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1 Jesús Fernández Toledo Cuando Oímos Cuando oímos GNU/LINUX, esta combinación de palabras va asociada a otras como Software Libre, Núcleo, …, que desglosaremos a continuación. ¿QUE ES SOFTWARE LIBRE? Libertad de uso. Libertad de copia. Libertad de distribución. Libertad de modificación. Obliga a distribuir el código fuente junto con los binarios. ¡¡ IMPORTANTE !! NO TIENE PORQUE SER GRATUITO. Por lo tanto un Software que reúna estas características se enmarca dentro de las Licencias GPL (General Public License) ¿QUÉ ES LINUX? Es un Sistema Operativo Multiusuario y Multiproceso Está basado en el Sistema Operativo Unix. Se le considera un clónico de Unix. Es un SO multiplataforma. Inicialmente se desarrolló para arquitecturas Intel(x86,…), pero con el tiempo se han implementado versiones para arquitecturas PowerPC, Sparc, ARM, AMD64, … Es un SO Software Libre. Su código fuente está escrito en un 95% en C. El SO Linux va asociado a Linus Torvalds. Linus Torvalds, era estudiante de la universidad de Helsinki (Finlandia), en el año 1991 se compró un 386 con MS-DOS, y después de observar que su SO no aprovechaba los recursos de la máquina decidió usar otro SO llamado Minix. Minix era un pequeño sistema UNIX diseñado con propósitos académicos por Andrew Tanenbaum. Aunque Minix estaba basado en los sistemas Unix no utilizaba código fuente de Unix, con lo cual lo convertía en una implementación libre y sin restricciones de uso. Debido a las Limitaciones de Minix, Linus decidió reescribir algunas partes del sistema, añadiéndole más funcionalidad y difundió el código fuente por internet de manera gratuita con el nombre de Linux (contracción de Linus y Unix), con la versión 0.01, y su emblema es TUX. 1 Jesús Fernández Toledo www.losteatinos.es Las primeras versiones eran bastante limitadas, pero el hecho de difundir el código fuente por internet hizo que cada vez empezaran más personas a colaborar con el proyecto, llegando a los miles de colaboradores que hay trabajando en la actualidad en los cientos de proyectos GNU. Esta implementación libre de núcleo es lo que le faltaba al proyecto GNU para completar su SO completamente libre. Por lo tanto al integrar GNU con Linux ha quedado GNU/Linux, y queda un SO libre completo. ¿QUÉ ES GNU/LINUX? Lo que Linus Torvals llamó Linux era realmente el núcleo o kernel de un SO Unix. Esta implementación libre de un núcleo de un sistema operativo tipo Unix es la pieza que faltaba en el proyecto GNU para completar su Sistema Operativo completamente libre. GNU en cambio son: las Shell( bash, …), compiladores, escritorios (KDE, GNOME, …), … GNU is Not Unix Licencia Pública General LICENCIA GNU/GPL (emblema es un ÑU) Richard Stallman (Manhattan, NEW YORK) (desarrolló un SO libre pero le faltaba un núcleo libre, este SO libre usaba de núcleo UNIX). 2 Jesús Fernández Toledo www.losteatinos.es ¿QUÉ ES EL NÚCLEO DEL SO? Es la parte del SO que gestiona los recursos del ordenador. Se comunica con dispositivos y aplicaciones instaladas. Administra la memoria. Reparte el tiempo de CPU entre todos los programas en ejecución. Gestiona los dispositivos de almacenamiento. … El Kernel de Linux está escrito aproximadamente al 95% en C. Indica la serie principal el Kernel. El número cambia cuando el kernel ha sufrido modificaciones importantes 2.6.27.45 correcciones de errores dentro de una misma revisión. Puede no existir si no se ha detectado ningún error. Revisiones menores, donde se han corregido fallos de programación, inclusión de nuevos drivers, …. Indica si es versión de desarrollo (impar) o producción (par). DISTRIBUCIONES DE GNU/LINUX MÁS IMPORTANTES Una distribución, es una recopilación de programas y ficheros (incluyendo la última versión más estable del núcleo), organizados y preparados para su instalación. Las más conocidas son: DEBIAN contracción de Ian Mardock (Indiana, EEUU) y su esposa Debra. Distribución no comercial. Popular por su robustez, estabilidad del sistema y no por su facilidad de uso. Los responsables de Debian, no incorporan nuevo software a la distribución hasta que no está lo suficientemente probado, de aquí radica su robustez y fiablilidad. Ha desarrollado el sistema de software empaquetado DEB. (Se usa apt-get o aptitude para instalarlos) UBUNTU Mark Shuttleworth (sudafricano), fundó la empresa Canonical Ltd., quien distribuye Ubuntu basado en Debian. Ubuntu ha sido el Sistema Operativo que más a popularizado el uso de GNU/Linux, por su facilidad de uso. RED HAT empresa ubicada Raleigh (Carolina del Norte- EEUU), ofrece una distribución comercial del GNU/Linux llamada Enterprise. Ha desarrollado el sistema de software empaquetado RPM (se usa yum para instalarlos). 3 Jesús Fernández Toledo www.losteatinos.es FEDORA Proyecto Fedora es el resultado de la fusión entre Red Hat Linux y el antiguo Proyecto Fedora Linux en septiembre de 2003, y es patrocinado oficialmente por Red Hat. Fedora es no comercial al contrario de RED HAT SUSE distribución alemana claramente comercial, adquirida por la Americana Novell, pasándose a llamar OpenSUSE. Utiliza el software empaquetado RPM. CenTOS basada en Red Hat Enterprise. Cada lanzamiento de una nueva versión recibe soporte durante 10 años. … CURIOSIDADES Jon Hall le gusta que le llamen "maddog" (perro loco). Es presidente y director ejecutivo de Linux International y desde hace años recorre el mundo con la finalidad de dar a conocer las ventajas del empleo de Linux como sistema operativo. BIBLIOGRAFÍA IMPLANTACIÓN SISTEMAS OPERATIVOS - RAMA 4 Jesús Fernández Toledo www.losteatinos.es .
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