. Relatiug to the south pole. Sec ARC'l'lC. Austral-asia is the designation given in modern geography to a fifth great division of ,the globe, including New Holland and other islands, because they arc to the soutlt of Asia. Auster is the Latin word for the south wind, or the south pm't of the world; Ant-arthritic, adj. from aVTI, anli, against, and apOptT", artltritis, the gout. A term applied to medicines "gainst the gout. Ant-h.elmintics, adj. from avn, anti, against, and EAP.tv(JOS, h-elmintllos, gen. of EA/llPS, lz-elmins, a ,vann. A term applied to medicines given to destroy worms. Antho-Iogy, s. See LOGOS, p. IS. Antho-mania, s. Sec lIfANIA, p. IS. Anthro-pophagi, s. See PRAGO, p. 25. Anti.chronism, s. Sec CHltoNOS, p. 7. APO 39

Anti-dote, s. from CU'Tt, anti, ngainr,t, and ()Cl)'fU'11, datine, " thing ghoen. A medicine administered to prevent the bad e/fects of any injurious thing taken into the stomach; and figuratively, an expedient to prevent the bad tendency of any opinion or doctrine. Anti-nomy, s. Sec N~MOS, p. 21. LL L~-,~;:<4 &-.d-t_-;;LZ.<,-<-,... . ' " ~ l-t--t- L t-J-'.-£..-#-- Ant.-pathy, s. Sec PATI:.')5, p. _5. OLL~ LLO--U"-.<--.-'~ Anti-podes, s. from ,,"n, anti, opposite, and .".05.., p~difs, the feet. Those People who live on opposite sides of the globe, and who have their feet directly opposite to each other. Their days and nights arc contrary, as also their seaSOllS of the year. \Vhen it is winter to the 'Que, it is summer to the other, and when it is 1100n to the onc, it is Inidnight to the other. Anti-scii, s. Sec SKIA, p. 26. Anti-strophe. Sec STRO;IlE' Anti-thesis, s. from CWTl, anti; against, and :J'EO"tS, th'i!StS, the laying down words - a proposition. A mode of expression by which contrary qualities arc opposed to each other. Antoc-~ii, s. Sec OIKEO, I'. 22. A-pathy, s. Sec PATIlOS, p. 25. A_phony; s. Sec Pum'E, p. 26. Aphoorism, s. from a.epoP!~c..), npltorz'zu,. I determine, or give no defmition. 4,"'.. ~hort precept; or 0. short scnlcl1rC which clearl)' enumerates the various Ilfopcrties of a thing. Apo-cal)'psc, s. from arroKai\t4,r, apokalul'sis; ct7rO, Gp'{" from, removcd' from, and KaJo..'1TU, /;nlpi$, a covcring ; KaJo..v:T7W, '..nlupLO, I COVel·. Taking the COL'(:rfrom, is revealing, thence cc Apocalypse n is the name givcn to the last book in the New Testament, otherwise called" The Book of Revelation." Apo-er)'l1hn, from """0, ap~, from, niHI "pv

books of the Apocrypha were cxcluded from the list of canonical books rluringthe first four centuries of thechurch; therefore hidden from the public. _H It is generally agreed, that these books were neyer admitted into the Hebrew canon: they were all com_ posed after the sacred catalogue was closed: there are none of them to be fouud iu Hebrew, all of them are in the Greek; except the 2d Book of Esdras, . which is only in Latin. The Books of the Apocrypha are admitted to be read (in the church of England)

for' an example of life and instruction of manners, t according to the language of our 6th article, which is an expression adopted fronl Jerome. tI - Reet'es's Bible. \ po-lague, s. } See LOGOS, p. IS. I Ij_ • 1\po-logy, s. Apo-phthegm,s.from a1rO, ap~, from orforth, amI rpOE')ipa, pllthegma, utterance. A remarkable s(1ying, a valu­ able maxim, uttered on some sudden occasion:"

Apo~stacy, s. from ct7rO, apo, from, and lU'J'7]lJl, istemi, I stand, keep away. A departure from principles once professed. - Apostate, from ap~stati:s, a deserter. Apo-slle, s. See STELLa, p. 29. Apo-~trophe, s. from a:rro,ap'd, from, and (J'TPE~N,litrcph;;, .I turn. A figure or mode of expression, in which the speaker breaks off abruptly, and·directs his discourse to some other person. In grammar, a notc of con­ traction, like a comma; as, tho', for though; fov'd, for loved. Apo·t1ieosis, s. See THEas, p. SI. ArICo-meter, s. See :i.\1ETREO, p. 19. Arche-type, s. See Turos, p. ·S2•. Archi-grapher, s. Sec GRArHE, p. 10. • :i Archi-tect, s. from apxos, arcMs, the chief, and 7"

I ASM: 41

Arctic, adj. from apKTOS, arkt~s, a hear. Belonging to the constellation calied the Bear, which is in the northernhemisphere; hence the word A RCTIC is applied to all that relates to the north pole, as, "The Arctic Expedition." Sec f1.NTARCTIC. Areo-pagus, apew7rctl'0s, a1'';hllpagos, compounded of apews,arei'6s, and 7fa..yos, pagos, ", The hill of 1\la1's," where .was held the supreme conncil of Athens [apeos, arl!'6s, genitive case of Ap7Js, Al"es, Mars, 7ta,,/os, pag'6s, a hill or mound]. The court of Areopagns was the most sacred and venerable. tribunal of all Greece. See Acts, chap. xvii. v. 19. In this court all causes were heard in the darl::, in order that the senators might not he influenced by seeing either plaintiff or defendant. Aristo-cracy, s. Sec KRATEO, p. 13. Arith-metic, s.. See 1\IETn>:o, p. 19. Ar-thritic, s. See ANTARTHRITIC. Aromatic, 8, from apw/U:t, a1'oma, an odour. A terlU applied to snbstances which have an agreeable spicy odour and pungent taste. Ar-rhaphostic, from a, a, not, and pa!fJ?1, "!zal'MJ, a sciun. " Patent arrhaphostic shoes" arc shoes n~ade ~rom a single piece of leather without any sea"'; ~-5bcstos, s. from a, a, not, and (1(JEVVl:1/-U, sb~nn1lmi, I destroy by burning. A fossil so called, because it is capable of resisting the power of fire. The ancients formed it into cloth, and it is at present used in the Eupyrion (see EUPVRION, p. 64), because it is able to resist the power of the acid employed in that pre- paration. , Ascetic, s. from aCTK7JT7JS, asketes, one whony emplo)'ed in cxercises of elcvotion and mortification. A-scii, s. Sec SKU., p. 26. A~mato.graphr, s. See GItArUE, p. 10. y. 3 II 42 AXI

Asparagus, s. from o.lT7rapal'0s, crsparag'(,s, a gcilcral tet"Th for )'oung plants, beforc thcy unfold their leavc•• - Asparagus, with us, is restricted to a particular plant well known in kitchcn-gardens.

A-sphyxia, s. from 0" a, not, and uepu~tS, splmxis, a pulse. That state of the body during life in which pulsalion cannot be perceived. Asthma, s. from auOp.a, asthma, a difficulty in breathing, A difficult, laborious, and painful respiration. Astro-Iogy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. AHtro-nomer, s. Sec NOMOS, 'p. 21. Astro-Theology. Theology formed on the oysermtiln of the celestial bodies. Sec TIIEOLOG" i'ey L. ( .'. A. sylum, s. from a, a, not, and ","haW, sulao, I pillage. A place of safety, a place free from pillage. A-theist, s. See T,IEOS, p. 31. Atmo.sphere, s. See SPHAlr.A, p. 29. A-tom, s. from el, a, not, :lnd T

Automaton, $. from alTO/LCI.TOS, automat'6s, self-n10ving. The name given to a machine which possesses the power of motion within itself. Axiom, s. from a~lOs, aIlos, worthy. A proposition worthy of being believed; or a proposition whicb, being self-evident, cannot bc madc plainerby demon­ stration: as, H two bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time." B n A B. BAPTIS'!, s. Sec BArTO, p. 6. Baro-meter, s. Sec lI1ETItEO, p. 19. New Barometer. Mr. narth of Strns!mrgh has published his discovery of a Barometer which will announce every change .of the weather 30 hours before it happens. This instru­ ment, which, in the time of Galileo, would perhaps hnve conducted the inventorinto the prisons of the in­ lJuisition, will, it is asserted, give notice of thulltler­ storms 12 hours before they OCcur. Base, s. from f3o.(nr~ basis, that on which any thing stands, the lJottOln of any thing; hence used in a figurative sense, as synonymous with low, mean. Basis has the same origin as BASE. naro-scope, $. Sec SKOPEO, p. 27. Bible, s. from {3'€l\os, bib[('s, or (3,€,\IOV, bibli~n, a book. The llatnC given to the sacred volume in which UfC contained the revelations of God. In" similar manner the Mahometans gh'e the title of Alcora" to lite book which contains the precepts of their religion. Alcoran is formed of the Arabic words ai, the, and kordn, book. It is well to remark that it is as erro­ neous to say "The Aleor:m," as it would be to say "The Thebible." Sec" The Koran, commonly calle,1 the Alcoran, of l\Iohammed," translated into English by G. SALE, London, 1734, Riblio-grapher, s. Sec GItAPnO, p. 10. !3iblio.mania, s. Sec MANIA, p. 18. Biblio-theca, s. 1!t7)~7), I"iik;:, a repository. A library. Bi-gamist, s. Sec GA'IOS, p. 8. Rio-graphy, s. Sec GnAFno, p. 10. Sec also BIOS, p. G. Dotan)', s. from (3oTaV7), bolan;:, an herb. That part of natural history which trents of plants, herbs, and nowers. Drachy-graph)', s. Sec GItAFnO, p. 10. 44 CAC

Broma, fro;" fJpwila, broma, food of any kind that is masticated and not drank. Bronto-logy, s. See LOGos, p. 13. Bucolic, a(lj. frOln povr, b'6us, an ox (whence bou-kolas, a shepherd or herdsman). A term applied to poetry in which shepherds or herdsmen are represented as speaking. - In composition, bous or bou, means "large :If" or "much;" hence we have Bn-limy (linitis; hunger), which signifies an enormous appetite. - Bou-cephalus, the celebrated horse of Alexander, received its name on account of its large head. See eEl'HAI.-ALOIA. I Bullet, s. from fJo7l.'I), b~le (fJCf.7I.7I.w, ballo, I throw), th~ i action of throwing, or the thing thrown. C.

CABAL, S. by some, is derivedfl"Om the noise made by the I trampling of horses, in Greek, Kaga7l.1.1js, kaballes: by others it is said to be of true English origin, al1(l of no higher authoriW than the time of Charles II. who, according to Goldsmith, "was beset by some . desperate counsellors." The principal of these As/. 2ft V were Clifford, Ashby, Buckingham, Arlington, and . L ~ Lauderdale; a junto distinguished by the appellation the "Cabal," a word formed of the initial letters of their names.

Cach-exy, s. from KaKOS, kak~s, had, and ~~'" h-i!xis, a habit. Such a habit of body as hinders nutrition and weakens the vital functions• .-..: CaeD-ethes, S. from Kalms, kalc'tJs, bad, and ?]611J elhe, cus­ tom. .A bad custom. The word is 'seldom used alone, but generally in combination with some other word: as, Cacoethescnrl'enrli, a rage for collecting;' Cacoethes

.. In like manner, we use the word" horse," when we speak of a "horsc.. radisl)~" a ." horse.-Inugh. n .• CA '1 '45

loquelldi, a rage for speaking, II wish 01' itching to speak frequently in,public; Cacoethes scribendi, an, itch for writing. He has the cacoethes scribencli; that is, he is an arrant scribbler. Caea-phany, s. Sec PnONE, p. 26. Calea-graphy, s. Sec GRAPIIO, p. 10. Cali-graphy, s. Sec Gl~APna, p. 10. Calis-thenic, from "aXos, l({JI~s, fair, and crOeI/OS, stMfnus, strength. Calisthenic exercises, are exercises devised for giving strength and elegance to the female figure. Capno-mancy, s. See ArPENlllx. Cardi-algia, s. Sec ALGas, 1" 4. CatuNcomb, s. from Ko:ra., kala, below, nnd IWfL€os, kumblls, a hollow place. A subterraneous cavity for the burial of the dead. Cata-lague, s. Sec I,aGos, p, 1S. Cata-ract, s.. from KetTet, kala, duwn, anel fJCJ.(f(Jw, rlwsso, I . dash against. A cascade or fall of water. Cata-rrh, s. from KetTa, kala, down, and pEW, rllev, I flow. The disease commonly called a cold in tlle head. Catn-strophe, s. from fla.'ra, "'-ala, against, and (T'fpeq>w, str'tpho, I turn. The change which produces the final eyent in a dranlatic poem, or tragedy; whence it usually means nn unhappy conclusion. Catc-chism; s. A form of instruction by question and answer; or oral instruction, as distinct from 'Written instruction, and accommodated to thosc who could not rend. The word is fanned of lect"rct, kata, from side to sidC', and 71XoS, ~chus, a sound, in allusion to the noise made in this sort of exercise, or to the zenl antI earnestness with wl1ich things nrc to be inculcated into tlIe luinds of learners...... Cntc-gol)~, s. from KCl.TCf., kala, according to, :mel Ctj'OpEW, (l:,(ih-eii, I, speak. A distinct arrnngclnent. 'rhe odjccth'c categorical is applied to whnt'is precise, a3

(I a catrgOJical answer." 46 eRA

Cathedral, s. from I

Caustic, s. from KalW, kai'U, I UllTl1, Substances which corrode or destroy the part to which they arc applied. Cauterization, s. from Kal"", lwiu, I burn. The act of burning with a hot iron or caustics. Cemetery, s. from I

Ohili-arch, s. Sec ARCHE, p. 5. Chiliast, s.f,'om X'A,as, eldlias, a thousand. One who believes that Christ will reign a thousaud years on earth before the general judgment.

Chimera, $. from X'f'a,pa, chimaira, a goat. See Ar- rENDIX. ~ _;-, 1/: .. Chiro-mancy, $. See ArPENIJIX.

Chiro-Iogy, $. 'See LOGos, p. IS. Chiro-plast, s. frOln X£Lp, chfJ{r, hand) Rnd 7rAC!.r1'ff(J), plassu, I form j is the name given to n machine eln­ ployed in order to form the hand for playing the

piano-forte. 0 Chir-urgy,s. The Engtish word surgery is a corruption of this word. Chirurgy is formed of XElP, eheir, a hand, and ffYYOV, ergon, a ,"ark, because surgical oper­ ations arc performed by the hand. Choler, s. from XOA.'I), cll~lii, bile. Passion. The ancients supposed that °a superabundance of bile produccd a disposition to anger. Sec lVIELANClIOLV. Choro-graphy, $. See GRAPIIE, p. 10. Christ, $. from XP'CTTOS, ehrist6s anointed. Hence used as a title of Jesus.. The Anointed, The Christ. It is of the same import as the Hebrew word :MeSsiah. So St. John expressly informs us. John i. 20., and iv. 25. ~II. The word Christ somctimes denotes the Christian. church, or that society of which Christ is the hcad, as 1 Cor. xii. 12. 27. - III. It denotes 17/C doctri"e of CIlIist. Eph. iv. 20. - IV. The ben,!!its ifChrist. Heb. iii. 14. - V. The Christian Spirit {met Temper. Eph. iii. 17., Gal. iv. 10. Parkllllr.\t., Chromatics, s. from xpwl,a, chroma, colour. That part of optics which explains the several properties of the colonrs of light, and of natnral bodies. Chromatic is

* ThewonI"Jesus" means Saviour. Seel\Tatt. i. 21. CLE

a term applied to a species of music which proceed. by several semi-tones and minor thirds. 'Why it received tills denomination is not very clear. "Xp",p.a (chrama) may, perhaps, not only signify a colow', but that shade ofa colour by which it melts into another, or what the French call nuance. Ifthis interpretation be admitted, it will be highly applicable to scmitoncs; which, being the smallest inten'al allowed in the

diatonic scale, will most easily run into another. If (Ellcy.Brit.) "The ch""matic species of music is admirably fitted to express grief and affliction." Chromato-graphy, S', Sec GRAPHE, p. 10. Chronic, adj. from Xpovos, c/wonos, timc. A tenn applied to diseases which continue a long time.­ The word Chronicle has the same origin. Chrono-gram, s. See GRAl\UIA, p. 9. ,Chrono-Iogy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. Chrono-meter, s. See l\1ET""O, p. 19. Chrysalis, s. from Xpvuos, chrusos, gold. \In natural history, a state of rest and seeming iuscnsibility, which butterflies, and several other kinds of insects, must pass through' before they arrive attheir wingeu or most perfect state. Many of the butterfly species appear superbly clothed in gold. These elegant spe­ cies have obtained the names Chrysalis and Aurelia, which are deriveu from the Greek and Latin words, signifying gold; and from these all other bodies of the same kind have been called by the same name, though less or not at aU entitled to them• ...J' Chryso-preia, s. from xplJdOr, cllrusos, gold, and 1rOfEW, powii, 1 make. The supposed art ofmaking gold. Chyle, s. from XVAos, cllldils, jniee or liqnid. The milk-like fluid formed in the stomach by digestion, anu afterwarus changed into bloou. Clepsyura, s. from 1

Cler"Y, from I

in the following instance: H After we have practised good actions awhile, they become easy; and when they urc casy, we begin to take pleasure in them; and when they please us, we do them frequently; and hy frequency of acts, a thing grows into a habit, and confirmed habit is a second -kind of nature; and so . far as any thing is natural, so far it is necessary, and we can hardly do otherwise; nay, we do it nlany times when we do not think of it."- Dr. 'l'illotson. ~oflin, s. from HO¢WDS, kophinos, n coffer or coffin. The chest in which a dead body is usually put for inter­ 1nent. Being put into a coffin was by'the ancients . considered as a mark ofthe highest distinction, though with· us the poorest people have their coflim. At this day, in the East, they arc not at all made hSC of. Joseph II. Emperor of Germany,.in 1781, enacted a law by which the interment of dead bodies was prohibited; nay, it was ordered that they should be buried in bags, amI covered with qnicklime, in order to promote their pntrefaetion, and prevent the ex­ halation of noxious vapours. The regulation met with so universal and decided an opposition, that the monarch was speedily indnced to repeaHt. Comedy, So Sec AEIDO, p. 1. Comet, s. A heavenly body in the planetary region, appearing snddenly, and again disappearing; and, during the time of its appearance; moving in its proper orbit like a planet. The popular division of comets into tailcd, bearded, and hairy, rather relates. to the different circumstances of the same comet, than to the phenomena ofseveral._ ThuS", ",-hen the comet is west­ ward onhe sun, and sets after it, the comet is said to be tailed, hecause·" train of light follows it in the manner lIf a tail; when the comet is eastward of the sun, and moves from it, the comet is said to be bearded, because the light is before it in the manner of a beard; lastly, when the comet and the sun are diametrically opposite (the earth between them), the

I ) ( COS 51

train is hid behind the body of the comet, except a little that appears round it in the form of a border qf !lair; and from this last appearance the word comet is derived; the Greek word 1<01-<7), k~miJ, signifying ilair. Various conjectures have been formed respecting the tails of comets; some maintain they nrc the beams of f the sun's light transmitted through the comet's head; others, that they arise from the refraction wmch light I) suffers in passing from the comet to the earth; others, that they are vapours arising from the comet, and I tending toward.s the parts opposite to the sun. k~n~s, r Cone, .s. from KOVOS, a cone. A solid body of d which the base is a circle, and the summit ends in a \l point. I" Coryphrous, s. The name given by the Greeks to the I; chief conductor of their chorus, who beat the time; f it is now nsed for the chief of a party or sect•. t Crania-logy, s. A terln sometimes used instead of the more precise one of Cranioscopy. Sec SKOPEO, p. 27. Collops, from "oAa~os, k~laMs, a-little mouthful, or small slice of meat. Cosmetic, s. from KOrJ'IlEW, k~sm~jj, I adorn. A tCflU applied to substances supposed to possess the powe·r of improving beauty. Cosmo-gony, from "O(1!'OS, k~sm~s, the world, and 'lovas, gonos, birth, is a term applied to·accounts which treat of the creation of the world. Thus, we speak of the Cosmogony of l\Ioses, or the accounts of the creation, as related in the book of Genesis (sec Genesis). ,rarious opinions were held by the ancients concern­ ing the Oligin of the universe, and the time, as well as the manner, of its formation. Cosmo-graphy, s. See GRAPll~, p. 10. Cosmo.polite, s. frOIn lCoCfpor, kosmos, the world, nnd 'lTOi\lT'1S, polites, a citizen. A citizen of the world, or one who is at home in every place. . F 2 52 C 11 I

Cosm-orama, s. See 0 RA)lA, p. 2S. Crime, s. from "ptp.a., l.:·'l"ima, a transgression of the law. " It is a melancholy truth, that among the ,""riely of actions which men nrc daily liable to commit, no less than 160 have ueen declared by act of parliament to be felonies without benefit of clergy; or, in other words, to be crimes which incnr the penalty of capital punishment, that is, death." In distinguishing be­ tween words often esteemed synonymous, we m3)p remark, that actions contrary to the precepts of religion, arc sins,· actions contrary to the principles of morals, are called vices; and actions contrary to the laws of the state, arc called crimes. Consistentl)· with this, a sin is the object of Theology; a vice, of Ethics; and a crime, of Jurisprudence. Crisis, s. from "PIC"'S, krisis, the act of fOlming a jndg­ ment. The sudden change of symptoms in acnte, febrile diseases, indicating recoyery or death; it denotes also the point of time at which any affair comes to its height.

Criterion, s. from "pt'T'1]pfOV, kriteri~n, a mark by which any thing is judged of, with regard to its goodness or badness. .. Critic, s. from KptPw, krillu, I discern. One who is capable of judging in matters of literature, and able to distinguish the beauties and £~ults of writing; it is also used to express a person apt to find fault.

Critical, adj. from KpWW, krino, I discern. Exact, nicely judicious.- CRITICAL DAYS. l\fany physicians have been of opinion, that there is something ,in the nature of fevers, which generally determines them to be of a certain duration; and therefore that their terminations, whether salutary or fatal, happen at certain periods of the disease, rather than at others. These periods are called critical days• . The critical dap are the Sd, 5th, 7th, 9th, lIth, 14th, 17th, 20th. eye 53

Crypt, s. from "purrT"', leruplo, I hide. A slIbterraneous cellm', or vault, especially under" church, for the interment of particular families or persons. C"ypto-graphy, s. See GRAPHE, p. 10. Crystal, s. from "purrTCJ.1\.1\.os, lcrust"IWs, icc. The term crystal seems to have been first applied to rock crystal, for, from its hyaline appearance, and its being pro­ cured among cold mountainous regions, in which icc is to be found in all seasons of the year, it bears a much nearer resemblance- to icc than any other crys­ tallized substance; and was at first supposed to be nothing more than water indurated by continued frost to a greater degree than COlnmOll icc, and there.. fore morc permanent. The tertn was, however, after­ wards used in a more extended sense, and applied to all substances, uniting, after a separation of their lJarticlcs, into a regular figure. Thus the term is used to express salts congealed in the manner of crystal. Cube, s. from "ugos, lcllb~s, a die. A regular solid body, consisting of six square aUlI equal faces 01' sides, with the angles all right, and therefore equal. - CUBES AND SQUARES OF NUMBERS. The square root of a nnmber is that which, multiplied by itself, produces the square, thus, 1 1 1 1 1 1 :; is the square root of 9, and 9 is the square of 3. The cubes oreubitnumbers arc fonned bymnltiplying any numbers twice hy themselves, thus 3 is the cube Tool of 27 (3 times 3 arc nine, and 3 times 9 arc 27), and 27 is the cube of 3. Cyclo-predia, s. from KUKXOS, kukl'6s, a circle, and '1TaIBerlT, lJaideia, instruction. A course of the sciences. The term has of late been applied to books which, without pretending to exhibit the entire circle of the sciences. F 3

" DES

convey a familiar and instructive exposition' of the most important of them. Of the various books pub­ lished under the title of Pocket Cyclopredia, that edited by 1\lr. l\1ILLA RD is, perhaps, the best that can be named. It is' riot a lncre compilation, as, in con­ sequence of the public situation held by the editor, he has been enabled to give an accurate and interesting view of the various branches of thesciences, either from his personal knowledge, or by the assistance of some of the first practical men of the metropolis. Cyclops, s. A race of men of gigantic stature, who inhabited the western part of Sicily. They arc said' to have had but one eye, and that in the middle of the forehead; whence their name, ''"''ADS, kuklas, a circle, and 0''''' ops, an eye. The tradition of their having but one eye originating from their wearing bucklers which had a small aperture in the middle.

Cylinder, $. from "vAw5w, kulindo, I roll. A body ]laving a circular form. Cynic, 8: from' ICVVllCOS, kU1Zikos, dog-like. A term applied to a critic who is too apt to find fault. D. DAeTY-LOGY, s. See LOGOS, p. 13. Deacon, s. from OlCtI{OVOS, diakonus, a minister, whose office is to assist the priest at the altar.

Deea-gon, $. See GONIA, p. 9. Deea-logue, ,s, See LOGOS, p. 13. Dem-agogue, s. See AGO, p. 4.

Demo-eraey, $. See KRATOS, p: 13.

Demono-latry, $. from oa,p.wv,· daimon, an evil spirit, and AaTp

Despot, $. from OEa'1fDT7JS, desp'6tiis, one that governs with unlimited power. l

D!A 55

- Deutero-nomy, s. Sec NOMOS, p. 21. Diadem, s. from 0,,,01)1-''', di"diJma, a mark of royalty worn on the head. })i-reresis,from lim:, dia, asunder, and atpew, aireo, I take. The disjunction 01' separation of letters, as in the word "erial. The act of dividing. Diagnosis, ,so from ota:YWCc.lO'KW, diaginosko, I know thoroughly, signifies the distinction of the nature of one disease from that of another resembling it, by means of a collected view of the symptoms. Sec PnOGNOsIS. \ Dia-gonal, s. See GONIA, p. 9. Dia-gram, s. Sec GRA]IMA, p. 9. Dialect, s., from O,a~EI('TOS, diaa!kt~s, a dialect, which is _from the verb O',,7I.E'YOf'''I, diareg~mai, I discourse. T!,e peculiar language of some province, or part of a nation,. formed by corruption of the general or national language. In Great Britain, almost every county has a dialect of its own; all differing con­ siderably in pronunciation,_accent, and tone, though the language is the same. Dialeetics,~. (S~e DIALECT.) That branch of logic which teach~s the rules and Inodc of reasoning. . Dia-Iogue. Sec LOGOS, p. IS• .Diu-meter, s. See :lVIETRO, p. 19.

Din-pason, $. from ata, dia, through, and 1rQS, pas, all. A chord in music including all the tones. Dia-phanous, adj. from 0,,,, dia, through, and

Dia-r-rhrea, s, from Ola, dia, through, aud P~"" r!leo, I flow. A looseness. Din-stoIc, s. from ala, dia, asunder, and uTe]..]..w, slt!IUJ, I stretcb. The dilatation of the heart, the opposite to 8gstole. . . Dia-touic, aev, a tcrm signifying the ordinary s"rt of mU5ic, which proceeds by tones or degrees. It con­

tains only the greater and l.csser tonct and the greater semitone. Diatonic is compounded of o~a, dia, n preposition signif),jng 3 transition from one thing to another, and the substantive TOVOS', tonos, which imports n given degree of tension. See TONE. Din-tribe, s. from ala, dia, through, and "P!(Jw, irivu, I weal'. A tedious disputation. Didactic, adj, from oloaCT""', didasko, I teacb. A terl11 applied to writings which inculcate moral prccepts. Dj-lemma, s. from DU', dis, twice, and A1Jfl.fl.a, lemma, an argument. An argument condsting of two or more propositions, so dispo>ed, that, grant which you will of them; yon will be pressed by the conclusion: as in the following celebrated dilemma. "A youth named Evathlus engaged with Protagoras to leal'll dialectics, upon condition that he should pay him a large sum of money the first cause he pleaded, in case lie gained the same. Evathlus, when fully instructed, refused to pay the condition. Protagoras brings his action, arguing thus: 'You must pay the money , hOWCVPT the cause go; for if I gain, you must pay , in consequence of the sentence, as being cast in the , cause; and if you gain it, )'OU must pay in pur­ , sunnce of onr. covenant.' 'Nay,' Evathlns retorts, t which way soever the cause is decided, you will 'have nothing; for if I prevail, the sentence gives , it that nothing is due; and if I lose, then there 'is nothing due by the covenant.' It is said't1mt the court, unable to decide in favour of either party, . ordered them to appear a hundrcd years aftcrward~

-::-. DIS 57

to receive judgment." The word is nOw commonly used to express a difficult or doubtful choice; a vex­ atious alternative. Dio-astro-doxon, s. from om, dia, through or by, acrT7/p, aster, a star, and oo~a, noxa; glory. The name given to a machine constructed lately by :1\1r. Lloyd, and intended to show the glory of the stars. See E!­ DOURANlON. Dio-cese, ,5. Sec OIKEO, p. 22. Di.orama, s. Sec OnA'lA, p. 23. Di-phth~ng, s. Sec PllTIIONGOS, p. 26. Diploma, s. from onI"A"'l-'a, diploma (o'7I"AOOS, 'dipWos, double), "double thing, or that of which there is a duplicate. It was originally a letter or writing of a sovereign, conferring a title or dignity, or granting some privilege, of which a duplicate was kept. These instruments were originally written on tables of wax fohled together, whence their name. The term is now restricted to the instrument by which a legalised incorporation, as a university or college, -confers n title or dignit)·, or a privilege to practise in a learned llrofcssion. Diplomacy is the knowlellge of the relations of independent states to each other. Diplomatics is the science of diplomas, or of ancient litcrar)~ mOnUlTICnts, public documents, &c. Diplomatics is now more commonly usell to denote that branch of knowledge which ought to be possessed by an ambassador to a foreign court. The art of diplomatics has been cultivated with great assiduity by every country in Europe, for many )'ears past. The principal aim of the Corps Diplomatique (as the J1I'ench term ambas­ sadors) is to discover the movements and intentions of their brethren, and to conceal their own. Disk, s. from 01(m05, diskos, " dish, also '" quoit. The face of the sun or any planet, such us it nppcars to us. Though rach of these bodies is nearl)' spherical, it 58 DUD

appears as a circular plane, an,l this is the disk. Tllc disk of a leaf is the whole surface; the disk of a flower is the central part. The discus of the ancients is sometimes called, in English, qutJit, but improperly; the game of quoits is a game of skill. [Quoit is from the Dutch word ceele, and means something which is thrown at a certain object, placed-at a great distance.] The discus was only a trial of strength, as among us is the ga~e of throwing the hammer. [The discus was a dish, as above Incntioncd; it was also a hroad piece of stone or metal used in a gym­ nastic exercise, wherein he was victor who threw it highest, or to the greatest distance.] Dis-syllahle, s. See SULLABE, p. SO. Di-stich, s. Sec STIClIOS, p. SO. Docimasia, s. from Bolt,par"" <1Olcimazo, I try. A custom among the ancients, by which evcry man was obliged to give ,m account of himself and his past life. From the same origin is derived the adjective docimastic, which is added to the word art, to denote the art of examining fossils, in order to ascertain what metals they contain. Dodeea-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. Dogma, s. from oorfur., dOgma, an opinion. An estu.. hlished principle. Doxo-Iogy, s. See DOXA, p. 7, and LOGOS, p. IS.

Drama, s. from opap.a. J drama, vO'llich signifies a paetu in which the action is not related htlt represented. Druid, s. from Bpus, drus, an oak. A name given to the priests among the ancient Britons, because the woods were the place of their residence. "But it is hard," SU)'S a writer in the.Encycloprodia Britannica, "to imagine how the ancient Britons should come to speak Greek; and he derives Druid from the old British words, dru, or deny, oak, and ltud, incant­ ation; which is the most probahle supposition.- EeL 59

iJrllo-prcdia, the title of a work lately published re­ lative to the Druidical System of Edueatioll. [For tho meaning of" pmdia," sec ENCYCLOP.JEIlIA.] Dryads, s. from lipvs, drlts, an oak. A species of female deities, supposed by the anciellts to preside over the woods. It is probable that the origin of the preceding word Druid has been confounded with the origin of the word now under consideration.. Dynamics, s. from OvvaJ.1.ts, clunamis, power. That llart of mechanics which has for its object the action of forces on solid bodies, when the result of that actiorl is Illation. Dynamo-meter, s. See lIfETltEO, p. 19. Dynast)", s. from OUVat1T1]S, clunastes, government. A race or succession of kings in the same line or famil)". Dys-pepsia,s. from livs, dllS, bad, and 1wrTW, pep/ti, I concoct. TInel digestion. Dys-pnrea, s. from livs, dlts, bad, and :1I"V'W, plleU, I . breathe. A diffieulty of breathing. E.

ECCLESIASTIC, s. from EKKA1]lTtet, 'iJkklesia, the church. A person dedicated to the ministry. Echo, .s. from 71Xos, cch'tJs, n sound. The return of a sound.

Ec-lectie, adj. from EIe, 'ek, out of, and AEICTOS, (Cl:t'6s, collected. One of those philosophers, who, without attaching themselves to any particular sect, took from any what they judged good. The term is now used as the title of a review. Ec-tips£.>, s. from EIC, tfk, out of, and AEf1rOO, !e,i/u, I leave. The obscuration or darkening of the luminaries of heaven. ~

Ec-Iogue, s. See LOGOS, 1'. 13. 60 EMP

Eco-nomy, s. Sce NOMOS, p. 21.· Ec-sbsy, s. frOlTI EK, 'ek, ·out of.' and o'Tcto'lf, stasis, a standing. An excess ofjoy. Any passion hy which the thoughts are ahsorbed, and in which the mind is for a time lost. Eid-ouranion, s. from EJ150S, eiclt)s, a form,

laid on any word or sentence, or peculiar fOl'CC im­ pressed by style or pronunciation. The great im­ portance of emphasi, may be seen by the following exampIe :- Will you call on me to-morrow ? Yes, Ishall cal/. - 'Vill you call on me to-morrow? No, but I shall call On .'/ollr brother. - 'Viii you call on me to-morrow? No, but I shall call on thefollowing day. - '/Till you call on me to-morrow? No, but my brother will. . Empiric, s. ii-om £}!7rEtplKOS, i!mp(firik"'(5s, one who makes experiments. One who practises the healing art upon experience, and not theory. This. is the, true sense in which it was originally applied, in opposition to the methodists, who were actuated by some theory or other; but it is now applied, in a very opposite sense, to those who deviate from the line of conduct pur­ sued by scientific and regular practitioners, and vcnd nostrums, or sound their own praise in the public papers. [Nostrum is a me

manunl l which is from the Latin word manus, a hand.

En-ditic, s. froul EV, ell, in or upon, and KA&VO', klillu J I lean. A term applied to particles, which being unitcll to words throw back the accent upon the foregoing syllable: "'Vhen we sa)', 'give me that book,' we pronounce the word me as a part of the word git·c. 1"or C the bo)" is tall,' we say the b0!l's tarl; thus, is becomes n perfect Enclilic. This i. o 62 EPI

frequent in French, dcmnez Ie 1II0i (give it to me). est-ce llli (is it he), and particularly in parM]e, where tlte last syllable ofparle must be accented before the Enclitic. In Italian and Spanish the Enclitic is joined." (VaZpy's Greek Grammar.) Therc are others which" may be called Proclitics, as they ,incline the nccent on the following word: thus, i~l English, the article the is pronounced quickly, as ifit mnde part of the following word. In poetry it coalesces with it, ns ' Above lit..' Aonian mount.' 11 - Valpyo . En·comiurn, s. frOtn EV, en, in, amI HW}-4at'CAJ, kumazii, I celebrate in song. Praise,

En.. cyclo-predia, s. from lEV, en, in, KIJKAOS, l:ukl'tJs, a circle, and "al~ela, paidlfia, education. A work which treats of the whole circle of sciences. Endeca-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. En-demie, a,y. See DEnIOs, 1" 7. En.ergy, s. from EV, en, in, and EnOV, erg'tJn, work. Peculiar force. Enigma, s. from alVl'l'l'a, ainigma.. A term applied to that which is expressed in an· ambiguous manner. Enigmatically, (adverb) inasense which is diflerentfrom that which words in their familiar acceptation imply. Ennea-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. Entelcchia, EJlTEi\eXEla:, entewcllein.Thc state of a thing when complete, perfection, form; i. e. EIOOS,'cidt>s, one of the three great principles of creation held by Aristotle. "Of the secret workings of the spirit, enteleclda, or' soul, we arc not conscious."-Haslam's Lectures. Entomo-Iogy, s. See LOGOS, p. 1S. Enthusiast, s. See THEOs, p. S1. Ep-hemeris, s. from E71"1, IIpi, upon, and ~fl'P(l" 'l-'i!ma, a day. ,An account of daily events. Epi-demic, adj. See DEnIOs, p. 7. EPO 63

Epi-dcl'mis, s. from E7I"1, epi, upon, and oepJ'(I., ([erma, the skin. The scarfor outer thin skin.

Epi-gram, s. See GRAM>IA, p. 9. Epi-logue, s. See LOGos, p. 13. Epi-phany, s. from Em, epi, upon, and epCUVCIJ, plzaino, I appear. . The commemoration of our Saviour's mani. festation to the world by the blazing star, which con­ ducted the magi to the place where he was. Epi-scopal, ae[j. See SKOPEO, p. 27. Epi.stle, s. See STELLO, p. 29. Epi-s-ode, s. See AEIDO, p. 1. Epi-taph, s. frOlu E7rI, cpi, upon, and "aepo;, taph'6s, a tomb. An inscription on a tomb. The French have a proverb, ]'fenti>' eamme une epitaph; " To lie like an epitaph;" in allu·sion to the eulogics ordi. narily contained therein, which are not always rigidly just. Epi-thalamium, s. frOIn em, C!pi, upon, and ~aA.ap.os, thalamus, a marriage bed. A nuptial song. Epi.thet, s. from ~7I"l, IIpi, upon, and 'newu, titleemi, I' place. A word denoting any quality, good or bad, in the person or thing to which it is applied. In the phrase " Alexander the Great," great is nn epithet, inasmuch as it designatcsAIcxander in distinction from all other persons; it is an adjective, as it expresses a quality in distinction from the noun. Thus the same word is an cpU/let, as it qualifies the sense; it is an ndjective as it is a part of speech. Epoch, or Epocha, s. from .T'OX'l), IIp~che, signifies a resting.place, bnt appliecl to n time from which some dates nre numbered, nnd to a period of time dis. tinguished by SOlnc remarkable c\'cnt or cvent~. " The grand rebellion is an epaella in the Hi"tor)" of England." El'0ode, s. See ODE, p. I. G Q EUT

Eu-pyrion, 3~ from EV, Cll~ good, mul 7rVP; pur, fire. The 'name given to a newly invented fire-box. Erotic, avo from EpWTOS, ~rulos, genitive of EpCdS, (:1"-oS, love. Relating to the passion of love, as Erotic Poems. Ethics, s. from 7)Oos, iJlh~s. A system of morality. Ethnic,' Q(lj. from EOVOS, ctlmus. A pagan. Etymon, and Et)'mo-Iog)', s. See LOGOS, p. 13. n Ev-angelist, s. from EV, eu, good, and a"Y'YEAAw, aggtfllo. to declare. 'A nmne given to the writers .of the Four Gospels. Eucharist, s. frOln EvXaplCfTla, cllcharistia, thanksgiving. The sacrament in which we lhanlifllll!l commemorate the death of CllllSt. The Lord's.Sllpper. Eudio-meter, s. Sec l\IF.TllON, p. 19. '>.J. \.'\"\ It,.~ .. t,) ;:: \'f· Eu-logy, s. .See LOGOS, p. l~. t\ .; En-phony, s. (See PnmlE, p. 26.)-Eu--phollon. "Pin- nock's Patent Grand Euphollon is submitted to the musical world as an instrument every way entitled to their notice and patronage. Its exterior bears a ncar resemblance to the upright gran'l piano-forte, but its interior construction is altogether different. It pro­ duces the most nlelodious sounds, and is n'mnrkablc for its sweetness, power, rm

Ex~ergllc, s. from E~, eot, from or out of, and epi'oJl, (fr.. g~n, a work. The space between the work and the edge of a medal, on which the inscription is usually pnt.

Ex-odus, s. from fE, ex, from or out of, and DUOS, od~s, a way. A departurc from a place. The second book of Moses is so called, because it descri"es the journey of the Israelites out of Egypt. Ex-orcise, v. a. from EC;t ex, out of, and OpICft"', t1rkizo, I abjure. To deliver from the inflnence of evil spirits by re]igious rites.

Exotics, $. (rmn E~CI)Tl«OS, exotik'Us, foreign. Plants brought from a foreign country, or produced in it.

F.

FANTASY, $. from ¢CWTuCflU, phantasia, an appearance. Something imaginar~" subsisting only in the fane)'.

G. GALAXY, s. from oya;>'a, gala, milk. A stream of light in the sky, so called from its white appearance. The "galaxy or milky way is composed of an infinite num­ ber of stars. Gamut, Gammut, s. The scale of musicaluotes. Guy of Arezzo, who reformed the church music about the year ] O~4, composed a musical scale with these six words, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, lao Afterwards he placed on the side of these notes, the following seven letters, A, B, C, D, E, F, G. And by reason that IlC placed the letter G (called ill Greek gamma) on the note which he Ilad added to his ancient system, the whole scale was therefore denominated, as it is to this dn)'J gamut. [Query. I 'Vas it not gamma."t?] G :3 66 GYM

s~ Genesis, from I'€Vea'iS, gcnt!sisJ a generation. The first book of Scripture is so termed, because it treats of the produetion of the 'yorld. Genca-Iogy, s. See J.ooos, p. 13. Genc.arch, s. See AnclIos, p. 5. Genethlia-Iogy, s. See Laoas, p. 13.

Gco-chrono:'logy, $. from I'll, ge, the earth, and xpOJlOS, cllr~n~s, time. (See Looos, p. 13.) - Geochrono­ logy of Europe. The title of a map, published by 1\1r. Harris, St. Paul's Church Yard, which exhibits at one view the geographical situation of countries, and the chronological succession of the soyereigns which have governed them. Geo-graphy, s. See GRAPllE, p. 10. Geo-Iogy, s. See Laoas, p. 13.

Geo-metry, s. See lVIETRON, p. 19. - Ge-orgics, s. from ')''11, ge, the earth, and 'P'Y0v, ~rg~n, work; A poem relating to husbandry. Glossary, s. from ')'AW

HAGIO-GRAPlIA, $. Sec GRAPHO, p. 10. Halo, s. from ""OJs, h-alOs, area of a circle. A meteor surrounding the moon in the form of a ring.

Harmony, $. from "ppav,o, h-arm15nia, an agreement of parts." See )\'fELODY.

Harpy~ $. from "p7ratOJ, h-arpaz'ii, I snatch away. A fabulous kind of bird said to be exceedingly vo­ racious. Hebdomad, s. from USapo, h-ebrI6ma, seven. A week. Hebdomadal publications arc those which are issue,l weekly.

Hebe, $. from ~€'I/, h-ehi!, youth. The heathen goddess of youth.

HecatoI)lb, $. from ~"oTav, h-ekat~n, a hundred, and (3avs, b15us, an ox. A sacrifice of a llUndred .oxen.

Helio-scope, $. See SKOPEO, p. 27.

Hemi-sphere, $. See SPHAIRA, p. 29. Hemi-stich,s. See STICIIOS, p. SO; Hemo-r-rhage, s. from al/Lo, h-aima, blood, and p'OJ, rMo, I flow. A flowing of blood.

Hepta-gon, $. See GON'A, p. 9•

. ~ " It appears that I-Iarmony, as we call it, was un­ known to the ancients: they used that term as we use simple melody, when we speak of it as a thing distin­ guished from modulated air. The term melody was npplied ~ what we call (Air,' or 'Song.'''- Burney. 68 HYB

Hept-~rchy, s. See ARCIlE, p. 5. :Heresy, s. {rmn alpEGu, h-airesis, n wrong opinion..- An opinion different from that received by the church. IIcro, s. fronl ~P(dS, h-eros, one that prescnoes. A man eminent for his bravery. Hetero.dox, s. See DOXA, 1" 7. Hetero-geneous, m{j. See GENOS, p. 8. Hetero-scii, s. See SKIA, p. 26. Hexa-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. Hier-archy, s. See ARCHE, p. 5. Hiero-glyphs, s. from I,pos, 1I-iifr'5s, sacred, and 7l.v'Pw, ·glupllO, I carve. The symbolical characters used by the ancient Egyptiaus. Hippo-drome, s. from I".,ros, ',-ipp'i$s, allOrse, and ~pop.os, . dramas, a course. A racc-course. Homily, s. from hp.'l.

species; these arc extremely common, and as produc. tive as the simple vegetable. /,' Hydm, s. from vowp, It-udor, waleI'. A term applied to a monstrous kind of water-serpent said to have several heads. It is supposed that the Hydra was a multitude of serpenls that infested the marshes of Lerna in Greece. These Hercules is said to have extirpated by setting fire to the reeds in which they lodged. The word is sometimes applied, as an epithet, to that which is productive of a multiplicity of evils. Thus, an outrageous mob is figurative])' termed" a hydra-headed monster." I-Iydr-a~llics, s. frOln ;'Bwp, ll·udur, water, and aVAos, aul'iJs, a pipe. The'science of conveying water hy pipes. Hydro-meter, s. See lIfE'fREO, p. 19. ~', ,~ t', ,1. '"He «.:- i"r- • '\ I H)'dro-metro-graph, s. See GR~rHE, p. 10. lI)'dro-stntics, s. fro"m {,owp, !l-udul', water, and C1TaTlK.,. stalike, the science of weighing. The science which treats of weighing fluids, or of weighing hodies in fluids. Hydro-gen, s. Sec GENO, p. 8. Hydro-phobia, s. from vowp, It-udor, waleI', and

any thing is increased 01' decreased heyond the exact truth. Hyper-myri-orama, s. Sec ORAMA, p. 28. Hypo-chondria, s. A species of melancholy fOlme'ly supposed to arise from disease in the IIYPOCHONDRES, that is, those parts of the hody which lie under the false rihs. IIypochondres is formed of ~"o, "-1lP~, linder, and xovopos, chondr'6s, a cartilage.

lIypo-thesis, $. from v7ro, Tt-upo, under, and iJ'E(nr, thesis, a position. A syslem formed on principles not ab­ solutely certain. 1. ICmlO-GRArIlY, s. See GRAr'lE, p. 10. Iehthy-o-graphy, s. Sec GRAPIIE, p. 10. Ichthy-o-logy, s. See LOGos, p. 18. Ichthy-o-phagi, s. See PIIAGO,. p. 25. Icon-a-clast, s. from ELKWV, eikun, an image, anUIi7\o.w, klao, I break. A destroyer of images. Icono-graphy, s. Sec GRArIlE, p. !O. Idea, s. from toea, idea, the image or resemblance of u. thing which, though not seen, is conceived by the mind. Idiom, s. from ,alOS, 1IZiOs, peculiar. A mode of speak_ ing pecnliar to a langnage. Thus," Is Mr. A. at home?" is a phrase conformable to the idiom of the English language. If we translate this into French, and 1'e-translate the expression into English, we should say, "Mr. A. is he at home?" This would be an English phrase, wntte!\ according to the idiom of the French language. Ido-Iater, s. from Ela",;\.OV, 1!idol'iJn, an idol, and },.arpEla, Zatreio, worship. One who worships idols. - Jot, or Iota, s. from 'WTa, iota, the name of the vowel i LAC 71 ill the Greek alphabet. These words are used in a figurative sense to designate the least quantity pos- sible of any thing. ' Irony, s. from ErpCAJVEta., eiro~eia, a mode of speech in which the meaning is quite contrary to the words. Iso-ehronous, adj. See CIIIIONOS, p. 7. K. KAL-EIDO-SCOPE, s. (Sec SKOPEO" p', 27.) "Musical Kaleidoscope. A very curious invcntion has becn made in the art of musical composition. Cards are prepared, on each of which a bar of an air is arrange!1 according to a certain rhythm and key; Four packs of these cards marked A, B, C, D, are mingled together; and as the cards are drawn and arrangel! before a performer in the order of that series, it ,,,ill be found an original air is obtained. The invention may be called Musical Permutation. 'It has received, however, improperly, that of Musical Kaleidoscope." [Permutation is formed from the Latin word permltlo, I change frequently.] Kalo-gynomia, s. from ICa7l.os, !caWs, beautiful, and 'YUV'fI, gUM, 'woman; ,the title of n book relative to Female Beauty. Kemmo-graphic, adj. Sec GIlArHE, p. 10. L. LACONIC, adj. from AaIC",vla, Lakon;a, the nameofa coun­ try in ancient Greece, ofwhich Sparta was the capital. The Spartans being taught to think profonndly and to express themselves concisely, obtained such a habit ofanswering sharply, and were so remarkable forthe sharpness of their repartees, that" laconic brevity" became a by-word; and the epithet laconic is still npplied to a sentence that conveys much in a few words; such, for example, is that answer returned by Il,e Spart.~ns to a long epistle of an enemy, threaten- 72 LIT

iog to destroy them by fire and sword: "if, ". that is, "do if you can." Or that epistle of Cresar to the· Roman Senate, after conquering Phnrnaces, King of Pautus, ]Teni, Vidi, riel; " I came, I saw, I COil­ quered." Lemma, s. a thing which is taken. This term denote. a previous proposition, laid down in order to clear the way for some following demonstration. Lexico-grapher, s. See GRAl'HE, p. 10. Litany, s. from AlTav..", litall~ia, supplication. A. solemn form of supplication to God, in which the priest utters some things fit to be prayed for, and tllC people join in the intercession, saying, "·We beseech thee to hear us, good Lord," &c. At first Litanies were not fixed to any stated time, but were only employed as exigencies required. They were observed, in imitation of. the Ninevites, with ardent supplications and fastings to avert threatening judgments of fire, earthquakes, inundations, or hos­ tile invasions. About 400 years after Christ, litanies began to be used in processions, the people walkinO" barefoot, and repeating them with great devotion~ and it is pretended, that by this means seyeral coun­ lries were preserved from great calamities. The days on which these were used were called rogation days: from the Latin word TOgO, I beseech. These were appointed by councils,until it was decreed that they should be used every month throughout the year, and thus by degrees they came to be used weekly on "\Vednesdays and Fridays, the ancient stationary da).• for fasting. To these days the rubric" of Qur church has added Sunday, as being the greatest day for as. sembling at divine service.

;f Ru~ric, froul the Latin word Tuber, rcd; directions printed 111 books of law and in prayer-books, are 30 termed, because they were originally distingi,i.hed by .1leing in rcd ink. . Lye 73 Defore the last review of the Common Prayer, the Litany was a distinct service by itself, amI used sometime after the morning prayer was o,'cr; at present it is made one office with the morning service, being ordered to be read after the third collect for grace, instead of the intercessional prayers in the daily service. Litho-graphy, s. Sec GRArHE, p. 10. I,it-urgy, s. from A'lITOS, ltiit'6$, public, and

M. MACIIINE, s. in general signifies any thing that serves to nugmcnt or to }"cgulate moving powers, or it is nny hody destined to prodnce motion, so as to save either time or force. The word comes from fL'fJXa.vi], mecllalle, a machine. In strictness, a r~,achinc is something which consists morc in art and invention than in the strength and solidity ofthe materials, for which reason it is thatthe inventors ofmachines arc called engineers. The word Machine is nearly synonymous with engine, a term altogether modern, and bestowed chiefly on contrivances for executing work, in which much ingenuity and mechanical skill arc manifest. Indeed, the term engine is limited, by careful writers, to machines of considerable magnitude, or of con­ siderable art and contrivance. Thus we say with propriety, a steam engine, and a fire engine; a copy­ ing machine, and an electrical machine. l\facro-cosm, s. See KOS'IOS, p. 18. Mamma, s. Some etymologists derive this word from the Greek papa, mama, or papp.a, mamma: but it appears that" this word, like PAPA, is one of those of which it is needless to seek the etymology in any language, and which is formed by nature in the mouth even of infants. In all countries infants begin to speak by pronouncing the labial letters (viz. m, b, p, j), because they are the most easily pronounced; and the first sounds which we hear from them are, ma, pa, em, &c. " TJlese 'words, thus dictated by nature, have been adopted by fathers and mothers in all countries. Thus, for example, in the Hebrew we find em; in the Syriac and Arabic, ~ma ;in the Chaldean, imma; in Latin and Italian, mamma; in Spanish, mama; in the Dutch, mcm; and in German, memme.~J Mano-meter, s. See l\fETRON, p. 19. .

,~--- MAT 75

,Mano-scope, s. See SKOTEO, p. 27 Marty,r, s. See MARTua, p. 19. Mateo-techny, s. See TECIINE, p. so. ~l\I~~ih-orama, S., See DRAMA, p. 23. [llfarinus is a " ,..Latin word, and signifies belonging to the sea.] r""'::" :Mathematics, s. from f'cdJ1]';.tet, '11wth2ma, a science. The science which contemplates whatever is capable of being numbered or mcasured. Mathematics is commonly distinguished into Speculative and Prac- ,tical,. Pure and Mixed. Speculative :Uathcmatics simply considers the properties of things; and Prac­ tical l1Iatllematics applies the knowledge of those :. - properties to some uses in life. Pure l1Iathematics is that branch which considers quantity abstractedly", and without any relation to matter or bodies, as Arithmetic and Geometry. 'l1fixed l1Iatllematics, considers quantity as subsisting in material being; for instance, length in a pole, depth in a l'iver, height in a tower, &c.-Pure l1Iathe­ -malics, again, either considers quantity as abstract or discrete t (these words are synonymous in this sense), and so computable, as Arithmetic; or as concrctef,

" Abstraction is formed from the Latin words, abs, from, and traho, I draw. It is that operation of the Inind, whereby we separate things naturally existing together; and form and consider ideas of things thus separated. • ri" Discrete is from dis, a particle denoting separation, and cerno (of which the participle is cretus), I consider. 'V:hen we speak of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, without applying them to any thing, they arc called discrete, Of, morc usually, abstract numbers; but if we say 2 men, S womell, 4 boys, and so on, 2, 3, '4, become conC"cle numbers. * Concrete is from con, with or togcther, and (;erno. Sec the prcceding note. H 2 76 MET

and so measurable, ns Geometry. lVixed l1fatllematics is very extensive, and is distinguished hy various names, according to·tllC different subjects it considcr~ and the different views in which it is tal\:cn, such as. astronomy, geograph)-, optics, llydrostatics, navi gation, &e. l\Icchanics, s. from J1.7JxaV11, 11lecllane, a machine. That J branch of practical mathematics which considers motion and moving }Jowers, their nature and laws, with their effccts in machines. (Sec lI!AellIlIE.) The term is equally applied to the doctrine of th~ equi­ lihrium of powers, more properly called statics (Sec STATICS); and to that science which treats of the generation and communication of lllations, which constitutes dynamics, or mechanics strictly so called. Sec DYNA.lICS. IIIega-cosm, s.. Sec Kos"os, p. 13. l\1ela-n-choly, s. from J.t

pier brute, or even n human creature', was to be their lot, Pythagoras is supposed to have horrowed this notion from the ancient Brachmans (certain inha­ hitants of India). The notion still makes the prin­ cipal foundation of their religion. lIIany not only forhear eating any thing which IIOS life, hue even refuse to defend themselves from wild heasts. 1\lct-oor, s. from ;CETct, meta, beyond, and aerp"', ai'!iro, I lift up. A body in the air, of a luminous and trans­ itOT)' nature. nIet.hod, s. from !.tETe<, 7IIifta, along or heyond, and J50s, h-ua6s, a path, literally means a path from one ohject to another. "The first idea of method is a progres­ sive transition from' one step in any course to another, and when the word method is used with I'eference to many such transitions in continuity, it nccc~sarily implies a principle of 'unit!! with lJrogression." -"It it be permitted," says Lord Bncon, "to cstirl1utc a thing hy the importance which is peculiar to it, the science of method may he considered the key of all sciences: in the same manner as the hand is the in­ strument of instruments, the human intelligence the designer of designs, so method ought to be the art of arts; it not only directs the mind but strengthens its powers, as the habitual exercise of shooting arrows enables us not onlyto aim at an object with more prcd. sion, but also to bend the bow itselfwith more yigour. II All things in us and about us afC a chaos, if mc­ thm! be not present, and so long as the mind is en­ tirely passin', so long as there is an habitual submis­ sion of the understanding to mere evonts and images, without any attempt to classify them, so long the chaos luust continue. There may be tr:ansition, but there can never be progress; thcrc.may be sen~ation, hut not thought, for the total want of method renders thinking impracticable. nut as soon as the mind becomes accustomcd to contemplate not things"alone, but TcI~tion of things, there is immediate need of MNE 79 sonic path or way of transit from one to the olher of the things related; -there must be some Inw of agreement or of contrast between theln; there must be some tnodc of comparison; in short, there must·be meUwc/. l'flet.on)'my, s. Sec ONO>lA, p. 22. IIIetre, s. Sec MURON, p. 19. l'fletro-polis, s. from f''1T'1P, miiliir, mother, and ",oAI.<, l'~lis, a citro The chief city of a country. l\1iasm, $. frOln ptatv"" miaino, I infect. Those atoms or particles which arisc from distcmpered or putrify­ ,. . ing poisonous bodies. ~:.' . Miero-eosm, s. Sec KOS>IOS, p. 1S: l\1icro-seope, s. Sec SKOPEO, p. 27. l\IiInic, s. from f!lftOS, mimvs, an imitator. J\Iis-anthropy, s. See ANTIIROPOS, p. 5. lIIiso-gamist, s. Sec G.UIOS, p. 8. 1\Iiso-gynist, s. frOlu P.I(]'EW, 111iseJJJ I hate, and I'l'l/ll, gwzc, a woman. A woman-]mtcr. l\Incmollics, s. from f'lJaop.a~, mnal$mai, I rememher. The art of improving the memory. "It·sulli­ cientlyappears that the principal expedient for assist­ ing the memory is deriYed ffOlTI association; and of this expedient Simonides, Cicero, and Quintilian ~\Vailcd themselves in the contrivances wbich ther suggested for this purpose. lIa\'ing fixed upon Cer­ tain s)'mbols of the snbjects which the)' wish to recol­ lect, they woultltransfer these s),mbols to the different compartments of a house or public building, or to the different parts of the walls of a city or public road, and when these compartments, &e. prese.nted them­ selves to "iew, or occurred in recollection, they wou1<1 suggest the symbols attached to them, and tllese symbols would revive the rememhrance of the sentence or subjects to which they appertained: and 80 MYR

thus, by means of such compartments or symbols, a whole discourse might be committed to memory, amI recollected when occasion required. . "Upon these principles was founded the topical memory of the ancients; and from this source, with­ out doubt, are derived all the various systems of local and symbolical memory that have been practised in more modern times." Monachal, adj. from pov"xos, m~nacMs, solitary. Be­ longing to monks. lVlon-archy, s. Sec AltCIIE, p. 5. Monastic, mg. from pov"rw, mtlna.ii, I lead a solitary life Guavas, ?nonos, [lIane, and atw, azu, I worship]. Mou-ody, s. Sec AElDo, 1" 1. l\Iono-gamist, s. See GAnas, p. 8. ' Mono-gram, s. Sec GltAMMA, p. 9. Mono-logue, s. Sec LOGos, 1'. 18. l\Iono-maehy, s. Sec MACIlE, 1" 18. Mono-stich, s. Sec STICHas, 1'. 80. l\fono-poly, s. from }lovas, munus, alone, and 7TWi\ECtJ, puleo, I sell. The sale powe!', or an assumption of the sale power, of selling any commodity. lIIono,syllable, s. Sec SULI,ABE, p. 80. 1\Iono-tony, s. from }J.OVOS, munos, alone, and TOPOS, tonus, a tone. A want of proper cadency or variation in pronunciation. lVIono-theism, s. Sec TUEOS, p. 81. My-apia, s. from pvw, muii, I wink, and Oljt, 0]1s, an eye. The state of being ncar-sighted. Myl'iad, s. from pvp"'s, mur;as, ten thousand. Pro. verbiallya very great number. Myri-areh, s. Sec ARCIm, p. 5. lVIyri.orama, s. Sec ORAMA, p. 23. NUM 81

Mystery, s. from I'VCTT1JP'OV, 11l11stiiri'iln, something secret, ,'impossible, or difficult to he eompl'ehemled. Mys­ tery is plimarily used in speaking of certain truths revealed in Scripture, into the full'understandin" of which human reason cannot penetrate. 0 Mytho-logy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. N.

NAU-~IACHY, s. See MACH", p. 18.

Necro-logy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. ,Nectar; s. from VEKTCtp, nectar, a pleasant liquor, said - to be drunk by the heathen deities. Their food Was r'. called ambrosia. Sec AMBROSIA.

Necro-mancy, s. Sec ApPENDIX.

Nco-logy, s. Sec LOGOS, p.13.

Neo-gamist, s. Sec GA'IOS, p. 8.

Neo-phytc, s. from VEOS, n~ils, new, and cpu"" pTmo, I , grow. A person regenerated.

N e-penthe, s. from V1j, nu, not, and "'Ev8os, penthils, pain. A kind of potion, which made persons forget aU their pains and misfortunes. The nepenthe men­ tioned by ancient authors was the juice of a plant now unknown. The word is now used, by some of our poets, as a figurative expression for any thing which affords consolation to the mind.

Nouse, s. from voos, n'6~s, or VOL'S, 'Il'6us, the Dlind, is used in familiar language to denote" understanding" or Ie prudence."

Nomo-graphy, s. Sec GnAPIIE, p.10. Numismatic, mij. that which has relation to ancient medals or coins, from VO"'CTI'Ct, llilm;s7llo, a medal or piece of money. ' 82 ONO

Nyctal-opia, s. from VVI

OBELISK, s. o€ei\HTH.OS, 'rJbe[i$kos, a stone, or stones, cut in the form of a pyramid. Ocean, s. (oceanlls, Latin) from the Greek word, WK''''S, okeos, swiftly, mid vaw, nao, I flow; thus, Okeanas denotes" the swiftly flowing water," the great sea. Ochlo-eracy, s. See KRA"OS, p. IS. Octa-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. Ode, s. See AEIDo, p. 1. Odont-algia, s. See ALGos, p.4. Omega, the last letter in the Greek alphabet, and there­ forc taken in the Holy Scripture for "the last." Sec Reo. i. 8.' mco-nomy, s. See NOMOS, p. 21. (Ecumenical, s. from OlKOV/-,EVtKOS, iJikuum'enikus, relnting to the whole world. Universal. mso-phagus, s. See PUAGO, p. 25. Oiko-phobia, s. from O'KOS, oikos, dwelling, and lA, p. 22. Opistho-graphy, s. Sec GaArIIE, p. 10. Ophthalmia, s. from oepea;\p.or, ~p!lthalm~s, the eye. An inflammation in the coats of the eye. Opsi-mathy, s. Sec 1\IANTIlANO, p. 19. Optic3, s. from 00/, ~ps, ,m eye. Relating to the science of.vision. Orcheso-graphy, s. Sec GaAPIlE, p. 10. Organ, s. fr01n opj'Ctv"Ov, tlrgan~n, nn instrument. The nnme given to no particular tnusical instrument, as , heing the instrnment, in preference to all others. As . in English we sa)", I am, going to TowN', that is, the Town in preference to all others, namely, London. Sec BIBLE and CATIlEDaAL. Ornilho-Iogy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. Orphan, s. from ,opepavos, ~'l'han~s, destitute. A father­ less or motherless child. Ortho-dox, /lev. Sce DOXA, p. 7. Ortho-epy, s. from opeos, ~rtl,~s, correct, and Err"', <11'0, I speak. Corrcet pronunciation. Ortho-graphy, s. Sec GaAPm:, p. 10. Ostrncism, s. from ocrTpalCov, oslrakun, n fish's shell. A manner of passing sentence among the ancients, in which thc note of aeqnittal 01' condemnation wns marked on n shell and thrown into a !lox. Ot.algia, s. Sec ALGOS, p. 4. Ourano-graphy, s. Sec GRAPIlO, p. 10. Ontinian, IlIV' - Ontinion Society. "Merit nIHI mo­ desty arc so intimately united, that the world is scarcely aware of the existence of this Institution. Yet such is its excellence, that to know that it is, is to know that it is good. The Society hns its name from OlfTl. (~ut;'), 'no!lod)',' signif)'ing that wlmt PAN

is every body's business is nobody's business. Tho Outinian Lectures'are givcn at No. 10. New Street, Spring Gardens," - London Museum. Oxy-gen, s. See GXNNAO, p. 8. Oxy-mel, s. from o~us, ~xus, sharp, and 1'<;\', lIl~!I, honey. A mixture of honey and vinegar.

P. PJF.DO-DArTIS>I, s. Sec BAPTIZO, -p. 6. Pagan, s. from """1'os, p"g~s, a village. 'Vhen Chris. tianity became the established religion of the Roman empire, the Christians preferred living in towns, while unbelievers inhabited the villages: hencc vii. lager, unbeliever, and pagan, were synonymous terms. Paido-philcan, "dj. from """'OO

Pall-acaa, s. from "1I"CtV, ]Jan, all, and aICEop.Ct£, al:(fi$mai, I cure. See the ,vord ALCIIYAIY, in PRELIMINARY REMARKS. Pan-dmmonium, s. from ."."v, pan, all, and o",i'ov,o;, daim~ni~n, a demon. The great hall or councile chamber of the fallen angels. . PAN 85

Pan.dect, $. from ",av, pan, all, and a.Xo!'"" rl;tch~maj, I contain. A treatise that comprehends the whole of any science. Pan-demic, adj. Sec DE~IOS, p. 7. Pan-egyric, s. An oration in praise of some person 01' thing. The word is formed of ",av, pan, all, and aj'Elpw, ageiro, I assemble; because panegyric~ were anciently prononnced in pnblic and solemn assemblies of the Greeks, both at their games and religious meetings. To make their" panegyrics the more solemn, the Greeks used to begin with the praise of the; Deity in whose hononr the games, &c., were celebrated; then of the magistrates who presided at " them; and, lastly, of the champions who had gained the prizes in them. Panic, s. is :l terln used for a needless or ill.grounded fright. The most mtional account of the origin of this expression is the following: "Pan was the name of ri. general, who, with a few men, put a numerous ,enemy to the rout, by a noise in a rocky valley, favoured by a great number of echoes. This stra ... tagem making their ~umbcr appear much greater than it really was, the enemy qnitted a very com­ modions encampment and fled. Hellee all ill. gronnded fears hiwe been called panics, 01' panic fears."- The imaginary Being termed the heathen God PAN was Inercly an emblem of universal nature. The ,,",ord pan signifies" all. II Pun-oply, s. from ",av, 1'an, all, and p"'Aa, ~pla, armour. Complete armour.

Pan-orama, So (Sec ORA"1., p.2S.)-Pan-orama-copia, or Picture of Endless Transposition, is another pro... fessed improvement upon the lVlyriorama.. Pa", all; copia is a Latin word, and signifies ce abundance."

Pan-theon, $. Sec TIIEOS, p. SI. P:mto.mimc, s. fronl 1TCtJI'TOS, POl1t'()S, genitive of ?rav I 86 .PAR

1,an, all, and JlIJlOS, mim~s, mimicry. A talc exhibitel1 only in gestme and dumb

were still to remain at her disposal, IInless there was some provision Inade to the contrary in the marriage contract. Para-phrase, s. from 7rapa, para, ncar to, similar, and eppao"LS, phmsis, a speeeh. An interpretation according to the sense, and not merelr according to the words. Para-site, s. from 7rapa, para, with, and crtTOS, sitos, corn, was the title given br the Greeks to those who had the'care of the corn used in loeligious ceremonies; and who had a share of the sacrifice at the altar: afterwards it ,,;as applied to those who frequented the tables of great men, and earned their welcome br flatterr. Pamsite plants are those which grow upon othcrs. ___

.. Par-cnthesis, s. from 7rapa, para, between, EV, en, into, .. and ·nen,.,.', tithilmi, I place; that is, the act of pntting ) between. A sentence so included in another sentence, ' __ us that it tuay be taken out without injuring the sense 'if that which incloses it. In speaking, parentheses are to be pronounced in a different tone; and in writing, they arc marked thus (), to distinguish them from the rest of the discourse. Parish, s. frqm 7rapolKta.} paroi/cia, ,tlIe union of neigh­ bouring houses. Our realm was first divided into parishes by Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, ill the year of our Lord 636: the word has the same origin as Parochial. See OIKEO, p. 22. Par-od)', s. Sec Amno, p. I. Par-OIl)'mOUS, acij. See ONOMA, p. 22. Paroxysm, s. from '1l"~PO~VO'fWS, paroxusmos, irritation. The periodical exacerbation or increase of a disease. Paschal, adj, from 1racrxa, pasclza, a passage. Relating to the .Jewish pa~sovcr. It is called Easter, in Englisb, from the goddess Eastre, worshipped by the Saxons with peculiar ceremonies in the month of April. - Pasch-egg, is all egg d~'etl or stained, pre.. I 2 88 PEN

sented to young people about the time of Easter, in several parts of the north of England. Such egg. arc sold ycry commonly in France during Lent. l~athclic, mY. from '1rw90s, pathos, feeling, affecting the feelings. Patho-gnomy, s. Sec PATHOS, p. 25. Patri-arch, s. See AncHos, p. 5.

Patriot, s. from 1rctTpU.lJT71S, l'alriotes, a layer of his country. Patr-onymic, my; Sec ONOMA, p. 2S. Ped-agoguc, s. See AGo, p. 4. Peda-meter, s. from 7I"OOOS, jJoclos, gen. of 1rotJS, pOllS, a foot, and P.ETpOP, melrun, a mensure. An instrument in the form of a watch, consisting of various wheels with teeth catching in onc another, whirh, by means of a chain or string fastened to a man'sfoot, or to the wheel of a chmiat, advances a notch eacl) slep, or each revolution of the wheel; so that the number being marked on the edge of each wheel, one may number the paces, or measure the exact distance from one place to another. Racing Pedometer. "An instrument has lately been invente(l in France which precisely marks the time that not only the winning, but every other horse takes in running the course, even if there should be SO of thein, and the interval between eaeh only a 'lua.ter of a second. The' Jury of the Races,' at Paris, have expressed their full approbation of the instrument."-Annals ifPhilosophy, No. xi. Penta-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9.

Penta-teuch, s. from 1TEVTE., p'iJnle, five, and 'TEVXOS, t~llchos, a volume. The five books of 1\1oses. •

Pentecost, s. from 'Il"EVT7JKOUTOS, p~ntekoSlos, fiftieth. A feast among the Jews, so called because it was cele­ brated fifty days after the Passover. PHA 89

Peri-cranium, $. from 'fr'epl, peri, about, and Kpa.VWV, kmniun, the skull. The memhrane that covers the skull. Peri-ad, s. from 7rEpl, peri, about, and t5aos, It-()(lOs; a war. The term period is variously emplo)"ed, hut still pre­ serving the primitive acceptation of a way about, a circuit. Thus a period is said to be "a round of ,vards, which renders the sense completc,1I or a "course of eyents." Time, included within any given points, is termed a period. Thus the period ofday, or of night, is the space oftime comprehended hetween the rising ahd setting, or the setting and rising of the sun. The period of a year comprehends the space which the earth requires for its annual revolution. So in an extended and moral applica­ tion, we have stated periods in our life. Peri-oeci, s. See OIKEO, p. 22. l:>eri-osteum, s. from 'lTEpl,peri,.about, and OG''TEOV, osteon, a hone. The memhrane that covers the hones.

Peri-pateti.c, adj. from 7rEpt, peri, about, and '1rctTEW, pat;Hi, I walk. A sect of philosophers were so named, hecause they discoursed while '.walking. Peri-phery, s. from "'

Peri-phrase, $. from 7rEpt, peri, about, and epparrls, ph1'asis, a speech. A circumlocution, or usc of many words to express the sense of onc. Peri-purist, s. from '!rep!, peri, around, and 7rVp, pur, fire. A name given to a newly invented cooking apparatus. Peri-scii, s. See SKIA, p. 26. Peristrephic ·Panorama. See OnAMA, p. 23. Phantom, or Phantasm, s. from epavTaup..a, plwntasma, an appearance. Something appearing only to the imagination. _ Phantasmagoria (OoI'Opa., agora,. an assemhlage); a term applied to an instrument or - 13 90 PHI

"pparatus, by means of which the appearance oC per. sons and things is produced. Ilhcnorocnon, s. from tpalvop.ac, phainomai, I appear. A striking or peculiar appearance in the works of nature.

Phil-anthropy, $. See ANTIlRoros, p. 5•. Phil-harmonic, ar!i. A title lately adopte,l by a III n­ sical Society: it is formed of pl?or, phillis, lover of, and harmonia. See HARMO"Y. ~ Philo-logy, s. See LOGOS, p. 13. Philo-math, s. See MANTIlANO, p. 19. Philo-sopher, s. from

consid

p}i)'sio~gnomr, s. frolu epVC1lS, phllSis, nature, and 7IVWrJICCr1, giniis","tJ, I know. This term is usually em­ ployed to designate the science or knowledge of the corresponding analogy between the confonnation of the features and the ruling passions of the Mind. Lavater ~ays, "Physiognomy, opposed to .Pa­ thognomy, is the knowledge of the signs of the powers and inclinations of men. Pathognomy is the kuowledge of the signs of the passions. Physiognomy, therefore, teaches the knowledge of characters at rest, and pathognomy of characters in motion. The former shows what man is in general; the latter what he becomes at particular moments." Pirate, s. from ';'etpa'T1]s, pfJirates, onc that robs on the sea. The term Piracy is also applied to literary thefts. Plague, s. from Tril.7/")% pliJgi!, a stroke. A very con­ tagious and destructive disease. Any thing more than commonly troublesome, as we say, The plagues of Egypt. Planet, s. from Tril.avaaJ1.a" plana~71lai, I wander. Those heavenly bodies that move round the. sun. 'Ve number the earth among the primary planets, be­ cause we know that it moves round the sun; and the moon is accounted among the secondary planets, or satellites of the primary, since she moves round the earth. Plani-sphere, s. See SPlIAIltA, p. 29. Pleonasm, s. from Tril.Eavatw, pll!1Jnazo, I abound. .A mode of speech in which more words are used than I what arc necessary. I Pneulnatics, s. from 7rVEvp.a, pn~umet, air. That part 1\ of natural philosophy which treats of the mechanical properties of air, and the different elastic fluids. L\ Pneumato-Iogy, s. See LOGOS, p. IS. I Poet, s. from Tra«w, p~i~o, I do or make. The.author of a fiction; poems being for the most part works of fiction. PRA 93

Polemic, acfj. frOIn 7ro'Ae/-,os, p~lem'6s, war. Belonging "to controversy. Poly-gamy, s. See GAMOS, p. 8.

IJoly-glot, $. from '1i"OAVS, polus, many, and 7i\wO'

Poly-,pus, s. from 1I'oi\vs, pulus, many, and 1rOVS, jJOllS, a foot. An animal with many feet. Poly-phonous, s.from "o7l.us,p~lus,many, and.pOlv1),phUlle, a sound. A name applied to a trumpet lately invented. Poly-syllable, s. Sec SULLABE, p. 30. Poly-technic, s. See TECHNE, p. 30. Poly-theism, s. Sec THEOS, p. 31. Prrelia-graphy, s. from pralia, the plural of pnrhu11l, the Latin word for battle. (See GaAPIIo, p. 10.) A term applied to a map of England (published by 1\1r. Harris, St. Paul's Church-yard), having a notice of all the battles fought in the kingdom. Pragmatic, adj. from 7rpa.:yp.a, l'ragma, business. Iln~ pertinently busy. Pragmatic sanction, in civil law, is a rescript or answer of the sovereign, delivered by advice of his council, to some college, or body of people, upon consulting him on some case of their community. The pragmatic sanction, of which fre­ quent mention is made in the history of England, is the term applied to a settlement of Charles VI., Emperor of Germany, who, in the year 1722, ha"ing 110 SOIlS, settled his hereditary dominions on his eldest daughter, the Archduchess Maria Theresa, \vhich was confirmed by the diet of the empire, and guaranteed 94 PRO

by Great Britain, France, and most of the powers of Europe. Presbyter, s. from lI"pfcrl!UTfpOS, IJresbut11r~s, old. An elder, One of the second order of ecclesiastics among the first Christians, bishops being the highest order, and deacons the lowest. Problem, s. from lI"potlA7)J.'a, l)r~bli!ma, which is formed of lI"pO, pr~, before, {3aAAw, ballo, I place. A problem. in logic, is a proposition that neitherappears ahsolutely true nor false; but which is probahle on both sirles, and may be asserted either in the negative or affirm­ ative, with equal 'evidence. Thus, that the moon and the planets are inhabited by animals in SOme respects like ourselves, is a problem; that the fixed stars are also suns, and eaeh the centre of a separate system of planets and" comets, is a problem. A problem, in geometry, is a proposition given to be demonstrated, in which something is required to be done; and what is done to be proved to be the thing required. See THEOItEM. Pro-chronism, s. See CHItONOS, 1'.7. Pro-gnostic, s. from 7fpO, pro, -before, and I'l",/vwrrKW, gignosko, I know. A prediction or knowledge be­ forehand. Pro.gramme, s. Sec GRA'MMA, p. 9. Prolegomena, from 1rpOAE'Y"" pr'lUegu, I llreface, or speak belore, is a term applied to certain preparatory observations, or discourses, prefixed to a bo·ok, con. taining something necessary for the reader to .be apprised of, to enable him the better to understand the book. Prolepsis, from lI"pOA7)'jltS, pr~li!psis, anticipation, a term applied to a previous and concise view of a subject, or an anticipation of objections. Pro-loglle, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. PYR 95

Pro-phccy, s. from "'po, pr~, beforc, and lIAa.(f(1W, phulass'ii, I defend. Any means made usc of to prescrve hcalth. Pro-s-ody, s. Sce AmDo, p. 1. l:>r~~opo-proia, s. from 7rpoa'oorrov, prosopon, a person, . and "lTO~EW, poi(1o, I tnake. A personification.

Proto-col, s. from 1rp"'TOf, protos, the first, and IlDl\l\a, kulla, gluc. Thus protocol means the writing that is glued the first; because, among the ancients, writings .were glued together. Protocol is now used to .express a writing which is at first briefly noted, and afterwards ameuded and furthcr enlargcd. A rough draft. Proto-martyr, s. See l\TARTUR, p. 19. Proto~type, s. Sce Toros, p. 32. Psalm, s. from >/JaAAw, psall'ii, I sing. A sacrcll song. Psalm-ody, s. See AEIDO, p. 1. Pseudo-apostle, s. Scc STELLO, p. 29. Pseudo-dox, s. See DOXA, p. 7. Pscudo-marty,·, s. Scc MARTUR, p. 19. Pseudo-prophct, s. from '!'

by 1\11'. Garden, an eminent chemist in Oxford Street, for producing instantaneous light by the aClion of inflammable air upon a metallic substance. R. RHAPS-ODIST, s. Sec AElDO, p. I. Rhetoric, s. from In1TCtJp, rhetor, a declaimer. The art . of speaking with eloquence and persuasion. Rheum, s. from pew, rh1l0, I flow. The technical term for a disease usually called a cold. Rhyme, s. Rhyme was, in the first edition, on the authOl·ity of the sixth edition of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, said to be derived from the Greek word IJV6p.os, rlmtll1nos, a rule; but the writer has since found the following remark on the subject: "Rhyme and Rhythm are two distinct things; the latter only is derived from {wOp.as, rlmthmos, which signi~es the proportion which the parts of motion bear to each other. Rhythm, as applied to poetry, denotes the measure of the feet, or the number and combination of long and short syllables. Rhyme is from the Gothic ryma, or rim, and signifies properly the correspondence of the last sound of one verse to the last sound of the next." [A foot (so called from the ancient custom ofbeating time by the foot) is·a part of a verse, and consists of two or more syllables.] See page 20. S. SAN-HEDRI:U, s. from O'l'V, sun, with, and Eopa, l~ ..edra, a scat. The supreme council among the Jews. Sarco-phagus, s. Sec PHAGO, p. 25. Scheme, s. from

through diversity of opinions mnong people of the same religion and faith. Thus the Romanists bestow the name of English schism on the reformation of religion in this kingdom. Those of the church of England again apply the term schism to the separa. tion of the Nonconformists; viz. the Preshyterians, Independents, and Baptists, who contend for a farthcr reformation. School, s. axol\:rr, sclz'6Ze, case, leisure, freedom from lnhour; "a school, i. e. a place or huilding where persons, being at leisure from hodily labour and business, attend to the improvement of the Inind. The word occurs in Acts xix. 9. The Greek writers in like manner use this. word for the Schools of the Philosophers." - Parkhurst. Sidero-graphy, s. from C1&811POS, sider'lJs, iron, or steel. (See GRAPHO, p. 10.) Engraving on steel. Simony, s. The act of buying or selling a church pre­ ferment, so termed from Simon the Sorcerer, who wished to buy of St. Peter the gift of conferring the Holy Ghost. See Acts, viii. 18. Skeptic, s. from CfKE'Tf''Top.al, skept'6mai, I look round about. One who doubts or pretends to doubt of . every thing.

Solecism, s. from (fo"A.olK'o-jJ.O~, solOikismosJ an impropriety in la:nguage. A DARBAnIsn may be in one word, a SOLECIS>t must be in more. The SOLI, a people of Greece, lost the purity of their ancient tongue, and became ridiculons to the Athenians for their impro_ prietics of speech; hence originated the expression. The termination ismos. marks" imitation. U Sophist, s. from O'oepos, s~ph~s, wise, or O'OeplO'T'1S, s~pllist'iiJ,' an impostor or deceiver. A person who frames sophisms; that is, subtile argnments, with design to deceive those liC would persuade or convince. The term sophist, which is now reproachful, was nr.ciently honourable; itsignified a rhelor, or professor K 98 STE

of eloquence, nnd Wns npplicd indifferently to nil who excelled in any art or science; whether ilivincs, pocts, physicians, lawyers, orators, or musicians. However, ns rhetoricinns often employed their nrt rnther to vindicnte whnt wns fnlse nnd unjust thnn to support truth nnd virtue, their conduct brought dis­ credit both upon themselves nnd their professions; nnd therefore the nnme Sophist hns been more generally used in ;Ill ill sense, to signify one skillcd rather in the art of cavilling thnn qunlified to spenk well and accurately upon any subject. A sophism is nn argument which, with some subtHty, carries much appearance of truth, but little solidity, and only invented to amuse and embarrass tbe person to whom it is addressed; as, "You have every thing you hnve not lost; you have not lost horns, therefore rou have horns. " See PHILOSOPHY•. Span, s. from O'1raw, spau, I draw or extend. "Span­ new, properly of cloth just extended on the rack and smoothed. Spick-and-span-new, just taken from the spicks, or spikes." - J:.lugenJ. Spasm, s. from O''1I"a"" spaa, I draw. A sudden and violent contraction of any part. Statics, s. from CT'raTUtos, statz1'os, having the power of remaining still, or in a state of equilibrium. That branch of meehnnics_which·treats of the doctrine of forces considered as they balance each other in a stnte of rest. (See D:n,A>ncs and MECHANICS.) Such is the strict meaning of the term Stntics. The general definition of it is, the science which considers the weight of bodies; the science of weighing. Statistics, s. A term of very recent adoption, which is intended to express a comprehensive view of the va­ rious pnrticulnrs constituting the natural and political strength and resources of a country. It is derived from the same source as statics. Sec STATICS. Steno-graphy, s. Sec GItAPIJE, p. 10. lltentorian, adj. from Stentor, the name of a herald who.e STI 99 _voice was said to be as loud as that of fifty men. A person who talks very loud is said to have stentorian lungs. Stereo-type, s. See Turos, p. S\? Stigma, s. This term offers an example of the various uses to which words arc applied, and which llevcrthc":' less preserve their primitive signification. 1. If 'YO seck for stigma in an English dictionary, we find "a brand, a mark with n hot iron, a 111ark of infamy; -, -" it is unjust to attach a stigma to a whole body of men for the speculative views of some one among tlicm;" -" the cross which our Saviour's enemies thought was to stigmatize him with ioHnny, became the ensign of his renown." (Blair.) - [Slig­ 1natize. 'rhe ancients wore accustomed to punish their slaves by applying a red-not iron, marked with certain letters, to their foreheads. The word is now lIsed figuratively, and means to brand or mark with some token of infamy. Among some nations, how­ ever, stigmatizing was considered as a distinguished mark of honour and nobilit)·, and such is still the case with many of tho inhabitants of the islands ill the South Sea.] II. Ifwe seek in a Latin dictionary, we findsti'gma, genitive stigmatis, a lnark or brand on the forehead, reproach, infamy. II1. If in a dictionary of Medical terms, we find stigma, a small red speck in the skin, occasioning 110 elevation of the cuticle. IV. If we seek the meaning of stigma in a Glos. sary of Botanic Terms, we find, "The stigma, or summit, is the upper part of the pistil. The pistil is an organ in the centre of the flower, which adheres to the fruit, and is destined for the reception of the pol­ len. The pistil is denominated the female part of the flower: it consists of three parts; 1st, the germcll, or seed-bud, which is the lowest part; 2d, the style or shaft, which is the part that stands upon the gcrmcn, K2 100 S T 0

and snpports the 3d part, i. e. the stigma."-" In most flowers the stigma is single; in some there arc two stigmata." (Bingley.) -." For the preparation of saffron (which word is derived from the Arabie Sap"a­ ran), the flowers arc gathered early in the morning, jnst as they are about to blow; they are then spread upon a table, and the stigmas, with a proportion of the style, carefnHy picked ant of the flower, which is thrown away as useless. The stigmas arc then dried on a portable kiln, of a peculiar construction." (Thomson.) . V. The term Stigmata is also applied to the aper­ tures in different parts of the bodies of insects, which serve for the office of"rcspiratiol1.o VI. If we refer to a Greek Lexicon, we find "O"TtrW, slizo, I prick, stamp, or imprint a mark, dis­ tinguish by points, draw in miniature; metaphori­ cally, prick or bite a person, slander or asperse him. ::S'ni'}la, stigma, a mark or spot imprinted upon an)" thing." (Nugent's Primitives if the Greek 7'ongue.) Thus it appears, from the l,,:st research, that stigma meant, in the original, simpI)· a mark, and was sub­ sequently applied to a mark made by a hot iron; an,l also to the upper part of the pistil, as being the m9st marked. Stoics, s. A sect ofancient Philosophers, the followers of Zeno; thus called from UToa, stoa, a portico, oe­ cause Zeno used to teach under a portico. The Stoics led a very austere life, and affected an indif­ ference to all things. One of their doctrines was, that pain is no real evil; but that a wise. tpan is happy in the midst of the severest torture. Hence, we sometimes hear it said, "he bore the pain like a Stoic;" or " with stoical fortitude. U Stole, s. from UTOA7), st~li!, a long robe. The GnooM OF THE STOLE is the eldest lord of his Majesty's hed­ chamber, whose office and honour it is to present and put on his l\I'\iesty's first garment every morning: t!lis is usually done by proxy. . SYM 101

Stratagem, s. from

comprehends in its figure a representation of somc­ thing else. The Freueh term the Apostle's Creed (that which we usually call" The Belief") "La Symbole," because it is a collection and abridgment of theil' faith. Sym-metry, s. See METRO", p.19. Sym-pathy, s. See PATHOS, p.25. Sym-phon)', s. Sec PUONE, p. 25. Sym-ptom, .t;. from f1VP., sum (for (fVP, sun), together, and 1I'Twp.a, pluma, a fall. Something which happens concurrently with something else, not as the original cause, nor as the necessary or constant effect. Syn-agogue, s. See AGO, p. 4. S)·n.chronism, s. ClIROHOS, p. 7. Syn.dic, s. from erup,_ sun, with, and oHt1], dike, justice. A person deputed to act on behalf of a'corporation or community. Synod, s. from crvvooos, sun'6d'6s, an assembly' called for consultation: used particularly of ecclesiastics. 'Ve speak of a provincial synod and :t general council. Sunodos (from O"VV, sun, together, and 600s, h..f';aos, a way or journey) is, literally, a meeting of those who arc travelling in the same path. This has figuratively heen understood of the Christian pastors. " Syn-onymy,~. See ONO>tA, p. 22. Syn.opsi~, s. from o'VV, sun, witl~, and 011', ~ps, a view. A general vicw, all the parts being brought into one I view. Syn..tax, s. fr~m erup, sun, together, nnd Tarro'CIJ, tasso, I put in order. That part of grammar which teaches the construction of words in a sentence. Syn.thesis, s. from cruv, sun, together, and 'Tt97)f'.t, tithiimi, I put. The act ofjoining, the contrary to analysis. I Sy..stem, s. from t1VV, sun, with, and 100'T77/·U, istemi, I I I stand, signifies that which is put together so as to TEL 103

form a whole. "System is an arrangement of many single or individual objects according to some given rule, so as to make them coalesce. :Uethod is thc manner of this arrangement, or the principle upon which this arrangement takes place." - Crabb. Sy-stole, s. from O'VV, sun, .together, and U'TEI\I\W, sma;, I draw. A contraction, the contrary to diastole. T. 1'ACllY...DIDAXY, $. from 'TctXVS, tacTtUs, short, and a,OCtXl1, didachii, instruction. In the 15th No. 'of the London Magazine, the Editors remark, "'Ve have invented this term, in order to designate one of the most wonderful inventions, even in this age of invention and discovery. A German, of the name of Kastner, has written two works that may justly he called a short Cllt to the learned languages. One of these is the art of learning Greek in two months! the other, that of learning to read and to understand Hebrew in four weeks! ! 'I Tachy-graphy, s. Sec GRArHE, p. JO. Tactics, s. from .,-al<'T'I

Tele-scope, s. See SKOPEO, p. 27. Tetr-areh, s. Sec AncHE, p. 5. Tetra-gon, s: See GONIA, p. 9. Thauma-trope, from ~c'"f'a, ilwlI1na, ,~onder, and TpEI. - . Theory, s. from S-Ewpla, th'ifona, a speculation: A plal~ or system yet subsisting only in the mind. A doc­ trine which terminates in the sale speculation .or con­ sideration ofits object, withoutany view to the practice (lr application of it. To be learned in an art, &c., TRA 105

the theory suffices; to be master of it, both the theory· and the practice of it arc required. Machines, muny times, promise very well in the theory, yet fail in the practice. The sciences arc ordinarily divided into theorelical, as theology, philosophy, &c.; andpmctical, as medicine, law, &c. Thermo.meter, s. See l\fETaoN, p. 19. Thesis, s. from iJ"fClU, t!lesis, a position, fanned from .,.,OW

Dr. lllair says, "A Greek Tragedy is the relation of any distressful or mc1ancllOly ineident; somethnes the cflcct of passion or crime, oftener of the decree of the gods, simply exposed; without much variety of parts or events, but naturally and beautifully setbefore us; heightened, by the poetry of the chorus. " A F,'eneh Tmgedy is a series of artful and refined' conversations, founded upon a variety of tragical and interesting situations, carried on with little action and vehemence; but with much poetical beauty, and high propriety amI decorum. • "A" English Tragedy is the combat of strong pil~sions, set b.cfore us in all their violence; pro­ ducing deep disasters; often irregularly conducted; abounding in action; and filling the spectators with grief. - The ancient Tragedies were more natural and simple; the modern are more artfnl amI com­ plex. ',~ Tri-gon, $. Sec GONIA, p. 9. Tri-phthong, $, Sec PIlTIIOGGOS, 1" 26.

Tri-gl)'ph, $. (Sec GLY!'II.) An ornament in the Doric order of architecture, consisting of three glyphs.

Tri-syllable, $. See SULLAlJf:, p. 30. Trope, Trophy, and Tropic, from TpE1ro), irepu, I turn. 'Prope is used to denote the change of a word from a

literal to a figurative sense, as "the cloudsforetelrain. It 'l"'l'OpTtV' the spoils of an enemy with which n. victorious army turns homeward, and which are preserved in ,token of victory. For an explanation of Tropic, the reader must refer to some book on Geography. The '1'1'O]>ic8 derive their name from the circumstance of the sun appearing to us to tum back. Typo-graphy, 8. See GRArJIE, p. 10. Tyrant, s. Among the Greeks the word Tvpavvos, lurannos, whence tyrant, implied no more t11UI1 what we now understand by despot, namely, a possessor of

I" (l " zon 107

unlimited power; but from the natural abuse of such power, it has acquired the significatioll now attached to it, namely, of exercising power to the injury of another. u. URANO-ORAPHV, s. Sec OUU.ANOOItAPUY. Urano-scopy, s. See SKOPEO, p. 27.

V..tapin, s. from OU, ~u, not, and 'T01rOS, tlSpus, n place. UTOPIA is the title of a work written by Sir '1'. More, relative to an imaginary country. Hence the tCl"IU 'utopian is used as synonymous with imagiharyo z: ZEAL, s. from g~1I.os, z;;los, a passionate ardour for any person or thing, Zephyr, s. from reepvpos, zlfp!",':;;s, for z;;p"~r~s, lif,,­ bearer, a soft western wind which brings the fine weather, aml with it life and health to mankind. Zodiac, s. from ~w~la"os, zodiakos (rwov, zoon, an ani­ mal), the line in tbe heavens throngh which the snn appears to move. This line is divided by twelve signs which take their denominations from different animals. The twelve signs of the Zodiac were intended to represent some remarkable natural occurrence in each month of the year, as the sun was pmising through his annual circuit. The first three months, from the vemal equino", (March, April, May), were remarkable for the pro­ duction of those animals which were the most em­ ployed and valued, viz. sheep, kine, and goats. The lambs came first, which are represented bytheir parent, 1110 Ram; next, the calves, represented by the Bnll; . then the kids, which commonly come in pairs. But, instead of the twin kids, the Greeks substituted the Twin Brothers, Castor and Pollux. 108 zoo "When in the fonrth month (June) the sun is arrived nt tho summer solstice, he hegins to go back again to the southward; which ret.rograc1c tnation the Egyptians expressed by the Crab, which is said to go backward. The excessive heat, which "usually follows in the next month (July), is expressed by the Lion, for its fierceness, and strength. The symbol for the harvest month (August) is the Virgin Reaper, with an caf of corn. 'Vhen the snn arrives at the autumnal equinox (in September) it is expressed by the Balance or Scales, in equilibria, because the days and nights arc then every where equal. October is a sickly season, when'the hot months of the summer produce their fatal effects: the symbol therefore is the Scorpion, whose sting is deadly. The diversion of hunting, which is chieny followed in N ovemher, is signified by the Archer. As the Crab, which goes haekward, signified the summer solstice, when the sun begins to go back from the northern tropic; so the Goat, which delights to browse up hill, is the symbol of the winter solstice, when the sun (in Deccmher) hegins to ascend from the southern tropic, and is continually mounting for the ensuing half year. . Aquarius, or the 'Vatering Pot, fitly represents the rains and snows of the winter (January). And the Two Fishes appear to have a reference to the fishing i season, which takes place in February. I Zone, s. from ~"'V71> %on", a girdle. A division of the earth. Zoo-logy. See LOGOS, p. IS. Zoo-phyte, s. fl'Om t",ov, %0011, an animal, and rpvrov, 1,kttt~1I, a plant. A telID applied to certain snbstance. which partake of the nature ofvegetable. and ~nimals. 109

Tf,e following words are i,el'e inserled to illustl'ale the remark made in the Preface to the Second Edition. " Phalanx, f6Aa~ks, orfal-laliks. The second man­ ner of pronouncing this word is morc general, but the first is more analogical. The quantity" of the original has very little to ,10 in this case, and )'et nothing but an absurd regard to this could h3\'C in­ fluenced the generality of speakers to pronounce this word with the first vowel short. The authority of Mr. Sheridan, lVIr. Scott, and Dr. Ash, who make the first vowel long, ought to outweigh that of Dr. }{enrick, Mr. Perry, Entick, and Buchanan, who make it short." Walker. - PHALANX is from '1'ar..a"~, phalanx, a square compact battalion, formed of in­ fantry, set close to one another, with their shields joined, and pikes turned cross-wa)'s; so that it was almost impossible to break them.

H Drama, dra-ma, or clram.ma. The last mode of pro­ llouncing this word is that which was universally current tin within these few yenrs; but the first has insensibly stolen into u£c, as we may observe from the several dictionaries which have adopted it. 1\Ir. She­ ridan, 'V. Johnston, IVlr. Nares, and, as far fiS we can judge by the position of the accent, Entick and Baile)", pronounce it with the first a long; an,l Dr. Kenrick, Buchanan, and, if we may guess at Dr. Ash by his accent, with the same letter short. 1\11'. Scott gives it both ways; but, by placing the sound with the long a first;scems to prefer it. The authorities m:e certainly on the side I have adopted: but I wish also to establish it 1,>y analog)'." Walker• . Pharmaceutical, pronounced by ·Walker far-ma-s';-Ie­ kal; and by Perry thus, phar-ma-c!l-ti-cal. - Phar­ lUaC)", from epapp.a.1Cov, l'lzarmakun) a remedy, denotes that branch of medicine which teaches the choice, preparation, and mixture of medicines.

~ See note, page 3. L

APPENDIX.

DIVINATION, SEE MANTEIA, rAGE 16.

DIVINATION is the pretended act or art of fore­ telling future events. This art or science, in which the Pagans thought themselves sure of success, if they proceeded nccordillg to certain established rules, was founded on their system of theology. They had deified all the parts and powers of nature, and more especially the heavenly bodies; ascribing to the latter not ouly life and intelligence, but a forc.pcrcciving notion, and a sovereign influence On e\'ery thing here below. DIVINATION was divided, by the ancients, into llatural and Artificial.--Natuml Divination is that which presages things from a mere internal sense and pcrsug.­ sian of the mind under a particular cmotion or agitation, wi~hout any assistance of signs. This was not to be attained by any rules of art, but infused or inspired into the diviner, without his taking any farther care about it than to purify and prepare himself for the reception of the divine afflatus. Of this kind were all those who delivered oracles, and foretold future events by inspir­ ation, without observi!1g external signs. '*

'* Natural Divinatiort, again, is of two kinds; the onc native, and the other by influx. Thefirst is founded on Ihe supposition that the soul, which was thought 10 be 1.2 11Z APPENDIX.

Artificial Divination is that whid;proceeds by reason­ ing upon certain external signs, considered as indications of futurity. This, contrary to Natural Divination, was not obtained by direct inspiration; but proceeded upon certain experiments and observations arbitrarily insti­ tuted and mostly superstitious. Infinite are the s)'siems ofdivination reducible to this head; the principal species thereof, and their names, arc imdermclltioned. PS!Jclwmancy, Sciomancyo 'Vhich consi8tcd in calling .up the souls or shades of the dead, to learn of them something l'€quired. -Daetyliomaney. Performed by one or nlore rings.-Hydromancyo Performed with sea water.-Pegomancyo Performed \vithspring watc1'.­ OrnitllOmaney, Augury. Divining by the actions of birds. - Clidomaney. Performed by keys. - AlpMto. maney, Aleuromaney. Performed by /lour. - Capno­ maney. Performed by smoke. -Pyromaney. Performed by fire. - LitllOmaney. Performed by stones. - Lye"­ nomaney. Performed by lamps. - ~Veeromaney. Per­ formed by the dead or their bones. - Oneiromaney, Oneiroeritiea. Performed by dreams. - Gastromaney. Performed by the stomach. - CMromaney. Performed by the lines of the hand. - Aritlmzomaney. Performed by numbers.

n particle of the divine air or spirit, taken out of God, . and to have existed from eternity, collected within itself, and not diffused or divided among the organs of the body, h::.s., from its own nature and essence, some fOl"c­ knowledge of future things; witness whaf is seen in dreams, ecstasies, the confines of death. The second is founded on this, that the soul receives, after the manner of a mirror, some secondary illumination from the pre­ sence of God, and other spirits, and hence proceed oracles; for it was a received opinion among the Hea­ thens that the Gods were wont to converse familiarly with some men, whom they eudowed with extraordinary powers, and admitted to the knowledge of their councils and designs. APPENDIX. 113

Di,ination ojall kbul$ was necessarily made an occult science, which naturally remained in.the hands of the priests and priestesses, the false prophets, and other like professors, till tlie time of the coming of Jesus Christ. The light of the Gospel, it is true, has dissipated much ofthe darkuess; but it is more diflicult than is commonly conccived, to eradicate from the human ulind a deep­ rooted superstition, even though the truth be set in the strongest light, especially when the error has been be­ lieved almost from the beginning of the worId: so we still find existing among us the remains of this pagan superstition in the following chimeras*-, which enthu­ siasts and designing .men have formed into arts and sciences; though it lunst be owned, to the honour of the nineteenth century, that the pure doctrines of Chris­ tianity, ami the spirit of Philosophy, which become every day more diffused, equally concur in banishing t.hese visionary opinions. The. "ogue for these prc-

"to Chimera waS a monster which the Pocts feign to have had the heatl of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. Thc foundation of the fable is this: " There was in Lydia a volcano, or burning mountain, of this name; the top whereof was inhabited only by lions: the middle, having good pastures, was frequented by goats; and the foot, being marshy, by serpents. Dellcrophon being the first who caused this mountain to be inhabited, it was feigned that he slew the Chimera." Among other explanations that have been given of this fable, some ha,'c supposed that the Chimera was a pirate ship, whose prow bore the figure of a liol1, her middlc that of a goat, and her stern a scrpcnt. 1\11'. Parkhurst supposes Chimera to be one of the heathen imitations of the cherubic emblems. - In common language, Chimera (as in the instance above) denotes a lucre creature of the imagination. lIenee we have the mljcclive chimerical, which means fanciful, as chimerical ideas. . .. .- L 3 . 114 APPENDIX. tended sciences and arts, morcover, is past, and they can no longer be named without exciting ridicule in all sensible people. By relating them here, tberefore, and drawing them from their obscnrity, it is only intended to show theit· futility. For the attaining of these super. natural qualifications, there are still existing in the world the remains of Astrology, Horoscopy, Cliiromallcyo I. Astrology is divided into :lolatural Astrology and Judicial Astrology.-Nal1l1·al Astrolof},y, or meteorology, is confined to the foretelling of natural effeets, as the wind, rain, hail and snow, frosts and tempests. In this consists one branch of the art of Almanack makers; and by merely confronting these predictions in the calendar, with. the weather which each day produces, every person of sense will see what regard is til be paid to this part of Astrology. Almost ever since Almanacks have been known, astrological and other predictions llOve been ·considered, if not an essential part, at least a very uEeful auxiliary: this. continues to be the case to the present day; notwithstanding that ?:lost people pretend to disbelieve such predictions. It is a curions fact, that in the year 1800, about 400,000 copies were sold of Moore's Almanack; while other much more useful and instructive Almanacks, as the Lm;1.ies' and Gentlemen's Diaries, were confined in thcir circulation to a few thousands. ·See " Almanack," in the Cyclopredia called Pantalogia. It must be con_ fessed that, with one or two exceptions, the Almanacks published in t!lis country are very inferior, in point of utility, to what might naturally be expected, considering the state of human knowledge amongst us. "They rnannge these tbings better in France." STERNE. - It is much to be wished, that our Almanacks ,'esembled in some measure the departmental Almanacks published in France, which contain, in addition to some general information relative to the kingdom atlarge, much valu­ able information conl)ecled with the particular'depart­ ment i1l which they are printed. -Judzcial Astrology is still far more illusive and rash than the former: und APPENDIX. 11.5

having been at first the wonderful art of visionaries, it afterwards became that of impostors. This art pretends to teach the method of predicting all sorts of events that shall happen upon the earth, as well such as relate to public as to private persons; and that by the inspection of the stars and planets. II. Huroscopy, or casting of nativities, which Inay also be considered as a part of astrology, is the art by which they draw a fignre, or celestial scheme, contain­ ing 12 houses, wherein they mark' the disposition of the heavens at a certain moment; for example, that at which a man is born, in order to forete111~is fortune, or the incidents of his life. But as there cannot be any . probable or possible relation between the constellations and the human race, all the principles they lay down, .and the prophecies they draw from them, arc chimerical, false, absurd, and a c!'iminal imposition on mankind. Surely it is not less absurd, to pretend to predict future events by the inspection of the ~rmmds of a cup of tea or coffee, or by cards, ~liti many other like matters. III. Chiromancy is the art "!lich teaches to know, by inspecting the hanrl, not only the iuclination of a man, but his future destiny. The impostors who prac­ tise this art, pretend that the different parts, or the lines, of the hand have a relation to the internal parts of the body. - The notion connected with the substance sold under the name of tho" Chinese Sensitive Leaf,It is to be considered equally as ridiculous as Chiromancy. By putting this substance into the hand, a person's dispo­ sition is supposed to be ascertained. In Scripture we find mention made of several kinds of Divinations. The ancient Britons were greatlY'addictcd to Divi­ nation, and excelled so much in the practice of all its arts, that they might have given a lesson to the ancients themselves. Besides those which the Britons practised in common with other nations, they hall one of a very' horrid Datur::. "On great occasions," says an histo­ Tian, Hthe Britonfi pr'llcthse a "CJ'jT strange and incrcdibl ------_.,- --' - -_.- ---_. - _. ~ ._- ~,---~-,•• -~---.....-•• _---- >--- .------~-

Jl6 APPENDIX.

manner of divination. They take a man who is to be sacrificed, and kill him by one stroke of the sword; mid by observing the posture in which he falls, his dif­ Ferent convulsions, and the direction in which the blood flows from the body, they form their predictions, accord­ ing to certain rnles which have been left them by their nnceetor.!."

THE END.

LONnON: J'IU~'i'r.D Dr srorXIs.woOn:E AXD CO. NE1Y-STltEET SQUAI:E. GRADUATED SERIES OF ENGLISH READING.BOOKS

Just published, in 5 vols. fep. 8vo. price lOs. cloth, eaeh of .. which Volumes may be had separately, as below, THE GRADUATED SERIES OF FIVE READING-LESSON BOOKS WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES; Adapted, as a Progressive Course of Reading, for all classes of English Schools and Families. 8. d. FIRST BOOK, comprising: 192 Pa~es •••.•••.••.•.•••••• 1 0 SECOND BOOK, comprising 256 Pages ••••••••••••••.• 1 G 'rHIRO BOOR, comprisin~ 312 Pug-cs, Second Edition •. 2 0 lroull'l'I1 UOOK, comprising 440 Pages, Second Edition. 2 G l"lFTll llooK, about 500 !lages .0.0 •••••• 0 iI ••••• o •••••• 3 0

THIS is an entircly new series of English Reading-Lesson . Books, in which the difficnltr of the Exercises is graduated chiefly with reference to the_mental capacity requisite to comprehend nnd grasp the information conveyed; and also, as far as possible, with reference to the peculiarities of grammatical construction. The object of tIle Series is no less to facilitate the acquisition of the art of reading than to form a pupil's taste, and to tempt him to pursue his studies voluntarily. The five books are arranged, cach in corres~ ponding sections, on aserial nnd uniform scheme. DOOI{ 1. price 18. consists of rhymes and fireside tales, fables and parables, and ~hort simple stories, adapted to the comprehension of children who have mastered the first steps in reauing. BOOK II. price ls. Ger. contains miscellanics, tales of adventure, imaginath'c and real, anecdotes ill natural llistory, aud ballad poetry-all preliminary, to the Thinl Book. BOOlt. Ill. price 28. com prises literary selections in prose and verse, descripth'c travel, natural history (with reference to the pre. "iOUB section), and landmarks of Eng-lish Mstor)'. nOOK IV•. prIce 2s. Gel. to whial the 'l'hird Book lS introductory, is a furtller extension of the same general plan, with the addition of a division on tllC more populnr branches of Natural Science and Physics, sequen­ tinIly nrran~cd. BOOK V. price 3s. ,,.hich completes the Coursc, nims

Lomloil: LONGMAN, GHEEN, and CO. I'atel'1l0stel' How. Graduated Series qf English R~adin.fJ·L~ssoll Books.

at ansIYering the practieal purposes of n Class·Book of later English Literature. As the titte imports, a leading feature of the Graduated Series is the graduation of the difficulty of tho lessous. This feature clnrac· tcrises, indcl'd, in n greater or less deg-rec, nll school reading..1.>ooks which have any pretensions to the name. llut: the novelty of tlIe present project is, that it seeks to carry out the idea of gradun tian morc thoroughly, and to base it on a lUorc philosophical foundation than exi5tin~ works of the same kind have attempted to do. It has hitherto been the practice to graduate reading-lessons, almost exclu­ sively, either accordin~ to the complexity of the grammatical con· structions, or according to the tlifficulty of- the words which occur in them. This practice has resulted from a too limiteU view of what the term reading should imply. A lesson cannot be said to be pro· perly 'read unless it is fully compl"ehcndecl; and it olJViously by no means follows that n lesson is easy of comprehension because it CX~ hibits n scarcity of unusual words and constructions. .A. sentence which may be ulleredand grammaticnlly analysed witb great faeilitr, may present a very hard problem to the intellect. This is a conside~ ration of the utmost consequence. In graduating the lessons of the present series, the Edrtor has had reference, not only to their verbal and ~rammatical peculiarities, but also to the general calibre of mind requisite to untlerstand and appreciate the ideas which they express. As to the subject-mntter he has beeuguided by no nrbitrary staudard, i hut by n wish to pl'ese~ttojuvenile readers that kind of iutellectual food which experience has declared to lJe suitable for the various stages i ofgrowth to which the volumes separately address themselves. nIost of the present reading.lessons either consist of plain campen· dious outlines of some of the departments of art and the branclles of natural science, or they abound in abstract essays and rhetorical or poetical common.placcs. 'Yith reference to the former, the distinc­ tion between general information and special instruCtion in matters of fact, which is of a purely didnctic nature, has not hitherto beeu stendily kept iu view. It hns been too ofteu forgotten that the earn· munication of this sort of knowledge, howe,'er useful it rna}" be, is secondary in importance"to the cultivation ofa taste for reading, and to the training of the pmver and the habit of independent thinking and obsel','ation. But it is beginning to be recognised, that one of the most infallible ways of creating a distaste for inquiry into the construction and phenomena of the material unh~erse, is to burden the mind with a mass of technieal facts; that such facts nre not ne. , I , ' London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO. Paternoster Row. Grarluaterl Series qf English Rearliug-Lesson Books. , cessarily wholesome food merely because they bear upon subjects which arefamiliar to everyone; and that the question whether they arc available in an educational point of view, must always depend on the form and style in whieh they are presented to the intellect, and on the relation in which t1\ey stand to antecedent !{uowledgc. Again, the ran.g-e of thought to which abstract and rhetorical extracts apr-eal is g-enerally wider and deeper than a youth cau compass. It is ob. vious that· the pupil SllOUld be made to read of things which awaken his sympathy, not of things which lie beyond the sphere of his sYm .. pathy. In short, the joint elements of intelligibility and attractive" ness aTe indispensabIe in every readin~ lesson. The cllarge of encDnrag-ing desnltory and immethodical thinldul{ is frequentl}* anu with justice preferred a~ainst the employment of booksofmiscellaneous extracts for educational purposes. A strenuous endeavonr has been made hy the Editor of the G1'aduated Series to obviate this charge. He has by no means attempted to exhaust suujects systematically: but he has strh'en so to select and arrange, that cnch lesson will either prepare the way for something which follows, or throw additional light on something which goes hefore. In other ,Yords, he has throughout aimed at a certain continuity in the treatment of topics. Beginning with sketches, which ronEe rather than gratify the appetite, he has emlet\\'oul'ed to lead the pupil, by gradations as imperceptible as possible, to a some,,,bat deliberate and special survey of the great departments of human l.;:nowlcdge, and to an approximate estimate of their relations and proportions. While most of the selections have been carefully abridged, and otherwise adapted for tlle present series, the peculiarities of thongllt and expression of the originals have been l"etain~d; and, for obvious reasons, any effort to originate directions for emphasis, mod ulation, &c., has been considered superfluous. In this stng-e of advancement, such directions at once uiscourag-e individual effort 011 the part of the reader, and deprive the teacher of a valuable test for measuring the compnratiye capacities of his pupils; they arc therefore diametrically opposed to th~ aim and object ofreading. It is intended that the FmsT .BOOK should be pnt into the hands of cllildren who have goone through tlmt rudimentar}' stage in which tlle pronunciation of single words or the enunciation of simple sen~ tences is commonly taug"ht. The lessons which it contains arc all of so colloqnial and homely a cast that it is.believed they present no obstacles which snch children will not surmount with alacrity. In

London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO. Paternoster Row. a Gmauatea Series if Ellglish Reculilll/-LesSOll Books.

the tirst section no attempt has been made to furnish information .or instruction of any Idnc1; the object aimed at bein~ merely to induce the child to read. It will prore nO disadvantag-e, but rather an ad. "antage, if his car happens to be already familiar with some of tlle carlier rhymes and tales. The occasional repetition of certain words and phrases which will be noticed in this part of the volume, is de. signed to put the children at their ease, and so, by adding to their amusement, to facilitate the acquirement of reading. The second section consists of a collection of casy fdbles and parables, which will prove influential in the Imnds of the teacher ,,,ho can pqint a 1no1'ul with elTect. 'fhe pieces forming the miscellaneous section, ,,,jth which the First ilooI, closes, arc desi~ncd to introduce the young learner to 'that kind of variety in the treatment of simpl~ themes . which he will meet with on n sligl1tly extended scale when he passes to the Second noo],. The rcading-.lessons of the SECOKD BOOK nrc arranged in three groups, under the heaus of 1.1Iiscellaneous, BiD1'ics of Animals, and Advent"re. To these a small collection of simple IJnllae!s has been added. In this, as in the other books, the grand end aimed at has been to cultiratc a taste for reading br presenting to the pupil only that sort of material which he is capable of assimilating in an easy and healthy manner. A glance at the subjects of the pieces will show that tlle Editor has made a diligent endeavour to furnish, in ample variety, some congenial food for those f

iJondon: LONGMAN, GREEN, nncl CO. Patel'nostel' Row, Graauated Series if Englislt Reading-Lesson Books. on nc~ount of their comhination of simplicity nnd substantialinterest. The' V1'ose lessons occasionally take a didactic t1Jrn, but without detri~ ment, it is believed, to their entertaining features, and without em· barrassing the learner with suhtleties of thou~ht or expression. The Descriptive Travel of the third volume, being' introductory to the corresponding department in Dooks IV. and V., has reference to North Europe only. A few technical or scientific expressions, the usc of which could not well be dispensed ,,,ith, and which rather lie out of what may be sUPIlosed to be the average rlln~c of tho- pupil'13 knowledge, arc explaiu£:u in brief notes. Th~ Natural History tonches chiefly on that portion of nnhuateu nature with Which, in .this country, ,ye are uUin more Of less frequent and familiar contact. To certain descriptions which nre furnished of the most marvellous displays of instinct, the Editor attaches, in nn educational point of view, n high importance. Under the head of History will be found a series of sketches, freell as much as possible from nIl detail that is not graphic. These sketches are intended to present a general, fwli­ mcntnryt and, as it were, a panoramic view of the more important or entertaining features of English history, up to the date of the Battle of Waterloo. TIOOK the FOURTII, which wus published first on- account of the more pressin~ demands for such n volume, carries the series a step in advance in the snme direction, nnd is dcsig-ned for the hi~hest class of small rural schools. "The contents of the Fourth 13.ook," observed a criticnl writer in the Inquirer newspaper, " nre gathered " from the richest and most varied fields of literature. In the first (r .:1Iiscellalleous section, we harp, among mnny others, ·the works of n Herschel, Channin!{, Rusldn, Leigh Hunt, Irving-, Sterne, Charle!) H Lamb, Gnizot, Scott, and Emerson, bid undcr contribution. In " the part which treats of Descriptive Travel, we have some of the "finest word-painting from the works of ParIq'us, 'Varburtont "Kin~lakc,Hettner, W. Ware, GaUenga, Laing, and Wills. The " NaturGlllistol'Y is written hy'Yaterton; I{irby, Spence, A. Ran', " nUcldnnd, Lewes, GonIon Cumming, Livin~stone,and other·natu­ "ralists i whilst the HistoJ'y is gathered from the finest passages in H the works of Arnold, Macaulay, Hallam, Froutle, Cayendis]l, " Stanley, H.ussell, Bancroft, Carlyle, and D'lsraeli. The Biography " and Natural Science and Pltysics arc equally attractive and excel.. " lent. •.. For children of ten years old and upwards there is not a U selection that is not full of interest, and that is not &Ure to com­ "mand their sympathiN!. The book is onc of the cheapest, as well

TJonelon: LONGMAN, GREEN, anel CO. Paternoster Row. Graauutea Series qj' English Reaaing-Lessoll Bool·s. u ns t110 best, that has come under our notice. 'Y'bcommend it ,"cry " strongly to the attention of every teacher, wllctllCf in our clemen­ ".tary schools or in our homes, and earnestly hope it mny attain tIte I' eml its compiler had in view, of training up some good renders to ,{ cheer and charm the poor man's fireside, nnd to pour the rich It stream of modern attainment into thirsting, though humble, souls." 'fhe arrangement of the FJFTII BOOK corresponds with thnt of Dook IV., embracing the same departments of knowledge, but, of coursc, from n more advanced point of view. The l\liscellancol1s section 'presents, in ample variety, typical specimens of our best writers from the Johnsonian era to the present day. The Descriptive 'rravel has reference to those portions of the globe Which, in accord­ ance with the J:reneral plan, the preceding volumes 11a\'c left un" touchcd; and its chief aim is to dircct attention to the results of scientific inquiry with regard to cosmical phenomena in general. The section on Natuml History has been restricted to the more interesting examples of fel'ce naturre. The History continues the thread where it is broken off in Book IV., viz. from 1688 to the pre­ sent time, and it necessarily dwells largely on the events which attended the administration or the acquisition of OUf chief foreign possessions. The chapters on the English Constitution, with which this section closes, present a g-eneml tableau of leading- points of interest and importance. To the division on Natural Science a series of valuable chapters on the prominent questions connected witb Social Science is appended. The l~ive Books of this series are arranged, eaell in corresponding sections, on a serial and uniform scheme of progressh'e, ret con­ stantly varied, selections. BOOK the FIRST is adapted to the com· prehension of clli1dren who hayc mastered the first steps in re~ding. BOOK the SECO~D contains miscellanies, tales of ml\·cnture, imngi. n~ti\'e :md real, anccdotes in natural llistor.r, amI baUnt! poctrr,­ 011 preliminary to tbe Third Book. BOOK the TlIlnn comprises literarr selections in prose and verse, dcscriptive trnrel, natural bistor~r (with reference to the pre,·iolls section), and nnrrati\'cs of English I,islory. BonK the FounTH, to which tllC Third Book is intrOductory, is a further extension of the same general plan, with the addition of a·division on the more popnlar branches o( Natuml Science and Physics, sequentially arranged. nOOK the FIFTH­ which completes the Course, forms n furtller advance and a comple, tion of the general plan, and aims at allsweringthe practical purposes of a Clnss.Book of later English Literatnre.

London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO. Paternoster Row. GLEIG'S SCHOOL SERIES. A NEW SERIES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL..BoOKS; EACH DOOK" (IN l'.IOST ~ INSTANCES) COMPLETE IN ITSELF, PRICE NINEPENCE. INTENDED TO 'COMPRISE A COMPLETE COURSE OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION. PnOJECTED AND EDITED BY THE 'REY. G. R. GLEIG, M.A., CHAPLAIN·GENERAL TO IlER MAJESTY'S FORCES. ASSISTED BY

'. WALTER l\lACLEOD,'F.R,G,S. \ Dr. R. J. MANN, l\l.R.C.S.E. WILLIA~I HUGHES, F.ltoG.S. Prof. R. W. BROWNE, l\l.A. lIlr. JAMES OWEN.' THO~IAS TATE, F.R.A.S. The Rev. J. HUNTER, liLA. A. K. ISllISTER, liLA. W. J. REYNOLDS, III.A. &c. m;r New and greatly improved editions of the following works may nowbehad:-

Reading.~ 1\1.Y FIRST SCHOOL BOOK to Teach me .Reading and 1\ 'Vriting, By WALTER MlLEOD, F.R.G.S., Royoll\lilitnry Asylum, Chelsea. lama. prico Ga. My SECOND SCHOOL BOOK to Teach me Reading and Spellinc. By WALTER !I'LEOD, F.R.G.S., RoyalltIilitary Asylum, Chelsea.. 18mo. price 9a. SIMPLE TRUTHS, in Easy Lessons; being an abridged Scriphrre History, arrnngedns n. RendingwBook for Junior Classes. lama. price6d. Writing. GRADUATED SERmS of NINE COPY-BOOKS, mainly A. on the :Method of:Mlllhnuser: with cn~rtl:\'"Cd Copy-henus,conveying useful In. formntion, llistoricnl, Geographicnl, !lnd Scicntific. By W ALTP:R l\l'L:eon, F .R.G.!:t. ObloD!: 4tO. price Threepence ench CopY-Dook. 1. Ruled ~·ith dia~onnl nnel horizontnl lines, contains Exerci!!lcs in Right-lined Letters i ns i, u. n, m, l(,:C. ·5: ~~'ImnJl~~~~~t'n~~eh~:iio~~SuJ~~~,n~1te~~~fJ)~~i~~;~f&~:rnaL~I;p:J¥.e~i~~: 4. c~~ith~~ t~~'g~'ft:;"d,and TInlfTcxt. ~: i~~~~[Lii'n~~:)\!lt~~i:~~~~.rSe~~lt~n~W.!lllIInnd, 7. lInlfTcxt nnd Small linDd. R. ~mnlI Hnnd. 9. For ExercIscs in Dictntion and Compo~!ition. -,.. or thCfC COP)' Dooks collectivelY' nbol"c a. million and n. half (l,lJI2,(06) have now been sold.

London:. LONGMAN, GREEN, nIHl CO. Paternoster Row. 2 List of IVor1ls in Gldg's School Serics.

Arithmetic, Booh-liCcp;,'g, lIfcllsllration. MANUAL of ARITHl'ilETIC: Containing a Gmduotcd A Seric! of 1,7W Questions for Class Instruction. Dy WAr.TER l\IILEOD, F.R.a.S. l8ma. price fJd. )/!l/f:+' Dfthis Arithmetic nbo,c 21,000 copies have been sold. ELEMENTS of BOOK-KEEPING by SINGLE and DOUBLE ENTRY. With Practical Explanations nnd Exercises on the most useful Forms of Dusiness. Dy A. K. ISDJSTER, l\I.A•••••••••••.•••••••••••••.••••••.• ,ISma. Dr/. ISBISTER'S SET of EIGHT ACCOUNT BOOKS by SINGLE and DOUDLE ENTRY, R(Inptcd to the above Elements of Book· keeping•••. •••••••••••••••••.••••••Oblong 4.to. price Sixpence each Account Dook. ELEMENTS of MENSURATION: With Demonstrntive Ex- planations of the va.TioU'l Rules and Processes of Calculation. and numcrou~ Ori,!!inal Problems. Dy the Hev. J. lIONTF.R, M.A., formerly Yice·Principalof the National ~ociety's Training College, Battersen. •••••••.•••••••••18mo. priee 9d. KEY, by the Author, containing full Solutions ofuU the Exercises••••I8mo. price 9d. Thc English Language. XPLANATORY ENGLTSH GRAMMAR for Beginners; E with Practical Exercises on the Pa.rts of Speech, u Gradua.ted Course ofParsing. l.essons, nmI nn Appendix on the Conjugntion of Compound Verbs. By ,VALTER l\l'LEOP, F.It.G.S 18Ino. price 9d. Or, for the convenience ofElcmentnry Schools, in"Fourseparnte Parts :_1. nnd III. One lIenor ench; II.· FourIlence ; nnd IV. Sixpenee._AIso, Definitions, for Home Study, One Penny. ~*.. Of this Grammnr above 53,000 copies have been sold. HISTORY of the ENGLTSH LANGUAGE, tracing it from its Celtic n.nd Anglo·Snxon Source ~ 'Vith Thirt;r-one Specimens ofeminent Eng.. Bi~l )/f1:g~t;::.ro~ix~~it~rtJlk~W~nft~~ ~f°J}u~W~R?~li~~s ~~det11~hiIfJ;g/ 6~a~:~:~~ Schools. By JOITN EO'VAHDS 18mo. price 9d. Physiology and Domestic Economy. HE BOOK of HEALTH. By ROBERT JAMES MANN, M.D., T- l\l.R.C.S.E., Author ofA Guide to the Knowledge oftlte IIcarens•• I8mo. price 9d. DOl\1ESTIC ECONOMY: Comprising Housekeeping; Choice ofn. Dwelling; Domestic Expenditure; Household Work; Needlework. Wnsh-· ~~~~i~r::nlr~l~i~·~,og~.n:dn\~~\h81p~~iiii~~~g~~~Ct~~~~~}lit~1~'Mi~ti~g~?tgl~13f~ drcn j l'rayers ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1Bmo. price 9d. Geography. THE CHILD'S FIRST BOOK of GEOGRAPHY, arranged in It Series of Easy Reading-Lessons. By 'Y'LLl.ul lIuonEs. F.R.G.S. 'Vith 'Voodcuts 18mo. price 9d. GEOGRAPHY of the BHITISH Ei\IPIRE. For the use of Beginners. By 'VtLLtUr lIu(JuEs, F.R.G.S•••••••I8mo. pp. 158, price Ninepencc. fl . London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO. rnternQstcl' Row, "

I List of W01'lls in Gleig's School Series. 3

GENEHAL GEOGRAPHY for Beginners. By WrLLrAM llconr:s,F.R.G.S.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••18me. price 9d. -**' Of'thesc three Geographical 'Yorks above 87,000 copies have been sold. HAND-ATLAS of GENERAL GEOGRAPHY: Comprising 29 fuU·colourcrl Maps. nnd containing nearly every Plnce mentioned in the Geo~ graphical nnd Historical 'Yorks of the Series. By 'YALTER 1\1' LEOP, F.R.G.B. i Sma. price 39. half-bound; or sewed, 28. Gd. CJ~ASS-ATLAS of PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY: Comprising 20 full-coloured Maps, nnd 10 Sections nnd Diagrnms : preceded by explo.nator)~ letterpress, forming It concise Synopsis ofrhysicnl·Geograph)~. Dy'VALTEIt l'Il'LEOD, }"It.G.S•••••••••••••••••••••••••••18mo. 3s. half-bo:und; or sewed, 2s. ekl. ~ql!* Of these two Atlases above 15,500 copies havc been sold. BOWMAN'S QUESTIONS on M'LEOD'S CLASS-ATLAS of PllYSICAL GEOGRAPIIY ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IBmo. price Js. Hislory and Biography, 'FIRST BOOK of HISTORY-ENGLAND, By the Rev. G. R. GLEIO, 1\f.A••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••J8mo. price 2s. To be lind nlso in Two Parts, pricc Ninepence cacho *'ll!* Of this History ofEngland above J23,OOO copies hnve been·sold. The BRITISH COLONIES. Forming the Second Book of History. Dy the Rcv. G. R. GLEIO, l\I.A•••••••••••••••••••••••••••J8mo. price Del. BRITISH INDIA. Forming the Third Book of History. Dy the Rev. G. R. GLEIO, 1\I.A•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Dd. SACRED HISTORY. Forming the Fourth Book of History. Dy the Rev. G.ll. GLElo, 1\I.A•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••28. 18mo. pricc 23. cloth; or, in Two Pnrts,9el. cacho HISTORICAL QUESTIONS, PART 1. On the above Four JIistories••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••18mo. price 9d. BOOK of BIOGRAPHY: Comprising Lives of S. Cromplon, :~~ f.~~~~tfs~ °fJ.t~~c~h~~~i~ih~rE~Cgi~rer~~c;dei~~l.rl~~t.~:~fOt~~'If~;,{ {Y!l~~~~i~cr the Rev. ~. n. GLEIO,!tI.A•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••18mo. prIce r:!(r. HISTORY of FRANCE, By Capt. A. C. GLEIG, R.A., Assilltnnt-InsIlcctor of !\~ilitnn' Schools ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••9d. HISTORY of ROllIE. By the Venernble R. W. Bnom.-r-:, M.A., ArclHlencon of Taunton, and Professor of Classical Literature in )\Jn~'a College. wndon•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••l8mo. price 9d. HISTORY of GREECE. Dy the Venerable R. W. Bnomm, M.A., Archdeacon of TauntoD, nnd Professor of Classical Literature in Kin~'lJ CoJlCi,iC, :London ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••18mo. price 9d• ••- Ofthe above Historics (c.J:cluslt"c ofthe llistory of England) 1!J71~0 copics hnt"c been sold.

London: LONGMAN, GREEN, nnd CO. Paternoster Row. 4 List of Works in Gleig's School Series.

Algebra, Euclid, and GeoVlelry. LEMENTARY ALGEBRA for Beginners.. By W. J. E REYNOLDS, M.A., ROYal Mi1itn.11" Allylum, Che18ea. LA SECOND PAnT is in the pre8sJ PART I. 18~o. price 9d. ANSWERS to the EXAMPLES for PRACTICE in REYNOLDS'S ALGE:DRA, PART I ..•.••...... •••...... •...... 18mo. price 3d. The FIRST THREE BOOKS of EUCLID'S ELEi'oIENTS ofGEOMETRY. ~Y' T. TATE, F.R.A.S. ·W1thDiagrnms lama. price 9d. PRACTICAL GEOUETRY, containing. the Construction of nIl the most useful Geometrical Problems, with their-Applications. By T. T.A.TF., F.R.A.S. With 261 'Voodcuts 0' II 11',.0 II II •••• o •••••18ma.price Is.' Science simplified for Beginners. ATURAL HISTORY for BEGINNERS: A Reading-Book N for Schools and Families. Dy JA.MES OWE:'l. 'VHh Woodcuts. . lama. price 28. cloth i or, in Two Parts,9d. cach. ASTRONOMY and the USE of the GLOBES simplified for the Instruction ofBeginners. Dy Tno:.u.s TA.TE, F.R.A.S. 1Yith Woodcuh. lame. price gel. EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY simplified for the Instruc- tion of Beginners, nnd illustrll.ted b)' Dingrams nnd Wood Engro.vings. By T. TATE, F .R.A.S..•. , ....II•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• II ••••18me. price !ld. HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS, ul1(l PNEUlIIATICS simplified for the Instruction ofDeginners. By T. TATE, F.R.A.S. 'Vith nume- rous 'Voodculs ,.. 0 •••••• IIII•••••••••• IIII 11.0 •••••••• IIIIIIII I •••••18mo. price 9d. MECHANICS and the STEAi\f-ENGINE simplified for the Instruction of Ucginners, and elucidnted with Diagrams amI Woodcuts. Dy T~ TATE, F .R.A.S...... •• 0 •• I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••ISmo. price 9el. LIGHT and HEAT, familiarly explained and illustrated, for the me ofBeginners. By T. TATE, F.H..A.S. With WOOdCl!tS ISmo. 9(~. ELECTRICITY, familiarly explained ant1 iIInstrated for the use ofBeginnera. BY,T. TAT£, F.R.A.S •...... •..••....•....18mo. price 9el. :MAGNETISM, VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY, and ELECTHO- DYNAMICS, familiarlY explained for the Usc of Beginners. By T. Tuv F.R.A.S ISmo. ,\·ith 'VOOdCUt3, price 9d. • ;:~ Of the 'l're:ltis'e's' on: Nahirnl Philosophy collectively above 42,000 copies have been sold.

London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO. Paternoster Row;