·NATIONAL REGISTER· BULLETIN

Technical information on comprehensive planning, survey of cultural resources, and registration in the National Register of Historic Places.

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Interagency Resources Division Properties nominated to the National Register may be classified in one of the five property classifications listed above. Those evaluated as meeting the National Register criteriamultiple may property be nominated submission separately or as part of a multiple property submission. A includes nominations for all or a portion of the significant historic properties that relate to one or a series of established historic contexts, i.e. properties that share some significant historic or cultural relationship. A multiple property submission calls for the development of historic contexts, selection of related property types, and the identification and docu­ mentation of related significant properties. It may be based on the results of a comprehensive interdisciplinary survey for a specific rural area, town, city, section of a city, county, or region of a state, or it may be based on Commercial block in South Royalton Historic District, Royalton, an intensive study of the resources illustrative of a Vermont specific type of building or site, a single cultural affilia­ tion, the work of a specific master, or a single or closely (Courtney Fisher) related group of historic events or activities. This Guidelines for Completing National Register publication is intended to provide guidance on the con­ toof theHistoric National Places Register Forms, is contained in National Register duct of surveys that may in tum form the basis for multi­ Bulletin 16, ple property submissions. Further information about available from the National multiple property submissions for nominating properties Park Service. What is a survey?

sun;ey In this publication means a process of tion on those properties that are evaluated as signifi­ identifying and gathering data on a community's cant. field suroey-the historic resources. It includes Evaluation is the process of determining whether iden­ physical search for and recording of historic resources planning tified properties meet defined criteria of historical, ar­ on the ground-but it also includes and background research chitectural, archeological, or cultural significance. In before field survey begins, organization and presentation of suroey data other words, evaluation involves winnowing the as the inventories. survey data to produce an inventory. survey proceeds, and the development of scales, Suroey data Survey can be conducted at a variety of pro­ refers to the raw data produced by the ducing different kinds of survey data applicable to dif­ survey; that is, all the information gathered on each ferent needs. These will be discussed in detail later in property and area investigated. this publication. inventory An is one of the basic products of a survey. An inventory is an organized compilation of informa-

What is a historic resource?

historic prop­ The National Historic Preservation Act defines The National Register, in tum, defines a historic resource, historic property, erty or as: as a district, site, building, structure, or object any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, significant in American history, architecture, engineer­ structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclu­ ing, archeology, and culture. A historic property may sion in the National Register (of Historic Places); be a row of stores having cast-iron fronts or Mount such term includes artifacts, records, and remains Vernon, a water tower or a city park, a railroad sta­ which are related to such a district, site, building, tion, an ethnic neighborhood, or the archeological re­ structure, or object. mains of a prehistoric Indian village. It may be of value to the Nation as a whole or important only to the community in which it is located.

2 Introduction Guidelines For Local Surveys: A Basis For Preservation Planning

Anne Derry NationalH. Ward Jandl Register Bulletin 24 Carol D. Shull Jan Thorman

1977 REVISED, 1985, by Patricia L. Parker

National Register of Historic Places Interagency Resources Division National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, DC Acknowledgntents

Many professionals in the National Park Service made The 1977 issue was thoroughly revised and updated in valuable contributions to the preparation of the 1985 by Patricia L. Parker. The National Alliance of original, 1977 issue of this publication. William G. Preservation Commissions, the National Conference Reeves, the late Carolyn Hamm, and Steven R. Rut­ of State Historic Preservation Officers, and staff of tenbaum of the National Register and Thomas F. King the Interagency Resources Division of the National of Interagency Archeological Services prepared drafts Park Service provided helpful comments on the re­ for certain sections of this publication, while vised manuscript. Linda McClelland of the National Katherine H. Cole, Charles Herrington, and the late Register provided editorial assistance in preparing the Wilford Cole provided helpful comments on the entire revised manuscript for publication. manuscript. Editorial assistance was provided by Guidelines for Local Surveys. We are grateful for the assistance of these people in Sarah A. Fackelman. The National Trust for Historic the preparation of Preservation, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and many private consultants Anne Derry H. Ward Jandl Carol D. Shull with considerable survey experience made a number Jan Thorman of useful suggestions during the early stages of this project. Foreword

Over the last 80 years, Congress and the President historic environment, it is necessary to determine have given the Department of the Interior major re­ what properties make up that environment. It is thus sponsibilities in identifying, registering, and protecting no surprise that the effectiveness of the National the Nation's historic resources. With the National Register of Historic Places as a planning tool depends Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the Secretary of the upon the quality and comprehensiveness of survey Interior was called upon to expand and maintain a na­ activity. tional register of historic places and to give maximum Basic standards and guidelines for historic preserva­ encouragement to State governments to develop state­ tion surveys have been published by the Department wide historic preservation programs of their own. The of the Interior as part of the Secretary of the Interior's Act recognized that one of the prerequisites for an ef­ Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic fective national preservation program was the iden­ Preservation. To provide further assistance to com­ tification of historic resources across the country munities and local governments in the conduct of high through comprehensive statewide surveys. Through a quality surveys, the National Register has prepared grants-in-aid program established by the Act, limited Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preservation funding was made available for survey work at both Planning. This bulletin is intended to provide a wide the State and local levels. range of information on identifying, registering, and During the 1970s, stimulated by implementation of protecting historic resources. the National Historic Preservation Act and growing interest in their own historic resources, local govern­ The original version of Guidelines for Local Surveys was published in 1977, and quickly became one of the ments across the Nation developed and expanded their historic preservation programs. When the National National Park Service's most popular historic preser­ Historic Preservation Act was amended in 1980, Con­ vation publications. By 1984 the original version was gress recognized this growing interest by mandating out of print, and badly outdated as the result of increased assistance to local governments whose pres­ changes in laws (notably the 1980 National Historic ervation programs are certified by the State Historic Preservation Act amendments), policies, regulations, Preservation Officer and the Secretary of the Interior the organization of the national historic preservation as meeting high professional standards. program, and the sophistication of many State and local preservation programs. Accordingly, the Na­ Historic resource surveys and their resulting inven­ tional Park Service undertook a comprehensive re­ tories form an important basis for planning decisions write of the publication in 1985, to produce the pres­ that affect the quality of our community life. In order ent volume. to plan for the preservation and enhancement of the Contents

Acknowledgments

Foreword

Introduction

How to use this publication 1 What is a survey? 2 What is a historic resource? 2 Why undertake a historic resource survey? 3 What should you know about the National Register before undertaking a survey? 4 Who is the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO)? What assistance can the SHPO provide? 6 certified What is a local government preservation program and how can survey contribute to certification? 7 What is the value of a historic resource survey and inventory? 8 Who should sponsor a survey? 8

Chapter I: Planning the Survey

Initial Questions What kinds of resources should the survey seek? 9 What kinds of information should be gathered? 11 What different kinds of surveys are commonly used? 12 How large an area should be included in a survey? 13 How long should a survey take? 13

Elements of Survey Planning How is the purpose of the survey established? 14 historic contexts? What are 14 How are survey goals and priorities established? 16 How should the storage and use of survey data be considered during survey planning? 16 How can a community involve the public in planning a survey? 17 What form should a survey design take? 18 Mobilizing Resources for the Survey What qualifications should those supervising a survey have? 18 Where can qualified professionals be located? 19 How is a professional consultant selected? 20 What fees do historic resources consultants charge? 21 How do non-professionals fit into a survey? 23 What kind of training will ensure a consistent and high-quality survey? 24 How much should a survey cost? 27 Where can funding for surveys be obtained? 27

Chapter II: Conducting the Survey

Archival Research How should archival research be organized? 28 What sources of information should be consulted? 31 Where may primary and secondary information be found? 33

Conducting Field Survey How is a reconnaissance of above-ground properties carried out? 35 How is a reconnaissance of archeological sites carried out? 36 How is an intensive survey of above-ground properties carried out? 37 How is an intensive survey of archeological sites carried out? 39 How can oral history or ethnography contribute to the survey? 40 What kinds of data will be needed to evaluate historic resources? 41 What additional planning information may be gathered in the survey process? 47 Forms, maps, photographs: How should survey data be recorded? 48 What equipment will be needed for survey work? 50

Chapter III: Review and Organization of Survey Data How are survey data reviewed during fieldwork? 52 How and why are resources evaluated? 54 What are the advantages and disadvantages of using numerical and categorical evaluation systems? 55 What kinds of due process considerations may be required in evaluating properties? 56 What kind of documentation should be included in the inventory files? 56 How can information be stored to permit efficient retrieval at a later date? 57

Chapter IV: Use of Survey Data in Planning What are the major components of preservation planning? 61 How are survey data used in ongoing identification? 61 How are survey data used in making evaluation decisions? 62 How can survey data contribute to strategies for the preservation and enhancement of historic resources? 62 How can survey data be used in community development planning? 65

Chapter V: Publications What should be published once a survey is completed? 69 What are some considerations in production and distribution of survey publication? 70 What are some alternatives to traditional publication? 70

Appendix I: Archeological Surveys 72

Appendix Federal Legislation Affecting Historic Preservation 75

Appendix II: Legal and Financial Tools Used to Preserve and Enhance Historic Resources 78

Appendix III:IV: Bibliography 85

Appendix V: Contacts 100 Introduction

How to use this publication

Guidelines for Local Surveys

provides guidance to This publication is divided into five chapters: plan­ communities, organizations, Federal and State agen­ ning the survey, conducting the survey, review and cies, and individuals interested in undertaking surveys organization of survey data, use of survey data in of historic resources. Although it contains information planning, and publications. Because many of the ac­ and recommendations with broad applicability, it is tivities within these areas are interrelated, some dupli­ designed primarily for use by local government of­ cation of information is necessary. Many complex ficials and those who undertake surveys of cities and procedures, programs, and laws are referred to other communities. Because these guidelines will be throughout the text; brief explanations of these are read by people of varied interests-local government provided in the appendices. The index should aid administrators, community-based preservation those readers with specific ideas and questions in Guidelines for Local Surveys organizations, civic groups, preservation profes­ mind. sionals, planners, members of preservation commis­ This edition of has been sions, developers, Federal and State agency officials, thoroughly updated and rewritten based on the and other interested persons-information is included original edition, published in 1977. It will be further that is familiar to some and foreign to others. Some updated periodically; therefore, comments and sugges­ communities may be interested in doing a survey of tions for future editions are welcome. They should be only one neighborhood using volunteer labor, while addressed to: Associate Director, Cultural Resources, other communities may be interested in planning and and Keeper of the National Register of Historic conducting a comprehensive survey of every building Places, U.S. Department of the Interior, National within their city limits using professional consultants. Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127.

Building:

NATIONAL REGISTER RESOURCE CLASSIFICATIONS: A building, suchBuilding as a house, barn, church, hotel, or similar construction is created to shelter any District:DEFINITIONS A a form of human activity. may also be used to refer to a historically and functionally related unit, such district possesses significant concentration, Structure:as a courthouse and structurejail or a house and barn. linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or The term is used to distinguish from Site: physical development. buildings those functional constructions made usually for Object:purposes other thanobject creating shelter. A site is the location of a significant event, a pre­ historic or historic occupation or activity, or a building The term is used to distinguish from buildings or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, and structures those constructions that are primarily artistic where the location itself possesses historical, cultural, or in nature or are relatively small in scale and simply con­ archeological value regardless of the value of any existing structed. Although it may be, by nature or design, movable, structure. an object is associated with a specific setting or environ­ ment, such as statuary in a designed landscape. 1 Introduction Properties nominated to the National Register may be classified in one of the five property classifications listed above. Those evaluated as meeting the National Register criteria may be nominated separately or as part of a multiple property submission. A multiple property submission includes nominations for all or a portion of the significant historic properties that relate to one or a series of established historic contexts, i.e. properties that share some significant historic or cultural relationship. A multiple property submission calls for the development of historic contexts, selection of related property types, and the identification and docu­ mentation of related significant properties. It may be based on the results of a comprehensive interdisciplinary survey for a specific rural area, town, city, section of a city, county, or region of a state, or it may be based on an intensive study of the resources illustrative of a specific type of building or site, a single cultural affilia­ Commercial block in South Royalton Historic District, Royalton, Vermont tion, the work of a specific master, or a single or closely (Courtney Fisher) related group of historic events or activities. This publication is intended to provide guidance on the con­ to the National Register is contained in National Register duct of surveys that may in tum form the basis for multi­ Bulletin 16, Guidelines for Completing National Register ple property submissions. Further information about of Historic Places Forms, available from the National multiple property submissions for nominating properties Park Service.

What is a survey?

sunny In this publication means a process of tion on those properties that are evaluated as signifi­ identifying and gathering data on a community's cant. historic resources. It includes field suroey-the Evaluation is the process of determining whether iden­ physical search for and recording of historic resources tified properties meet defined criteria of historical, ar­ on the ground-but it also includes planning and chitectural, archeological, or cultural significance. In background research before field survey begins, other words, evaluation involves winnowing the organization and presentation of suroey data as the survey data to produce an inventory. survey proceeds, and the development of inventories. Survey can be conducted at a variety of scales, pro­ Survey data refers to the raw data produced by the ducing different kinds of survey data applicable to dif­ survey; that is, all the information gathered on each ferent needs. These will be discussed in detail later in property and area investigated. this publication. An inventory is one of the basic products of a survey. An inventory is an organized compilation of informa-

What is a historic resource?

historic prop­ The National Historic Preservation Act defines The National Register, in turn, defines a erty historic resource, or historic property, as: as a district, site, building, structure, or object significant in American history, architecture, engineer­ or ing, archeology, and culture. A historic property may or or any prehistoric historic district, site, building, be a row of stores having cast-iron fronts or Mount structure, object included in, eligible for inclu­ Vernon, a water tower or a city park, a railroad sta­ sion in the National Register (of Historic Places); tion, an ethnic neighborhood, or the archeological re­ mains of a prehistoric Indian village. It may be of such term orincludes artifacts, records, and remains which are related to such a district, site, building, value to the Nation as a whole or important only to structure, object. the community in which it is located.

2 Introduction Why undertake a historic resource survey?

The underlying reason for undertaking a survey to relationships that unify and define its component identify a community's historic resources is the grow­ areas, and to establish policies, procedures, and ing recognition, by citizens and governments at all strategies for maintaining and enhancing them. It can levels, that such resources have value and should be lead to an increased understanding and awareness of retained as functional parts of modern life. The the human environment by officials and citizens historic resources of a community or neighborhood within the community and an increased commitment give it its special character and cultural depth. Some to preserving it. historic resources contain information whose study can provide unique insights into a community's past, An official preservation plan, prepared and adopted and help answer broad questions about history and by the community and its planning agency, should prehistory. In more utilitarian terms, each historic provide a basis for integrating survey information building and structure represents an investment that with other planning data; it should be an important should not be discarded lightly; maintaining and part of comprehensive community planning. It can rehabilitating older buildings and neighborhoods can establish priorities for dealing with historic resources mean savings in energy, time, money, and raw within the framework of existing local planning pro­ materials. grams and present specific recommendations for meeting these priorities. To make effective use of historic resources, to respect their value and extend their lives, it is necessary to in­ A preservation plan may present specific ways to tegrate historic preservation into community planning. maintain and enhance the positive character of an This is the immediate reason for undertaking a local area, identify legal and financial tools-easements, tax historic resources survey: to gather the information incentives, historic preservation commissions, preser­ needed to plan for the wise use of a community's vation ordinances, zoning and land use controls, and resources. revolving funds-that aid in the conservation of historic resources, and present design standards for A historic resources survey can define the historic new construction and for the enhancement of environ­ character of a community or a particular area and can mental amenities. A preservation plan can also il­ provide preservationthe basis for planmaking sound judgements in lustrate the effect of revitalizing historic resources and community planning. Survey data can be used to con­ can discuss the application of standards for restora­ struct a that helps the community tion and rehabilitation. identify the historic, cultural, aesthetic, and visual

Older commercial buildings in downtown areas are particularly vulnerable to decay and demolition yet could be successfully rehabilitated. This downtown block, in Kansas City, Missouri, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the West Ninth Street/Baltimore Avenue Historic District. (Paul S. Kivett)

Introduction 3 The conduct of historic resources surveys and the de­ ment carry out the historic preservation review velopment of preservation plans can also facilitate co­ responsibilities delegated to it by the U.S. Department operation among local, State, and Federal government of Housing and Urban Development in the ad­ agencies in both preservation and community ministration of Community Development Block development activities. Establishment of a preserva­ Grants and certain other grant programs, and it can tion planning program can help a local government simplify environmental review of Federal agency proj­ qualify to participate in Federal historic preservation ects and assistance programs in the community. Final­ grants-in-aid programs, upon certification by the State ly, it can provide the basis for designing preservation Historic Preservation Officer and the Secretary of the projects that can receive funding assistance from the Interior. It can also serve as a basis for the Secretary State Historic Preservation Officer, the Federal of the Interior's certification of local statutes and government, and other sources. Further information historic districts, which can facilitate the use of on relevant funding programs can be found in Appen­ Federal Investment Tax Credits to stimulate rehabilita­ dix III. tion of historic buildings. It can help a local govern-

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR'S STANDARDS FOR PRESERVATION PLANNING, IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION, AND REGISTRATION Standards for Preservation Planning: Standards for Evaluation: Standard I. Preservation planning establishes historic Standard I. Evaluation of the significance of historic contexts. properties uses established criteria. Standard II. Preservation planning uses historic con­ Standard II. Evaluation of significance applies the texts to develop goals and priorities for criteria within historic contexts. the identification, evaluation, registra­ Standard III. Evaluation results in a list or inventory tion, and treatment of historic properties. of significant properties that is consulted Standard III. The results of preservation planning are in assigning registration and treatment made available for integration into priorities. broader planning processes. Standard IV. Evaluation results are made available to Standards for Identification: the public. Standard I. Identification of historic properties is Standards for Registration: undertaken to the degree required to Standard I. Registration is conducted according to make decisions. stated procedures. Standard II. Results of identification activities are in­ Standard II. Registration information locates, tegrated into the preservation planning describes, and justifies the significance process. and physical integrity of a historic prop­ Standard III. Identification activities include explicit erty. procedures for record-keeping and infor­ Standard III. Registration information is accessible to mation distribution. the public. What should you know about the National Register before undertaking a survey?

The National Register, authorized under the 1935 criteria for evaluation which are worded in a flexible Historic Sites Act and expanded under the National manner to provide for the diversity of resources Historic Preservation Act of 1966, was designed to be across the country. These criteria are listed below. an authoritative guide to be used by Federal, State, The National Register has become an important com­ and local governments, private groups, and citizens in ponent of many State and local historic preservation identifying the Nation's historic resources of local, programs. Criteria for designating local landmarks State, and national significance and to indicate what and local historic districts, which by local ordinance properties are worthy of preservation and considera­ may qualify properties for special tax rates or trigger tion in the planning process. The National Register is special review when changes to the property are pro­ maintained by the National Park Service, U.S. posed, are often modelled after the National Register Department of the Interior, located in Washington, DC. criteria. National Register listing often follows and reinforces State and local designations, extending the The primary way that properties are listed in the Na­ concern for preservation and protection to the Federal tional Register is through nominations by the State level. The Register is also central to a number of Historic Preservation Officers. Potential entries to the Federal programs that encourage protection and im­ National Register are reviewed against established provement of the manmade environment, which are discussed in Appendices II and III.

4

Introduction Historic districts take many forms. This rural district, encompassing Silver City, Idaho, and its environs, was surveyed by the Bureau of Land Management and listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

is (Idaho Historical Society)

Federal agencies, and communities using Community eluded within registered historic districts.certified Investment Development Block Grants and other forms of Federal Taxhistoric Credits structures are provided for the rehabilitation of Na­ assistance, are required to consider the effects of their tional Register properties qualifying as projects, and projects they license or assist, on prop­ Secretary of the Interior'swhen rehabilitation Standards for work Rehabilita­ is cer­ erties included in or eligible for the National Register. tifiedtion. by the National Park Service as meeting the They must also give the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation a reasonable opportunity to comment on Tax deductions are permitted for the charitable such projects,Working For further with information 106. see Appendix II contribution of easements on historic properties to and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's qualified organizations. Tax incentives are discussed publication, further in Chapter V, and current information on Federal tax incentives can be obtained from the State Inclusion of a property in the National Register makes Historic Preservation Officer or the regional office of it eligible to be considered for grants-in-aid from the the National Park Service. Historic Preservation Fund. When available, these grants may be used to acquire a property or to When a property listed in or eligible for inclusion in develop it in a way that preserves its historic and ar­ the National Register must be destroyed or damaged chitectural character. The State Historic Preservation by an undertaking involving a Federal agency, funds Officer can provide advice on the availability of authorized by the Archeological and Historic Preser­ Historic Preservation Fund grants. vation Act of 1974 (Public law 93-291) may be used to recover any important historical or archeological Federal tax law provides incentives for the preserva­ data the property contains. tion of properties listed in the National Register or in-

THE CRITERIA OF THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES The following criteria are designed to guide the States, A. that are associated with events that have made a Federal agencies, and the Secretary of the Interior in significant contribution to the broad patterns of our evaluating potential entries (other than areas of the Na­ history; or tional Park System and National Historic Landmarks) for B. that are associated with the lives of persons significant the National Register: in our past; or The quality of significance in American history, architec­ C. that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, ture, archeology, engineering, and culture is present in period, or method of construction, or that represent the districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and: 5

Introduction that represent a significant and distinguishable entity ing importance if there is no other appropriate site or whose components may lack individual distinction; or building directly associated with his or her productive D. that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, informa­ life; or tion important in prehistory or history. D. a cemetery that derives its primary significance from Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used from distinctive design features, or from association with for religious purposes, structures that have been moved historic events; or from their original locations, reconstructed historic E. a reconstructed building when accurately executed in a buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner and properties that have achieved significance within the as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other past 50 years shall not be considered eligible for the Na­ building or structure with the same association has sur­ tional Register. However, such properties will qualify if vived; or they are integral parts of districts that do meet the F. a property primarily commemorative in intent if design, criteria or if they fall within the following categories: age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its A. a religious property deriving primary significance own historical significance; or from architectural or artistic distinction or historical im­ G. a property achieving significance within the past 50 portance; or years if it is of exceptional importance. B. a building or structure removed from its original loca­ For further information on the National Register criteria tion but which is significant primarily for architectural and how to interpret them, contact the National Register value, or which is the surviving structure most import­ office of the National Park Service. antly associated with a historic person or event; or C. a birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstand- Who is the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO)? What assistance can the SHPO provide?

State Historic Preservation Officers, appointed by the 9. Reviewing requests for historic preservation cer­ governors of the States, the chief executives of the ter­ tification and making recommendations to the Na­ ritories, and the Mayor of the District of Columbia, tional Park Service, as part of the Federal tax incen­ carry out the historic preservation programs of their tives Comprehensiveprogram. Statewide Historic Preservation jurisdictions and are given the following respon­ Plan. The sibilities by the National Historic Preservation Act which is prepared and implemented by the State and other Federal authorities: Historic Preservation Officer, is a dynamic planning 1. Carrying out a comprehensive statewide survey of process that entails organizing into a logical sequence historic properties and maintaining inventories of such information pertaining to the identification, evalua­ properties. tion, registration. and treatment of historic properties. It also sets priorities for accomplishing preservation 2. Nominating properties to the National Register. activities within the State. Generally the plan takes 3. Preparing and implementing a statewide historic the format of a series of established historic contexts preservation planning process. that correspond to importanthistoric contextaspects of the State's 4. Administering Historic Preservation Fund grants. prehistoryorganizational and history framework and characterize that groups its information significant historicabout related resources. lzistoric A properties basedis, 011 by a definition,theme. 5. Advising and assisting Federal and State agencies an and local governments in historic preservation mat­ geographical area. and period of time. ters. A knowledge 6. Working with the Department of the Interior, the of statewide historic contexts may help to identify Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and themes of local as well as State importance and may others to ensure that historic properties are taken into strengthen the basis for evaluating the significance of account in planning. properties identified during survey. In turn, survey 7. Providing public information. education, and train­ results may help to augment, refine, and revise ing in historic preservation. historic contexts and preservation priorities estab­ lished at the State level. 8. Cooperating with local governments in developing preservation programs, and assisting them in becom­ The State Historic Preservation Officer can assist ing certified to manage Historic Preservation Fund communities and Federal agencies undertaking historic grants and otherwise participate actively in the na­ resources surveys by: tional program. 1. Providing guidelines, standards, forms, and ap­ proaches to survey used in conducting historic resources surveys on a statewide basis. 6

Introduction 2. Advising about approaches used by other com­ munity's needs and most compatible with regional, munities and agencies, and providing contacts with statewide, and national data management systems. those responsible for survey and planning activities 7. Nominating properties to the National Register. elsewhere. 8. Passing through funds for survey where a local 3. Providing documentation on what historic re­ government's historic preservation program has been sources have already been identified by the State or certified to participate in the national preservation others. program.9. 4. Advising in the development of high-quality local Allocating National Park Service matching grants­ surveys. in-aid10. for survey work. 5. Helping coordinate local surveys with Federally Providing information on other sources of fund­ sponsored surveys and the State survey conducted by ing and assistance for preservation. the SHPO. 6. Helping establish systems for survey data mainte­ Whatnance thatis a will be mostlocal effective government in meeting preservation the com- program and how can a survey contribute to certification? certified

certification The National Historic Preservation Act provides for To be certified, a local government program must en­ the or approval of local historic preserva­ force appropriate State and local preservation legisla­ tion programs by the SHPO and the Secretary of the tion, establish and maintain a qualified historic preser­ Interior. Certification of a program operated by a vation review commission, provide for adequate local government makes the program eligible for public participation in its activities, perform other grants-in-aid from the Historic Preservation Fund ad­ functions delegated to it by the SHPO under the Na­ ministered by the Secretary, passed through the tional Historic Preservation Act, and maintain a SHPO. Certification also makes it possible for a local system for the survey and inventory of historic prop­ program to exercise greater autonomy in the nomina­ erties, consistent with guidelines provided by the tion of properties to the National Register and in SHPO. Thus the conduct of a survey is a necessary other aspects of the national historic preservation pro­ basis for the SHPO's and the Secretary's certification gram. Regulations covering the certification of local of a community's preservation program for participa­ government programs can be found in 36 CFR Part 61. tion in activities under the National Historic Preserva­ tion Act.

The certification of local governments under the National Historic Preservation Act has made it possible for historic preservation programs operated by local governments, as in Florence, Arizona, to exercise greater autonomy in nominating properties to the National Register of Historic Places and in other preservation activities, such as survey and inventory, and comprehensive planning.

(Harris Sobin) 7

Introduction What is the value of a historic resources survey and inventory?

To summarize, historic resources surveys and the 4. Provide the basis for using legal and financial tools resulting survey data and inventories can be used to: to protect and enhance historic resources. 1. Identify properties that contribute to the communi­ 5. Provide planners with a data base from which to ty's character, or that of its neighborhoods, or that il­ monitor and channel new development. lustrate its historical and architectural development, 6. Increase awareness in the public and private sectors and as a result deserve consideration in planning. of the manmade environment and the need for preser­ 2. Identify properties or areas whose study may pro­ vation efforts. vide information about the community's past, and contribute to scholarship, which should be preserved 7. Enable local governments and Federal agencies to or subjected to scientific investigation. meet their planning and review responsibilities under existing Federal legislation and procedures. 3. Establish priorities for conservation, restoration and rehabilitation efforts within the community.

Who should sponsor a survey?

In order to have the greatest impact on planning deci­ about a particular building or an entire neighborhood. sions within a community, surveys of historic It is important that surveys be coordinated with the resources should have the official endorsement of the State Historic Preservation Officer from the earliest local government, although historical societies, profes­ stages of planning. sional groups, and interested individuals can help A community historic preservation office and commis­ compile documentation, undertake research, and par­ sion established as part of local government can help ticipate in fieldwork. It is important that, in addition to protect the resources identified through survey ac­ to official endorsement, an ongoing process for tivities and to evaluate proposed development that collecting and evaluating survey data be officially in­ may adversely affect the community's special corporated into the community's planning activities to character. A historic preservation planner in an ex­ ensure the availability of current data for community isting planning commission or office may provide fur­ development and planning agencies, local, State, and ther assistance in carrying out these functions. Other Federal agencies, public service organizations, techniques for protecting the community's historic re­ developers, and others. Once a process for gathering sources are discussed in Appendix III. data has been organized, a community will be able to respond expeditiously to requests for information

8 Introduction Planning the Survey

An effective survey must be carefully planned, taking several general questions that those responsible for into account the community's planning needs, its legal planning and funding surveys often ask. It goes on to obligations, the interests of its citizens, available fund­ discuss approaches to planning a survey and a com­ ing, and the nature of its historic resources. munity's preservation program in general, and then turns to practical questions of how to mobilize com­ This chapter describes some of the basic considera­ munity resources to support a survey, how to obtain tions involved in planning a survey. It first addresses Initial Questions professional expertise, and how to obtain funding.

What kinds of resources should the survey seek?

As defined by the National Park Service, historic re­ • Buildings by great architects or master builders and sources fall into the five broad categories-building, site, important works by minor ones. structure, object, and district-discussed on page 1. The • Architectural curiosities, one-of-a-kind buildings. following list, although not comprehensive, indicates the range of resources that fit into these categories and that • Sole or rare survivors of an important architectural communities may wish to survey. A number of the sty le or type. resources under the categories below may be considered in a district context. • Studios of American artists, writers, or musicians Building (including groups of buildings) during years of significant activity. • Institutions that provide evidence of the cultural • Notable examples of architectural styles and periods or history of a community (churches, universities, art methods of construction, particularly local or regional centers, theaters, and entertainment halls). types. • Buildings where significant technological advances • Buildings showing the history and development of such or inventories in any field occurred (agricultural ex­ diverse areas as communications, community planning, perimentSite stations, laboratories, etc.). government, conservation, economics, education, literature, music, and landscape architecture. • Stores and businesses and other buildings that pro­ • Archeological sites containing information of vide a physical record of the experience of particular known or potential value in answering scientific ethnic or social groups. research questions. • Complexes of buildings, such as factory complexes, • Archeological sites containing information that may that comprise a functionally and historically inter­ shed light on local, State, or national history. related whole. • Sites of cultural importance to local people or social • Markets and commercial structures or blocks. or ethnic groups, such as locations of important events in their history, historic or prehistoric ceme­ teries, or shrines. 9

Planning the Survey • Cemeteries important for the architectural or artistic qualities of their constituent structures and monuments. • Constructed landscapes that exemplify principles, trends, or schools of thought in landscape archi­ tecture, or that represent fine examples of the land­ scape architect's art.

Structure • Industrial and engineering structures, including kilns, aquaducts, weirs, utility or pumping stations, and dams. • Transportation structures, including railroads, turn­ A complete suroey must include archeological sites important in pikes, canals, tunnels, bridges, roundhouses, prehistory or history. Indian Grinding Rock, Amador County, lighthouses, and wharves. California. A. • Agricultural structures such as granaries, silos, • Sites associated(Louis Payen)with events important in the history corncribs, and apiaries. of the community as a whole (battlefields, trails, etc.). • Movable structures associated with important proc­ • Cemeteries associated with important events or peo­ esses of transportation, industrial development, social ple, or whose study can provide important informa­ history, recreation, and military history (ships, tion about history or prehistory. locomotives, carousels, airplanes, artillery pieces, etc,).

• Ruins of historically or archeologically important Object buildings or structures. • Objects important to historical or art historical research (petroglyph boulders, bedrock mortars, • Historically important shipwrecks. statuary, rock carvings, etc.).

Landscape features, both open spaces and those designed, that are important in defining the character of an area should be documented in the suroey. St. James-Belgravia District, Louisville, Kentucky.

10 Historic (Jefferson County Archives) the Survey

Planning • Objects important to the cultural life of a com­ architect or the concepts and directions of a school of munity and related to a specific location (totem poles, landscape architecture. fountains, outdoor sculpture, road markers, • Landscapes that have been shaped by historical mileposts,District monuments, etc.). processes of land use and retain visual and cultural characteristics indicative of such processes. • Groups of buildings that physically and spatially Although the spatial relationships between component comprise a specific environment: groups of related elements is usually important in the definition of a buildings that represent the standards and tastes of a district, the elements of a district do not necessarily community or neighborhood during one period of have to be contiguous. For example, a number of ar­ history, unrelated structures that represent a progres­ cheological sites in a stream valley, representing the sion of various styles and functions, or cohesive settlement system of a prehistoric group, may be townscapes or streetscapes that possess an identity of widely scattered and separated from one another by place. highways, housing tracts, and other modern develop­ ments, but still constitute a unified whole that can be • Groups of buildings, structures, objects, and/or categorized as a district. In a similar way, a series of sites representative of or associated with a particular canals and related structures and buildings, separated social, ethnic, or economic group during a particular from one another by the natural bodies of water they period. connect, may nevertheless constitute an integrated • Farmlands and related farm structures (silos, barns, transportation system that is best viewed as a district. granaries, irrigation canals) that possess an identity of time and place. • Groups of structures and buildings that show the industrial or technological developments of the com­ munity, State, or Nation. • Groups of buildings representing historical develop­ ment patterns (commercial and trade centers, county seats, mill towns). • Groups of sites, structures, and/ or buildings con­ taining archeological data and probably representing an historic or prehistoric settlement system or pattern Engineering structures associated with transportation lines, whether of related activities. currently used or not, should be included in the survey. The Cop­ per River and Northwestern Railway, Chitina vicinity, Alaska, was • Groups of educational buildings and their associated constructed to gain access to the interior copper country and thus, is closely associated with a major economic activity in this area. spaces (school and university campuses, etc.). The National Register of Historic Places listing includes miles of 25 • Extensive constructed landscapes, such as large railroad bed, sections of track, trestles, and associated buildings. (Alaska Division of Parks) parks, that represent the work of a master landscape

What kinds of information should be gathered?

The precise kinds of information that should be col­ tailed guidance and standard forms for the conduct of lected by a survey will depend on its purpose and the surveys and the recording of different kinds of scale at which it is conducted, as discussed below. resources. Survey planners should also consult with the State Historic Preservation Officer in determining what If the survey is intended to result in nominations to kinds of information to collect, and the methods and the National Register, appropriate NationalGuidelines Park for approaches to use in collecting it. To ensure effective ServiceCompleting guidelines National should Register be consulted. Forms, The publica­ incorporation of the survey data into the State and tion, National Register Bulletin No. 16, Federal planning processes, survey planners should is the standard strive for consistency with the standards and guide­ reference on National Register documentation require­ lines provided by the State Historic Preservation Of­ ments. Others in the National Register Bulletin series ficer, and should relate their research to historic con­ provide supplementary information on such topics as texts established in the State historic preservation how to establish property boundaries, how to evalu­ planning process where these are applicable. Many ate relatively modern properties, and how to improve State Historic Preservation Officers can provide de- the quality of property photographs. 11 Planning the Survey What different kinds of surveys are commonly used?

Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for Both the of the community's layout and environment at dif­ Identification and common practice distinguish be­ ferent times in its history. reconnaissance tween two general levels of survey: intensive • detailed inspection of sample blocks or areas, as the and survey. Both kinds of survey involve basis for extrapolation about the resources of the background documentary research into the communi­ community as a whole. ty's history, archeology and architecture, as well as intensive field work, but they are different in terms of the level An survey, as the name implies, is a close of effort involved. and careful look at the area being surveyed. It is Reconnaissance designed to identify precisely and completely all may be thought of as a "once over historic resources in the area. It generally involves lightly" inspection of an area, most useful for detailed background research, and a thorough inspec­ characterizing its resources in general and for develop­ tion and documentation of all historic properties in ing a basis for deciding how to organize and orient the field. It should produce all the information needed more detailed survey efforts. In conjunction with a to evaluate historic properties and prepare an inven­ general review of pertinent literature on the communi­ tory. ty's past, a reconnaissance may involve such activities Secreretary of the Interior's Standards and as: The Guidelines for Identification provide outlines of the • A "windshield survey" of the community-literally information that should be documented as the result driving around the community and noting the general of reconnaissance and intensive surveys. Where such distribution of buildings, structures, and neighbor­ surveys are supported by grants-in-aid funds from the hoods representing different architectural styles, Department of the Interior, such information must be periods, and modes of construction. recorded as a condition of the grant, and such • a "walkover" archeological inspection, perhaps documentation is basic to professional practice in the coupled with small-scale test excavations, to get a conduct of any survey,· regardless of its source of general idea of the archeological potential of portions funding. of the community. Reconnaissance and intensive survey are often con­ • a study of aerial photographs, historical and recent ducted in sequence, with reconnaissance being used in maps and city plans, soil surveys, and other sources planning intensive survey. They are also sometimes of information that help gain a general understanding

Prehistoric archeological sites may be preseroed beneath a modern city's streets and houses, particularly if the houses were built on slabs or shallow foundations and the soil was not greatly disturbed. Here in suburban Phoenix, Arizona, the remains of pithouses occupied by the prehistoric Hohokam Indians are being excavated in the path of a new highway right-of-way. (Arizona State University and Arizona Department of Transportation)

i2 Planning the Survey combined, with intensive survey directed at locations given area it may be appropriate to conduct an inten­ where background research indicates a likely high sive survey of buildings and structures but only a concentration of historic resources and recon­ reconnaissance with reference to archeological sites, naissance directed at areas where fewer resources can while in another area archeological sites may require be expected. They can also be combined with intensive survey while buildings need only a "once reference to different resource types: for example, in a over lightly" examination. How large an area should be included in a survey?

City or county limits define the survey area for many considered for inclusion in the survey. communities. In other cases, decisions about what part of the community to survey may be based on In planning a survey, background research should be community development project areas or on other conducted on the community to get an overview of its areas with recognized development potential. The development. It also is advisable, as a preliminary historic contexts relevant to the survey effort may step, to conduct at least a cursory reconnaissance of also affect the size of the areas to be included. For ex­ the community to identify potential significant areas ample, if the history of ethnic minorities in the com­ or specific properties that might be the target of inten­ munity is an important historic context addressed in sive survey efforts. Where this is done, provision the survey effort, neighborhoods known or thought to should be made for adding properties and areas iden­ have been occupied by such minority groups in the tified through documentary research and subsequent past, or occupied by them today, should obviously be field survey, since historically significant places are included in the survey. Public interest and support not always obvious visually. In cases where the entire may also dictate the inclusion of particular community is to be surveyed, it may be advisable to neighborhoods in the survey. Members of the com­ undertake these assessments in stages. Decisions about munity knowledgeable about local history or ar­ what areas to survey first may be based on time, cheology may be able to suggest areas of potential money, or pending projects which may affect historic or archeological significance that should be resources within a particular area. How long should a survey take?

SURVEY DOCUMENTATION The Secretary of t/1e Interiors Standards and Guidelines for Identification specify the kinds of information that In planning a survey, a timetable should be worked should be collected as a result of field survey: out to establish deadlines for each stage of the project. The timetable should reflect not only community A reconnaissance survey should document: development planning needs but also the nature and 1. The kinds of properties looked for; 2. The boundaries of the area surveyed; scope of the survey project itself. In addition to 3. The method of survey, including the extent of deadlines, it should establish periodic evaluation ses­ survey coverage; sions to review data gathered and overall progress to 4. The kinds of historic properties present in the date. These sessions could provide the basis for on­ survey area; going publicity. 5. Specific properties that were identified, and the categories of information collected; and The length of time in which the survey project can be 6. Places examined that did not contain historic prop­ successfully completed depends on the size and com­ erties. plexity of the area(s) to be covered, the number of surveyors and researchers, and the amount of infor­ An intensive survey should document: mation to be gathered. Some localities have found it 1. The kinds of properties looked for; 2. The boundaries of the area surveyed; effective to approach the survey on an area-by-area 3. The method of survey, including an estimate of the basis, completing an inventory of one area before extent of survey coverage; moving on to the next. This method has the advan­ 4. A record of the precise location of all properties tage of letting the community build on past experience identified; and in each successive survey and of allowing for feedback 5. Information on the appearance, significance, integri­ on the usefulness of the material gathered in the plan­ ty, and boundaries of each property sufficient to ning process. It has the disadvantage of providing no permit an evaluation of its significance. data on substantial portions of the community until late in the overall survey process. A phased survey, in which background research and reconnaissance of most or all of the community is conducted first, followedPlanning the by Survey intensive survey where needed, is an 13 alternative to area-by-area survey. A combination of selecting a professional consultant). A detailed approaches, as noted above, may also fit a particular timetable or work schedule can then be developed in community's planning needs. Decisions about what conjunction with the consultant hired. Deadlines kind of survey to conduct, and how it may be scheduled well before those called for by procedural phased, naturally define how long the survey will or other obligations will ensure timely completion of take. the project. It may be appropriate to establish separate timetables for the conduct of background Communities planning to hire professional consultants research, reconnaissance, and intensive surveys. for to conduct the survey should include a rough the organization of survey data, for evaluation, for timetable as part of the general work prospectus that publication, and for development of preservation plans. they present to potential consultants (see section on Elements of Survey Planning

How is the purpose of the survey established?

It is fair to say that any historic resources survey of a ty over survey in areas where there is less immediate community has as one of its main purposes, if not its potential for use of the resulting survey data. sole purpose, the development of a complete, fully documented, comprehensive inventory of the com­ In short, a survey can be done at many different scales, with many different emphases, and using many munity's historic properties. It is important to different techniques at different levels of refinement. recognize, however, that a survey need not be com­ The kind of survey undertaken depends on the needs plete and comprehensive in order to be useful. of the community. • If background knowledge of a community's history suggests that particularly important historic properties may be concentrated in particular areas, it may be What are historic contexts? cost-effective to survey such areas first, giving lower priority to areas where historic properties are less like­ Together with the community's planning and develop­ ly to be found, or may be found in lower densities. ment priorities, and its available personnel and finan­ • Conversely, if not much is known about a com­ cial resources, historic contexts are the most influen­ munity's historic resources, it may be appropriate to tial factors in defining the structure of a survey effort. A is a broad pattern of historical concentrate initially on background research and historic context broad-scale development in a community or its region, that may reconnaissance (as defined on p. 12) to obtain an initial idea of the community's resource be represented by historic resources. base before designing more intensive surveys. For example, if a community began as a port village • If a particular part of the community may be sub­ in the early 18th century, its functions as such may be ject to substantial development in the near future, or reflected in its street plan, in the character of some is the target for use of Federal assistance, triggering neighborhoods, in some particular buildings or groups the need for historic preservation review, it may be of buildings, or in archeological remains buried appropriate to concentrate survey in that part of the beneath more recent development. The operation of community before other areas are addressed. the early 18th century port is thus one historic context that influences the nature and distribution of the com­ • If there is a considerable potential for rehabilitation munity's resources, and should influence survey ef­ of historic commercial buildings in the community, forts designed to find and document such resources. If stimulated by the availability of tax advantages at the the community underwent a commercial boom in the Federal or State level, it may be appropriate to give 1890s, was burned during the Civil War, received im­ the identification of commercial buildings priority migrant ethnic groups in the early 20th century, over the identification of other types of historic prop­ received the attention of a particular school of ar­ erties. chitecture, or was the probable location of a • If the residents of a particular neighborhood, or prehistoric American Indian village, each of these property owners in a particular commercial area of historic contexts should be considered in planning the the community, have expressed interest in maintaining survey. and enhancing their historic properties, it may be a The importance of taking historic contexts into ac­ prudent investment to give survey in such area priori- count cannot be overemphasized. Failure to do so can

14 Planning the Survey lead to the applicationfail of survey methods that are not local sources, as well as provide information on what cost-effective, that to identify significant surveys have already been done in the area and sug­ resources, or that contain uncontrolled biases. gest possible topics of inquiry. Generally, establishing historic contexts involves reviewing the known history The establishment of historic contexts is vital to and prehistory of the State and region in which the targeting survey work effectively, and to the effective community lies, seeking to define important patterns use of personnel. For example, if representatives of an in the development of the area through time that may important school of architecture designed a number of be represented by historic properties. buildings in the community's central business district, knowledge of this historic context will lead survey Historic contexts may be unique to a community, but planners to focus the attention of qualified architec­ often are reflected in, or related to, the surrounding tural historians on this section of the community, region or to other communities. For this reason, it is while if prehistoric Indians in the area typically important to coordinate the development of a com­ established their villages at the confluence of streams, munity's historic contexts with the State Historic knowledge of this historic context may lead surveyors Preservation Officer's statewide planning efforts. Most to use information on old stream patterns within the statewide preservation plans developed by State community to identify locations for archeological Historic Preservation Officers establish at least broad, survey and testing. general historic contexts which may be directly or in­ directly applicable at the local level. Furthermore, the Historic contexts are developed on the basis of State Historic Preservation Officer is likely to be background data on the community's history and aware of historic contexts developed through the plan­ prehistory, or on such data from the surrounding ning efforts of other communities and Federal and area. To mobilize such data, survey planners should State agencies. conduct initial research into the community's history and the history and prehistory of the region in which Historic contexts are almost always refined, modified, it lies, and should consult knowledgeable authorities. added to, and elaborated on as the survey itself pro­ local historical organizations and academic history ceeds. At the point of planning the survey, it may be departments, professional and avocational ar­ feasible to define them only in broad, general terms; cheologists and archeological organizations, profes­ sufficient flexibility should always be maintained to sional architects and landscape architects, and local allow changes to take place as the survey progresses. chapters of the American Institute of Architects are all An initial statement of historic contexts should be likely sources of useful advice. The State Historic developed during the earliest stages of planning to Preservation Officer can often suggest knowledgeable guide development of the actual survey design.

Comprehensive community suroeys should not be limited to architecturally significant buildings; but should include all tangible links with the past. These stockyards played an important role in the history and the development of Fort Worth, Texas, and are included in a Na­ tional Register historic district.

(Steve Smith, Texas Historical Commission) 15

Planning the Survey How are survey goals and priorities established?

Ideally, survey goals should be based on historic con­ Planning needs are often the major bases for setting texts. For example, suppose that a community (a) was priorities. For example, if our hypothetical communi­ the probable location of a prehistoric Indian village ty's business people are interested in taking advantage near the confluence of two streams; (b) was a port of tax incentives to rehabilitate commercial buildings, during the 18th century; (c) experienced substantial it may be appropriate to facilitate this effort by giving commercial development in the late 19th century, dur­ high priority to the goal of documenting the com­ ing which many buildings designed by practicioners of munity's downtown commercial districts in sufficient an important school of architecture were constructed details to prepare complete National Register nomina­ in the central business district; and (d) experienced tions. If the Army Corps of Engineers is planning a growth in the early 20th century as Italian, German, project to channelize streams flowing through the Hispanic, and rural Black immigrants established row community, this may create both the need to give house neighborhoods ringing the center city. Goals for high priority to identifying the remains of the Indian a first-stage, reconnaissance-level survey effort might village and the opportunity to use Federal assistance be (a) to determine whether soil strata that might con­ from the Corps of Engineers to do so. If a city tain the archeological remains of the Indian village government intends to target a particular area for still exist under the modern streets and houses that rehabilitation of older buildings using Community overlie the old stream confluence; (b) to determine the Development Block Grant funds, this may justify giv­ boundaries of the 18th century port, identify major ing priority to survey of the target area to identify buildings still standing from the period, identify historic properties that should be protected from inap­ buildings requiring further study to determine whether propriate construction activities. they represent repeatedly modernized 18th century FinalJy, opportunities provide a basis for setting buildings, and determine locations of likely ar­ priorities. If a local university is interested in cheological interest; (c) to identify major surviving establishing a field school in historic archeology, the concentrations of 19th century commercial buildings; opportunity may exist to use the university's efforts to and (d) to identify ethnic neighborhoods that retain their architectural and cultural integrity. study the 18th century port area. If a neighborhood group is interested in documenting its social history in The means to achieving these goals can then be the community, this may present an opportunity to assigned priorities based on such factors as work mobilize neighborhood support for the survey effort already conducted, available funding, planning and and suggest that the interested neighborhood should development constraints, and survey opportunities. be assigned high priority. If some data are available on a given historic context It should be recognized that, as the survey progresses, as the result of prior work, it may be appropriate to it will almost certainly be necessary to adjust goals assign relatively low priority to investigating that con­ and priorities. The survey will probably identify new text, emphasizing instead those that are less well historic contexts and refine others. New opportunities known; alternatively, the existence of information on and constraints will arise. Work will be completed a particular historic context may be taken as an op­ sufficiently with respect to some goals to allow atten­ portunity to be built upon, thus giving investigation tion to shift to others. Finally, it may be necessary to of that context higher priority. correct distortions created by the pursuit of previous priorities. After a few years of response to the needs Historical research and archeological testing to iden­ generated by tax incentives for commercial rehabilita­ tify the boundaries of the 18th century port might be tion, for example, a community may have exhaustive more expensive than a program of interviews and documentation on its commercial districts but very lit­ windshield survey to locate ethnic neighborhoods, for tle data on its residential neighborhoods, public example, so the former might be assigned a lower buildings, or archeological resources. It may then be priority than the latter, or divided into phases that appropriate to adjust the survey to give higher priori­ could be implemented over time to reduce expense. ty to areas and resources earlier given short shrift. How should the storage and use of survey data be considered during survey planning?

Chapter III discusses the review and organization of record information will depend on how the data are survey data, and should be considered during survey to be used and in what form they will be maintained. planning. It is important to consider how survey data For example, if an important reason for the survey is will be stored, organized, and used before the survey to provide information to the city planning office, itself16 begins, because many decisions about how to which maintains its data base on computer, it is im- Planning the Survey portant that the survey data be collected in a form quirements. As another example, if the community that is compatible with that computer's operating feels that developing an extensive, high-quality photo system. Similarly, if there is a historic preservation archive of its significant architecture is an important ordinance calling for the review of proposed changes goal, this will influence decisions about the kinds of to historic properties, survey data should be stored in cameras to provide to each survey team, the kind of a form and location that are accessible and useful to training to provide, and the amount and kinds of film the local historic preservation commission. At the to budget for. same time, particulary if the survey is being supported This aspect of planning will involve consulting with by the State Historic Preservation Officer as part of those who are likely to be important users of the the statewide comprehensive survey, it is important survey data to determine the form of information that that the data be collected in a form that can be easily will be most useful and accessible. Recording forms, put into the SHPO's data base, and if nominations to systems for translating raw survey data into the National Register are being considered, the com­ computer-compatible formats, and archiving systems munity will want to design its forms and records to should then be designed with these considerations in ensure that collected data are compatible with Na­ mind, and surveyors should be trained in their use. tionalHow Registercan a community categories and involve documentation the public re- in planning a survey?

The success of planning a community survey, as well Potential users of survey information, including com­ as conducting it and using the results, will depend on munity planners, historic preservation commissions, a broad base of local interest and involvement. Vital business leaders, tourism offices, libraries, schools, support for the survey, and for historic preservation and the Chamber of Commerce should be informed of in general, can be generated if a carefully planned the survey effort and asked how the survey can be campaign is mounted to involve the public and obtain designed to be of greatest value to them. their participation. Such a campaign can also identify valuable local sources of information and special ex­ Where the survey will take place in neighborhoods pertise. Public involvement should begin at the whose residents do not speak English as their first earliest stages of survey planning. language, or where social customs are not those of mainstream Anglo-American society, efforts to in­ Means of stimulating interest might include volve the public should be carried out in the language neighborhood meetings; displays at libraries, public of the neighborhood's residents as much as possible, schools, and museums; walking tours; lectures and and should be sensitive to their cultural values and discussions by preservation specialists; and newspaper systems of communication. In some societies, for ex­ articles about the survey, about preservation activities ample, it is very disrespectful for young people to talk in other communities or about the history, ar­ about history in the presence of their elders; in such a cheology, or architecture of the community. Local context, an open public meeting to seek information newspapers may also be used to solicit historical data, on the community's history may not only be ineffec­ reminiscences, old photographs, and other informa­ tive, but may endanger the support that prominent tion. Community newspapers could, for example, older members of the community would otherwise carry a tear-out survey form to encourage readers to have for the survey. Neighborhood leaders should be submit information on properties and on sources of consulted to design public involvement efforts that are unpublished documentary material with which they consistent with local values and expectations. If pro­ are familiar. fessionals knowledgeable about the neighborhoods in which surveys will take place-for example, Special efforts should be made to involve those in the sociologists, anthropologists, and social workers-are community with particular interests in historic prop­ available, they also should be consulted during early erties or community development. Local historical organizations, neighborhood groups, and archeo­ survey planning. logical societies should be contacted. Historians, Community enthusiasm for the survey project can architects, landscape architects, archeologists, generate volunteer support and assistance for various folklorists, sociologists, and anthropologists should be aspects of the survey, such as historical research and sought out. Interviews with such organizations and in­ field survey work. Survey planning should be coor­ dividuals should seek to identify ways the survey can dinated with local historical commissions and serve their interests, and how their expertise can con­ societies, civic groups, archeological societies, and tribute to the survey effort other professional organizations. These organizations are usually knowledgeable about their community's historic resources and often can provide useful Planning the Survey 17 documentation as well as volunteer assistance in con­ public be given adequate notice of the appearance of ducting the survey. The following community groups surveyors in their neighborhoods and be informed of are also potential sources of volunteers for the survey: the kind of documentation they will be gathering. Chamber of Commerce, Jaycees, Junior League, Newspaper articles providing such information, as fraternal organizations (Rotarians, Elks, Kiwanis, well as posters in supermarkets, schools, churches, etc.), youth organizations (YMCA, YWCA, high etc., can allay unnecessary suspicions, and help assure school clubs, service organizations, etc.), men's and a positive reception for the surveyors. It may also be women's clubs, universities and colleges, and religious useful for surveyors to carry a letter of introduction groups. explaining the survey project, its goals, and its methods. Before initiating fieldwork, it is important that the

What form should a survey design take?

Based on initial background research, minor recon­ tent possible, it should describe the expected results of naissance, consultation with the State Historic Preser­ the investigation of each context-that is, what kinds vation Officer and others, and public participation, it of historic resources may be expected, what their should be possible to draft a general scope of work general nature and numbers may be, and what condi­ for the survey. The scope of work should outline the tion they may be in. Finally, it should specify the pur­ purpose of the survey, survey goals at least for the poses to which it is expected that the survey data will first phase of work, and priorities as appropriate. It be put, and how these purposes will structure the col­ should specify the objectives of each phase of work, lection and recording of data. and identify the methods to be used (for example, Survey planners should consult the State Historic background research, field study, supervision of Preservation Officer when preparing a survey design. volunteer survey teams). It should establish approx­ State Historic Preservation Officers have considerable imate time frames for the conduct of the work, or for experience in designing and implementing surveys, the conduct of particular phases of work, and it and can provide valuable advice and models, as well should include or be supported by a brief description as help ensure that the design is consistent with of the historic contexts to be investigated. To the ex- statewide survey standards. Mobilizing Resources for the Survey

What qualifications should those supervising a survey have?

The usefulness of the survey as a planning tool will Professionals should be responsible for all major deci­ depend in large part on its overall accuracy and pro­ sions affecting the survey effort, including providing fessional quality. It is important, therefore, for com­ guidance to inexperienced surveyors, defining districts munities to obtain the advice and involvement of and properties of potential significance within the qualified professional personnel in all phases of the overall survey areas, evaluating and interpreting data survey project. Typically, a historic resources survey gathered in the survey, and producing or overseeing should make use of professional historians, architec­ the production of photographic and other graphic tural historians, archeologists, and other specialists, in documentation. the supervision of both historical research and field Some professionals within the community may be inspection. Minimum qualifications for these profes­ willing to volunteer their time to undertake survey sional personnel, as defined by the National Park work. In most cases, however, communities will find Service, are given in the box on page 22. Other it necessary to hire professionals. Where volunteer professionals, such as historical architects, planners, labor is relied upon, it is advisable to appoint or hire social and cultural anthropologists, and landscape ar­ at least one professional who can administer or chitects, may be helpful in gathering survey data. oversee survey activities, coordinate the work being Familiarity with the National Register program and done, and make program decisions. Ideally, such a the application of its criteria for evaluation is extreme­ person-referred to in this publication as a survey ly helpful. coordinator-should have the ability to organize survey teams, budget time and money wisely, and assembly and interpret raw data.

18 Planning the Survey Where can qualified professionals be located?

The State Historic Preservation Officer (see Appendix an AIA Preservation Coordinator to oversee and ad­ V for addresses) should always be consulted for ad­ vise on preservation activities. The AIA has a Com­ vice when seeking professionals for participation in a mittee on Historic Resources, and publishes a direc­ survey. Responsible for the statewide comprehensive tory of its members. survey, the State Historic Preservation Officer is American Association for State and Local History usually familiar with the State's historic preservation (172 Second Avenue North, Suite 102, Nashville, TN National Park Service Regional Offices professionals. 37201). AASLH publishes a Directory of Historical (see Appendix V for addresses) can also often provide Societies and Agencies in the United States and knowledgeable advice about potential professional Canada, and provides a variety of other services to assistance. In addition to the State Historic Preserva­ communities seeking consultants and planning tion Officer, and the National Park Service, the surveys. following individuals and organizations can often be helpful in finding professional assistance. American Folklore Society (1703 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009) can advise on State Archeologist, whose office in some States is folklorists and anthropologists qualified to participate separate from that of the State Historic Preservation in oral historical and ethnographic survey work. Officer (addresses available from the National Park Service). American Planning Association (1313 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637) and its Historic Preservation Divi­ National Conference of State Historic Preservation sion (1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, Officers (444 North Capitol Street, Suite 332, DC 20036), can put communities in touch with preser­ Washington, DC 20001). The NCSHPO is the vation planners and community planners with ex­ organization that represents the State Historic Preser­ perience in preservation. vation Officers in Washington. It can assist in making contact with State Historic Preservation Officers American Society of Landscape Architects, Historic about sources of professional assistance. Preservation Committee (1733 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009) can offer advice about National Alliance of Preservation Commissions (444 landscape architects with experience in preservation. North Capitol Street, Suite 332, Washington, DC The Society publishes a National Directory of Land­ 20001). The NAPC is a membership organization that scape Architecture Firms. seeks to coordinate local preservation programs and provide them with national representation. It can put Association for Preservation Technology (Box 2487, local officials and survey planners in touch with other Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P5W6). This communities and statewide alliances that have under­ is a joint Canadian-U.S. organization that can put taken similar projects and can provide first-hand ad­ communities into contact with architects and architec­ vice about consultants and other matters. tural conservationists experienced in preservation and restoration work. National Trust for Historic Preservation (1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036). National Coordinating Committee for the Promotion The Trust also has regional offices which can provide of History (400 A Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003). advice about qualified professionals, institutions, and This committee publishes a Directory of Historical firms. It also includes a placement service in Preserva­ Consultants. tion News, its monthly newspaper. National Council for Public History (Department of State and regional archeological councils and societies History, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (addresses available from the State Historic Preserva­ 26506). This organization seeks to coordinate the ac­ tion Officer). tivities of professional historians in non-academic work. Local colleges and universities, especially history, ar­ chitecture, and anthropology departments. Organization of American Historians (112 North American Anthropological Association (1703 New Bryan Street, Bloomington, IN 47401). The OAH pro­ Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009). vides a professional placement service for its The AAA may be able to advise about locating ar­ members. cheologists and cultural anthropologists. Society of Professional Archeologists. SOPA does not American Institute of Architects (1735 New York maintain a permament business office, but is Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20006). Each S tate has represented by its Secretary-Treasurer, an elected of­ ficial. SOP A's current address should be available from the State Historic Preservation Officer. SOPA

Planning the Survey 19 Directory of Professional Ar­ Society of Architectural Historians cheologists, publishes an annual (1700 Walnut which lists archeologists who have agreed Street, Room 716, Philadelphia, PA 19103). SAH runs to comply with a Code of Ethics and other profes­ aSociety placement for Historical service at Archeologyits Philadelphia headquarters. sional standards, and who have been certified by (1703 New Hamp­ SocietySOPA to for meet Americ specifiedan Archaeology professional qualifications.K shire Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009) may be (1511 Street, able to provide information on archeologists who NW, Suite 714, Washington, DC 20005). A member­ specialize in the study of archeological remains ship organization of professional and avocational ar­ representing periods since the arrival of Europeans in cheologists, the SAA runs a placement service at its America.Society for Industrial Archeology annualSociety nforational Applied meeting. Anthropology (c/o National (1001 Connecticut Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institu­ Avenue, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036). The tion, Room 5020, Washington, DC 20560) can pro­ SfAA can advise about cultural anthropologists who vide information on archeologists who specialize in can provide assistance in oral historical and the study of industrial sites and structures. ethnographic work, and about archeologists. How is a professional consultant selected?

ry The following steps are suggested as a guide for select­ (b) Workload. T to determine whether the con­ ing a professional consultant: sultant will be able to accomplish the project within the time frame that you have established. The consul­ 1. Define the nature of the work carefully, in order to tant's reputation for meeting deadlines will be a good have a clear idea of how many and what kind of con­ indication of this. sultants to look for. This is an important reason for developing2. a thorough scope of work. (c) Access to all fields of expertise needed to meet the requirements of the project. Whether the consul­ Send the scope of work to a number of firms, in­ tant has such expertise personally, on his or her staff, stitutions, organizations, or qualified individuals with or through cooperative arrangements with others, it is the requests that they submit written proposals . important to ensure that he or she understands what 3. Consider the general qualifications of those who expertise is needed to pursue the survey goals and can submit proposals. References should be required and mobilize that expertise when it is needed. Although investiga4. ted carefully. the kinds of expertise needed will vary, historic resources surveys are typically interdisciplinary, re­ Evaluate the written proposals provided. Ascertain quiring the expertise of historians, architectural how well each consultant appears to understand the historians, archeologists, and other specialists. reasons for and nature of the work, and evaluate the methods and approach that each intends to use in (d) Ability to work with the public. The survey undertaking the project. (Look for a consultant who will be a very public activity in the community, so at seems to understand what he or she is doing and has a minimum the selected consultant should have the a good idea of how to do it.) ability to interact well with people. The social values of the neighborhoods in which the survey will take 5. Choose for interviews one or more consultants that place should be considered; it is vital that those appear to be the best qualified. Interviews with more responsible for the survey be able to work well with than three consultants may not be productive. the people of the community. If the survey will in­ 6. Interview selected consultants separately, explain­ volve the substantial use of volunteers, the consultant ing the work that has to be done and the selection should have the clear ability to inspire, organize, and procedures you are using. Enough time should be supervise them. scheduled for each interview to allow for a careful ex­ 7. Make a list of consultants interviewed in order of amination of qualifications and thorough discussion of desirability, based on apparent ability to accomplish the survey project. In addition to the professional the project. qualifications listed on page 22 the following are particularly important criteria to consider: 8. Contact the first choice and agree on a precise outline of responsibilities and a fee. (a) Experience and reputation. Consult the State Historic Preservation Officer and relevant organiza­ 9. If you cannot agree on responsibilities, fee, or con­ tions listed in the preceding section to determine tract details, notify the consultant in writing that where qualified professionals may be located and how negotiations are being discontinued. Then begin to evaluate survey experience. negotiations with the next consultant. 20 Planning the Survey Consultation with the State Historic Preservation Of­ If the survey is funded using a grants-in-aid from the ficer and, in some cases, with the National Park Serv­ Historic Preservation Fund administered by the Na­ ice Regional Office, is recommended during selection tional Park Service, the contract should specify that of consultants. Establishment of a review panel in­ the survey (whetherSecretary at aof reconnaissance the Interior's Standardsor intensive and cluding appropriate professionals and representatives level)Guidelines will collectfor ldentification. and document the information re­ of the community may be appropriate. quired by the Similarly, if the purpose Selection of a consultant simply on the basis of a bid of the survey is to obtain documentation for National is not recommended. A historic resources survey is a Register nominations or determinations of eligibility, complicated professional activity that requires the ex­ the contract should Secretaryspecify that of the consultantInterior's Stand­ is ercise of careful subjective judgement. Simply obtain­ responsibleards and Guidelines for compiling for Evaluation sufficient documentation,and Registration ing the cheapest services, without full consideration of consistent with the the quality of work offered, will almost certainly result in poor work and wasted time, money, and and other relevant National Park Service guidelines, public enthusiasm. For consultants who can provide to permit the necessary professional review. Although the necessary services within the established budget special demands of the consultant may arise during range, competition should be on the basis of profes­ the course of the survey project, the consultant cannot sional competence, experience, and quality of pro­ be expected to do work outside of the contract, unless posal. the contract and fee are amended accordingly. Additional considerations: Guidance in drawing up contracts for survey work 1. Limit the number of consultants interviewed. may be obtained from the State Historic Preservation Careful preinterview selection will enable you to inter­ Officer and from the Regional Offices of the National view a few consultants in depth and should provide Park Service. sufficient information for a sound choice. This pre­ 4. Avoid possible conflict of interest situations. Con­ interview process will provide consultants an oppor­ sultants may offer to provide services at low rates in tunity to submit information explaining their anticipation of securing future contracts for other qualifications and the nature and extent of their ex­ types of professional services (restoration work, ex­ perience. cavation of archeological sites, etc.). The prime task 2. Establish financial parameters and explain of the consultant should be the completion of the budgetary restrictions, if any, at the outset, but avoid survey and inventory project. If a long-term competitive bidding for the reasons given above. cooperative relationship between the consultant and the client is in the best interests of both, it should be 3. Avoid nonwritten agreements. For the protection explicitly negotiated as such. of both client and consultant, the client should always execute a written contract with the consultant. What fees do historic resources consultants charge?

Fixed Fee for Professional Services-Plus Actual Amount of Other Expenses. Fees charged by professional consultants are generally 2. based on the scope and complexity of the work as Beyond a fixed fee, the measured by the time or professional personnel re­ firm or individual is paid the cost incurred in connec­ quired to complete it; experience, education, training, tion with the work based upon the actual costs in­ and reputation of the personnel involved; and the curred. Such costs would include, in addition to quality of service the consultant is prepared to pro­ payroll and general office overhead, materials, prin­ vide. There are five basic kinds of financial ar­ ting, and other out-of-pocket costs directly chargeable rangementsLump usedFee for for consultant all Contracted services: Services. to the job. It is usual to set a limit of reimbursable 1. Sum This costs in the contract providing for this type of finan­ arrangement may be advantageous to the client due to cial arrangements, or to provide that such costs shall its relative ease of budgeting. It can, however, be a notFee be incurredas Fixed withoutPercentage prior of approval Expenses. of the client. problem for both the client and the consultant because 3. Compensa­ it is difficult to anticipate unknown factors that could tion is based upon the consultant's technical payroll, be involved. In fairness to both parties, there should multiplied by an agreed-upon factor, to arrive at the be a definite statement of time limits and a provision total compensation. This method may be combined for the adjustment of the fee. Of course, it is impor­ with a fixed fee or per diem compensation for the per­ tant that the program and responsibilities of the con­ sonal services of the consultant's staff if considerable sultants be carefully specified in enough detail to time of such staff is required. It is difficult for the preclude mutual misunderstanding. client to budget unless a maximum compensation is21

Planning the Survey included. This arrangement has the advantage of preservationContingency review Fee. board. removing the greater part of uncertainty from the consultant's calculations in a large undertaking while 5. This method involves work by offering the client a simply method of determining the consultant on the basis of compensation to be and auditing fees as well as maximum feasibility in determined later and measured by the benefits accru­ ing from the service. This is a difficult method for use establishingPer Diem the Fees. scope of services that he or she needs. in planning studies. It requires contractual agreements 4. This method may apply to any of that will clearly disclose the basis upon which the the consultant's personnel, including its principals. It contingency fees will ultimately be computed. This always requires explicit understanding as to what con­ method would be unethical in all cases where the con­ stitutes a "day" and how travel time and expenses are sultant offers expert testimony or where he or she is to be allocated. This arrangement is especially advan­ required to appear as an impartial expert rather than tageous for irregular or indefinite assignments, such as as an advocate. providing testimony concerning a survey's results to a

PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS C. Architectural history

The minimum professional qualifications are a graduate The following definitions have been developed by the degree in architectural history, art history, historic National Park Service to help States, communities, preservation, or a closely related field, with course work Federal agencies, and others identify qualified profes­ in American architectural history; or a bachelor's degree sionals in the disciplines of history, archeology, architec­ in architectural history with concentration in American tural history. and historic architecture. In some cases, ad­ architecture; or a bachelor's degree in architectural ditional areas or levels of expertise may be needed, history, art history, historic preservation, or a closely depending on the complexity of the tasks involved and related field plus one of the following: (1) at least 2 years the nature of the historic properties. It should be noted of full-time experience in research, writing, or teaching in that 1 year of full-time professional experience when American architectural history or restoration architecture stipulated below need not consist of a continuous year of with an academic institution, historical organization or full-time work, but may be made up of discontinuous agency, museum, or other professional institution; or (2) periods of full-time or part-time work that add up to the substantial contribution through research and publication equivalent of a year of full-time experiences. A. History to the body of scholarly knowledge in the field of American architectural history. D. Architecture The minimum professional qualifications are a graduate degree in history or a closely related field; or a bachelor's The minimum professional qualifications in architecture degree in history or a closely related field plus one of the are a professional degree in architecture plus at least two following: (1) at least 2 years of full-time experience in years of full-time practice in architecture; or a State research, writing, teaching, interpretation, or other license to practice architecture. demonstrable professional activity with an academic in­ E. Historical architecture stitution, historical organization or agency, museum, or other professional institution; or (2) substantial contribu­ tion through research and publication to the body of The minimum professional qualifications are a profes­ scholarly knowledge in the field of history. sional degree in architecture or a State license to practice B. Archeology architecture, plus one of the following: (1) at least 1 year of graduate study in architectural preservation, American architectural history, preservation planning, or a closely The minimum professional qualifications are a graduate related field and at least 1 year of full-time professional degree in archeology, anthropology, or closely related experience on preservation and restoration projects; or field plus (1) at least 1 year of full-time professional ex­ (2) at least 2 years of full-time professional experience on perience or equivalent specialized training in ar­ preservation and restoration projects. Experience on cheological research, administration, or management; (2) preservation and restoration projects shall include de­ at least 4 months of supervised field and analytic ex­ tailed investigation of historic structures, preparation of perience in general North American archeology; and (3) historic structures research reports, and preparation of demonstrated ability to carry research to completion. In plans and specifications for preservation projects. addition to these minimum qualifications, a professional in prehistoric archeology shall have at least 1 year of full­ No official standards have been established by the time professional experience at a supervisory level in the Secretary of the Interior for such preservation-related study of archeological resources of the prehistoric period. professions as landscape architecture and cultural an­ A professional in historic archeology shall have at least 1 thropology. In reviewing the qualifications of such pro­ year of full-time professional experience at a supervisory fessionals, approximate equivalences to the qualifications level in the study of archeological resources of the listed above should be looked for, and professional historic period. organizations in the specialties involved should be con­ sulted.

22 Planning the Survey How do non-professionals fit into a s urvey?

Although a survey should be supervised by profes­ professional supervision, but non-professionals can sionals, there is no reason that volunteers and others participate in the evaluation process in many ways. without professional training in the preservation Evaluation is a subjective activity, and should be disciplines cannot carry out much of the survey work. responsive to community values, particularly where The use of volunteers from the community is impor­ the value of resources may lie in the contribution they tant because it can bring to the survey people with make to the cultural integrity of the community or its specific knowledge of the community's history and neighborhoods. Community leaders and residents can resources, help ensure public support for the project, and should work with professionals to define the and reduce costs. resources that they perceive to be important to the history and character of the community, and the same Ways in which community volunteers can participate sort of consultation with the people of individual fruitfully in survey include the following: neighborhoods can make vital contributions to the definition of particular historic districts. Historical Research Volunteers and other non-specialists in the preserva­ People with avocational interests in local history may tion disciplines can also help work with the survey have already gathered much of the primary data need­ data in other, less subjective but equally important ed to interpret the community's history and establish ways: carrying out the clerical work of organizing the historic contexts. People with training or skill in data, coding data for computer storage and manipula­ library work will be highly efficient historical tion, and preparing publications. Specific useful skills reseachers. People with background or interests in en­ include typing, word processor operation, general vironmental studies or soil science can be helpful in clerical skills, knowledge of computer science, use of reconstructing the community's past environments, darkroom equipment, editing, and design and layout. which is often of vital concern in identifying likely ar­ cheological site locations. If recording oral histories If a community's efforts at public involvement in will be part of the project, personable people who are survey planning are successful, volunteer participants able to carry on a good conversation, listen well, and in the survey may be recruited from a diversity of record what they hear will be welcome members of sources. Civic and fraternal organizations and the survey team, whatever their background. organizations representing particular interested profes­ sional groups (e.g. building contractors) may make the survey an activity to which their members donate Field Survey their time. College and secondary school history, an­ Field survey work can be carried out by people from thropology, and social science students may be en­ any kind of background, provided they are ap­ couraged to participate. Members of neighborhood propriately supervised and trained. The only major organizations and organizations representing par­ prerequisites are the abilities to understand and follow ticular social or ethnic groups in the community may instructions, to be reasonably observant, and to be donate their time. Local historical and archeological able to fill out recording forms and take other notes societies may provide the backbone of the survey clearly, accurately, and completely. Naturally, the work force. more observant, thoughtful, and interested in historic resources a field surveyor is, the better the product is Organization and supervision of volunteers may be likely to be. Specific skills that can be tapped among one of the major jobs of the survey leaders and volunteers that are of great use in field survey include should be carefully considered in preparing scopes of cartography, drafting, photography, operation of such work and negotiating contracts. It may be appropriate excavation equipment as power augers and backhoes to organize volunteer coordinating committees in for archeological testing, and first-hand knowledge of various neighborhoods or other survey areas, or com­ local architectural styles. Simply knowing the com­ mittees of people interested in different aspects of the munity and its people, of course, and being known by survey process. To the extent such groups can be them, can be of great value to the survey effort, organized during survey planning, coordination of ac­ simplifying communication about the survey and its tual volunteer work on the survey will be facilitated. purposes, making possible access to properties where study is needed, and opening up sources of historical Professional-Volunteer Relations information. Volunteers' work should be reviewed at regular inter­ vals during the survey process and periodic meetings Handling Survey Data should be held to discuss and evaluate progress. In Evaluations of properties to determine their historic this regard, it is vital that there be a clear understand- value should be done by professionals, or under direct

Planning the Survey 23 ing of the relationship between volunteers and profes­ information gathered, the need for careful training sionals from the outset. To avoid wasted effort and ill and close supervision of volunteers cannot be over­ feelings, it is necessary for each participant in the emphasized. survey, whether volunteer or professional, to under­ stand and respect the work of the other participants. For guidelines and assistance in locating and organiz­ ing volunteers, a community may find it useful to The more thoroughly volunteers are trained, the contact Volunteer: The National Center for Citizen In­ greater their contribution to the survey will be. The volvement, 1111 North 19th Street, Suite 500, Ar­ precise nature of the training program undertaken will lington, VA 22209, or Post Office Box 4179, Boulder, depend on the particular situation, but every program CO. A good general reference work on the use of should emphasize the need for thoroughness, con­ volunteers is Adams' Investing in Volunteers (see sistency, and accuracy. Because the usefulness of the Bibliography). survey will depend in large part on the reliability of

What kind of training will ensure a consistent and high-quality survey?

The amount and type of training necessary will de­ On-site orientation as part of training can make clear pend on the previous experience of those who are to which properties or areas researchers and surveyors conduct the survey, and on the aspect of the survey in will be responsible for and how these will be covered which those being trained will participate. Although during the intensive survey. This overview of the training will be needed primarily by volunteers and character of the area and distribution of kinds of other non-professionals in the preservation disciplines, resources in it will help surveyors identify areas and professionals too may need at least a brief orientation isolated buildings that will require considerable atten­ to the specific problems of the survey and the com­ tion, plan their method of approach, and budget their munity. time. During the actual field survey, of course, the surveyor will be able to return for a careful examina­ Training should emphasize the need for thoroughness, tion of buildings, structures, sites, and districts. consistency, and accuracy in all aspects of the survey, including historical research, field survey, and Training for Archival Researchers organization of survey data. Archival research involves the development and Training should be designed to: refinement of historic contexts and the acquisition of •Convey the goals and objectives of the survey. information that can aid in the identification and evaluation of resources. Training should enable • Convey the interrelatedness of historical research historical researchers to recognize the kind of and field survey work and a sense of how each con­ historical data relevant to the survey project. The tributes to the quality and usefulness of the survey. researchers should also understand how research in­ • Acquaint researchers and field surveyors with the formation fits into the project as a whole, how it is to historical development of the survey area and its pres­ be recorded, and how it will be organized later. ent physical character. Careful coordination between research and field survey can be effected only if researchers understand • Give a clear idea of the specific historical and both the nature of the research required and the way cultural information relevant to the survey. research and field survey efforts will be coordinated. • Indicate the location of source material. When conducting archival research, it is very easy to • Teach the skills of visual analysis, an awareness of become overwhelmed by the sheer volume of informa­ environmental and architectural elements. tion available, and to become so involved in tracing minutiae that one loses track of the main points of the • Teach recording and mapping techniques. research. Supervision is important to keep reseachers on track: researchers should begin with a clear under­ Training sessions should familiarize both historical standing of the questions the research is designed to researchers and field surveyors with the broad answer, the patterns or trends it is seeking to identify, physical and historical development of the area. and the results it is the expected to produce. Everyone involved in the survey effort should, in ad­ dition, have an opportunity to visit and become Depending on the size of the group and experience of familiar with the survey area. Training sessions and the researchers, training might ideally consist of on-site orientation sessions may be supervised by the several lectures and field or lab sessions designed to survey coordinator or a trained professional familiar familiarize trainees with the sources of information with the survey area. available and specific assig,1ments to provide practice

24 Planning the Survey in actual research. Lectures could provide research Researchers should be made familiar with the types of trainees with an understanding of the kinds of infor­ historical information already known to be available mation they will be gathering. in local and regional libraries, archives, and other sources, and through State and Federal agencies and Researchers should be given a thorough understanding organizations. Sessions might be scheduled at the local of the historic contexts that have already been estab­ library to learn about types of general information lished during survey planning, and oriented toward and special collections such as manuscript, rare book, seeking information about how each historic context and photographic collections, and at the city or coun­ might be expressed in the actual distribution and ty courthouse where research on tax lists, building nature of historic resources. This will involve under­ permits, plot maps, wills and deeds, etc. could be ex­ standing and studying such topics as: plained. A visit to the local historical society may 1. the time range and geographic limits of the historic familiarize trainees with another important source of context; information. Attendance at local preservation com­ mission meetings and familiarity with the local review 2. the social, cultural, economic, environmental, and process, criteria, and design guidelines may supple­ other characteristics of the historic context; ment the trainees' understanding of the local needs 3. the physical resources that might represent the con­ and uses for survey data. text, for example, the kinds of structures that were Individual assignments may be made to provide the built during a particular period of the community's group of researchers with more specific information growth, and the parts of the community in which and enable them to practice their research skills. They they were concentrated; and might be assigned specific practice tasks pursuing a 4. the changes that have occurred in the community small scale research topic already well enough known and its environment that might reveal or obscure the to the trainer to permit evaluation of the researcher's physical record of the historic context, for example, techniques and results. periods of modernization when older buildings were covered with new siding, episodes of natural or ar­ Training for Field Surveyors: Architecture tificial landfilling that might have buried prehistoric Specific training sessions should be designed to ac­ sites, and areas in which erosion or human excavation quaint field surveyors with (1) appropriate architec­ may have revealed such buried sites. tural terminology, (2) construction techniques and practices peculiar to the area, (3) local architectural Researchers should also be instructed in the develop­ features or styles, (4) survey techniques that will be ment of new historic contexts, organizing their re­ used, (5) photographic coverage and equipment, and search around such topics as: (6) actual maps and survey forms that will be used. 1. trends in the settlement and development of the Slide talks or films, with particular attention to local community and its region; architecture, reading assignments, and the completion of practice forms, are all appropriate training 2. major events, significant groups, and leading in­ methods. Familiarity with building styles should dividuals in the community's history; enable the surveyors to identify approximate ages of 3. aesthetic and artistic values that may be repre­ buildings in the survey areas and to describe them ac­ sented in the architecture, landscape architecture, con­ curately. Inevitably, there will be regional variations struction technology, or craftsmanship of the com­ in styles and buildings that cannot be described using munity; standard terms, but as much as possible, standard architectural historical terms rather than more inter­ 4. cultural values and characteristics of the communi­ pretive or creative terminology should be used. Par­ ty's social and ethnic groups: and ticularly in rural areas or small towns, efforts should 5. research questions of concern to scholars in the be made to make surveyors familiar with vernacular humanities or social sciences who have studied the (as opposed to highsty/e) building forms. They should community, its region, similar areas, or relevant prob­ be familiar with local styles and with plan and lems in history, prehistory, geography, sociology, and building types found in the area. other disciplines. Many State Historic Preservation Officers have pre­ Field or lab sessions should be scheduled to familiarize pared identification guides to historic building types researchers with the physical layout of the survey area that are common in their States, and will be able to and to give them an understanding of how to corre­ assist in using or adapting these in the training of field late their activities with those of the field surveyors. surveyors. There should be specific discussion and practice in Some familiarity with building materials and methods how to use field survey or special research forms. is also important. Surveyors should be able to identify various building materials and know something about construction techniques.

Planning the Survey 25 SurveyorsAmateur's should also Guide be acquainted to Terms Commonly with the ter­ Used example of a study of such an area, which might minologyin Describing for detailed Historic partsBuildings of buildings. Harley usefully be studied during training, is Allen D. McKee's Stovall's preservation study of the Sautee and and similar guides Nacoochee Valleys in Georgia (see Bibliography). (see Bibliography) should assist surveyors in develop­ Training for Field Surveyors: Oral history ing a vocabulary of architectural terms. Identification and description of historic districts re­ Where the collection of oral historical information is quire special skills and may better be left to surveyors important to the project, researchers should be given with specific experience and training. Training ses­ specific training in interview techniques, use of ques­ sions, however, should attempt to make laymen tionnaires (if used), use of recording equipment, aware of the qualities (visual, architectural, physical, and-very importantly-ways to avoid giving offence spatial, social, etc.) that may make an area recog­ to those interviewed. Where the collection of oral nizable as an historic district. Surveyors should be data will take place in an ethnic neighborhood, re­ taught to see how buildings, open spaces, natural searchers should be made aware of and sensitive to features, roads, and other aspects of the environment the social and cultural values of the neighborhood's interact to create particular urban or rural configura­ residents. Training for Field Surveyors: Archeology tions, and how to conduct a precise visual analysis of those elements and their interrelationships. An effort should be made to convey an appreciation for the Where the identification of prehistoric archeological ways in which the cultural characteristics of a social sites is a focus of the survey, since such sites are group or period in a community's history may be re­ almost always substantially underground, surveyors flected in its buildings and the organization of its should be trained to look for surface indications of spaces. Readings drawn from the literature of urban their presense and for conditions under which buried design, urban geography, anthropology, and environ­ material may be exposed. Depending on local condi­ mental design, in addition to practice sessions in the tions, prehistoric sites may be marked on the surface field, should provide surveyors with a general ap­ by soil discolorations, fire-fractured rocks, scatters of proach and models of analysis (see Bibliography).arclieo­ logical pottery, flaked stone, and other debris, and concen­ Surveyors should be taught to be alert to the trations of marine or freshwater shell. Stream cuts, value of buildings and their contents-that is, drainage ditches, utility trenches, road cuts, and base­ their potential for producing information useful in im­ ment excavations may reveal buried sites. Surveyors portant historical, anthropological, or sociological re­ should be trained to recognize typical local ar­ search. Particularly if the survey will involve the in­ cheological phenomena (housepits, burials, middens, spection of building interiors, surveyors should be hearths, etc.) in such buried contexts, and should be taught to be on the lookout for such building contents taught basic concepts of stratigraphy and soil forma­ as furniture, collections of papers, wallpaper, grafitti, tion. They should be taught to recognize common industrial equipment, tools, and the organization of prehistoric artifacts of the area, and to understand, in objects in buildings and structures that may reveal general, their functional, temporal, and cultural con­ aspects of the lives of those who built, lived in, or texts. used the space in the past. Where the identification of archeological sites of more Where landscape architecture is a concern of the recent periods is involved, surveyors should be given survey, surveyors will need training in the kinds of training similar to that appropriate for prehistoric ar­ landscape features to be recorded. If the primary cheology, but with special attention given to the focus of this aspect of the survey is on designed and recognition of artifacts, construction techniques, constructed landscapes (e.g., parks, parkways, and building styles, and other features specific to the landscaped housing tracts), background information periods under study. They should be taught to be on the design characteristics and concepts used by the alert to such features as filled-in basements, wells, and landscape architects responsible for them should be privies, which are often important sources of ar­ provided to surveyors, so they can recognize and in­ cheological data. terpret such features when they see them. The An excellent handbookArclieological on the identification Resources and of Land American Society of Landscape Architects' Historic prehistoricOevelopmen and t historic archeological sites, oriented to Preservation Committee (see address on p. 19) has the lay reader, is developed forms that may be used in recording arclieologicalby Paul Brace (see Bibliography). designed landscapes. Where non-designed cultural landscapes are the focus of attention-e.g., well­ Where the value of standing structures is preserved agricultural areas-fewer guidelines are important to the survey, surveyors should be trained available, but training should be provided in the in the recognition of architectural features, contents of natural geography of the study area and in the structures, and spatial relationships within structures 26historical land uses that have shaped it. An excellent Planning the Survey that may reveal aspects of their use, their history, and historical study of the community and its environment the social organization, economy, values, perceptions, is vital in allowing archeologists to focus their efforts and activities of their builders, residents, or users. in areas most likely to produce results, and because archeological discoveries in the field may suggest Close interaction between archeological surveyors and fruitful lines of historical inquiry. historical researchers should be stressed, because How much should a survey cost?

Communities should draw up a detailed budget of of volunteers, by reducing the level of professional survey expenses before undertaking any phase of the supervision, by eliminating publication of survey project. Some of the factors affecting the size of the results, or by simply cutting the size of the survey budget-time, available funding, size of survey area, area. Such cuts, however, can affect the quality of the type and depth of information to be gathered-have data gathered and undermine the usefulness of the already been discussed. Other factors, including results. Professional advice and assistance from the salaries for personnel, administrative expenses, and State Historic Preservation Officer in the initial stages publications, will be discussed in later chapters. of the survey project can help a community draw up a budget that is both accurate and reasonable. Survey costs can be reduced by using large numbers Where can funding for surveys be obtained?

Because of the usefulness of survey data to com­ financial assistance. Other good sources of informa­ munity planning, and because of the economic tion include economic development officials in local stimulus that the rehabilitation of historic buildings and State governments, National Park Service can provide a community, financing a survey may be Regional Offices, and grants and contracts offices in a good investment for local government. A variety of local colleges and universities. Federal, State, and non-governmental programs pro­ The following publications, which are updated vide funding assistance to survey projects, however. regularly,Annual Register may be of helpful Grant inSupport. locating sources of funds: Many local governments allocate Community Devel­ opment Block Grant funds to the conduct of surveys. Edited by Alvin RenetzskyThe Brown and Book: others. A Directory Orange, ofNJ: Preservation Academic Media. Infor­ Historic preservation grants-in-aid passed through by mation. State Historic Preservation Officers to certified local government preservation programs or allocated direct­ Prepared by the National Trust for Historic ly to survey projects are also frequently used sources Preservation.Catalog of Federal Washington, Domestic DC: Assistance. The Preservation of assistance. Other Federal agencies from time to Press. time make funding available to support surveys, often Washington, in the context of specific development projects. Some Federal Funding Guide. State governments provide financial assistance to DC: Government Printing Office. survey efforts, either through the State Historic Arlington, VA: Government Preservation Officer or in connection with economic InformationFoundation Directory.Service. development and planning assistance programs. Prepared by the Foundation Funding for specific projects can often be obtained CenterA Guide. New to Federal York: Programs.Columbia University Press. from such Federal granting agencies as the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment Prepared by the Na­ tional Trust for Historic Preservation. Washington, for the Humanities. Support for particular projects National Directory of Arts Support by Private Foun­ DC: The Preservation Press. and programs may also be obtainable from such non­ dations. Federal sources as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the American Association for State and Washington, DC: Washington International Local History, and private foundations that support Arts Letter. research in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. The State Historic Preservation Officer will be able to provide current information on potential sources of

27 Planning the Survey Conducting the Survey •

Conducting a survey involves three sets of activities: ar­ to be pursued in archival research. Survey leaders will be chival research, field survey, and recording of informa­ responsible for ensuring that all facets of the survey are tion. Although archival research begins before fieldwork, effectively integrated. and much information is recorded as the result of This chapter will discuss each of the major aspects of fieldwork, all three activities will normally be going on at survey in tum, and will also present recommendations once; those conducting them should interact and provide about such practical matters as how to equip a survey each other with advice and suggestions. Archival research team. will indicate what to look for and what to record, and fieldwork and recordation will identify information needs Archival Research

Archival research-the study and organization of infor­ resources in their historical and cultural contexts, as a mation on the history, prehistory, and historic resources basis for evaluation. Archival research probably will have of the community-is a vital part of the survey. It is on been carried on during survey planning, but in most cases the basis of archival research that historic contexts are it will be necessary to continue it during the survey established and refined, providing basic direction to the operation itself, to follow up on issues identified during field survey. Archival research makes it possible to planning, to flesh out historic contexts, to explore new predict where different kinds of historic resources will oc­ contexts, and to provide input to the field survey process cur and what their characteristics may be. Archival as questions develop about specific areas and properties. research provides the information needed to place historic

How should archival research be organized?

The mass of archival data relevant to the history of a groups that occurred at various times in the history or community is likely to be voluminous, and can easily be prehistory of a community or other geographical unit. overwhelming. It is vital to keep the archival research ef­ It is wise to develop a written research design at the fort clearly focused on data relevant to the survey goals. outset, that establishes goals and directions for the re­ The concept of historic context-that is an organizational search. In preparing the research design, survey framework of information based on theme, geographical leaders should consult the Secretary of tlie Interior's area, and period of time-is recommended as the basis Standards and Guidelines concerning development of for organizing information pertinent to the research design historic contexts, archival research, and historical and survey results. A survey may focus on a single or documentation. Several major principles should be several historic contexts and may identify properties kept in mind: relating to a single, several, or many property types • Historical research and survey work already done depending on the goals of the survey. Historic contexts should be incorporated into the new project and com­ may be based on the physical development and character, plemented, not duplicated unless there is a need to trends and major events, or important individuals and check its accuracy, refine it, or revise it.

28 Conducting the Survey • The level of detail of archival research should be not necessary to ferret out every conceivable piece of matched to the scale of the survey. (For example, if available information before taking further steps, but the survey is an initial reconnaissance of an entire beginning to assemble information into an organized community, archival research should be oriented whole, identifying sources and finding the relevant toward the identification and description of general bodies of data in each, is the first general step in the trends, groups, and events in the community's archival research process. history, and their known or likely effects on the com­ munity's development. If the survey is an intensive 2. Assess the reliability of the information as it is study of a smaller area. archival study may be a assembled, identifying possible biases and major gaps much more detailed effort to reconstruct the specific in data. history of particular properties, areas, and groups of 3. Synthesize the information in usable form, with people.) reference to the issues important to the historic con­ • The archival research effort should be focused, at text. Generally such issues will include the reconstruc­ least initially, on developing and refining the historic tion of trends in the settlement and development of contexts established during survey planning. the area, the definition of cultural values that may give significance to historic properties, the definition • The type of study should be matched to the goals of architectural, aesthetic, and artistic values that may of the survey. (For example, if the survey is concerned be embodied in such properties, and the pursuit of exclusively with standing structures, there may be lit­ research questions in the social and physical sciences tle need for archival research in prehistoric arche­ and the humanities. ology.) An understanding of the physical development of the • While encouraging focussed research, survey leaders community will provide researchers with a broad should be sure that the archival research project main­ historical, architectural, archeological, and cultural tains sufficient flexibility to recognize and pursue new context for research undertaken on particular proper­ historic contexts that may be identified in the course ties. Evidence of the evolving plan and character of a of the work. community can be seen in the pattern of streets as laid The research design should specify: out and modified, and in the location of transporta­ tion systems (canals, trolley lines, railroads, etc.), in­ • the geographic area(s) of concern; dustries, institutions, commercial and residential areas, and reserved public spaces and parks. The • the historic context(s) of concern; kinds, size, and scale of buildings and structures, • research questions or issues to be addressed with methods and materials of construction, and architec­ respect to each historic context; tural forms and styles should be considered in defin­ ing the character of a community. • previous research known to have been done on such issues; The location of natural resources, soil types, availability of power and fuel, and accessibility to • the amount and kind of information expected to be transportation systems were factors that frequently needed to address the historic context; contributed to the siting and development of towns • the types of sources to be used; and cities. The development of agriculture, mining, or other activities that shaped the form of rural com­ • the types of methods to be used; munities or small towns should be considered. • the types of personnel likely to be needed; and Events significant in the community's history may be • where possible, expectations about what will be represented by the existence or location of particular learned, or hypothetical answers to major research buildings. Sites of events, such as commemorative oc­ questions. casions, famous battles, historical debates, theatrical performances, or political speeches, should be iden­ With the research design in hand, it should be possi­ tified. Research should be done not only on properties ble to make realistic decisions about assignment of associated with familiar figures-leading politicians, staff, allocation of time and budget, and other prac­ educators, and business persons-but also on groups tical organizational matters. or individuals important for their contribution to the As a rule, archival research should be organized into arts, literature, philanthropy. agriculture, engineering, the following steps with reference to each historic con­ and other areas. Properties associated with the social, text under investigation: economic, and ethnic groups that have contributed to the community's history and cultural diversity should 1. Assemble existing information, including both in­ also be identified. It is of great importance to try to formation about previous surveys and historic understand the general trends and patterns of social, resources already identified, and more general economic, and cultural development that have primary and secondary data. as discussed below. It is 29 Conducting the Survey characterized each period of the community's past and preservation of buildings of the first period and the its resident groups. Properties associated with ac­ loss of those of the second? Did the downtown burn tivities important to a community's development and at some point in the past, destroying all its commer­ perhaps distinctive character, such as ethnic settle­ cial buildings constructed before the date of the fire? ment, agriculture, transportation, mining, local ls it likely that archeological remains of these government, education, county or local government, buildings are still in place? Were many older buildings or maritime trade should be identified. in town covered with annodized aluminum during modernizations in the 1950s? What is the likelihood Trends reflected in existing cultural properties may in­ clude emigration, population shifts, changing that their original architectural elements have survived economic and labor systems, reform movements, under their new skins? Have some neighborhoods status of minority groups, development of industrial been well kept since their establishment? Have others suffered major deterioration, arson, or spot demoli­ and technical processes, and important religious tion? Have some areas, likely to contain prehistoric or developments. Research on individual properties in­ more recent archeological sites, been covered with fill cludes such items as architect, engineer, and date and and low-density housing built on slabs, possibly cost of construction. Depending on the intensity of preserving the archeological sites beneath? Have other the survey effort, researchers may attempt to consider such areas been the scenes of deep basement excava­ reasons for the use or introduction of particular tion, probably destroying all archeological remains? styles, materials, or methods of construction in specific properties. Here, too, it is often useful to present such informa­ tion on maps or map overlays. 4. Identify the types of historic property that may be 7. Identify information needs to be satisfied by associated with the historic context. For example, a fieldwork. What should be known about the historic given period may be characterized by the construction context and its resources that can be found through of particular kinds of buildings expressing particular the field survey? These needs should be used to guide architectural styles; a particular social or ethnic group the fieldwork. important in the community's history may have organized its buildings and neighborhoods in par­ ticular ways; a particular cultural group in prehistory may have had certain kinds of villages, agricultural stations, and campsites that now are represented by different kinds of archeological sites. PREDICTIVE MAPS OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES 5. Determine how each type of property is likely to be Predictions of the general location of archeological sites distributed within the community. Sometimes this is a may be among the most useful products of archival simple matter: for example, historic port facilities will research, since such resources are often invisible from the surface of the ground in urbanized areas. Such predic­ likely be close to the water, or it may be well tions are often most conveniently presented in map form. documented that urban growth followed the develop­ For example, for a hypothetical example, general environ­ ment of streetcar lines or streets. In other cases deter­ mental data and information on prehistoric and early his­ mining lilkely distributions may be more complicated; toric settlement patterns suggest that levees along the for example, predicting the distribution of prehistoric banks of streams are good places for prehistoric settle­ sites requires knowledge of the prehistoric natural en­ ments to have existed, and early explorers' accounts indi­ vironment, which may be hard to reconstruct, and at cate that a village did exist in such a location within what least general theoretical notions about how prehistoric is now the community being studied. Later, according to peoples would have carried out their activities in that the town's records, a hotel was built on the same general environment. Historic maps, atlases, and plats may location, which became important in the town's early political development. The hotel survived into the early assist in determining the likely distribution of historic 20th century, when it burned along with other buildings in properties, particularly where subsequent growth has its vicinity; old news accounts indicate that its superstruc­ altered the terrain, plan, or layout of a community or ture was demolished and pushed into its cellar. The site area. Areas in which particular kinds of historic was levelled, and was unoccupied until the 1950s, when an resources are expected should be clearly identified and office building, still in use, was constructed with a deep mapped, so that the expectations can be tested in the basement. A few years later, during channelization of the field. Often it will be useful to develop maps or map adjacent creek, newspaper accounts and a local amateur overlays showing locations where different kinds of archeologist's notes report that Indian artifacts were found, historic properties are likely to occur, so that these tending to confirm both the early explorers' accounts and the predictions from environmental data about where In­ can be easily checked on the ground. dian sites were likely to be. All this information can be 6. Establish the likely current condition of the prop­ combined to produce a map showing where it is mos't like­ erty types. Were the buildings of one period or style ly that the remains of the Indian village, possible other built of stone and brick, while those of another were prehistoric sites, and the remnants of the hotel may be built of wood? ls this likely to have resulted in the found underground.

30 Conducting the Survey What sources of information should be consulted?

Researchers should use both primary and secondary sources in compiling historical data for the survey. If a comprehensive survey is being planned, primary sources will be consulted frequently; surveys limited by time and money, however, will rely heavily on secondary sources. In either case, it is essential that the sources consulted be reliable and accurate.

Primary, or original, sources include actual material that has been preserved from the period of interest: written or published documents and graphic material, as well as the artifacts themselves. For an in-depth survey, original sources will usually provide a more complete and accurate picture of the community's history than will secondary sources. Historic drawings can be a good source of information about the Records of the community's physical development appearance of properties and areas at a particular point in time. may be found in: Magnolia Ranch, Cowley County, Kansas. Everts • back issues of local newspapers and periodicals Atlas of Kansas, 1887, (drawing from • family papers and records about particular properties.Kansas State Aerial Historical photographs Society) can also be used in carrying out survey work, in • accounts of travelers establishing boundaries of an historic district, in pin­ • early ethnographic accounts pointing location and property lines of individual properties, and in analyzing the street patterns, open­ • church histories space development, and growth of the area. • industry and business records The Agricultural Stabilizing and Conservation Service • records on publicly financed construction (ASCS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has been taking aerial photos of approximately 80% of • school records the country regularly since 1940; areas are • city and county commercial directories rephotographed every 6-8 years. Photos are usually available for viewing at local ASCS offices, which can • census reports also provide ordering information. The National Ar­ • telephone books chives in Washington, DC, has converted much early aerial photographic coverage of the Nation to modern • tax rolls chemically stable film and archived it for viewing. • deeds and wills The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra­ • interviews tion maintain files of more recent aerial photographs • keepsakes, letters, and personal diaries and satellite imagery. The latter, usually available in forms suitable for computer enhancement and • ledgers, cancelled checks, and receipts manipulation, can be particularly useful in identifying Researchers should also be on the lookout for graphic soil contexts and environmental indicators that may material (plat maps and other historical maps, old suggest the presense of archeological sites. For infor­ photographs, bird's-eye views, and historical prints) mation on the use and availability of such remote which can provide information that corroborates or sensing data, consult the State Historic Preservation clarifies the results of field survey work. Old maps Officer or the Regional Office of the National Park and insurance atlases, such as those published by the Service. Sanborn Map Company, Inc., New York City, iden­ Where subsurface archeological resources are in­ tify buildings existing at a certain time and document volved, a different kind of primary data may be im­ changes through subsequent printings. These can pro­ portant as a supplement to the sources discussed vide the field team with an initial list of sites and above. Primary archival information relevant to sub­ structures to be investigated. surface archeological sites may not actually have been Old photographs may provide evidence of changes produced during the period of interest (for prehistoric and additions and allow the field team to cross-check periods, by definition it could not have been). Instead their own observations, questions, and deductions such information has usually been produced during

31 Conducting the Survey more recent periods, but can be used to reconstruct excavation, which can identify areas where subsurface important characteristics of the period under study resources are likely either to have been preserved (by and its resources. Often useful information sources in­ being filled over) or destroyed (by being excavated). clude: Secondary sources are those written by individuals • Local soil maps, often available from the U.S. who have studied and interpreted the available Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, original sources. They generally provide a broad over­ through local Soil Conservation Districts or planning view of the community's history but represent a later departments, which can be used to identify interpretation rather than a contemporary record of characteristics of the prehistoric and early historic events or reflection of the spirit of the times. natural environment (e.g. marshes indicated by poorly Valuable sources include the following: drained clay soils) and likely prehistoric site locations (e.g. well-drained soils near old watercourses where The ongoing statewide survey of historic resources prehistoric agriculturalists might have had their significant in American history, architecture, engineer­ villages and fields). ing, archeology, and culture at the national, State, • Ethnographic studies of local Indian groups. and local levels. This and additional State survey data are available from the appropriate State Historic • Reports and fieldnotes of earlier professional and Preservation Officer. amateur archeologists. The historic preservation plan developed and main­ • Aerial and satellite imagery that may reveal other­ tained by the State Historic Preservation Officer, wise invisible aspects of the prehistoric or historic which often includes established historic contexts natural environment and such early human modifica­ (sometimes called study units) with extensive organ­ tions of the land as roads, trails, fields, and irrigation ized and synthesized background data. systems. Inventories that may be maintained by the local or • Old newspaper accounts of artifact finds during State offices of the Bureau of Land Management or construction, basement excavation, and land levelling. the Forest Service, or by regional planning bodies or such State agencies as the State coastal zone manage- • Construction records of land filling and basement

TheSPECIALIZED organizations RESEARCH listed on pageASSISTANCE 19 as possible sources Friends of Terra Cotta, P.O. Box 42193, Main Post Of­ of information on professional consultants can often also fice, San Francisco, CA 94142 (terra cotta architecture). provide information on sources of information concern­ League of Historic American Theaters, 1600 H Street, ing their areas of interest. In addition, the following NW, Washington, DC 20036 (theaters). societies and associations may be able to provide assistance in researching particular aspects of the survey National Association for Olmsted Parks, 175 Fifth area: Avenue, New York, NY 10011 (landscape architecture by Frederick Law Olmsted and his associates). American Folklore Society, 1703 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009 (oral history National Society for the Preservation of Covered Bridges, sources and methods, vernacular architecture, etc.). 63 Fairview Avenue, South Peabody, MA 01960 (covered bridges). American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 (civil engineering Oral History Association, North Texas State University, works). P.O. Box 13734, NT Station, Denton, TX 76203 (oral history sources and methods). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 (industrial features). Pioneer America Society, Inc., c/o Department of Geography, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 Center for Historic Houses, National Trust for Historic (early American architecture). Preservation, 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036 (residential buildings). Public Works Historical Society, 1313 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 (public works projects). Council of American Maritime Museums, c/o The Mariners' Museum, Museum Drive, Newport News, VA Railroad Station Historical Society, 430 Ivy Avenue, 23606 (ships, harbor facilities). Crete, NE 68333 (railroad stations and related (acilities).

Council on America's Military Past (CAMP), P.O. Box Society for Applied Anthropology, 1001 Connecticut 1151, Fort Myer, VA 22211 (military posts, battlefields, Avenue, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036 (oral etc.) history and ethnographic sources and methods).

Friends of Cast-Iron Architecture, 235 East 87th Street, Victorian Society in America, 219 East Sixth Street, Room 6C, New York, NY 10028 (cast-iron architecture). Philadelphia, PA 19106 (Victorian architecture).

32 Conducting the Survey ment agency or environmental protection agency. have retained the survey forms and research files These bodies of data can often be accessed by com­ which formed the basis for these guides. puter, and sometimes have been used by the agencies The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) provide that maintain them to produce "predictive abstracted and excerpted information on aboriginal models" -that is, predictions about the likely distribu­ societies, including American Indian groups, together tions of archeological sites and other historic proper­ with extensive bibliographic material. Many univer­ ties. sities maintain copies of those portions of the HRAF Local, regional, or State histories: monographs, pam­ that are pertinent to their research and teaching in an­ phlets, or other material prepared by local or State thropology and sociology. Inquiries at the an­ historical societies or other groups concerned with thropology department of local universities should particular aspects of State or local history reveal whether the HRAF or other ethnographic (geneological societies, e.g., although researchers documents are available. should be aware that the concerns of geneologists may Anthropological and sociological works that provide not be directly related to the issue of establishing the theoretical models of prehistoric and historic social significance of resources). systems, economic systems, and settlement systems, The records of the National Register of Historic on a regional, national, or worldwide context, that Places, Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), may be relevant to the historical contexts of the com­ and Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), munity. are available for review through the National Park Dissertations, theses, and other research papers on the Service or the Library of Congress. history and prehistory of the area, available in college The American Guide Series (WPA), compiled and and university departments of history, anthropology, written by the Federal Writers' Project of the Works and archeology. Progress Administration, is one of the basic sources of Reports of oral history projects carried out by local information on communities, regions, and States. universities, colleges, secondary schools, and com­ Originally published some 45 years ago, these guides munity organizations. contain detailed histories of their respective States, descriptions of their resources and industries, and General works on the geology, geomorphology, selected points of interest for each community. A ecology, environment, and land-use history of the number of these guides have been reprinted within re­ region, which may help researchers understand cent years and may provide useful background natural constraints on, and results of, trends in the material for those beginning survey work within a use of land and other resources in and around the community. Often, State, county, or city libraries community.

Where may primary and secondary information be found?

maps, are also available from most county court­ Libraries offer a rich source of information on local places and events and should be the starting point in houses. undertaking historical research in a community. are also good places to Libraries in larger towns and cities often house special Universities and colleges undertake research. University libraries often contain collections relating to the history and development of special collections or archival material not available in the community, and local newspapers and journals local libraries; faculty members in history, an­ provide valuable insights into personalities and events thropology, and architecture departments may be able shaping the community"s physical environment. In ad­ to direct researchers to other available sources, such dition, old newspapers and directories provide infor­ as unpublished research papers and reports. Some mation about building materials, architects, and con­ State universities have collections that deal specifically tractors; they may also list building permits or con­ with State history. Others have special research units tain articles relevant to particular buildings. that archive information on local historic or prehistoric archeology. Archives or public records at the local county court­ usually provide census reports; house or town hall Museums usually have libraries and archives, and abstracts and title deeds; surveyors' notes; probate employ staff familiar with undertaking research. Local records, which include items such as bills of sale, museums often collect regional artifacts-furniture, debtors' notes, wills, and household inventories; and housewares, hardware-that can provide insights into tax records showing property improvements such as their manufacture and owners, in short, the social major additions or the actual construction of the history of the community. Some museums maintain house on taxed property. Land records, such as plat significant collections of documented artifacts and

Conducting the Survey 33 records concerning the archeology of the community agency, or land in which the Federal government has or the region. been indirectly involved (for example, through soil conservation or housing programs). State and local historical societies are often important sources of information. Often such organizations are The Library of Congress houses the records collected not particularly oriented toward historic preservation by the Historic American Buildings Survey and as such, but specialize in the collection and study of Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/ documents about local or regional history, and HAER). These are maintained by a program called sometimes undertake oral history projects and other Cooperative Preservation of Architectural Records special studies. Some have distinguished publication (COPAR), at the Library of Congress in Washington, programs; others maintain archives. Whatever their DC, and in regional repositories at Cambridge, MA, size, scope, and particular interest, they are likely to New York, NY, and San Francisco, CA. The Library have gathered information that will be useful to the of Congress also houses a tremendous collection of survey effort. published and manuscript historical documents, and is the home of the American Folklife Center, which col­ Local historic preservation or landmark commissions lects, studies, and archives documents, tapes, photos, have increased greatly in number in the last decade. videotapes, films, and other material on oral history, While such commissions are largely a phenomenon of folk arts, folk crafts, vernacular architecture and in­ the post-World War II years, a few date back to the dustrial activities, and ethnography. nineteenth century. These organizations range from those supporting individual buildings to those The National Cartographic Information Center (U.S. operating and maintaining several-or an entire Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, group-of historic structures, to those officially Reston, VA 22091) is a good source of information on responsible on behalf of local government for historic maps and other bodies of cartographic data. preservation in the entire community. A number of commissions have undertaken their own surveys, and Federal agencies may have useful information; for ex­ many maintain ongoing records of a community's ample, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers may have growth. information on local coastal environments and civil works projects that have been conducted along the State, regional, and local archeological societies often coast or rivers in the past. Local military bases often maintain files, notes, and libraries of information on have archives that contain information on the com­ archeological sites, excavations, and analyses. These munities near which they lie. Local and State offices are useful not only for determining the locations of of the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Manage­ potentially important properties, but also for gaining ment may have inventories of archeological sites and insights into locally important research questions and other historic properties in the area, and may have the nature of prior study in the area. The State prepared predictive maps of their distribution that can Historic Preservation Officer should be able to pro­ be helpful to communities in the vicinity. The Soil vide the names and addresses of such organizations. Conservation Service and local Soil Conservation These groups often limit access to their data in order District offices are good sources of maps and reports to prevent it from falling into the hands of vandals on local soils and other aspects of the environment and collectors; this concern should obviously be that may be useful in archeological survey. respected. Planning and development offices of local government State and National Parks in the vicinity of the com­ or regional intergovernmental organizations can pro­ munity may have archives of historical information, vide useful maps and reports on local demography, particularly if the interpretation of historic resources economics, and environmental matters. is among their purposes. Even if park personnel have Noninstitutional sources. Local industries and not intentionally set out to collect such information, it businesses may have records or histories of their is often donated to the park, and may deal with operations, and local newspapers may have clippings historical events and resources far beyond the park's or photograph files; these may be helpful to historians boundaries. in tracing a community's commercial development. The National Archives in Washington, DC, and in Neighborhood organizations may maintain archival several regional respositories contain vast bodies of data on the history of the neighborhood and its information developed or collected by Federal agen­ residents. Local residents themselves, especially those cies over the years. The Archives may be particularly whose families have lived in the area for several important to a local survey if the survey deals with generations, may keep family records and early pho­ Federal land or land formerly controlled by a Federal tographs that could be useful in research.

34 Conducting the Survey Conducting Field Survey

As discussed in Chapter 1, field survey is usually intensive survey. For some planning purposes, recon­ divided into two types: reconnaissance and intensive naissance may be all that is needed. In this section we survey. Sometimes both types are conducted as will first discuss how to conduct a reconnaissance, related parts of the same survey project; in other then how to conduct an intensive survey. cases, reconnaissance is used to plan and focus later How is a reconnaissance of above-ground resources carried out?

Assuming that the pattern of streets and roads in the chitectural styles may be supplemented by use of a community has remained fairly stable through time­ reference guide showing different styles and their pehaps expanding, but with relatively few rights-of­ characteristic elements. It will also be helpful to the way being abandoned-it can reasonablywindshield be expected survey reconnaissance if at least one member of the team is a that most older buildings will be visible from modern resident of the area being inspected, or is otherwise streets and roads. As a result, the is personally familiar with its layout and social a common method of reconnaissance when historic characteristics. buildings and structures are the subjects of interest. A Windshield survey creates an unavoidable bias toward windshield survey can also be efficient in the iden­ observing those buildings and structures visible tification and initial description of historic districts through the windshield-that is, those facing the made up of buildings, structures, and landscapes, and street. This bias should be kept in mind at all times, in the identification of major landscape features such and the team should be alert to opportunities to note as parks, roadways, and areas where distinctive land­ outbuildings and other structures that may ordinarily use patterns have shaped the surface of the land. be masked from the street. Evidence of changes in the In a windshield survey, surveyors literally drive the historic street and road pattern should also be looked streets and roads of the community and make notes for, both in archival research and in the field, since on the buildings, structures, and landscape such changes may result in the isolation and masking characteristics they see, and on the general character of buildings that once were visible from rights-of-way. of the areas through \Vhich they drive. Closer inspec­ Where the survey area is large, it may be appropriate tions are made on foot as needed, but the basic pur­ to conduct a sample windshield reconnaissance. In pose of the reconnaissance is not to gain detailed in­ this kind of reconnaissance, sample blocks, streets, or formation on particular structures or sites, but to get other units are selected that are thought likely to be a general picture of the distribution of different types representative of entire subareas of the survey and styles, and of the character of different area-residential neighborhoods or particular com­ neighborhoods. Records taken on individual structures mercial areas, for example. These samples are then in­ are usually abbreviated, but more detailed informa­ spected using standard windshield survey methods, tion may be collected on the general organization of and used as the basis for generalizing about the the area being surveyed-its streetscapes, the general resources of the various subareas. Care should be character of its housing stock or commercial taken in selecting samples, to ensure that they are ob­ buildings, representative buildings and structures, the jectively chosen and likely to be truly representative. layout of its spaces in general, the social, economic, It may be helpful to consult with sociologists or and ethnic makeup of its residents. A good photo­ others who have conducted surveys of other kinds in graphic record should be kept of the reconnaissance, the area, and to apply their techniques or to use the with the subject of each roll and frame clearly iden­ survey units that they have selected. It may also be tified. Audio and video recorders may be used to ob­ helpful to consult the extensive literature on sampling tain rapidly general records of the area and its in such fields as human geography and archeology, resources; where such media are used, it is important examples of which are included in the bibliography. to keep careful records indicating which segments of which tapes apply to which areas. One of the important functions of a reconnaissance is Windshield survey is most effectively carried out by to identify the boundaries of areas that may become teams of two to three persons, one of whom concen­ the objects of intensive survey-perhaps potential historic districts, perhaps portions of the community trates on driving and covering the entire survey area efficiently. At least one other team member should be having distinctive architectural, planning, orthe cultural basis thoroughly familiar with local architectural styles; forcharacteristics. recognizing Sucheacli boundariesboundary should should be be specified. clearly where nonprofessionals are used, training in local ar- mapped by the reconnaissance teams, and Conducting the Survey 35 For each area subjected to windshield reconnaissance, vironment, with illustrations of representative the notes resulting from the reconnaissance should buildings and structures. streetscapes, landscapes, and document: other relevant features; • the kinds of properties looked for; • the kinds of historic buildings and structures observed. and data on any particular buildings and • the boundaries of the area inspected; structures recorded in detail; • the methods used in inspecting the area. including • the tentative boundaries of historic districts, and the notes as any areas given special attention and any to known or likely locations of specific historic areas given less attention or not inspected at all; buildings, structures. sites, and objects; and • the general street plan of the area, and general • the locations of any areas that appear not to con­ observations on the area's visual, cultural, economic. tain any historic buildings or structures. and social characteristics; • the general character of the area's architectural en-

How is a reconnaissance for archeological sites carried out?

Where land is relatively built up, as is the case in and previous archeological studies. Care must be most communities undertaking historic resources taken in making predictions on the basis of such data, surveys, both prehistoric and early historic ar­ however, because they are often incomplete, biased, cheological sites are likely to be more or less invisible, or reflective of only one time period or social group buried under modern, created land surfaces and struc­ among many. It is particularly dangerous to make tures. As a result, archival research is especially im­ predictions based on extant archeological information. portant to the conduct of an archeological recon­ Most archeological surveys conducted before about naissance; quite often, the reconnaissance consists of 1965, and many conducted thereafter, were designed nothing more than field-checking predictions made on not to record all archeological sites in the area being the basis of archival research. studied. but only to find convenient sites to excavate. Predicting from such data alone typically makes it ap­ The first step in an archeological reconnaissance, pear that archeological sites are most often found then, is to develop predictions about where ar­ along roads and close to parking areas. cheological sites are likely to be found. Such predic­ tions are developed based on the following kinds of 3. Data on local history and land use. The history of information, developed through archival research: the community should indicate what groups of people arrived at different times, where they lived, what 1. Information on prehistoric and early historic en­ sorts of activities they engaged in. and so on. Old vironments. By reconstructing the pre-modern natural maps will often make it possible to pinpoint particular environment. archeologists can develop a basis for vanished buildings, structures, and areas of popula­ predicting where earlier people could and could not tion concentration. Compilations of local historical have lived and worked. For instance. if much of a city data may be biased, quite often emphasizing the is built on reclaimed land that once was a lake, the history of leading citizens, the rich, and the powerful. likelihood of prehistoric archeological sites in the Data on the less prominent social groups that con­ reclaimed areas will be very low, but the probability tributed to the mosaic of the community's history of such sites on peninsulas protruding into the lake or may be harder to find. Detailed study of historic ac­ along the ancient shoreline may be quite high. Infor­ counts, particularly old newspapers, journals, and mation on early environments may be obtained from other primary sources. and direct interviews with the accounts of early explorers or settlers, from descendants of the groups in question may be previous archeological studies of the area, and necessary. Close coordination between archeologists through the analysis of soil maps that often are and those carrying out any oral history component of available from the Soil Conservation Service. For the survey may be appropriate. coastal communities, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers often has detailed maps showing previous 4. The history of land development and construction shoreline environments. in the area. Where a particular area has been iden­ tified as the likely location of prehistoric or early 2. Data on prehistoric settlement patterns. If data are historic activities or structures, information on the available on the ways in which earlier populations kinds of land development and construction that have were distributed over the land, projections can be taken place there will help archeologists determine the made about how the archeological sites they created likelihood that evidence of them has survived in the will be distributed. Data may be found in form of archeological sites. Areas that have been ethnographic accounts, early historical documents. covered only with relatively low-density housing,

36 Conducting the Sun.,ey especially without basements, are likely to contain the face is heavily obscured or buried),quadrats) Where larger archeological remains of previous activities that oc­ areas are involved, a sampling approach is often used. curred there, buried beneath fill and foundation slabs. Sample blocks (often called or transects are Conversely, areas that have seen extensive basement selected using a strategy designed to ensure th;it they excavation or other forms of major land disruption are representative of the area as a whole. These are are less likely to retain intact archeological remains. then subjected to intensive survey as discussed below. From the results of the intensive survey and archival 5. Information on previous archeological discoveries. research, generalizations are made about the likely In some communities, professional or avocational ar­ distribution of archeological sites in the survey area as cheologists were on the scene before development a whole. There is extensive literature on the use of took place, and recorded archeological sites that may sampling in archeological survey;The for Archeological a summary now have disappeared under fill and structures. designedSurvey: Methodsfor use by and non-archeologists, Uses. see the Na­ Discoveries of archeological material during construc­ tional Park Service publication, tion, pipeline laying, and other development activities may be reported in newspapers. While the particular artifacts or other material discovered will have been At the reconnaissance level of survey, the data ob­ removed from the ground, the fact that it was there tained may be sufficie:1t only to determine, within may indicate that other material still exists nearby. reason, whether archeological sites in fact do exist within the area studied, and to determine their ap­ Areas predicted to contain archeological sites based proximate locations, boundaries, and depth. More in­ on such information should be identified on maps and tensive study will often be needed to determine to inspected. The ground surface should be closely ex­ what extent they retain integrity and to define their amined to the maximum extent possible, and any internal organization; in most cases, this kind of in­ locations where subsurface conditions may be exposed formation will be vital to determining their (road cuts, ditches, etc.) should be inspected. It may significance. be appropriate to interview local residents or workers to find out if they have discovered artifacts. In most The reconnaissance data, including a full description cases, some kind of subsurface testing will be of the background research, its results, and the necessary. In a reconnaissance, this will usually in­ methods employed in fieldwork, should be fully volve the use of powered or hand-driven augers or documented as a part of the survey. At least the other probes, or the excavation of backhoe trenches. following items should be covered in the recon­ In some cases, test-pits excavated using hand tools naissance documentation: will be feasible, though this is often not cost-effective • the kinds of properties looked for, with the archival where the surface has been compacted or filled with or other basis for their definition and recognition; construction rubble. Sometimes ground-penetrating radar, magnetometers, and other remote sensing • the boundaries of the area(s) inspected; devices can be used to good effect. • the methods used, including identification of any Under non-urban or suburban conditions, recon­ areas inspected more or less thoroughly than others, naissance fieldwork can be more general and in­ and of any areas where special techniques to identify clusive. The same kind of background data should be subsurface features were employed; collected as under urban conditions, and the same • the general character of the area's archeological kinds of predictions attempted; these predictions will resources, if any, as indicated by the results of the give the field teams a clear idea of what to look for. reconnaissance; In the field, reconnaissance generally involves one of two approaches, depending on the size of the area be­ • specific information on any sites recorded in detail; ing inspected. For relatively small areas, a recon­ and naissance may involve a simple inspection of the ground surface and any locations where subsurface • identification of any areas where, based on the ar­ conditions may be exposed (cut banks, etc.), to iden­ chival research and field reconnaissance, it is con­ tify easily visible archeological remains and locations cluded that no archeological sites will be found, with where more work may be necessary to determine a discussion of the reasons for reaching this conclu­ Howwhat existsis an at intensive depth (e.g., survey areas wherefor above-ground the ground sur- resourcession in eachcarried case. out?

In an intensive survey, the goal is to document all Historic Places or a State or local equivalent. As a historic buildings, structures, sites, objects, and poten­ result, intensive survey involves the inspection of tial districts in sufficient detail to permit their evalua­ every such property in the area being studied. Only Conductingtion and registration the Survey in the National Register of properties that can be clearly identified, on the basis37 Historic significance not usually apparent from visual inspection, as architectural significance often Historic research revealed that this small ranch in Horse Creek, Wyoming, an exceptional representative example of small ranches that developed in response to the burgeoning agricultureis of the county. Additionally, it directly associated with the cattle ranching frontier.is. (Rick is is Allessandro) of established criteria, as nonhistoric are not subjected trends, groups, or individuals, special attention should to study. Where a historic district is being considered, be given to aspects of each property that may reflect it is important to note even nonhistoric properties as this association. Similarly, where a property may non-contributing elements. have special cultural value to a social or ethnic group (e.g., a traditional ethnic neighborhood), its descrip­ As with reconnaissance, it is vital that intensive suvey tion should emphasize any aspects of the property archeological fieldwork be preceded and accompanied by archival that reflect its value to the group. research. As the survey progresses, archival research­ ers and field surveyors should continue to interact Surveyors should be alert to the value closely. of buildings and structures-that is, the information they contain. To an archeologist, a building or struc­ It is usually necessary to divide the survey area into ture is a complex artifact, created and used by people manageable units, such as groups of city blocks or de­ for activities that reflect their social, cultural, and fined neighborhoods, and either to survey these one economic needs and interests. The construction and by one or to assign a team to each. The survey team organization of the building or structure, its modifica­ should consist of appropriately trained and supervised tion through time, and the evidence of activities that workers, with the equipment necessary to prepare occurred in it may all be important. For example, the complete records (see section on equipment, below). way a house is constructed may reveal things about The survey should be carried out essentially on foot; the builder's perceptions of how space should be all major buildings and structures, and all out­ organized. Modifications of the floor plan during the buildings and other ancillary structures and objects life of the house may reveal how occupants at dif­ should be inspected. Interiors should be inspected ferent times wished to organize their life-space in whenever possible to identify significant features. response to changes in social conditions, population Where cultural landscapes are involved, these should size, economic status, technology (e.g., the introduc­ be carefully described and mapped. tion of electricity), and so on. The things left in and Normally, the survey will focus on the architectural around the house by its past occupants-furniture, or landscaped qualities of the properties involved, and papers, wallpaper, graffiti-may reveal facets of their will involve the description of each building or struc­ daily lives, interests, preferences, and beliefs. Not on­ ture, each element of the cultural landscape, and, ly may the things themselves contain such information where applicable, each district or object, with but also their organization within the house may in­ reference to standard architectural and landscape ar­ dicate things about the occupants' view of themselves chitectural terminology. Even though the significance and their world. The ways in which we organize and of a building or structure may lie in its association fill our living spaces can reveal a great deal about with historical events or people, it is important that it how we view ourselves and wish to be viewed by be described accurately in terms of the building style others. John Collier (see Bibliography) discusses it represents, its mode of construction, and its ar­ methods used by anthropologists to record and chitectural features. Naturally, however, where ar­ analyze the ways in which living people organize their chival research suggests that properties may be impor­ life-space and work-space. The same general methods 38tant for their association with historical events, can be applied to abandoned spaces, but the Conducting the Survey photographic methods used by anthropologists can be Together with the results of archival research, these supplemented with measured drawings, maps, and become the basis for evaluation and development of plans. The importance of this information must then an inventory. The survey data produced by an inten­ be evaluated within the broader context of our under­ sive survey should also include basic categories of in­ standing of such cultural patterns and the existence of formation similar to those collected during recon­ written documentary evidence. naissance-specifying the kinds of properties sought, the boundaries of the area(s) surveyed, the methods The intensive survey should result in a detailed report employed, the locations and boundaries of identified form on each property, accompanied by appropriate properties, and the locations and boundaries of areas photographs, drawings, and other documentation (see found to be devoid of historic properties. sectionHow is on an records, intensive below). survey for archeological sites carried out?

An intensive archeological survey is preceded by the same kind of archival research discussed above with reference to reconnaissance, but the research may be more detailed and involve a greater variety of sources. In the field, in a built-up urban situation, the inten­ sive survey like the reconnaissance is focused on loca­ tions where archival research suggests the possibility that archeological sites will be preserved, but the ef­ fort to find and characterize them is more detailed. The extent to which excavations can be conducted will, of course, be determined by the distribution of buildings, streets, utilities, and other modern features overyling the area of interest, but the general intent of the fieldwork is not only to determine whether ar­ cheological sites do in fact exist but to learn enough about their internal characteristics and integrity to permit their evaluation. Care should beThe taken purpose not to of let excavation excavation during get so aex­ surveytensive thatto itobtain seriously enough disrupts information the archeological to allow the site beingsite's significancestudied. to be evaluated, not to recover all the datais it contains.

In some cases it is legitimate to fully recover the data a site contains as soon as it is discovered, but such cases are not the norm. In a nonurban or suburban situation, intensive survey generally involves detailed inspection of the entire survey area. Unless there is a very good reason for believing that nothing of archeological importance Archeological remains can sometimes be discovered without excava­ could exist in a given area (e.g., records have been tion. Ground-penetrating radar is one example of a method to iden­ found demonstrating that the area has been complete­ tify buried features. The radar unit is towed along the ground sur­ ly bulldozed, or has been underwater until recently), face (photo 1), sending radar waves into the ground where they all exposed land surfaces are carefully and bounce back from features such as walls, fire pits, and concentra­ tions of pottery. The received signals are translated by the unit into systematically inspected under professional ar­ a series of graphs (photo 2), which can be used to guide excavation cheological supervision. Team members, trained to (photo 3). Ground-penetrating radar is highly sensitive to ground identify things that might indicate the presence of an moisture conditions and other factors, and thus is not always archeological site in the area, are deployed in such a reliable. But, under proper conditions, it can be a good and cost­ way as to insure inspection of all land surfaces. effective way to explore possible archeological resources without digging. Typically, team members lined up 5 to 15 meters apart (the distance depending on visibility) walk over (Michael Roberts and Institute for Conservation Ar­ the land scanning the surface. If the surface is chaeology, Harvard University, for the Arizona State Museum and obscured by vegetation, special techniques must be the Bureau of Reclamation) 39

Conducting the Survey shoc1el-testing, used. The most common technique is or other historic properties observed should be re­ in which small holes are dug by each team member at corded on standard forms. (See section on forms regular intervals, and the contents inspected for ar­ below.) A final report should be prepared to docu­ tifacts, flakes of stone, bone, or other material that ment the kinds of properties sought, with the archival might indicate the presence of an archeological site. or other basis for defining and recognizing them, the Power augers, backhoes, and other mechanized equip­ methods used in archival research and fieldwork, the ment are used in some instances. If the surface is boundaries of the area(s) surveyed, the nature of the obscured by leaves or other light cover, this may be survey coverage, any factors that might influence the effectively removed over large areas by raking or validity of the results, all properties recorded, their scraping. If the surface has been previously plowed, locations, descriptions, and probable archeological but is now fallow and covered with vegetation, significance, and the locations and boundaries of any replowing may improve visibility while doing minimal areas determined to be devoid of archeological sites, damage to any sites that may occur there. Plowing or specifying the basis for each such determination. other substantially disturbing techniques should not be used on previously undisturbed surfaces. When The exact methods to be employed in any particular seeking sites that are likely to contain metal, metal archeological survey, the exact techniques appropriate detectors may be helpful, and more sensitive in the field, and the kinds of reports required, will magnetometers can detect nonmetallic subsurface vary with local circumstances and needs. The State anomalies. Aerial survey, using fixed-wing aircraft, Historic Preservation Officer should be consulted for advice and assistance, and the results of the survey helicopters, satellite imagery, or air photos, may be should be made available for incorporation into the helpful for detecting features that are difficult to spot State historic preservation plan. For further informa­ on the ground. The Archeological tionSurvey: on archeologicalMethods and surveys,Uses with special emphasis Records should be kept of the areas surveyed, the on nonurban situations, see methods employed in survey, and any factors that (see Bibliography). may have affected the resulting observations. All sites How can oral history or ethnography contribute to the survey?

Much of a community's or neighborhood's history An oral history project or an ethnographic study may may not be on record anywhere, but may be richly be as complex and time consuming as the rest of the represented in the memories of its people, and its historic resources survey itself, and specialists in oral cultural and aesthetic values may be best represented history or ethnography may have interests that, while in their thoughts, expressions, and ways of life. For worthwhile in themselves, are not directly pertinent to this reason, it is often important to include an oral the survey. It is important to structure this component historical or ethnographic component in the survey. of the survey to ensure that the information gathered Both fields of study are based substantially on inter­ views with knowledgeable citizens: oral history focusses on straightforward recordation of their recollections, while ethnography is more concerned OVERVIEWS with contemporary cultural values, perceptions, and ways of life. Governments responsible for relatively large land areas (large cities, counties, regions) may wish to consider Oral historical and ethnographic research must be preparing overviews before committing themselves to planned and carried out with the full knowledge and more detailed, focussed surveys. An overview is a docu­ cooperation of community and neighborhood leaders ment based on archival research alone, sometimes accom­ and with sensitivity to their cultural backgrounds, panied by very small-scale reconnaissance, that sum­ values, and modes of expression. marizes the history and prehistory of the area, analyzes the results of previous survey work and reaches conclu­ Local college oral history, anthropology, and soci­ sions about its quality, and seeks to make general predic­ ology programs may be of assistance in this aspect of tions about which portions of the total study area are the survey project. The American Folklore Society. likely to contain different types of historic resources. the Oral History Association, and the Society for Ap­ These predictions can be used in general land-use plan­ plied Anthropology (See p. 19) are good sources of ning, and can be tested and refined through further survey. Overviews can be extremely useful in the general information on oral history and ethnographic development of regional plans, in the early planning of techniques. land-use projects, in developing zoning and open-space plans, in planning for the long-range acquisition of parklands, and in making decisions on where to direct in­ 40 tensive survey efforts. Conducting the Survey is as relevant as possible to the survey's goals, and to object, sessions should usually be tape-recorded so make sure that the gathering of oral data does not that written descriptions can be transcribed and cor­ overwhelm the rest of the survey effort. related with other survey information. In order to en­ sure accuracy of the transcripts, and to respect the Typically, oral historical or ethnographic researchers confidentiality of informants, those interviewed meet at regular intervals with members of the com­ should be given the opportunity to edit tapes or munity, individually or in groups, to discuss the transcripts. To ensure maximum accuracy, verification history and other cultural aspects of those parts of the of informants' accounts should be sought through in­ survey area currently being studied or soon to be terviews with multiple individuals and members of studied in the field. It is also often useful to drive or different groups, and through comparison with walk through the survey area with knowledgeable documentary and field survey data. residents of the community to obtain their comments on specific properties and areas. Unless informants What kinds of data will be needed to evaluate historic resources?

Where a decision has been made to conduct an inten­ ethnographic literature) are not known, are generally sive survey, the Department of the Interior recom­ named for the nearby geographic feature, an aspect of mends thatGuidelines every effort for Comµleti11g be made to Nationalcompile theRegister kinds cultural2. Other significance, Name/Site Numbertheir locations, or their owners. ofForms. information described in National Register Bulletin No. 16, Ideally, such information should be organized This may be a common name or other secondary and recorded in a manner that is compatible with the name used to refer to the property, or a number or National Register Information System (NRIS) and the number-letter code assigned to the property. The com­ data processing system used by the State Historic mon name is the name by which the property is cur­ Preservation Officer. The State Historic Preservation rently known. Most States have a site numbering Officer should be consulted about what kinds of in­ system whose use will facilitate integration with State formation to record. If nomination to the National 3.sur Address/vey data. Location Register is one of the survey goals, it is advisable to review the documentation requirements for nomina­ tions or requests for determinations of eligibility at Where a property has a street address, this should be the beginning of the survey, to make certain that all recorded. necessary information is collected in a form that can readily be transferred to National Register forms at a If a road has a route number rather than a name, in­ later date. An outline of the information required by dicate whether it is a State, county, or Federal road. the National Register is provided on page 46, and If the property does not have a street address, identify lists of the data categories used in the National the location by recording the names of the nearest Register Information System are provided in Appen­ roads or, if there are no nearby roads, by referring to dix VI. the Universal Transverse Mercator Grid System. (See The following kinds of information recorded on each item 11, Geographical Data.) Township, range and property identified should provide an adequate data section, or description of the property's relationship to base for making accurate decisions about the proper­ nearby roads or natural features may also be used to ty's1. Resource significance. Name indicate location. Where a property is large, for example in the case of an archeological site or historic district, the rough This is the primary name by which the resource is boundaries of the property should be described or an known. The historic name is most often used in index­ inclusive list of street addresses given.restricted-that ing and filing as it will continue to be meaningful regardless of changes in occupancy or use. The If locational information should be is, if access to it should be permitted only to specified historic name may refer to the original owner or users-this should be noted. Restricting access is builder; significant persons or events associated with ap­propriate (and permitted by Federal law) where the property; original or later significant uses of the revealing the location of a property to the public property; innovative or unusual characteristics of the could result in vandalism or despoilation. Access to property; or accepted professional, scientific, information on the locations of archeological sites is technical, or traditional names. often restricted because of the danger that vandals Archeological sites, if their historic names (for exam­ and artifact collectors could destroy or damage the ple, the name of an Indian village recorded in the site searching for artifacts. Conducting the Survey 41 5. Owner

d. Specific features including location, number, and It is advisable to record both the category of owner­ appearance of: ship (i.e., Federal government, State government, porches (verandas, stoops, attached sheds, etc.) local government, private) and the name(s) and ad­ windows dress(es)6. Resource of theType actual owner(s). doors chimneys dormers other important or visually prominent exterior The resource should be classified as to whether it is a features site, building, structure, object, historic district, or e. Materials of roof, foundation, walls, and other part of a historic district; National Register definitions important features. of resource categories may be found in the Introduc­ f. Important decorative elements tion. If a property consisting of more than one g. Interior features contributing to the character of resource is documented on a survey form, such as a the building. farmhouse and outbuildings, the number of elements h. Number, type, and location of outbuildings, as of each resource type should be noted (e.g., 2 well as dates of their construction. buildings7. Location and of 3Legal structures). Description i. Important features of the immediate environment such as roadways, landscaping, etc. The location of the legal description of the property, If a property has been moved, the following informa­ which is usually filed with the land records in the tion is helpful in assessing historical integrity: county courthouse or local planning and zoning com­ a. Date of move mission or surveyor's office, may be used to trace chain of title, and is sometimes useful in legal actions b. Descriptions or original and present locations involving8. Representation the property. Existing Surveys c. Distance the property has been moved in d. Methods employed in moving the property (if It is useful to note whether the property is included in known) the State Historic Preservation Officer's statewide survey of historic properties; in inventories compiled e. Explanation of the effect of the move on the by Federal agencies of properties under their jurisdic­ historical integrity of the property and upon its tion or control, or in the environmental impact area new location, with particular reference to the rela­ of their projects; in the Historic American Buildings tionships between its original and current orienta­ Survey; the Historic American Engineering Records; tions, locations, and settings. the National Historic Landmarks program; or in any f. Reason for the move. other local, State, or private survey. Locating existing surveys can save duplication of time and effort in Known alterations should be noted with appropriate gathering survey data and in correlating data pro­ dates, if available. Preparation of a floor plan sketch duced by the current survey with other documenta­ with original portions and later additions clearly tion on the property. It may also be useful to indicate marked may be useful for properties that have been whether the property is a locally designated landmark altered many times. or9. Descriptionis part of a locallyof Property designated district. Where possible, buildings and structures should be classified with reference to the architectural styles they represent. The architectural classification system used Sufficient data should be gathered to give a profes­ by the National Register Information System is pro­ For individual buildings, struc­ sional description of the physical appearance and con­ vided in Appendix VI. If the style does not fall into tures, or objects, dition of properties. any particular category, major stylistic elements may this information may include: be noted. Regional or vernacular forms should be identified by the most commonly used or generally ac­ a. Type of structure (dwelling, church, factory, etc.) cepted terminology. Terms not commonly known b. Building placement (detached, row, etc.) should be defined. c. General characteristics: Overall shape of plan (rectangle, ell, etc.) Where a known person was responsible for designing Number of stories or building the property, his or her name should be Structural system recorded. Number of vertical divisions or bays Where a building or structure contains artifacts, Construction materials (brick, stone, etc.) and equipment, furnishings, papers, interior modifications, wall finish (kind of bond, coursing, shingle, etc.) or other characteristics that could provide useful in­ Roof shape formation about its construction or use, or about the 42 Conducting the Survey activities of its occupants or users, the nature and e. The extent and kind of alterations that have af­ locations of such material should be recorded. If such fected the site, and their effect on its integrity. materials have been removed from the property, for example to a local archive or museum, this should be f. How the current physical environment and remains of the site reflect the period and associations for noted.archeological sites, which the site is significant. For appropriate information may include: Sites of cultural value to American Indians or other social groups should be described with reference to a. Site type (e.g., midden, rockshelter, flake scatter, the above items where they are pertinent, but special historic factory, etc.). attention should be given to the qualities of the prop­ erty that contribute to its importance in the eyes of b. Vertical and horizontal extent of the site and those who ascribe value to it. For example, if the methods by which these boundaries have been defined. traditional origins of an American Indian tribe are associated with a particular configuration of rocks on c. The immediate surrounding environment, both as a site, special attention should be given to describing it probably was when the site was in use and as it them.architectural historic district is today. If an or is identified, it d. Any disrupting influence (urban development, is useful to compile the following information: roads, agriculture) at work on or immediately around the site. a. General description of the natural and manmade elements of the district: structures, buildings, sites, e. Descriptions ( or summaries) of known data on in­ objects, prominent geographical features, density ternal characteristics: stratigraphy, artifact classes of development. and their distribution, structural remains, fauna! b. Numbers of buildings, structures, and objects that and floral remains, materials useful for assigning do and do not contribute to the district. the site to a chronological period, etc. c. General description of types, styles, or periods of f. Extent and nature of any excavation, testing, sur­ architecture represented in the district: scale, pro­ face collecting, etc. portions, materials, color, decoration, workman­ g. Descriptions of any standing or ruined structures ship, design quality. or buildings that might be of architectural or d. General physical relationships of buildings to each historic importance. other and to the environment: facade lines, street h. References to any known ethnographic or historical plans, parks, squares, open spaces, structural den­ descriptions of the site when it was occupied or in sity, plantings, and important natural features 1. use. (some of this information may be recorded on sketch maps). A list of pertinent previous investigations at the site, if any, indicating dates, sponsoring institu­ e. General description of the district during the tions or organizations, and bibliographic period(s) when it achieved significance. references. f. Present and original uses of buildings (commercial, J. Quality and intensity of survey that resulted in residential, etc.) and any adaptive uses. recording the site and limitations this may impose g. General condition of buildings: restoration or on the data available for purposes of evaluation. rehabilitation activities, alterations. Historic site descriptions should include the preceding h. Noncontributing elements: the number of noncon­ information where relevant, and should also identify: tributing buildings, structures, and objects should a. The present condition of the site and its environ­ be given, and each such property identified. ment. i. Qualities that make the district distinct from its b. Any natural features, such as bodies of water, surroundings. Where the social or cultural trees, cliffs, promontories, etc., that contributed to characteristics of the area's residents contribute to the selection of the site for the event or activity the district's character, these should be included. that gives it significance. j. A list of all buildings, structures, and objects (or c. Other natural features that characterized the site at inclusive street addresses) that do and do not con­ the time the event or activity took place. tribute to the character of the district. d. Any evidence that remains on the site from the k. Any archeological sites identified within the event or activity that gives the site its significance. district's boundaries, including both those that con­ Conducting the Survey tribute to the significance of the district and those43 whose significance is derived from qualities b. General description of buildings and structures, in­ unrelated to the district. cluding outbuildings, within the district bound­ aries, usually with special attention to I. Concise boundary description: streets, property characteristics indicative of vernacular or folk- lines, geographical features, etc., that separate the types of design and construction, to the activities district from its surroundings, with an explanation housed in each such building or structure, and to of the basis for establishing the boundary. the equipment and other material remaining in each. If a or is identified, the c. General description of manmade features of the en­ above information should be compiled to the extent it vironment and their relationship to the qualities is availablecommercial and relevant; industrial in addition, district it is useful to that give the district its significance. record the following: If an is identified, besides a. General description of the industrial activities and gathering the above data where pertinent, the follow­ processes taking place within the district, impor­ ing informationarcheological should district be recorded: tant natural and geographical features, and power sources a. General description of the natural and manmade b. General description of original machinery still in elements of the district: structures, buildings, sites, place objects, prominent geographical features, density of development. c. General description of linear systems within the district (canals, railroads, roads) and their terminal b. Number of contributing sites, with a description of points, with approximate length and width of area each. to be encompassed in the district. c. Number of noncontributing sites, with a descrip­ If a containing buildings or structures of tion of each. historic or architectural significance is identified, in d. General description of the cultural, historic, or rural district addition to recording the above data as relevant, it is other relationships among the sites in the district useful to compile the following information: that make the district a cohesive unit for investiga­ a. General description of geographical and tion. topographical features (valleys, bodies of water, e. General description of the data categories and soil conditions, climate, changes in elevation, research values represented in the district. vistas, etc.) that convey a sense of cohesiveness.

Rural suroeys should attempt to identify properties that were important in the development of the area or are representative of typical ac­ tivities in the past. All of the structures and significant land areas associated with a property should be documented in the suroey. Burke's Garden Rural Historic District, Tazewell County, Virginia. (Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks)

44 Conducting the Survey f. Identification of any non-archeological date of a specific event, period of association with characteristics of the district that may contribute to an important person, period of an important ac­ its significance (e.g., cultural value to American In­ tivity). dian groups). d. Historically significant persons associated with the g. General condition of sites and extent to which ar­ property (e.g., its tenants, visitors, owner). cheological intersite contexts remain intact. e. Representation of a style, period, or method of h. Assessment of the extent to which the area within construction. the district boundaries has been adequately f. Persons responsible for the design or construction surveyed. of the property. 1. Summary of the nature and level of damage the g. Quality of style, design, or workmanship. sites within the district have received or are receiv­ ing. h. Historically or culturally significant group associated with the property, and the nature of its 10. Significance association. In most cases, the significance of any one resource i. Information which the property has yielded or may cannot be fully evaluated until the historic contexts be likely to yield (especially for archeological sites for the survey area have been developed and some and districts). reasonably comparable level of documentation on other resources in the survey project area has been j. Cultural affiliation (for archeological sites and gathered. During the survey, however, the surveyor districts). should record the qualities of each property that relate it to the historic contexts of the survey area and may make it significant keeping in mind the criteria for determining significance. In addition, the surveyor NATIONAL REGISTER DEFINITIONS OF may recognize qualities in a property that appear to CONTRIBUTING AND NONCONTRIBUTING be unique or significant, and these observations may RESOURCES be recorded for future reference and evaluation. The following definitions are used by the National A statement of significance, whether designed to show Register to classify the resources making up a property as that a property is or is not significant, should be contributing or noncontributing. developed as a reasoned argument, first identifying the historic context or contexts to which the property The physical characteristics and historic significance of could relate, next discussing the property types within the overall property provide the basis for evaluating the context and their relevant characteristics, and then component resources. Specific information about each showing how the property in question does or does resource, such as date, function, associations, informa­ not have the characteristics required to qualify it as tion potential, and physical characteristics, can then be related to the overall property to determine whether or part of the context. not the component resource contributes. Resources that The areas in which a property may be significant do not relate in a significant way to the overall property should be recorded on the survey form and supported may contribute if they independently meet the National in the statement of significance. Area of significance is Register criteria. derived from the relevant historic contexts and the • A contributing building, site, structure, or object adds criteria for which the property may be important, for to the historic architectural qualities, historic associa­ example, commerce or architecture. The areas of tions, or archeological values for which a property is significance used by the National Register program significant because a) it was present during the period can be found in Appendix VI. of significance, and possesses historic integrity reflect­ ing its character at that time or is capable of yielding The exact information needed to evaluate significance important information about the period, or b) it in­ will depend on the historic context. In most cases in­ dependently meets the National Register criteria. formation falling into the following categories will be noncontributing needed and should be recorded: • A building, site, structure, or object does not add to the historic architectural qualities, a. Historically significant events and/ or patterns of historic associations, or archeological values for which activity associated with the property. a property is significant because a) it was not present during the period of significance, b) due to alterations, b. Periods of time during which the property was in disturbances, additions, or other changes, it no longer use. possesses historic integrity reflecting its character at that time or is incapable of yielding important informa­ c. Specific dates or period of time when the resource tion about the period, or c) it does not independently achieved its importance (e.g., date of construction, meet the National Register criteria.

Conducting the Survev 45 11. Geographical Data recording form (e.g., survey files, records with the State Historic Preservation Officer, publications, The acreage of the property should be determined and HABS/HAER records), each known source of such recorded as accurately as possible. documentation should be recorded. The location of the property should be determined ac­ Records of historic properties should contain bibli­ cording to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) ographies referencing the sources used in preparing Grid System. The UTM system is recommended the records. Author, full title, date, and location of because of its accuracy, its universality, and its com­ publication should be recorded. For an article, list the patibility with automated data systems. The property magazine or journal from which it was taken, volume should be located on a U.S. Geological Survey number, and date. For unpublished manuscripts, in­ (USGS) map (7.5 or 15 minute series), and the UTM dicate where copies are available. Interviews should coordinates for the location recorded. One reference be listed with the name of the person interviewed and point centered on the property is sufficient for proper­ date of the interview. ties less than ten acres in size; for larger properties, at least three reference points corresponding to the major 13. Researcher points delineating the property's boundariesUsing should tlie UTM be Names and qualifications of persons directly involved recorded.Grid System For to an Record explanation Historic of Sitesthe UTM system, see in compiling information on the property should be the National Park Service publication, recorded. (see Bibliog­ raphy). 14. Photographs Geographical data should include a verbal boundary Atto least one photograph of each property should be description precisely defining the boundaries of the included in the survey data. Photographs can be used property surveyed. It may be in the form of a tax document the property's conditionto and physical ap­ parcel number, a city lot number, a sequence of metes pearance, and to illustrate important features of the and bounds, a legal property description, or the property. They can be used check field observa­ dimensions of the parcel of land fixed upon a given tions and to provide visual evidence of historical, ar­ point such as the intersection of two streets. Where it chitectural, or aesthetic significance. The number of is difficult to establish fixed reference points such as photographs needed to provide adequate coverage will roads or property lines, as in rural areas, descriptions vary according to the nature and significance of the may be based on a series of UTM reference points or property. For buildings and structures, at least one on the section grid appearing on the USGS map. An photograph showing the principal facades and en­ explanation, or justification, of why a particular vironment in which the property is located should be boundary was chosen should be recorded. included, Interior views are generally not needed, unless significance is primarily based on interior 12. Other Documentation features. If additional documentation on the resources is available beyond that recorded on the basic survey

Certain kinds of information are required for document­ mation on completing National Register forms, consult INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR REGISTERING PROPERTIES IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES ing properties nominated to the National Register of National Register Bulletin No. 16, Guidelines for Com­ Historic Places or considered for determinations of pleting National Register of Historic Places Forms. eligibility for listing. The following list itemizes the re­ quired information as it is requested on the National 1. Name of Property Register of Historic Places Registration Form, If one of Historic name the survey goals is to register significant properties, effort and care should be made to ensure that information col­ Other names/site number lected during survey meets the National Register documentation requirements and can easily be transferred 2. Location to the National Register form. Because the National Address (including street & number, city or town, Register form is compatible with the National Register In­ state and code, county and code, and zipcode) formation System, standardized data categories have been formulated for entering information pertaining to Not for publication (to be indicated when access to certain items. These items are identified below by an information on location should be restricted) asterisk and include function and use, architectural Vicinity (to be used when property is not located classification, materials, and areas of significance. Appen­ in a town or city) dix VI provides lists of the categories used by the Na­ tional Register to complete these items. For further infor-

46 Conducting the Survey 3. Classification Area(s) of significance* Ownership of property (private, public-local, Period(s) of significance public-State, and/or public-Federal) Significant dates Category of property (building(s), district, site, 1 Cultural affiliation (for archeology) structure, or object) Architect builder Number of contributing resources within property (by resource type) Significant person Number of noncontributing resources within prop­ Narrative stating the significance of the property erty (by resource type) and justifying the applicable criteria, criteria con­ siderations, and areas and periods of significance. Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register 9. Major Bibliographical References Name of related multiple property listing, if any References (including books, articles, interviews, surveys, etc.) 4. State 1Federal Agency Certification (to be completed by State and/or Federal officials during registration Previous documentation on file at the National process) Park Service (including listings or determinations of eligibility for listing in the National Register, 5. National Park Service Certification (to be completed designations of National Historic Landmarks, and by the National Park Service) recordings by HABSIHAERJ. 6. Function or Use* Primary location of additional data (such as State Historic functions* Historic Preservation Office, other State agency, Federal agency, local government. university, or Current functions* other) and specific name of repository. 7. Description 10. Geographical Data Architectural classification* Acreage of property Materials (foundation, walls, roof, other)* UTM references (one is required for properties Narrative describing the property's present and smaller than 10 acres; at least 3 for larger proper­ historic physical appearance ties) 8. Statement of Significance Verbal boundary description Level at which evaluation has taken place (na­ Boundary justification tionally, statewide, locally) 11. Identification of person who prepared the form (in­ Applicable National Register criteria (A,B,C, cluding name. title, organization, address, and and· or D) telephone number) and date. Criteria considerations, if any apply * See Appendix VI for the standardized data categories used to complete these items. What additional planning information may be gathered in the survey process?

Information on the historic, architectural, or cultural dividual buildings should be based on an examination significance of resources is most useful in guiding of: future community development if it is integrated with a. Exterior condition of walls, roof, chimneys, win­ other kinds of planning information. This informa­ dow and door openings, gutters and downspouts, tion, which is listed below, may already have been stairs, porches. gathered through other planning studies or it may be b. Interior condition of foundations and basements, gathered as part of the historic resources survey. beams, joists and piers, flooring, walls and ceilings, Because the expertise necessary to gather much of this window frames and doors. information is different from that necessary for the c. Condit on of mechanical systems for plumbing, historic resources survey, it may be more effective to electricity, and heating. Condition of original con­ gather the information in a project separate from the struction and any subsequent alterations, adequacy of historic resources survey. If this option is chosen, the fire prevention and control measures, condition and twoStructural projects Information should be oncarefully Individual coordinated. Buildings adequacy of elevator facilities (if available). d. Estimated cost of bringing building to code.

A determination of the structural condition of in- 47 Conducting the Survey Physical/Development Factors Affecting Buildings or Neighborhoods: a. Threats to area/building (vandalism, demolition, neglect). b. Public and private development plans. c. Rehabilitation work (being considered, under way, completed, now planned). d. Land use/zoning. e. Density. f. Transportation routes and facilities. g. Municipal services (utilities, sewer, police, etc.). h. Parking. i. Setbacks. j. Floor area. k. Occupancy limitations. I. Designation of criticalred-lined environmental areas or protected features. m. Areas that are or receive less favorable treatment from lending institutions. n. Existing easements or legal encumbrances. o. Current assessed evaluation (land, improvements, total). Socioeconomic Character of Area: a. Income level of residents or tenants. b. Tax rates and base. c. Amount of ownership versus rental. cl. Community institutions (civic, religious, educa- tional). Important industrial and engineering structures should be included e. Real estate trends. in the survey. In addition to their intrinsic value in the history of American industry and engineering, such structures are often Planning Information for Archeological Sites: associated with the economic development of a community and with its prominent citizens. The Sloss Blast Furnace Site, Birming­ a. Accessibility of site ham, Alabama, contributed to the development of that city as the b. Potential for interpretation to the public. iron and steel center of the South. The site has recently been c. Local attitudes toward protection, use, or excava­ developed into a local historical park. tion of site. d. Likely development pressures on the site. (Jack E. Boucher for Historic e. Potential for natural deterioration (through ero­ American Buildings Survey /Historic American Engineering Record) Forms, maps, photographs: How should survey datasion, be soil recorded? chemistry changes, etc.).

Before beginning training sessions and the survey degree of expertise of those conducting the survey, itself, methods of recording survey data need to be and other factors unique to each survey. As a result, established. Generally, most data gathered during the communities may wish to adapt State survey forms to survey are recorded on standardized forms and maps, their particular needs. If this is done, care should be with photographs, supplemented by sketches and ad­ exercised to ensure that consistency is maintained in ditional records. the description of key elements used by the State in data storage and retrieval. Survey Forms Most survey forms fall into three main categories: Most State historic preservation programs have developed standard survey forms for their statewide 1. A multiple choice checklist with or without illustra­ surveys. The use of these forms at the local level is tions, often in the form of a card coded for automated most desirable, as it facilitates integration of the infor­ data processing. mation into statewide survey and nomination of prop­ 2. One or more sheets presenting a series of questions erties to the National Register. or categories of information requiring brief written responses. The kinds of forms used depend on the intensity of 3. One or (usually) more sheets presenting a series of the survey, the kinds of properties to be recorded, the Conducting the Survey general questions or categories requiring more lengthy As a result of these differences, it is often desirable to responses. use a variety of forms in a given survey, for example, using flexible response forms like those of the Na­ The multiple choice checklist may be useful if: tional Register for recording districts and structures or • the survey is a reconnaissance, buildings that may be individually significant, using • volunteers without extensive training are conducting tailored combinations of categorical questions and the survey, checklist items for archeological sites and other prop­ • a limited range of resources are thought to be pres­ erties having some predictable and some less predic­ ent (e.g., buildings representing only a few architec­ table characteristics, and using checklists for the tural styles), or description of individual buildings and structures • a limited range of resources is being sought (as in making up a particular district. some theme-focussed surveys). Forms are seldom sufficient in themselves for re­ For an intensive survey, however, this type of form is cording survey data. They should be supplemented by seldom appropriate, because it is virtually impossible more general, flexible notes to record general en­ to incorporate the complex variability represented by vironmental and contextual data, information on a whole range of historic properties into a simple survey conditions, and supplementary data. Each checklist. Although checklist forms are useful especial­ surveyor should keep a log or diary to record general ly for architectural information, many buildings and observations and supplementary information about their architectural and decorative teatures defy the progress of the survey and about the property or classification under the categories generally provided. area being studied, such as its general architectural Checklists may be useful for describing individual and social characteristics, anticipated effects of pro­ buildings within districts, but they are seldom useful posed or possible development, ideas for the adaptive for describing districts as wholes, because they do not use of particular buildings, names of local contacts provide a mechanism for recording a district's overal) with particular information, names of interested local environment, its social charactistics, and its other uni­ citizens and miscellaneous historical or archeological que features. For archeological sites, checklists are information. Unless they are recorded on the scene, often useful for noting the presence or absence of par­ such observations are usually lost to those who might ticular predictable features and artifacts, but usually benefit from them or find them useful at a later date. must be supplemented by substantial verbal descrip­ tion to record stratigraphy, size, and other unique Field Maps characteristics. Cultural landscapes, too, whether Surveyors will need maps to use as guides during the designed or created by recurrent land-use practices, onsite orientation and to use as worksheets during the are usually too complicated, and contain too many field survey. A master map can be prepared for these unique features, to be accurately captured in a purposes by annotating an existing small-scale map of checklist. Transcribing data from the checklist into a narrative description, like those required by the Na­ the community or county. In cases where areas or tional Register and most State registers, can be dif­ properties to be surveyed have already been deter­ ficult because much of the information needed for mined, these should be delineated on the map. Sites narrative description either cannot be derived at all discovered through historical research, that should be from the checklist format or can be derived only investigated during the field survey, may be pin­ through extrapolation and interpretation, increasing pointed on the map. the potential for error. The base maps used in most historic resources surveys Forms that have a series of questions or categories are U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5 minute and 15 generally require a certain amount of expertise. Since minute quadrangle maps. USGS quads are used by the forms do not spell out elements to be identified, most State Historic Preservation Officers and Federal the surveyors themselves must be able to prepare agencies to locate and record historic resources in complete and accurate property descriptions; they their inventories. These maps show topography, must be particularly careful to include all major natural features, roads, buildings, and structures in elements of the property in the description. These rural areas, latitude and longitude lines, and forms do allow for the description of unique elements township, range, and section lines. Importantly, most of particular properties or areas that would normally have Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid tics, not be specified on a checklist form. which allow historic properties to be accurately plot­ ted and their locations recorded for future retrieval Longer and more complicated response forms, such as and analysis, especially using automated data process­ those used bv the National Register, require a higher ing. USGS maps can often be obtained locally; if not, degree of expertise in completing the documentation. an index to available maps may be obtained by Information for these forms may be derived from writing the U.S. Geological Survey, Sunrise Valley shorter checklist forms or from other rough survey Drive, Reston, VA 20021. data.

Conducting the Survey 49 uses Foruses urban areas, however, it will be necessary to sup­ a way that they can be easily identified, correlated plement quads with more detailed local maps. with forms, systematically filed, and retrieved. The quadsuses show built-up areas merely as pink most common approach is to assign a unique number blotches, with only major streets marked. As a result. to each roll of film, and to maintain a log indicating although quads should be used to help relate the subject of each frame on each roll, by roll and the local survey to such larger-scale efforts as the frame number. Film should be kept in a central place statewide comprehensive survey, surveyors in urban and assigned a number as it is signed out to avoid the areas will find other, usually locally produced maps possibility of assigning the same number to two rolls. more useful for field use and as base maps. Detailed Each photographer then logs in his or her photos, maps of most large cities can be obtained from city recording for each shot the roll number, the framenorth­ planning agencies. Other sources of useful maps in­ number,west corne andr of such building: information view across as the site property from south­ name clude State highway departments, local preservation andeast), location, the direction offront the porch; view (e.g., rock feature), commissions, regional planning agencies, local highwayPhotographs commissions, and realtors. detail included (e.g., and other details concerning the property or the ex­ posure. Photo roll and exposure numbers should also Photographs are an essential part of survey data. be entered on property recording forms for cross­ Whether photographs are taken by field surveyors or reference purposes. General views of streets or open professional photographers, the 35 mm camera prob­ space areas should be recorded with appropriate loca­ ably provides the most flexible format for survey pur­ tional information and names or numbers of in­ poses. Some 35 mm cameras can be equipped with a dividual properties included in the picture. perspective-correction lens, which, when properly It is a helpful check on paper records to place a used, helps eliminate perspective-induced distortion in marker in the view being photographed when the photographs of structures. (This lens is best used by photograph is taken. This should indicate the subject an experienced photographer.) The use of slightly and other relevant data (view, detail, date). Cards or wide-angle (35 mm) or normal (50 mm) lenses allows pieces of cardboard with such information writtenmenu in photographers to take shots of entire buildings or magicboard marker can be used for this purpose, though a whole facades. Fast lenses allow for the best use of more professional product is obtained using a available light and good recording of details. meter stick-awith plastic letters and numbers. It is also often While black and white prints are appropriate for helpful to include a scale marker (for example, a survey documentation, other photographic forms may piece of lath one meter long, marked in be useful supplements to the basic records of in­ 10-cm increments) and a north indicator (in ar­ dividual properties. cheological convention, a wooden or plastic arrow or a trowel) in the photo. • Color slides may be useful as supplemental documentation for evaluating properties. Although Photos and especially negatives should be carefully not a substitute for black and white prints, slides can filed under conditions that will minimize their be used in public presentations to generate local in­ deterioration, and according to a system that will terest in the survey project and in historic resources. make it easy to retrieve them. It is often most conve­ nient to retain the roll and exposure number as a • For quick identification, a contact print or Polaroid basic index number for the print and negative frame, photograph identified by name and number may be sometimes with an additional accession number to affixed to the field survey form. identify the area or the survey that produced the photo. Photo logs should be retained permanently as • Videotapes may be useful in quickly capturing the part of the survey data, on computer or in the form social and architectural characteristics of historic of logbooks or card files. It is wise to consult the districts or landscapes. State Historic Preservation Officer for advice about It is essential that a practical system be established for photo recording, filing, and retrieval systems. numbering, processing, and filing photographs in such What equipment will be needed for survey work?

Equipment for each survey team may include some or • field survey forms all of the following: • USGS quadrangle(s) and UTM counter • other relevant map(s) • clipboards, spiral notebooks (for logs and general • tape measures (each surveyor is usually equipped notes). with a 3-meter or IO-foot tape, and each team with a • supply of pens, pencils, and magic markers so Conducting the Survey 30-meter, SO-meter, SO-foot or 100-foot tape). motorized augers or backhoes. In some cases, it will • compass be useful to equip teams with guides to local artifact • camera(s) types or types of architectural elements indicative of • black and white film different time periods or building functions. • color slide film Survey teams engaging in oral history or ethnographic • official identification recording will probably need tape recorders or • letter of introduction explaining survey videotape equipment. • additional lenses for camera (wide angle, telephoto, perspective correction). The survey coordinator will also need to consider what sort of equipment may be appropriate for Survey teams concentrating on architectural resources transporting the survey teams into and around their may also need an appropriate style manual (e.g., one survey areas. Intensive surveys are usually done on developed for the survey itself, or by the State foot, but teams must still be transported to and from Historic Preservation Officer, or a general guide such their survey locations. If municipal transport is not as McAlester, McGee, or Whiff en [ see Bibliography]). sufficient for this purpose, the survey teams will need Archeological survey teams will usually need at least access to automobiles, bicycles, or some other mode trowels, and in some cases will require augers or of transport. posthole diggers, shovels. or such power equipment as

Conducting the Survey 51 Review and Organization of Survey Data

Before survey data can be integrated into the com­ with survey data, including how an inventory-that munity planning process, it must be compiled in a is, a selective list of significant properties-can be systematic manner and reviewed for content, clarity, derived from the data. Methods of compiling, and accuracy. Properties identified must be evaluated evaluating, and storing the data are considered. This against established criteria. The data must be stored in phase of the project should be undertaken with special a form that makes key elements readily retrievable, care because it will have a direct effect on the and that protects the information against loss and usefulness of the inventory for planning purposes. deterioration. This section discusses what can be done How are survey data reviewed during fieldwork?

Treatment of Forms Organization and review of survey data should begin while fieldwork is still in progress, although naturally Forms used in the field are usually considered rough they will continue after fieldwork is complete. working copies rather than final documents. Descriptions of physical appearance and other obser­ Surveyors should review forms filled out in the field vations made in the field should be checked against to make sure that observations are clear, terminology photographs and documentary evidence gathered by is correct, and descriptions are complete and accurate. the researchers. Maps and other reference material After the preliminary forms have been reviewed by may be used to verify locations of resources that are the survey coordinator or other knowledgeable per­ surveyed. sons, final forms for archival purposes should be In order to use the review of survey data to correct prepared. Where an automated data processing system mistakes and inaccuracies in field reporting, the data will be used in maintaining the survey data, the rele­ produced by each survey team in each area should be vant information should be entered into the system reviewed and organized as soon as possible after it is from the forms at this point. If narrative descriptions produced. Fieldwork should not be allowed to get too are prepared from the forms, these too should be far ahead of review, organization, and analysis of checked and edited, using original survey forms and data. Information gathered in the field must be in­ photographsOrganization forof Otherverification. Notes tegrated with documentary evidence uncovered during archival research. This responsibility may be assumed by the survey coordinator. Inconsistencies-descrip­ Supplementary notes taken in the field, both with tions not matching photographs, questions of owner­ respect to particular resources and with reference to ship, conflicting dates of construction-should be the progress of the survey in general, should be com­ carefully reviewed, and, if necessary, additional ar­ piled as the survey progresses. Since a given page of chival research or fieldwork should be done to notes may include information on several different achieve consistency. properties or areas, or touch on a number of different topics, it is often useful to photocopy notes as soon as they come in. The original can then be filed safely to guard against loss of data during analysis, while the 52 Review anJ Organization of Survey Data copy can be cut up in order to reorganize its contents, Sketch maps for both individual properties and combine contents with other notes and forms, and historic districts should be checked for accuracy and organize files providing full data on particular proper­ clarity. District sketch maps should be checked to ties,Organization areas, or ofhistoric Photographs contexts. make sure that all individual properties in the district are shown and that all outstanding features, intru­ sions, and boundaries are clearly marked. Street As photographs are processed, they should be names and/or highway numbers should also be promptly correlated with forms and other field data. shown. Descriptions of the boundaries and inclusive The accuracy of photo records should be checked, street addresses should be checked against the sketch and relevant roll and frame numbers should be map to insure that they are consistent and that pro­ entered on the final forms. Information on systems for perties have not been inadvertently included or omit­ filingOrganization photographs of Maps may be found on pages 59 -60. ted. Sketch maps of archeological sites should be checked to ensure that such data as the location of surface features and subsurface exposures, the location Certain maps will usually have been prepared before of test pits, backhoe trenches, or auger holes, and fieldwork begins; for example, maps indicating the cross-references to other notes, stratigraphic drawings, probable locations of properties relevant to different and remote sensing data are accurate and complete, historic contexts, maps showing the predicted loca­ and that key reference points (e.g., streets, buildings) tions of subsurface archeological resources, and maps are included to assist in relocating the site. A north showing the locations of properties identified during arrow (magnetic or true) and scale should be added to previous surveys. As the new survey data are proc­ the map, if not already present. It may be necessary essed, these maps may be corrected, but it is usually to redraw district sketch maps once all the necessary wise to preserve a copy of each map originally checking and clarification has been done. Care should prepared on the basis of archival research in order to be taken in redrawing sketch maps to ensure that compare pre-fieldwork expectations with actual results. elements noted in the field are not lost, and to guard against creative reinterpretation of actual field condi­ As data from the field are processed, properties tions. should be located on a master map or maps. Each property mapped should be assigned a number, name, or other designator that makes it possible to relate the mark on the map to the form or forms that describe the actual property. Master maps should be consistent in size and type with those used by the State Historic \. Preservation Officer in the statewide comprehensive survey (usually USGS Quads), or should be of a size and scale to allow correlation with existing commun­ ity planning base maps. As each step of the survey work is completed, data should be transferred to these maps. As the maps are filled in they should be reviewed to see what patterns are developing that may not be obvious on the ground; analysis of mapped data may make it possible to locate concen­ trations of historic resources other than those districts identified through archival work or evident in the field. To avoid duplication of effort and to minimize confu­ sion in future planning, it is essential that information concerning the nature and intensity of survey coverage be maintained in a clear and understandable format. It may be most effective to prepare a map or map overlays indicating which areas have been This map. taken from the comprehensive Survey of Architectural surveyed and which have not and identifying any dif­ History of Cambridge, Report 3: Cambridgeport is one of a (1971), ferences in the type or intensity of survey among series of maps showing the history of land use in this now urban­ various areas. For example, areas that have been in­ ized area of Massachusetts. Residential areas are clearly indicated tensively surveyed for all types of historic resources by dots while commercial and industrial areas are indicated by would be differentiated from areas that have been diagonal lines. Major industrial complexes are identified by name. surveyed intensively for architectural resources and Buildings that are blackened belong to the Massachusetts Institute only cursorily inspected for archeological resources. of Technology and Harvard University. (Courtesy of the Cam­ Such data may be recorded on coded map overlays, bridge Historical Commission) in block by block summaries,or in any other clear way.

Review and Organization of Survey Data 53 As archival research and fieldwork are completed, it economic, or ethnic groups at various periods in the may be useful to prepare a variety of kinds of maps past may be prepared. to aid in evaluation and planning. Maps or multiple overlays on a master map, showing the following This map may serve to identify present-day neigh­ categories of information are often prepared: borhoods having particular historic, architectural, or cultural characteristics, and areas that may have im­ 1, Predicted areas of sensitivity. Areas where, based portance for historical archeology. on survey work to date, it is predicted that significant historic resources may occur should be identified on 7. Archeological data. The locations of all sites, struc­ maps. Such maps can help guide continuing survey ef­ tures, building, districts, and objects of archeological forts and provide community planners with early importance can be ma;Jped and coded to indicate warning of potential conflicts between development period, type of property, condition, and other data. and preservation, even when survey data are not yet Based on archival research and/or fieldwork, maps complete. may be prepared showing areas where archeological properties of different kinds are likely to occur, or 2. Areas where survey is needed. Areas where the where care should be taken during future construction analysis of historic contexts and survey priorities in­ or other development to minimize damage to buried dicate that survey is necessary, but where survey has archeological resources that cannot now be seen on not yet occurred, should be identified on maps, and the surface. It is important that archeological site eliminated as the survey progresses. location data be protected to avoid its misuse by ar­ tifact collectors who may both damage archeological 3. Buildings and structures. All buildings and struc­ sites and commit acts of trespass in their search for tures, regardless of age, should be mapped, differen­ objects (Indian artifacts, old bottles, etc.) for sale or tiating those that contribute to the character of the contributing noncontributing addition to their collections. area surveyed from those that do not. (See definitions of and resources on 8. Visual features. Features identified by visual p. 45.) analysis-views and vistas, edges, focal points, cultural landscapes, streetscapes, visually prominent 4. Architectural style or period. A map plotting ar­ structures--may also be indicated diagrammatically chitectural periods might be prepared by an architec­ on a map. tural historian to show areas with particular design characteristics. This information may assist in identi­ 9. Existing building uses. Mapping the uses of all fying districts. buildings within a given area often indicates the physical and developmental status of the area and 5. Historical events. Based on information gathered may be useful for planning purposes. Standard plan­ by archival researchers, and oral history or ning color codes may be used to indicate zoning and ethnography, a map may be prepared showing struc­ various uses such as single-family residence, office, or tures, sites, or areas associated with historic events, retail use. trends, activities, or important individuals in the history of the community. This information may also 10. Building condition. Color-coding can also be used assist in identifying districts. to show buildings in good condition, those needing minor or major repairs, and those dilapidated or 6. Cultural groups. A map or series of maps showing structurally unsound. the locations and distribution of different social, How and why are resources evaluated?

The primary reason to evaluate properties found private and public, ranging from main street through the survey is to designate those which are revitalization to tax abatement programs can be based worthy of preservation and should be considered in on the evaluations made during the survey process. local planning. These properties may be listed in a A related purpose of the evaluation process is to iden­ historic resources inventory-a selective list of tify properties for nomination to the National Register resources meeting establishing criteria of significance. or those on which determinations of eligibility for the By providing information on historic significance, in­ National Register should be made as part of Federal tegrity, and boundaries, survey results may provide environmental review processes, and those that may the basis for designation of historic properties and be certified as eligible for Federal assistance through districts under a local preservation ordinance and grants and tax credits. subsequently serve as an authoritative basis for design review and other functions of the local historic preser­ The community should strongly consider using the vation commission. Furthermore, decisions concerning National Register criteria given on page 5 as a a54 wide range of local preservation activities, both Review and Organization ot Survey Data basis for evaluation. Developed by the National Park should also include people broadly representative of Service for evaluating potential entries to the National the community and its cultural groups. Board Register, the criteria are broadly worded to provide members should be familiar with the range of proper­ for the diversity of resources within rural areas, ties included in the National Register, as most of the towns, and cities across the country. These criteria, properties selected for the community inventory may Manual for State Historic Preser­ used by the Federal government and the State historic well be eligible for National Register listing. The Na­ vation Review Boards preservation prdgrams, are the national standard for tional Park Service's translating evaluating historic resources. The use of historic con­ (see Bibliography) is recom­ texts provides a mechanism for the broad mended reading for local review board members. National Register criteria into locally meaningful associated with the lives of The evaluation process should ensure a balanced and terms. For example, the National Register criteria persons significant in our past adequate consideration of all resources in the survey allow any property that is area. Evaluation should be based solely on the to be regarded as eligi­ without historic, architectural, archeological, and cultural ble for listing, but it is the historic contexts of the consideration of the economic value of such properties values perceived in the properties involved, area that define who such people were. or how they may be treated in planning. If criteria different from those of the National Register In other must be used, the community may wish to consider a words, properties should be evaluated purely on their dual evaluation system, using the National Register merits. Decisions about what to do with properties criteria as well as its own. The rationale for this is evaluated as significant should be made separately. that it is properties included in and eligible for the The survey coordinator often presents the survey data National Register-not a separate local listing based to the evaluation group. The data is ordinarily on different criteria-that Federal agencies and gov­ organized to present a) the historic context involved; ernments receiving Federal assistance are required to 6) enough information on each property to assign it consider in planning their projects. In evaluating the Secretary of the Interior's Standards to a property type within the context, compare it with significance of resources, communities may find it use­ and Guidelines for Evaluation. the characteristics expected of its type, locate it on the ful to refer to the ground, and define its boundaries; and c) an argument as to why the property is or is not significant within Evaluation of historic resources should be made with the relevant historic context. Forms, photographs, reference to the historic contexts established during maps, archival documentation, and surveyors' field survey planning or during the survey itself. In notes are used in such presentations, often along with essence, this involves identifying the historic context slide shows and planning base maps. or contexts to which each property might relate and then deciding whether and how it does-or does The inventory should be open, so that properties can not-fit into the context. be added as they are identified through survey work and as they come to be regarded as historic by the Evaluation decisions should be made by people who changing community. For this reason, review boards are qualified, through education, training, and ex­ are often established by statute with permanent of­ perience, to apply the criteria with reference to the ficial status in local government, providing continuing relevant historic contexts. Many communities oversight to the survey and evaluation process. In establish review boards to make evaluation decisions. order to be certified for participation in the national It is important that such a board include professionals historic preservation program under Section 101(c) of in the disciplines of architectural history, history, ar­ the National Historic Preservation Act, a community cheology, architecture, and other fields appropriate to must establish its historic preservation commission by the historic contexts of the community. The board statute. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using numerical and categorical evaluation systems?

Systems that assign numerical scores to surveyed permitting the resources to be placed within distinct historic resources for the purpose of establishing priority categories. While it is essential that the results preservation priority categories have been developed of the survey be incorporated into an overall com­ by many communities. Summaries of several studies munity preservation plan (discussed in the introduc­ that use such evaluation systems are included in the tion), numerical rating systems may not be the most appendix. effective way of determining priorities. The basic logistical problem with such systems is the difficulty The premise behind these systems is that the relative in working with often complex rating formulas. architectural, historical, and archeological significance Numerical systems can also give a false sense of cer- Reviewof resources and Organization can be evaluated of Survey on Data numerical scales, 55 tainty in judgement about resources: in quantifying than the highest numerical rankings. Conversely, a intangibles like significance, it is questionable whether property that achieves a high rating may be perceived the difference between one building scoring 79 and by some to be inviolate purely because of its historical another scoring 80 is really meaningful. value. This is inappropriate because decisions about what to do with a property, regardless of its level of It is difficult to assess thenational number of points which significance, involve not only the historical value of should be given for any one aspectlocal of significance. Although a building of significance may the property but also community needs and interests, receive more points than one of significance, the development priorities, and changing economic, legal, locally significant building may be more critical to the and social constraints. character of the community. It is equally difficult to Another problem with numerical systems is that they balance historical significance against architectural may not be sufficiently flexible. It may be difficult to significance and to determine how many points each move a property from one category to another if the should receive. Finally, it is difficult to evaluate factors used originally to categorize it change. diverse resources within one system. For example, Numerical evaluation systems generally do not pro­ how does one evaluate an early industrial paper mill vide for adjustment based on the discovery of addi­ against a Frank Lloyd Wright house or an Indian tional resources, loss of similar resources, discovery of burial mound? new data, or change in the condition of the evaluated Categorizing resources by total numerical score may resources. lead to serious problems. Some cities have found that The experience of the National Park Service suggests opponents of preservation projects use the classifica­ that the complexities inherent in historic resources tion systems to their advantage. While a community evaluations and the number of other factors that must may intend to establish priorities for preservationlower ac­ be considered in establishing preservation priorities do tivitiespriority by categorizing its historic resources, the not lend themselves to simple numerical formulas. system can be used higherto encourage priority the sacrifice of Case-by-case evaluation of resources may provide a resources in situations also involving more accurate assessment of the significance of resources from the categories. Public resources and thus a more realistic basis for planning officials or decisionmakers may themselves also decisions. neglect to give due consideration to buildings with less What kinds of due process considerations may be required in evaluating properties?

In evaluating privately owned properties for listing in may be imposed by State and local law. The rationale an inventory, it may beto legally necessary and is for such requirements springs from the fact that listing always prudent to notify property owners and give in the National Register and in some State and local them the opportunity comment on the proposed inventories may confer economic advantages on a listing. Such notification is required by law with property owner and conversely may impose some respect to nominations to the National Register. constraints on his or her use of the property. As a Depending on local law, due process requirements for result, if listing in the inventory gives no legal protec­ listing properties may involve public hearings and the tion or restrictions on properties, due process pro­ opportunity to rebut the findings of the survey. cedures may not be required by law. Even where they are not required, however, it is wise to involve prop­ The State Historic Preservation Officer can assist in erty owners in the evaluation process in order to meeting Federal requirements for property owner maintain community support for the preservation pro­ notification in connection with National Register gram and avoid misunderstanding. nominations. The community's legal counsel should be able to establish what due process requirements What kind of documentation should be included in the inventory files?

Documentation on each property selected for the in­ ing the location of a property or relating it to other ventory should include the final, clean form describ­ aspects of an historic context may be too large to file ing the property, pertinent supplementary data, rele­ physically with the property form and notes, and vant maps and sketches, record photographs, and an negatives of photographs should normally be filed evaluation of the property's significance. In many separately to ensure their protection from deteriora­ cases, it may be appropriate to keep some of these tion. In such a case, files should be cross-referenced so items in different files: for example, base maps show- that all information pertinent to a given property or a

56 Review and Organization of Survey Data given historic context can be found and correlated. A may wish to prepare special inventory forms for those microcomputer-based catologue is useful for this pur­ properties determined to be significant. A longer nar­ pose, as discussed below. rative form may be patterned after National Register forms. If survey forms have been adequately refined Evaluations of significance are sometimes entered on and evaluations are integrated into or kept with the survey forms, and may be provisional, that is other survey data, it may not be necessary for the representing the survey team's judgement during field­ community to spend extra time preparing special in­ work, or final based on the judgement of the review ventory forms. board or its equivalent. Alternatively, the community How can information be stored to permit efficient retrieval at a later date?

As the survey data are evaluated, they must be are relatively easy to use, it may be little more than organized for storage and further use. Decisions must an index to the files, each entry including only name, be made about two things: how the data can be kept location, classification, and possibly the date of the in a way that makes it most accessible and usable to property. If the catalogue is to be used by groups in those who need it, and how the physical products of different places-planning offices, research centers, the survey-forms, maps, photographs, surveyors' libraries-without immediate access to the survey files notes, evaluators' comments, and so forth-will be themselves, the catalogue will be of little use unless it kept secure for future reference. The first issue in­ contains more information. If users are likely to want volves decisions about data retrieval, the second to combine data in different forms for different pur­ aboutData Retrieval physical filing and security systems. poses-to seek out all buildings of a particular style for a research project, for example, or to identify the locations of all historic properties of all kinds in a Decisions about how to maintain data in a retrievable given area for purposes of development project plan­ form must be based on the community's needs. Thus, ning-it will be appropriate for the catalogue to con­ as discussed in Chapter I, the community should tain still more information. In these cases, it will be determine how it expects or wishes the survey data to far easier to combine and recombine data using the be used (i.e., what its information needs are) before catalogue only rather than to do so by digging devising its storage and retrieval system. Advance through the full body of survey data. A typical planning should enable the community to avoid catalogue entry in a system designated for substantial wasting time and money on the development of a use in planning and research might include the name system that does not meet real informational needs. of the property, address, geographical data, property type, owner, short description, and a statement of The efficient use of survey data in community plan­ significance. ning demands the use of an information system that makes basic data readily accessible, that allows infor­ The National Register maintains a computerized infor­ mation to be combined in different ways, and that mation system that is a useful model for communities permits the easy entry of new data. Keeping informa­ to consider, although some of its data entries are tion current is a time-consuming task, but one that specifically designed for the Register's own purposes can be minimized with a modern data processing and and would require adaptation to meet local needs. A retrieval system and a trained staff. current description of the system and its contents can be obtained from National Park Service Regional Of­ The basic informationcatalogue. retrieval systems, as disting­ fices or from the National Register in Washington, uished from the survey data files themselves, is often DC. referred to as a It is used, just as is a library card catalogue, to determine the location of What form should the catalogue take? Again, the full survey data needed for particular tasks, but it can deciding factor is how it will be used. A complicated also itself contain the most frequently used informa­ system may become a burden to those responsible for tion about surveyed properties, thus eliminating the maintaining it, but a system that does not permit easy need for frequent reference to bulky manual files. The cross-referencing and recombination of data for plan­ more readily available the key elements of the survey ning purposes, may become an expensive, useless data are, the more likely they are to be used by local overhead burden on the community. planners and others involved in community develop­ A fully operational catalogue system should ideally be ment. able to provide: The amount of information each catalogue entry should contain depends on how the catalogue is to be 1. Rapid, easy access to information such as location, used. If the catalogue is only to be used as a guide to names of properties, types of ownership, uses, date, Reviewthe location and Organization of survey offiles Survey that Data are in good order and significance, etc. 57 2. Information services for land-use, policy, and proj­ As noted in Chapter I, in deciding on what kind of ect planning. computer-based system to use, the community should consider its needs for consistency with two kinds of 3. Comprehensive lists of, and information on, prop­ larger systems. On the one hand, consistency with erties or types of properties for setting protection and other systems used in the community for other pur­ enhancement priorities. poses is obviously desirable, both to permit sharing of 4. Information on what areas of the community have hardware and software and more importantly to been surveyed and how comprehensive the survey is facilitate the use of survey data in community plan­ to date. ning. On the other hand, consistency with systems used in the storage and retrieval of survey data in 5. Clear identification of the location of further infor­ larger geographic areas should be considered. Con­ Themation most on commonly each property used in catalogue the hard systemsdata survey are: files. sistency with the National Register Information Computer-based systems. System will facilitate National Register nominations and certification for tax benefits. Consistency with the I. These are by far the system used by the State Historic Preservation Officer most flexible and broadly useful of catalogue systems, will make it easy to coordinate the local survey with because of the tremendous amount of information the statewide comprehensive survey. Consistency with that can be entered into the system, the ease with the systems used by Federal and State planning and which information can be retrieved, and the variety of land use agencies in the area (Coastal Zone Manage­ ways such information can be combined and sorted ment, Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, for different purposes. A great many readily available Corps of Engineers) will help ensure that these agen­ packaged programs for the maintenance and use of cies will take the local survey data into account in files are applicable to the maintenance of a survey their planning, and will make it possible for the local catalogue. There should be no need to design a pro­ survey to tap the agencies' information resources. gram specific to the community's purposes. Consistency with the systems of academic institutions, Inexpensive microcomputers are fully adequate for the museums, and other non-governmental entities that maintenance and use of survey catalogue data in most maintain information on historic properties in the area communities. There should seldom be any need to use should also be considered. For example, if a university expensive mainframe computers, unless the communi­ anthropology department maintains local archeolog­ ty uses such a computer for other purposes and can ical site files, it may be efficient to design a system make it available at a competitive price for the that is consistent with that used by the university so maintenance of survey data. Even where use of a that data can be readily shared for both community mainframe computer is possible, it is wise to design 2.planningCards. and university research purposes. the catalogue in such a way that it can be accessed Card-based filing systems have been made through microcomputers as well, in order to ensure virtually obsolete by the rapid growth of computer maximum accessibility by the greatest number of technology and the decrease in the cost of computer authorized users at all times. hardware and software. Before opting for a card­ In addition to providing easy access to information based system, with its inherent limitations, a com­ such as property location, significance, uses, and munity should carefully consider its alternatives. A owners, a computer-based system makes it easy to community that adopts a card-based system is very eliminate inconsistent information and to correct, up­ likely to want to replace it with a computer-based date, and add to existing material. Such a system has system before very many years have passed, and the the capacity to quickly generate complex listings: all cost of transferring the data from one system to buildings located within the path of a proposed another at that time may be considerable. If a highway, all federally owned resources, properties computer-based system is truly not feasible, however, needing restoration or rehabilitation work, buildings cards are a reasonable alternative. A 5-by-7 or certified for rehabilitation tax credits. Readily 8-by-10 inch card can be used simply as a reference to available file search and graphics programs can make a complete property file, as with card catalogues used it possible to generate maps showing areas surveyed in libraries, or it can include such information as at different levels of intensity or with reference to dif­ name, address, geographical data, building type, ferent resource types, areas predicted on the basis of owner, short description, and statement of archival research or reconnaissance to contain significance. The master card for each property could specified kinds of properties, or the distribution of also include a section of map and a small photograph. specified property types. File maintenance programs Many different card systems are available from typically include provision for placing security codes private companies. Edge-punched cards-early precur­ on particular files, so that information to which the sors of computer-based catalogue systems-use community wishes to restrict access-for example, ar­ punched holes along the edges of cards as a sorting cheological site descriptions and locations that might device. Holes are punched according to a code that attract58 artifact collectors-can be kept secure. Review and Organization of Survey Data refers to the different data entries; a needle-like device loose papers. Tapes from interviews may have to be is then passed through the edges of a trayful of cards, stored separately but should be clearly identified with and those with the appropriate hole codes are caught the names of those recorded, the topic of discussion, on the needle. If well planned, this sytem may be and the date of the recording. Special considerations Order. quite efficient for inventories of under approximately for photograph files are discussed later. 3. Publications. 1,000 sites. 2. A common method of organizing files is A catalogue printed in booklet or geographical, that is, properties listed by location other form can be widely disseminated but has the (e.g., street) in a logical progression. Districts iden­ great disadvantage that effective updating requires re­ tified during the survey and analysis processes could publication. See Chapter V for more information on be organized in the same way. The advantage to this publications. kind of organization is that location does not change, as a property owner might. Also, although properties Whatever system or combination of systems is may be cross-referenced by historical theme or type of employed, the catalogue should be systematically significance, it would probably be more difficult to organized, with each entry thoroughly recorded and find properties listed under themes than under loca­ cross-referenced to back-up hard data files, and ac­ 3.tions.Protection of files. cessible to the interested public and to appropriate user agencies and organizations. Communities seeking Consideration should be given certification to participate in the national historic to how the files will be protected against loss, fire, preservation program under Section l0l(c) of the Na­ theft, mutilation, and physical deterioration. It may tionalSecretary Historic of the Preservation Interior's Standards Act should for ensureRegistration, that be advisable to provide an archival backup in case of their catalogue systems are consistent with the damage to or loss of the original files. Microfilm is a relatively inexpensive backup, especially microfiche which require that registration of historic properties jacketsRepositories for records that are frequently updated. be conducted according to stated procedures, contain information that locates, describes, and justifiesStand­ the significanceards and physical integrity of each registered It is important for survey documentation to be filed in property, and be accessible to the public. The a location that is convenient to planning officials and permit information on the location of historic interested individuals alike. Ideally, this will mean the properties to be withheld from the public, if revealing local planning department, where extensive use of the such information could cause damage to a proper­ information will be made, or some other official ty-for example, if revealing the locations of fragile branch of local government equipped to handle public archeological sites could lead to their destruction by records (town or county archives, hall of records, artifactHard Data seekers. Filing Systems etc.). The local historic preservation coordinator's or commission's office, as a center for preservation infor­ mation and activities, is a logical repository. If there The hard data on paper and film that are the physical are no public facilities equipped to handle these files, products of the survey must be filed in a manner that a private historic preservation organization or local not only makes them reasonably accessible but also historical society might be able to provide temporary protects them. In contrast with the catalogue, where storage. Since data gathered through a publicly fund­ accessibility and flexibility of use are the key con­ ed survey belongs and should be available to the en­ siderations, in establishing a hard data filing system tire community, a private entity would probably not the archival, curatorial need to maintain the material be appropriate as a permanent repository. products of the survey in perpetuity becomes para­ mount. With regard to repositories for archeological informa­ tion, it is imperative that the locations of arche­ The three basic decisions that must be made about ological resources be treated as confidential with ac­ devising a filing system are the physical form of the cess to the records limited to qualified researchers and file, the order in which files will be kept, and the pro­ planners. Many State Historic Preservation Officers tection1. Physical of the form files. of the file. and State archeologists have procedures for limiting accessPhotographic to this information.Files Survey data may be stored in vertical files, one folder per property. In this way, forms, photographs, maps, results of historical Photographic files should be able to accommodate research, and other material on a property may be kept together. Such a system of files would facilitate three kinds of photographic material: prints, negatives, and slides. Photographic materials require updating information and adding photographs and special conditions for storage and handling. Because maps. Looseleaf notebooks may be used in the same way as vertical files. It may be useful to consult an of their varying size, use, and conservation needs, they should be filed separately from paper records archivist concerning the proper procedure for storing Review and Organization of Survey Data 59 and from each other. They should be stored in a loca­ materials, including survey forms, maps, and other tion having a moderately low relative humidity and documents. cool temperature, safe from direct sunlight and air pollutants such as dust, smoke, and chemical fumes. Negatives should be stored in acid free or alkaline Temperatures from 65 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit with a buffered envelopes made of inert material (polyester, relative humidity of 40 to 45 % should provide both triacetate, etc.) with the emulsion side away from any proper storage and comfortable working conditions. seams. Large format negatives (S-by-7, 4-by-5, etc.) Photographic materials should be stored vertically in should be placed in separate envelopes. Smaller baked enamel metal filing cabinets (wooden boxes or negatives (35 mm), which come in rolls, should be cut into strips 5 to 6 frames in length (do not cut into in­ cabinets contain harmful resins and glues). If protec­ dividual frames; this makes storage and printing dif­ tive envelopes or sleeves are used, they should be ficult). Each strip should then be stored in a separate made of inert materials such as polyester, triaceta te, plastic sleeve or envelope made of inert material. polypropolene, or polyethylene (cellophane and Clear plastic negative files are available that provide glassine envelopes should not be used). Files should be pockets for 5 or 6 strips having 5 to 6 frames each, free of paper clips, rubber bands, glues, tape, papers making it possible to store an entire roll on one sheet or cardboard, or other materials that will in time and to locate easily a specific frame. Negatives may damage the photographs. White cotton gloves should be classified using a simple three-part numbering be used when handling photographic materials, and system which identifies the film format, number of materials should always be handled along the edges so roll and frame number. For example, the number that the emulsion is never touched. 35-110-12 identifies the 12th frame of the 110th roll of Photographic prints may be stored most easily if they 35 mm film. Protected negatives may be stored by are mounted on acid free or alkaline buffered card­ consecutive roll and frame numbers and cross­ board of a standard size; the dimensions of the board referenced according to location, or may be filed should be greater than those of the photograph to directly by location. allow for handling without touching the photograph. Because negatives are generally original material and Prints receiving considerable use may also be placed cannot be replaced, they should be stored separately in clear plastic envelopes, sleeves, or print files made from other materials under archival conditions. Con­ of inert materials (polyester, triacetate, etc.). For long­ tact prints may be made for filing with other survey term stability, photographs should be archivally proc­ records. A form attached to or filed with the contact essed on fiber-based photographic paper (resin-coated print can easily reference the roll and frame numbers, papers should not be used); if mounted, photographs and provide information for each negative such as should be held in place by paper hinges attached with property name, location, identification number, name, wheat starch paste (dry mount tissue or adhesives view, photographer, and date. such as rubber cement should not be used). The mounting board or envelope should be labeled with Slides should be stored separately from other the name of the property, identification number, loca­ materials in closed baked enamel metal compartment tion, view (e.g. SW elevation), photographer's name, files. Because color materials are more susceptible to and date of the photograph. Photographs may be deterioration and damage due to heat, light, and organized by geographical location or property name humidity than other photographic materials, color or number. slides should be stored at a lower temperature, be­ tween SO to 60 degrees, if possible. Slides should Historic photographs, exhibition prints, or always be handled along the cardboard mount, and photographs for which no negatives are available _ placed in clear plastic sleeves made of inert material should receive special care. They should be filed when being transported or used for study purposes. separately from paper records or other kinds of . Information including property name, location, iden­ photographic materials. If regular usage for publica­ _ tification number, view, photographer, and date may tion or study is anticipated, reference pnnts should be be printed on the cardboard mount. Slides may be made and the originals stored under archival condi­ filed in various ways including geographical location, tions. Because they can be replaced, reference prints property name, or identification number. do not require the archival storage condition of original materials and may be filed with other

60 Review and Organization of Survey Data Use of Survey Data 1n• Planning

The U.S. Supreme Court, in its decision Penn Central Since each community's planning needs are unique, Transportation Co. v. New York City, commented this discussion will necessarily be general, and some that identifying (historic) properties and areas ... is elements of it will apply to some communities better critical to any landmark preservation effort ( 438 U.S. than others. 104, 110, 1978). The Conservation Foundation's Two kinds of planning will be discussed: preservation Handbook on Historic Preservation Law (see planning and community development planning. Bibliography), commenting on the Court's observa­ These are not unrelated; indeed as will be stressed, tion, notes that surveys are a key element in making they should be closely coordinated, and they often in­ city preservation planning and development goals volve the same activities and strategies, but they will complementary. But how does this key element relate be discussed individually here for ease of presentation. to other aspects of planning? This section will address questions about how survey data can actually be used.

What are the major components of preservation planning?

Preservation planning, as used in this publication, incorporating a range of possible strategies for keep­ means planning for the continued identification and ing historic properties in place, maintaining their in­ evaluation of historic properties and for their protec­ tegrity, and, in the words of the National Historic tion and enhancement. Ideally these efforts should be Preservation Act, letting them exist in productive har­ guided by a comprehensive historic preservation plan mony and fulfill the social, economic, and other re­ that integrates the various activities and gives them quirements of present and future generations (16 coherence and direction, as well as relates the com­ U.S.C. 470-1(1). A realistic preservation plan will also munity's preservation efforts to community develop­ include provision for those instances in which historic ment planning as a whole. resources cannot be physically preserved-when other community needs demand that they be removed, A comprehensive historic preservation plan typically has several elements: an identification element, an demolished, or dug up. evaluation element, and a protection element, the last

How are survey data used in ongoing identification?

As the survey progresses, it is almost certain that time, with railroads, and each represented by distinc­ historic contexts not recognized or fully defined at the tive kinds of warehouses in different parts of town. time the survey was planned will become evident. Dividing the context into two would be appropriate to Sometimes contexts that were initially defined very ensure that both kinds of warehouses and the historic broadly are divided into multiple contexts as they are and architectural significance of each were given due refined based on incoming survey data. For example, consideration. an initial context might be the dei.!elopment of ware­ Within each context, the analysis and synthesis of in­ lzousing as a major city industry and, as survey data developed, it might be found that in fact the city's coming survey data will almost always lead to the history had been characterized by two major phases identification of property types and locational pat­ of warehouse development-one associated with terns not fully anticipated at the time the survey was steamship commerce, the other, in another period of planned, resulting in continual adjustments to the

Use of Survey Data in Planning 61 survey design. As information gaps established as results of the reconnaissance data to design subse­ priority targets for survey during initial survey plan­ quent phases of work. Unless some urgent develop­ ning are filled, new gaps will become apparent. This ment priority demands it, it is usually unwise simply should not be a surprise, but should be welcomed as to undertake a community-wide intensive survey at evidence of a maturing survey effort. The incoming the outset, or to target a particular area for intensive survey data should be used to adjust and retarget survey while postponing giving attention to the rest of subsequent phases of archival research and fieldwork. the community. Lacking the information provided by To take maximum advantage of the natural feedback initial reconnciissance of the entire community, the in­ tensive survey is likely to be poorly focussed, and im­ between the survey work itself and survey planning, it portant resources may be unnecessarily lost. is usually wise to conduct survey in phases. first con­ ducting a broad-brush reconnaissance, then using the

How are survey data used in making evaluation decisions? ------Survey data obviously provide the raw material on relevant historic contexts. For example, even though a which decisions about the significance of particular particular property owner is very anxious to have his properties are made, but they are important to or her building nominated to the National Register at evaluation decisionmaking in more subtle ways as the very outset of the survey effort, it may be in the well. Since decisions regarding the evaluation of prop­ best interests of an orderly and defensible process of erties involves placing properties in historic contexts, evaluation to defer the nomination until at least the more that is known about a given context, the reconnaissance-level data are available on that par­ better will be the evaluation decisions made about ticular context or contexts to which the building may particular properties. Recalling the example given relate. More importantly, a decision that a given above, for instance, when the question of how many property is not significant should never be made and which warehouses to nominate to the National without access to a reasonable body of survey data on Register arises, the answer may vary considerably relevant historic contexts, since such an uninformed depending on whether a single warehouse-related con­ decision may result in the property's destruction text or two such contexts are recognized. In short, as without attention to its historic values. the survey progresses, evaluation decisions should This is not to say that no evaluation decisions should become steadily better and better informed. The level of information upon which an evaluation decision is be made until the survey effort has reached some par­ made can be particularly important if the decision is ticular level of maturity; sometimes there are good reasons to give priority to consider the significance of likely to be controversial. Where a decision is likely a particular property before much contextual informa­ to be challenged, for example by a property owner who feels that recognizing a building as historic will tion has been gathered. For example, if a particular site or structure is threatened by a development proj­ impede its demolition or by preservationists who feel that a property is more historic than the survey data ect, or if an evaluation of a building is important to a rehabilitation plan, it may be necessary to give the indicate, it is essential that the decision made be based property's evaluation a higher priority than would not only on information about the property itself but normally be the case in the overall survey process. also on the historic context of which it is (or is not) a When an evaluation must be made without a firm part. understanding of the relevant historic contexts, Evaluation decisions can be made on the basis of in­ however, it should be made on the basis of as much complete survey data, but it is wise not to make them relevant data as it is possible to accumulate, and with without some information on the community's historic full recognition of the fact that it may result in the contexts and their component property types. As a destruction of a property that might later on the basis result, it may be best, unless there is some urgent of complete survey results be found to be very signifi­ reason to do otherwise, to defer decisions about the cant, or in the investment of money and other significance of particular properties until at least some resources in a property later found to lack historic initial survey data have been collected concerning the value.

How can survey data contribute to strategies for the preservation and enhancement of historic resources?

A community historic preservation plan may include many such approaches can be found in Remember the a wide range of strategies for the preservation and Neighborhoods, by the Advisory Council on Historic enhancement of historic properties. A summary of Preservation (see Bibliography). Several commonly 62 Use of Survey Data in Planning used strategies will be discussed below, with reference outright demolition. If the visual qualities of certain toGeneral the contribution Historic Preservation survey data Ordinances can make to them. streetscapes are likely to be important, the program may need the authority to review alterations to building exteriors. If the community is likely to con­ Community-wide historic preservation ordinances are tain significant subsurface archeological resources, the effective ways to ensure that historic properties are program may need the authority to review grading considered in community planning as a whole, and in permits or other authorizations for ground disturb­ the development of different areas of the community. ance. A community seeking certification under Section Finally, ordinances usually set forth the procedures lOl(c) of the National Historic Preservation Act must Handbook on Historic Preservation and standards that will be used by the preservation haveLaw and enforce such an ordinance. The Conserva­ program in evaluation decisions and in decisions tion Foundation's about approval or disapproval of particular kinds of (see Bibliography) gives a good outline of the key activities that may affect historic properties. Survey provisions of a general-purpose preservation or­ data can help ensure that such procedures and stand­ dinance (though with insufficient attention to the ards are actually appropriate to the community's treatment of archeological sites), and provides useful resources. For example, if the community's central advice about how to draft such ordinances. business district contains many historic buildings suit­ Theoretically, a historic preservation ordinance could able for rehabilitation, ordinance drafters may want be established based on no information at all about a to pay particular attention to the establishment of community's historic resources, but merely on the standards for rehabilitation and procedures for general supposition that there might be something in reviewing renovation-projects. If an important historic the community having historic significance. In fact, context is agricultural development in what are now however, some body of information on the communi­ the suburbs of a city. special attention may need to be ty's resources is usually necessary simply to generate paid to standards and procedures for dealing with the awareness that there is something to protect, and visual and physical intrusions on surviving farmsteads the more survey data that are available, and the more and agricultural buffers. comprehensive such data are, the better the ordinance can be drafted to address the community's actual The relationship between the survey process and the preservation opportunities and constraints. development of an ordinance is a dynamic one. On the one hand, the ordinance will be most sensitive to Historic preservation ordinances typically provide for the community's needs if it is based in part on some the existence of a review body of some kind to survey data. On the other hand, the survey will prob­ oversee the preservation program and specifically to ably be most effective if it is backed up and structured make evaluation decisions. Survey data can help by an ordinance. If a community has the luxury to define the kinds of expertise that should be establish its preservation plan in an orderly, step-by­ represented on the review body. For example, if on step manner, it may be best to conduct at least initial the basis of initial archival research or other survey survey planning, establishing basic historic contexts, work it appears that the community was the site of and perhaps to conduct some level of reconnaissance significant prehistoric development, the presence on work, before drafting an ordinance, and then to draft the review body of an archeologist specializing in the ordinance with an eye toward facilitating further prehistory might be called for, while if it appears that survey as well as fulfilling other preservation objec­ the community contained many buildings representing tives. In any event, drafters of ordinances should take different schools of design, periods of construction, into account whatever survey data is available as they and architectural styles, the presence of an architec­ carryHistoric out District their work. Ordinances tural historian would be appropriate. Representation by sociologists or anthropologists might be called for if evaluation decisions were likely to involve the con­ Historic district ordinances differ from general historic sideration of ethnic neighborhoods or other resources preservation ordinances in that they apply only within associated with particular contemporary social particular designated historic districts and in that they groups. are typically much more specific in their terms. They Ordinances also spell out the scope of authorities often provide that particular kinds of changes, for ex­ assumed by the review body and the preservation ample, any alteration to the exterior of a building or program it oversees. Survey data can help define what structure, can be undertaken only after issuance of a authorities are needed. If the community contains permit by the city historic preservation office or by a many historic buildings that may be candidates for historic district commission. Drafters of historic adaptive use and rehabilitation, but which may also district ordinances will need survey data of the kinds be subjected to insensitive renovation, the preserva­ discussed above, but in addition, of course, survey tion program may need to have the authority to data will be needed to define the historic district to reviewUse of Survey and approveD

Historic preservation can be viewed both as an oppor­ ment, and to provide for the orderly resolution of tunity for community development and as a con­ those conflicts that inevitably will occur.Economics of straint upon such development. In the past it has Revitalization largely been viewed as the latter; today it is increas­ The National Park Service publication ingly seen as the former, but in fact it properly is both. (see Bibliography) provides a prescrip­ tion for integrating historic preservation positively From the standpoint of constraints, such survey data into development planning. The essential steps in the as the description of historic contexts, predictive process involve: maps, and inventories are vital to the identification of conflicts between development planning and local 1. Identifying opportunities and constraints, including: preservation priorities, and can facilitate determining • defining and characterizing the target area, what will need to be done to meet State and Federal environmental review requirements. From the stand­ • identifying community goals, point of opportunities, survey data can be used to • identifying assests for and constraints on develop­ identify the historic contexts and their constituent ment, elements-buildings, streetscapes, building uses, cultural activities, and other resources-on which • identifying the Federal, State, and local regulations community development can build in order to make that might control or influence the development, the most of the community's unique historic qualities. and Ideally, development planning should use survey data • describing existing proposals or alternatives for to identify opportunities for the use of the communi­ development. ty's historic character in creating its future, to minimizeUse or Survey conflicts Data in betweenPlanning preservation and develop- 65 2. Overview analysis of: Even where survey data cannot be integrated into planning in such a positive manner, such data are still • market dynamics, vital in identifying constraints and in establishing • investment climate, orderly processes for dealing with them. At a bare minimum, what a development planner needs to • the capabilities of the community and the de­ know about historic resources is a) where they are veloper(s) involved, and b) what can feasibly be done to care for them in • the social and community interests and concerns the development process. Survey data can, of course, that pertain to the development area, and provide such information. A completed survey will allow planners to identify precisely what historic • the potential of the development to catalyze addi- resources exist in a proposed project area and, by pro­ tional positive development. viding a statement of each property's significance, will 3. Screening options, involving assessment of: provide one key piece of information needed to deter­ mine how each property should be treated. • economic impacts, both positive and negative, However, a survey need not be completed to provide • social impacts, both positive and negative, vital information for development planning purposes. • the potential of each option to catalyze further For example, based on archival research and recon­ to positive development, and naissance level field investigation of an area where development is being planned, it should be possible • the development opportunities that will be foregone document: if a particular development option is chosen. • the historic contexts relevant to the area; Survey data are vital to carrying out many of the above steps in orderly development planning. It is ob­ • the basic types of historic properties likely to be vious that survey data can and should be used to found; identify development assets such as historic buildings • the contemporary cultural, social, and economic suitable for rehabilitation and adaptive use, and uses of such properties, and the way these structure historic neighborhoods whose cultural cohesion pro­ the use of space; vides a basis for economic growth without loss of character or displacement of residents. Survey data • the general changes that are occurring in the ar­ can also be useful in identifying community goals and chitectural fabric and social uses of the area; social interests and concerns, especially with reference • the social groups, ethnic groups, organizations, and to the goals of neighborhood groups, social groups, others having historic and cultural interests in the businesses, and others who may wish to preserve and area; enhance the historic and cultural character of par­ ticular areas of the community. Similarly, survey data • the historic preservation goals and priorities that can provide a basis for measuring aspects of the social currently apply to the area, and to some extent, impact of a proposed development, by identifying the likely future goals and priorities; kinds of changes that will be welcome and those that • in some cases, the mechanisms that might be used will be distasteful to those who value the character of to resolve conflicts with preservation-related in­ the areas that may be affected. Survey data can also terests, and help in the assessment of a project's catalytic poten­ tial, by identifying properties and areas with the • sources of additional information on the area's potential for rehabilitation and reuse in the vicinity of resources. a proposed development project. For example, imagine that a community wishes to Ideally, development planning should relate to an undertake a program to revitalize an area consisting area's historic resources in a positive manner, viewing of an economically depressed residential neighborhood existing structures, views, streetscapes, social groups and a commercial street, and that an historic and activities, and cultural attributes of the area as resources survey of the area has progressed only to things to be understood and built upon. Using survey the reconnaissance level. Based on archival research, data at an appropriate scale, development planning windshield survey, interviews with local residents and should seek to characterize the historic resources of organizations during survey planning, and minor ar­ the area and to identify the key elements that define cheological fieldwork, the survey data might docu­ its character-both such tangible elements as ment: buildings, street plans, and archeological sites, and 1. Three major historic contexts are thus far known to such intangible elements as social groups and patterns be relevant to the area. The earliest is based on use of of activity. These should be used to help define the the area in the 18th century as a cattle ranch, and is development plan in a way that uses the area's important to economic historians studying the early 66character rather than destroys it. Use ,,t Survey Data in Planning development of the beef industry. The second in­ 6. Current preservation goals applicable to the area volves commercial development stimulated by include determining the integrity and significance of economic boom conditions in the 1880s and 1890s, any archeological remains of the cattle ranching and the third is the immigration of ethnic populations historic context, defining the significant characteristics during the early 20th century. of the area's commercial buildings as a basis for rehabilitation planning, and studying the residential 2. It is unlikely that any standing structures survive to neighborhood as a potential historic district. Dealing represent the cattle ranching historic context, but the with the commercial buildings is given highest priority archeological remains of the ranch center are likely to because of their deteriorating condition and the in­ occur in a two-block area under existing low-density terest that their owners have shown in rehabilitation. housing. Many of the area's commercial buildings Study of the neighborhood is given second priority date from the late 19th century boom. The because of the potential for using historic preservation neighborhood subject to effect by the project includes strategies over the long run to help its residents row houses built originally to house Irish immigrants reverse the process of decay. Addressing the ar­ and later adapted by an Italian immigrant group; the cheological remains of the ranching context is given area remains heavily influenced by Italian customs to­ lowest priority because the remains are in no im­ day. mediate danger. 3. The cattle ranching historic context has no ap­ 7. The businesspeople do not form an organized parent influence on modern uses of space, and its ar­ group, but could probably be brought together to cheological sites are not significantly influenced by cooperate with local government and developers in a contemporary activities. The commercial buildings redevelopment effort. Some of the major leaders of continue in use, primarily serving the day-to-day the residential neighborhood do not speak English as needs of the neighborhood. The neighborhood ap­ their first language, so efforts should be made to en­ pears to be close-knit; archival research and initial in­ sure that project plans are described and discussed in terviews indicate that related families tend to occupy Italian as well. An effort should be made to ensure adjacent or nearby houses, where they regularly in­ that representatives of each family cluster are con­ teract and assist one another. Field reconnaissance tacted to discuss project planning, preferably with the suggests that this has resulted in the formation of cooperation of trusted neighborhood leaders. somewhat distinctive mini-neighborhoods in which ex­ terior painting, landscaping, and minor details of ar­ 8. A master's thesis on file with the history depart­ chitectural ornamentation vary from one group of ment at a nearby college is the major organized source families to another; it is assumed that the same pat­ of information on the cattle ranching historic context, terns would be observed if the interior organization of and describes how the location of the ranch center houses were examined. was established through the study of historical records. The anthropology department at the same 4. The entire area is suffering decay as a result of its college developed a proposal for a field school in depressed economy. Owners of commercial buildings historical archeology at the ranch center site, but fail­ have damaged their buildings by deferring main­ ed to obtain funding; this proposal could serve as the tenance and by using inappropriate materialsmodernize and basis for designing a testing program to determine techniques to cover up damage or to the what physical remains actually exist on the site, and appearance of the buildings. In the residential perhaps for designing an archeological salvage project neighborhood, it appears that some clusters of houses, if the site is to be disturbed. The boom period of the representing particular groups of families, are well late 19th century is well documented in records on file maintained, while other clusters are rapidly at the local courthouse and in the city library, though deteriorating. It is assumed that the well-maintained little work has yet been done on the study of its ar­ clusters represent groups of families that continue the chitectural products per se. Initial interviews have tradition of cooperation and self-help, while those resulted in the identification of several individuals that are deteriorating reflect family clusters that are who can provide oral historical and ethnographic in­ disintegrating. formation on the Italian use of the residential 5. A group of businesspeople has been cooperating neighborhood, but information on the initial Irish with the survey, and its members have expressed in­ period is very sparse at present. terest in rehabilitation. A neighborhood group has ex­ Based on such information, development planners and pressed suspicion about the intentions of the survey preservation authorities can work together to integrate team during initial interviews, but its representatives preservation goals and priorities into the development have spoken eloquently about their desire to retain process. Disturbance of the area likely to contain the the character of the neighborhood and reverse the pat­ remains of the historic ranch can be avoided if possi­ terns of disintegration they observe around them. ble; if avoidance is not feasible, an archeological pro­ gram can be designed to establish what remains ac­ tually exist and, if they have real value for research,

t_;se or Survey Data in Planning 67 to recover pertinent data from them. Businesspeople ing a preservation element in the community's general interested in rehabilitating their buildings can be plan, and by adjusting the general plan as a whole to organized to work with developers and planners, and ensure that the guidance it provides to decisionmakers the project can be planned to the extent feasible to be is not inconsistent with preservation interests. Zoning compatible with their interests. Revitalization of the is of particular importance to preservation. Whatever neighborhood can be planned to build on its social incentives to preservation a community may adopt, if strengths and perhaps to correct the weaknesses that its zoning is designed to encourage high-density are leading to its deterioration, preserving its cultural development of areas containing historic resources, character and, thereby, its particular architectural such development is likely to occur, It is desirable to values. incorporate historic preservation concerns into a com­ munity's zoning system, so that historic areas and Not all of these happy results may be possible. It may areas around key historic sites and structures are zon­ not be feasible to preserve so much of the area's ed only for development that is compatible with the historic and architectural fabric and still have an character of the historic resources. If this is not feasi­ economically viable project. Even if in the end ble, then the general plan may overlay onto the zon­ nothing is preserved, however, the application of ing plan a requirement for review and approval of survey data will not have been in vain. If nothing development schemes by an historic preservation or else, the data will provide the basis for understanding architecultural design review body. what is being lost and making informed decisions about whether to sacrifice it. It will also provide the Ideally, the historic preservation component of a basis for considering measures to mitigate loss of the com­munity's general plan should be ronzµrc/1e11si,,c- resources, through relocation, recordation, and that is, it should deal with all kinds of resources salvage. Finally, it will help ensure that people and important to understanding, appreciating, and groups interested in preserving and maintaining the experiencing the community's past. This requires that character or the area participate in the planning proc­ the community have at least the results of some ess, rather than feeling that the project was imposed archival research, and usually some upon them without considering their concerns. reconnaissance-level survey data, in hand when it begins work on the plan. Enough should be known to The major point to be remembered is that survey data have at least a general idea about such matters as: can be mobilized and employed at virtually any point in the progress of a survey to provide information • an initial formulation of historic contexts that may useful in development planning. If the survey itself is have characterized the community's history: well planned, at each step in its progress survey leaders will have some idea of the historic contexts • whether the community is likely to have significant relevant to various parts of the community, and some prehistoric or historic archeological resources, and set of goals and priorities for each context. Develop­ in what areas these may be concentrated; ment planners should take these goals and priorities • the general types of buildings and structures that into account in carrying out their work, seeking to make up the community's built environment, and address them in carrying out their own programs. what their major important characteristics are; If the survey is at a very early stage when it intersects • the general locations and boundaries of likely with development planning, development planners historic districts: will be able to draw only on general, preliminary survey data. They will probably have to be prepared • the general nature and characteristics of any for planning delays while historic contexts are cultural landscapes; and developed, initial surveys are conducted, and preser­ • the social and cultural characteristics of the com­ vation goals and priorities are established, before they munity and its neigborhoods that may influence can try to blend such goals and priorities with those preservation decisions. of development. As the survey matures, development planners will have to worry less and less about the At the same time, it should be remembered that a identification of contexts and properties and the survey need not be complete to serve as the basis for establishment of goals and priorities; these will have development of a preservation plan. Plans can be been established, and the challenge for development developed at relatively early stages in the conduct of a planners will be to seek ways to accommodate them. survey, as long as they provide for ongoing survey and evaluation, and for adjustments to the plan itself Survey data are most useful to development planning as new survey data are acquired. if they are systematically integrated into the com­ munity's general planning. This is done by establish-

68 Use of Survey Data in Planning ----!iii------

Publications

One of the major ways in which an historic resources cient means of communicating preservation concerns survey benefits historic preservation in a community and recommendations to a variety of people in the is that it builds public awareness of the community's public and private sectors-community planners, local built environment and historic heritage. As the survey decisionmakers, residents, and educators. This section progresses toward completion, increasing amounts of discusses ways of making survey data available to a information will be available to help achieve this ob­ broad audience through a range of publications and jective. Publications using this information are an effi- promotional material. What should be published once a survey is completed?

The decision of what and how much to publish lications that can make citizens aware of their cultural depends on the community's own goals and priorities. heritage and provide the impetus for local preserva­ Among the factors to consider are the purpose to be tion activity include summaries of local history and achieved, the potential audience of the publication, prehistory, guidebooks, historic and archeological and the amount of money available for publication. monographs, photographic essays, illustrated selec­ Communities should be aware that publication may tions from the inventory, and leaflets on individual be the single most expensive part of the survey proc­ properties or areas. Other ideas include the produc­ ess. A publication is evidence of local commitment to tion of walking tour maps and posters summarizing ongoing preservation activity, however, and may be survey results or illustrating the community's heritage. instrumental in generating enthusiasm and obtaining Publications containing more technical information support and funding for carrying out the overall com­ may be used to communicate the goals and methods munity preservation plan and other preservation developed in the preservation plan to local ad­ projects. ministrators and decisionmakers. These may sum­ A single publication that attempts to convey the full marize an entire inventory, present the results of ar­ range of detailed survey information may be over­ chival research, reconnaissance, or intensive survey as whelming. The general public may be interested in overlay maps showing areas where particular kinds of some but not all of the information that is important historic properties may be expected, prese11t the to the professional historian, archeologist, architect, survey process and methodology, and provide de­ or planner or to local government officials. All may tailed guidelines for preservation, restoration, or be interested in the historical, architectural, and ar­ rehabilitation. cheological resources of their community, but exten­ sive explanation of methodology, standards and The following types of information should be pub­ criteria, and development and alternatives for further lished as the results of surveys, though not necessarily action may be of interest only to limited, particular all in the same volume: audiences. • The name of the group or agency conducting the To make effective use of survey data, a community survey and identification of personnel involved. may want to schedule several publications reflecting • A brief introduction to preservation and explana­ the varied interests of local citizens and organizations. tion of the reasons for undertaking the survey. General interest publications can provide information on the architectural, archeological, historical, cultural, • A brief description of the historic contexts, goals, and environmental character of the community. Pub- and priorities that structured the survey. Publications 69 • An explanation of criteria used in evaluating prop­ marks, signs, graphics, landscaping, pavement, erties. lighting, and street furniture. Discussion of pertinent social and cultural characteristics of historic districts • An explanation of survey methodology. and other properties. • A general description of the area covered by the • Outline of long and short term goals (as defined in survey. the preservation plan). • A discussion of the historic property types repre­ • Recommendations for community action based on sentative of each historic context. the survey, and discussion of techniques and strategies • Particularly in the case of a reconnaissance level for accomplishing these objectives: legal and financial survey, a discussion of the likely locational distribu­ tools, sources of funding, architectural and planning tions of different historic property types. options.

• Examples of, or a complete list of, the properties • Information explaining how the survey may result identified. A list of some or all properties in the in­ in or affect local designations, and how the local ventory. If a large number of structures and sites are historic preservation commission and review process, included in the inventory, description of all the prop­ if any, function. erties may prove overwhelming to the general reader. • Illustrations of significant resources; maps, photo­ • Glossary and bibliography. graphs, line drawings. • Additional planning data, such as current building • A discussion of the visual and physical interrela­ use, social factors, and zoning. tionship among environmental features, large and small, manmade and natural. Discussion of the visual • State, Federal, and local preservation activity, effect of new buildings juxtaposed with older ones; related groups, and programs. pivotal structures with less important neighbors; the relationship of buildings to open spaces. Discussion of • Storage and repository systems: explanation of natural features such as rivers, bluffs, and hills which where and how to find information on properties define an area's character: also other elements such as surveyed. vistas and views, paths, focal points, edges and land- What are some considerations in production and distribution of survey publication?

The primary considerations in production and In creating a publication, it is important to consider distribution are the format and quality of the publica­ format and tone. Well-designed publications will com­ tions desired, the intended means of distribution, and municate the urgency and challenge of preservation the amount of funding needed. Funding a publication efforts, educate residents and local officials, and usually involves resourcefulness, imagination, and stimulate greater visual awareness; unwieldy, verbose, persistence. Although a community should expect to or visually unattractive publications can negate the bear most, if not at all, of the cost of publishing, impact of thebe most interesting and valuable body of Federal and State funding sources can sometimes be information. In tone, format, and content, a publica­ helpful; the State Historic Preservation Officer should tion should designed to interest as well as inform be consulted for advice. Locally, businesses and those to whom it is directed. A well-designed publica­ chambers of commerce may be persuaded to under­ tion need not be expensive: imaginative use of line write the cost of such publications; also, groups drawings, type copy, and paper color will enhance whose members were involved as volunteers in the format at relatively little cost. survey process may wish to contribute, as may other Obtaining the services of a designer, and possibly an civic groups and clubs. Realtors and organizations or editor, may result in a more professional-quality realtors may contribute to publication, particularly publication. Ideally, editors working on the project where they are active in the sale of real estate in should have done similar work (with local historical historic districts. Editors and designers may also be or environmental groups, for example), and have in­ persuaded to donate their time to production of the be terest or experience in preservation. Designers should publication. An alternative means of paying for familiar with paper stock, typefaces, and page publishing costs is to obtain the services of a local design, and be able to deal effectively with university or environmental press willing to undertake photographs, drawings, maps, and other graphic such a publication. Bank loans may provide another material. means of funding publications: though rare, the technique has been used successfully by several A printer is usually selected on the basis of bids, and organizations.70 the press selected is generally the one that offers the

Publications best quality at the lowest cost. Usually a publication Press releases and advertisements are useful in pro­ schedule is not worked out until the project is well moting a publication. Sending review copies to the underway, at a point when the project manager can State Historic Preservation Officer and local estimate the number of pages, amount of graphic newspapers, journals, and radio and television sta­ material, kind of paper, type of cover, and number of tions, and publicity copies to municipal libraries, ar­ copies needed. chives, and other public information centers, may en­ to courage review and display of the publication. Distribution and promotion considerations apply Thought may also be given to visual or graphic pro­ primarily general interest publications. For these motion of the publication; posters may be placed in publications, alternative methods of distribution need to post offices, grocery stores, libraries, and schools, or to be considered: whether a publication is to be copies of the publication may be displayed in store distributed free of charge (i.e., every house in a windows. particular area, at a lecture, tour or other event, or at a particular location), or sold. If sold, will it be sold by a particular organization or commercially, and at cost or for profit? What are some alternatives to traditional publication?

It should be stressedto that there is seldom a need to tion is microfiche, where each 4-by-6 inch plastic fiche publish all the data resulting from a survey; what is contains the images of up to 100 pages of text and important is make it available to those who need it pictures. Commercial microfilming companies can for planning and related purposes. The basic survey generally produce multiple copies at a much lower data should be maintained in flexible, open-ended files per-page cost than printing companies. Such newer with appropriate catalogue systems, as discussed in technologies as videodisc recording should also be ex­ Chapter III. Publications should present summary plored; videodisc recording is relatively inexpensive data, data needed to back up plans and recommenda­ and can handle a greater range of material than any tions, and material of direct public interest. other form of data storage and presentation. It also can be integrated with computer systems and used in In the storage and presentation of primary survey the analysis of data as well as in its storage and data themselves, micropublication may be useful and presentation. economical. The most common form of micropublica-

Publications 71 Appendix I: Archeological Surveys

As discussed in the preceding chapters, efforts to iden­ ordinary, and seemingly redundant properties than in tify archeological sites and other properties containing big, impressive monuments. important information about the past are normal On the other hand, not everything that an ar­ parts of comprehensive historic resources surveys. Some special discussion of archeology is necessary, cheologist might possibly study is worth studying. however, because archeological surveys require special Some research questions that might be studied in a methods and, more significantly, because they involve community may be trivial, and others may have already been effectively answered through other certain ways of looking at one's surroundings-and research, or be better studied using other resources, thinking about them-that may be relatively un­ making it redundant to invest time and trouble in familiar. seeking to study them using the community's par­ What is Archeology? ticular archeological resources. Since archeology can be expensive, communities should be careful in Archeology is a systematic, scientific attempt to designing the archeological components of their reconstruct activities and social groups that have oc­ surveys. The historic contexts to which archeological curred or existed in the past, and to see how these data may be relevant should be carefully defined, and have changed through time. The perspective of ar­ decisions should be made about the research questions cheology is essentially that of history-that if we can Secretary of t/1e Interior's that are truly significant enough to pursue, before account for the past, we can better understand the Standards and Guidelines for Arclieological Dornmen­ beginning fieldwork. The present and the future. Archeology, however, is tation Treatment of Archeological Resources. strongly influenced by the social sciences, particularly and a anthropology. As a result, archeology's attempts to publication of the Advisory Council on Historic account for the past tend to be comparative and scien­ Preservation (see Bibliography), provide guidance in tific: archeologists try to ask definite questions about how archeological resources may productively be ap­ the past, pose hypothetical answers, and test the proached. validity of these answers by examining comparative data, often from many sites and areas. Things that are of archeological importance may be very subtle, hard to see and record. Usually it is not Many archeological questions are of purely local or artifacts themselves that are important but the loca­ short-term interest. For example, archeology may be tions of artifacts relative to one another. Deetz, used to obtain information necessary for the accurate Fagan, McHargue and Roberts, and Brace (see restoration of a building, to check the validity of a Bibliography) give good basic introductions to ar­ reported historic event, or to reconstruct the culture­ cheological field methods. history of a particular area. The questions asked in µreliistoric such studies, while they may be important in Many, perhaps most, archeologists in the United understanding the community's history, serve no large States specialize in archeology, which in historical or social-scientific purpose, except to pro­ this country means the study of the archeological re­ vide bodies of information that may eventually be mains of American Indian societies as they existed combined with other data in large-scale anthro­ before substantial contact with Europeans. The Na­ pological or historical research. An increasingly large tional Historic Preservation Act treats prehistory as a segment of modern archeological research is devoted part of history for purposes of national policy, and it to a search for answers to questions of major an­ is treated as such in this publication-in other words, thropological significance; for example, archeologists it is assumed thatµrehistoric a comprehensive historic preserva­ seek to understand the effects of environmental tion program should be concerned with properties change and population pressure, the reasons for war, created duringhistory time periods as well as with the bases for various forms of political organization, those created since literate observers arrived on the and the effects of change from one economic system scene and began in a technical sense. to another. It is important to realize that these big questions often require many little answers from At the same time, it is important not to consider ar­ many little and big sites. Like any other science, ar­ cheology as only prehistory, and not to think that ar­ cheology is less involved with spectacular discoveries cheological data exist only under the ground. Ar­ than with testing modest hypotheses about rather cheologists are concerned not only with prehistory but humble phenomena. The accumulated results of such also with even the most recent past. One group of ar­ tests provide the basis for large scale research. Thus, cheologists, for example, has studied industrial water no one should be surprised at the fact that ar­ power systems form the 19th and 20th centuries in cheologists often are more interested in small, simple, Troy, New York, and Paterson, New Jersey, while 72

Archeological Surveys another group has concentrated on the very recent floors left by belt-drive, marks left by the mounting past by studying the garbage of modern Tucson, of machinery, and patterns of grease or other stains Arizona, to seek understanding of changinghistoric economic ar­ reflecting drippage from pieces of equipment may pro­ conditionscheology-that and how people cope with them (Rathje vide evidence of vanished machinery and abandoned 1977). Many archeologists specialize in industrial techniques. is, the archeology of sites and struc­ tures dating from timeindustrial periods archeology-the since significant con­ The Archeology of Sites tact between American Indians and Europeans, and A site is less obvious than a building because it does some specialize in study of not protrude above the ground. It may, of course, sites and structures reflecting changing industrial proc­ contain elements (including buildings and structures) esses and practices. that do protrude above the ground. It is important to The kinds of archeological expertise needed by a par­ remember that most historic structures and buildings ticular community in its survey effort should become are surrounded and underlain by historic archeo­ apparent during the initial definition of historic con­ logical sites-the debris remaining from the decay or texts. If it appears that the community may have been demolition of outbuildings, deposition of trash, and the scene of substantial prehistoric American Indian so on. These sites are often of value not only for activity, specialists in prehistory should be consulted. general archeological research but for developing a If early industrial developments may be important, a detailed understanding of the buildings or structures specialist in industrial archeology should be sought that stand on them. Other sites, of course, are not out. If the processes of growth and development in associated with buildings or structures now standing. the community since the time of contact between Their buildings or structures may have disappeared or American Indians and Europeans may have left been reduced to subsurface remnants (e.g., prehistoric evidence in the ground or in buildings or structures village sites, many early historic structures), or they that could be profitably studied by archeologists, a may never have been associated with buildings or specialist in historical archeology should be contacted. structures (e.g., campsites, trails, battlefields, hunting The State Historic Preservation Officer and the Na­ stations). tional Park Service Regional Offices can be of assistance in defining the kinds of assistance needed, and such organizations as the Society for Historical Archeology, the Society for Industrial Archeology, and the Society of Professional Archeologists (see p. 19) may be helpful. The Archeology of Buildings and Structures To an archeologist, a building or structure is a com­ plex artifact, created and used by people for activities that reflect their social, cultural, and economic needs and interests. The construction and organization of the building or structure, its modification through time, and the evidence of activities that occurred in it may all be important. For example, the way a house is constructed may reveal things about the builder's perceptions of how space should be organized. Modifications of the floor plan during the life of the house may reveal how occupants at different times wished to organize their life-space in response to changes in social conditions, population size, economic status, technology (e.g., the introduction of electricity), and so on. The things left in and around the house by its past occupants-furniture, papers, wallpaper, graffiti-may reveal facets of their daily lives, interests, preferences, and beliefs. Not only may the things themselves contain such information but their organization within the house may indicate Immediately under a modern elevated expressway, archeologists ex­ things about the occupants' view of themselves and cavate the remains of the 19th century Henley Distillery in Boston, their world. The ways in which we organize and fill Massachusetts. our living spaces can reveal a great deal about how we view ourselves and wish to be viewed by others. (Linda Gifford, Public Archeology Laboratory, Brown University, and Massachusetts Department of Public Works) In industrial structures, such things as scars on the 73 Archeological Surveys Sites are often very hard to recognize, especially for totem poles, may have archeological value in much untrained persons. Prehistoric sites are sometimes the the same way as do structures and buildings, in that most difficult to notice, because they do not contain they may contain evidence of the way life and ac­ familiar manufactured items. A prehistoric campsite, tivities were organized in the past. Prehistoric objects for example, may have nothing on the surface of the such as isolated rocks covered with petrogylphs ground but a few flakes of stone resulting from the (pecked or inscribed rock-art) or pictographs (painted manufacture of spear-points, and a few cracked rocks art rockart) are of archeological value as indicators of from cooking fires. On the other hand, sites repre­ religious or artistic activities and often as markers of senting more recent historic periods may be hard to trails, hunting areas, social boundaries, water holes, recognize precisely bemuse the debris they contain is dangerous areas, and other aspects of the environment so familiar; such a site may be represented on the sur­ that must be studied to understand prehistoric rela­ face only by a scatter of bottle fragments or pieces of tionships between social groups and the natural porcelain or brick, indistinguishable by the untrained world. Such objects may also retain cultural and eye from modern trash. religious importance to groups of American Indian ex­ Selectingtraction in an the Archeologist community. Some sites may be entirely buried making it important to understand the geology and recent depositional and construction history of the area being surveyed in Because of the subtlety, fragility, and complexity of order to predict where such buried sites might occur. the archeological record, it is vital that an arche­ Historical data may indicate that a particular area ex­ ological survey be professionally supervised and that perienced recurrent flooding in the past that may have surveyors be fully trained. In selecting an archeologist buried archeological sites, including the remains of to supervise a survey it is important to recognize that early structures, under silt, or that an area had been not all professional archeologists are equal in their subjected to purposeful landfill. Archeologists in port training or interests. For example, an archeologist cities like New York and San Francisco have found who has specialized in studies of prehistory may be at whole ship hulls preserved under such landfill. On the a loss when confronted with the archeology of historic other hand, historical data on an area's construction buildings, structures, or relatively recent sites. As history may reveal that the construction of buildings noted above, the State Historic Preservation Officer, with deep basements has penetrated the levels at regional offices of the National Park Service, and rele­ which archeological sites might be expected to be vant professional associations may be of aid in match­ buried, leaving little likelihood that such sites remain ing the community's needs with available ar­ undisturbed. The Archeology of Districts cheological expertise. The community may also find it helpful to seek the advice of other communities that have obtained archeological services; the State Definition of an archeological district implies not only Historic Preservation Officer and the National that sites, buildings, structures, or objects of ar­ Alliance of Historic Preservation Commissions (see p. cheological value are present but that there is some 19) should be able to identify such communities and plausible connection or relationship among them. Ar­ provide information on contact people. cheologists often define as a district the area that was probably used by a social group in its daily activities. During the selection process, the supervisory ar­ For example, a watershed containing a prehistoric cheologist should be made thoroughly familiar with village site and a number of campsites may be regard­ the purposes of the survey and the historic contexts ed as a district on the basis of archeological and or identified during survey planning to which ar­ ethnographic evidence that the whole area was used cheological research may contribute. for hunting, gathering plant foods, or shifting Guidelines for the actual conduct of archeological agriculture, with the village and the campsites surveys are included in Chapter II, and references to representing different types of activities engaged in by useful supplementary guidance are provided in the the same population. An area that was a recognizable bibliography. The State Historic Preservation Officer ethnic neighborhood in the past-for example, a should be consulted for guidelines specific to the C/1inatow11 or the location of a free Black community State. Some States have State Archeologists, separate after the Civil War-may be defined as a district, as from the office of the State Historic Preservation Of­ may an area of definable commercial or industrial ac­ ficer, who also should be contacted. tivity such as a port area or a commercial street. The Archeology of Objects

Archeologists are unaccustomed to thinking of the subjects of their inquiry as objects; because the sub­ jects are almost always stationary, they are thought of 74as sites instead. Objects, some still movable such as Archeological Surveys Appendix II: Federal Legislation Affecting Historic Preservation

A large number of Federal laws affect historic preser­ to the statutes most directly pertinent to local historic vation in various ways-by authorizing Federal sup­ preservation programs. port for preservation programs, by establishing such Since Federal law is constantly changing, communities programs and defining their functions, by establishing interested in current information on applicable procedures relevant to different kinds of preservation statutes should check with their State Historic Preser­ activities, and by creating particular opportunities for vation Officer rather then relying on the following in­ the preservation of different kinds of resources. This formation to be comprehensive. appendix briefly outlines the major pertinent legisla­ tion in existence as of 1985, with particular attention Statutes directly pertinent to local preservation programs

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amend­ Federal Taxtax lawLaw supports historic preservation in two edThis (Public Act is Lawthe centerpiece89-665) 16 U.S.C.of the national470-470w historic major ways. First, investment tax credits are provided preservation program. As amended in 1980, it for the substantial rehabilitation of historic commer­ authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to expand and cial, industrial, and rental residential buildings, pro­ maintain the National Register of Historic Places, and vided that both the historic significance of the establishes procedures for doing so; provides for building and the professional quality of the rehabilita­ gubernatorial appointment of State Historic Preserva­ tion have been certified by the Secretary of the In- tion Officers and specifies their duties; specifies how local governments are to be certified for participation in the program; authorizes grants-in-aid by the Secretary of the Interior to States and local govern­ ments for preservation purposes; sets forth respon­ sibilities for Federal agencies in historic preservation; establishes the Advisory Council on Historic Preserva­ tion and specifies its responsibilities; and directs the Secretary of the Interior and the Advisory Council to conduct various studies and provide various types of guidance and regulations. Section 106 of the Act re­ quires Federal agencies to consider the effects of their activities on historic properties, and to give the Ad­ visory Council an opportunity to comment on such activities. Importantly for local communities, as cer­ amended in 1980, the Act also provides for the tification of local historic preservation programs for special participation in the activities authorized by the Act. The full text of the Act with all amendments, in a convenient brochure form, can be obtained free of charge from the Advisory Council. Pertinent regula­ tions implementing various portions of the Act in­ clude 36 CFR Part 60, dealing with National Register nominations and determinations of eligibility, 36 CFR Part 61, providing procedures for approved State and local government historic preservation programs, and The Railroad Exchange Building (The Santa Fe Building), Chicago, 36 CFR Part 800, providing procedures for compliance Illinois, has undergone a successful rehabilitation that is consistent with Section 106. with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. The owners were able to take advantage of the tax incentives pro­ vided by the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981.

(Courtesy of Santa Fe Railway) 75

Federal Legislation terior. Second, the law permits income and estate tax programs into a single program under which the deductions for the charitable donation of interest in Department of Housing and Urban Development historic properties, including certified historic struc­ (HUD) provides Community Development Block tures and land areas (e.g., archeological and other Grants (CDBG) to local governments, which have historic sites). broad discretion in their use. CDBG funds can be used to support historic preservation activities, as well The availability of investment tax credits for historic as activities that may damage historic properties. The rehabilitation has been a major factor in engendering 1974 act also authorized HUD support for programs financial support for many local historic preservation of urban homesteading, which can provide the basis programs, and has been important in defining survey for rehabilitation of historic residential buildings. priorities in many cases. Recent tax legislation sup­ Subsequent amendments created such special grant porting historic preservation has included the Tax programs as the Urban Development Action Grant Treatment Extension Act of 1980, Economic Recovery (UDAG) and Housing Development Action Grant Tax Act of 1981, Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility (HoDAG) programs. Act of 1982, and Tax Reform Act of 1984. Changes to the tax laws occur frequently, and current information Among the unusual features of the Housing and Com­ should be obtained from the State Historic Preserva­ munity Development Act, as amended, are the fact tion Officer or the National Park Service when con­ that CDBG funds can be used as though they were sidering how Federal tax law may affect a particular non-Federal funds to match historic preservation programNational atEnvironmental a particular time.Policy Act of 1969 (Public grants from the Department of the Interior, and the Law 91-190) 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq. (1970) fact that, for purposes of the CDBG, UDAG, and HoDAG programs, the local government that receives the grants, not the Department of Housing and Urban This legislation obligates Federal agencies to consider Development, is responsible for compliance with the the environmental costs of their projects as part of the National Environmental Policy Act and Section 106 of Federal planning process. It provides for the prepara­ the National Historic Preservation Act. Special provi­ tion and review of environmental assessments and im­ sions dealing with historic preservation were included pact statements during the planning of projects. in amendments dealing with the UDAG and HoDAG programs, and have resulted in special regulations The Council on Environmental Quality promulgates published by the Advisory Council on Historic Preser­ regulations for implementation of this act; these are vation at 36 CFR Part 801 (dealing with UDAG) and found at 40 CFR Part 1500 and subsequent sections of by HUD at 24 CFR Part 850 (HoDAG). theHousing Code andof Federal Community Regulations. Development Act of 1974, as amended (Public Law 93-333 as amended) 42 Participation in a local government's housing and U.S.C. 5300 et seq. community development program, including the pro­ vision of planning assistance in its compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act and Section Like the tax laws, the housing and community 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, is an development laws change frequently, and since 197 4, important activity for many local preservation pro­ many provisions have been included that affect grams, which provides a context for the application of historic preservation. In 1974, the existing law was survey data to local planning. changed to combine a number of categorical grant Statutes that may provide special opportunities for local preservation programs

"Surplus Real Property Act," 1972 Amendment to the Federal Property and Administration Services Act of recreation purposes and the proposed income­ 1949 (Public Law 92-362) 40 U.S.C. 484(K)(3) producing use of the structure is compatible with historic monument purposes, as approved by the Secretary of the Interior. The act includes recapture This act authorizes the General Services Administra­ provisions under which the property would revert to tion to convey approved surplus Federal property to the Federal government should it be used for purposes any State agency or municipality free of charge, pro­ incompatible with the objective of preserving historic vided that the property is used as a historic monu­ Publicmonuments. Buildings Cooperative Use Act of 1976 (Public ment for the benefit of the public. To qualify for this Law 94-541) 90 STAT. 2505, 40 U.S.C. 175 provision, the structure must be included or eligible to for inclusion in the National Register. This act is also applicable to revenue-producing properties if the in­ This act makes it national policy acquire structures come in excess of rehabilitation or maintenance costs of historic or architectural significance for Federal of­ is76 used for public historic preservation, park, or fice buildings, to encourage the public Federaluse of Legislationsuch buildings by accommodating commercial, cultural, Highway Administration, the Federal Aviation Ad­ educational, and recreational uses of them both dur­ ministration, the Urban Mass Transportation Ad­ ing and outside regular Federal working hours, and to ministration, and the U.S. Coast Guard must give AMTRAKprovide the Improvement handicapped Actaccess of to1974 them. (Public Law special consideration to the potential effect of their 93-496) as amended by the Rail Transportation Im­ projects on historic resources whether or not the provement Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-555) 45 U.S.C. historic resource affected is in or determined to be 501 eligibleArcheological for the andNational Historic Register. Preservation Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-291) 16 U.S.C. 469a-c

These acts authorize the Department of Transporta­ tion and the National Endowment for the Arts to This act provides for the recovery of archeological develop National Register listed railroad stations for data that would otherwise be lost as the result of use as inter-modal transportation centers, or civic or Federal construction or other federally licensed or cultural centers, while preserving their historic in­ assisted activities. It authorizes Federal agencies to Emergencytegrity. Home Purchase Assistance Act of 1974 recover such data when their activities will lead to its (Public Law 93-449) 12 U.S.C. 1723e loss, and authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to conduct such recovery operations on behalf of other agencies and where such agencies do not do so This act authorizes Federal insurance for loans to Archeologicalthemselves. Resources Protection Act of 1979 finance the restoration or rehabilitation of residential (Public Law 96-95) 16 U.S.C. 470aa-11 structures listed in or eligible for the National TheRegister. Department of Transportation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-670) 23 U.S.C. 138 This act prohibits the unauthorized disturbance of ar­ cheological resources on Federal and Indian lands, prescribes criminal penalties for such disturbance, and Among other things, this act directs the Secretary of authorizes the establishment of regulations setting Transportation not to approve any program or pro­ forth procedures for obtaining permits. Significantly ject that requires the use of land from a historic site of for local preservation programs, it also prohibits in­ national, State, or local significance as determined by terstate traffic in antiquities obtained illegally from Federal, State, or local officials having jurisdiction any lands, public or private, providing a basis for thereof unless 1) there is no feasible and prudent alter­ prosecution in the Federal courts of parties who ex­ native to the use of such land, and 2) such program cavate archeological material in contravention of local includes all possible planning to minimize harm to statutes or trespass laws and move such material Federalsuch historic authorities property. ofThis secondary means that interest the Federal to local acrosspreservation State lines. programs

Antiquities Act of 1906 (Public Law 59-209) 16 U.S.C. 431-33 (1970) and cultural environment of the Nation. Federal agen­ cies must survey, inventory, and nominate all historic resources under their jurisdiction or control (to the ex­ This act authorizes the President to designate National tent that the agency substantially exercises the at­ Monuments and provides for the protection of historic tributes of ownership) to the National Register. Until and prehistoric ruins and objects of antiquity located these processes are completed, agency heads must ex­ onHistoric Federal Sites lands. Act of 1935 (Public Law 74-292) 16 u.s.c. 461-67 (1970) ercise caution to assure that potential qualified Federal property is not inadvertently transferred, sold, demolished, or substantially altered. Many of the pro­ visions of this order were incorporated into the Na­ This act gives the Secretary of the Interior the power tional Historic Preservation Act by amendments in to make historic surveys and to document, evaluate, 1980. acquire, and preserve archeological and historic sites Executiveacross the Ordercountry. 11593, Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment, 16 U.S.C. 470 (Supp. 1, 1971)

This order directs Federal agencies to take leadership in preserving, restoring, and maintaining the historic 77 Federal Legislation Appendix III: Legal and Financial Tools Used to Preserve and Enhance Historic Resources

As discussed in Chapter IV, a community's preserva­ Historic preservation commissions are generally tion efforts will be best served if it adopts a com­ responsible for designating significant individual prehensive historic preservation plan. Such a plan resources or districts in accordance with criteria serves to guide both the community's preservation ef­ established by the ordinances under whose authority forts per se-its survey, its program of evaluation and they operate. Such ordinances also often give them inventory, its programs to restore and rehabilitate some measure of authority to control the alteration or historic properties and to provide for their study, ar­ demolition of designated properties, and sometimes to cheological salvage, and adaptive use, and its pro­ review the quality of new design in the vicinity of grams to encourage rehabilitation and reuse by the such properties, or within historic districts. Commis­ private sector-as well as its efforts to ensure that sions sometimes are provided with staff which they preservation concerns are addressed in development oversee in carrying out the community's overall and land-use planning. The purpose of this appendix preservation program; in other cases, commissions are is to list and briefly discuss the legal and financial advisory to planning departments or other agencies of tools that can be incorporated into a preservation local government whose personnel carry out the day­ plan. It should be recognized that this list is by no to-day work of the program. The degree of authority means exhaustive, and that new and creative uses of granted to such commissions varies widely; in some financial and legal tools are being developed con­ cases, properties may not be designated as historic stantly. without the permission of their owners; in other cases, Legal Tools designation depends solely on the judgement of the commission. Some ordinances place great power in the hands of the commission to control alteration or A wide variety of legal approaches to preservation demolition of designated resources, while others place can be tailored to meet the needs and goals of a par­ none, and still others require that the views of the ticular community; however, any local ordinance commission be taken into account in decisionmaking, must recognize State constitutional restrictions, com­ but not necessarily heeded. mon law requirements, and existing legislation dealing with preservation and related areas. The existence of Local governments seeking certification to participate State enabling legislation for historic preservation can in the national historic preservation program under provide a legal framework in which local governments Section lOl(c) of the National Historic Preservation can base their preservation programs, commissions, Act must establish historic preservation commissions and zoning ordinances. A thorough investigation of by ordinance, and give them responsibilities and State and local laws, with the assistance of legal ex­ authorities mirroring and coordinating with those of perts, is essential in determining which legal mech­ the State Historic Preservation Officer with respect to anisms are best suited to fulfilling local preservation survey, nomination of properties to the National needs.Community Historic Preservation Ordinances Register, preservation planning, grants administration, consultation with Federal, State, and local agencies to 1. help them avoid damaging historic properties, and Community historic preservation ordinances cover an provision of education and information to the public landmarks commission or­ entire city, county, or other political subdivision. (36 CFR Part 61.S[c][2]). dinances A Handbook on Historic Preservation Law They are often called Guidelines for ordinance development can be found in because one of their major features is the (see establishment of a board of review, often called a Bibliography), which also contains a model ordinance landmarks commission, to oversee the community's and sample ordinances, and can be obtained from the preservation program and make judgements about the National2. Historic Trust District for HistoricOrdinances Preservation. significance of resources. This terminology may be a landmarks little misleading, however, since it implies a concern only with rather than with the general historic Historic district ordinances protect specific designated historic, architectural, and cultural fabric of the com­ preservation commission districts-commercial, industrial, rural, or residential munity. Increasingly, more general terms like areas-within a community. Such ordinances general­ are being used to describe ly define specific boundaries, limit development or the bodies that oversee local preservation programs. otherwise protect the district, and establish a review board or commission to oversee Legalcompliance and Financial with Toolsthe 78 protective clauses. As is the case with community seeks to promote retention and rehabilitation of historic preservation commissions, the degree of historic structures, if the underlying zoning permits authority granted to historic district commissions conflicting uses that have the potential for higher varies widely; they may act simply as advisory economic return, in the long run preservation will lose boards, reviewing and making recommendations on out. Conversely, if preservation planning and zoning applications for building permits for proposed altera­ are coordinated, they can work together to promote tions, or the legislation may enable them to stay, 4.the Easementsbeneficial use of historic resources. grant, or deny demolition, alteration, and new con­ struction. Generally, the ordinance also establishes fee procedures for appealing decisions of the historic Easements are acquired interests in property owned by district commission. A Handbook on Historic Preservation Law another. Since an easement is less than a total or The discussion of ordinance creation in interest in property, it may be a cheaper means of will be useful for those controlling use than outright purchase. Acquisition of an easement which precludes a property owner from considering creation of historic district ordinances, and sample district ordinances are available from the making nonconforming alterations to the facade of his National Trust for Historic Preservation. or her historic house, for example, is a common and 3. Zoning often effective preservation tool. Preservation or con­ servationOpen Space,easements Conservation, are of three or general Scenic types.Ease­

It is particularly important that a community's a. historic preservation plan is coordinated with its zon­ ments-Open space, conservation, or scenic easements ing ordinance. If permissible under local and State are a well recognized general form of land use control law, it is advantageous to create an historic preserva­ which has been used for many years in the United tion classification within the local zoning ordinance. States to conserve undeveloped land areas. An exam­ Alternatively, an ordinance could provide for the ple of the use of this type of easement is the National overlay of preservation review, with reference to ar­ Park Service program to acquire scenic easements to chitectural design or modification of existing struc­ restrict development and maintain the picturesque tures, on the existing zoning of historic districts. The qualities of lands along the Blue Ridge and Natchez important thing to strive for is to minimize conflict Trace Parkways. This type of easement has also been between preservation and existing zoning. However used to control the development of lands surrounding urgently a community's historic preservation plan historic properties and to keep archeological sites safe fromExterior development or Facade of theEasements-Exterior lands in which they exist. b. or facade easements restrict the development, use, or alteration of the exterior portions of a building or structure. Such easements are particularly useful where the architectural or visual quality of the exteriors of buildings is a major concern, for example, in historic districts where the ambiance of streetscapes is impor­ tant.Interior c. Easements-Interior easements can be writ­ ten to prevent alteration of interiors of buildings or structures. They can apply to an entire building in­ terior or to particular elements, for example, pro­ viding that the detailing in a particular room not be altered without permission, or prohibiting the removal of a staircase. Potentially, easements have several advantages over other types of less-than-feeassignable tocontrols: other • They may be parties-trans­ ferred from therun original with the purchaser land-be to another. • They may binding on subse­ The National Park Service has acquired scenic easements to protect quent purchasers of the property affected. the unique rural character of the Old Natchez Trace, Attala Coun­ ty, Mississippi, and to restrict undesirable commercial development.

Legal(Courtesy and ofFinancial National Tools Park Service) 79 • They may be acquired through gift or purchase. Both may be used to maintain the historic integrity of Donors of easements, and those who sell them for less a property. When properly drafted, they may also than their appraised value, may be able to deduct the bind subsequent owners to abide by the conditions value of their donations from Federal and State in­ contained in them. come and estate taxes. In addition, the sale or dona­ These legal tools may be useful in purchase and resale tion of an easement may substantially reduce the fair or leaseback arrangements where properties have been market value of a property, thus allowing possible acquired and will be later disposed of subject to the decreases in local property taxes and other Federal, conditions of convenants. They may be useful in State, and local taxes. situations where property has been acquired through Implementing an easement program is not a simple eminent domain and will be later disposed of subject operation. The legal instruments that convey ease­ to the condition of a covenant. ments must be carefully drawn up, and easements re­ An advantage in using covenants is that specific pro­ quire conscientious policing by their holders to insure visions for penalties or other remedies may be includ­ that the property owners are complying with them. ed in them to come into effect if the terms of the The following preliminary steps are important: agreement are broken. • Investigation of relevant Federal and State laws and Reverter clauses lack this flexibility, providing only passage of enabling legislation, where necessary. for reversion of title to the conveyor or the • Meticulous drafting of the legal instrument creating conveyor's designee in event of a breach of the condi­ the easement, accompanied by adequate documenta­ tions agreed to. Their use could be an inappropriate tion describing the exact qualities or conditions of the means of attempting to enforce compliance with property to be preserved. preservation goals where reversion of ownership would be a financial burden to the original seller, for • Careful identification of appropriate organizations example. to receive, hold, and police easements. Such organiza­ tions may be agencies of local government-for exam­ It should be noted that unless covenants or reverter ple, local preservation commissions or parks depart­ clauses are very carefully drafted and contain the ments-or private organizations such as historical or precise legal elements appropriate in the jurisdiction in archeological societies. Decisions about easement re­ which they are to apply, they may not run with the cipients should be explored with legal counsel, land, i.e., be binding on subsequent purchasers. In ad­ because in many jurisdictions, the protection afforded dition, they may be difficult to enforce over a long a property will depend on who holds the easement. period of time, particularly if conditions present at the time of the agreement have changed. Legal counsel is vital in the development and ad­ ministration of an easement program, because of the 6. Transfer of Development Rights need for the documents conveying each easement to be sound and appropriate under Federal, State, and By permitting a property owner to sell the air rights local law. The validity of the entire easement program over his or her property to another, a community can will depend on its relationship to the existing frame­ create the basis for compensating an owner who is not work of State property laws. permitted to develop a parcel to what would ordinari­ ly be its maximum potential. A local ordinance per­ Despite its advantages, an easement program may not mitting transfer of development rights can make it necessarily be the most effective tool for preservation possible, for example, for the local government or a nor the most financially expedient in the long run. preservation organization to exchange the right to Although purchase of an easement is often cheaper develop a nonhistoric parcel for the air rights over an than acquiring the entire fee, in some cases, the value historic building, where otherwise a high-rise building of the development rights of a property, for example, could be constructed if the historic structure is may constitute the major portion of a property's fair demolished. Appraising the value of air rights when a market value, so that the acquisition of an easement sale or exchange is proposed may be complicated, but restricting these rights would be almost as expensive providing the opportunity for such transfers in the as purchasing the property itself and wo..ild require design of local ordinances can make a useful tool policing. available for preservation in many circumstances.

5. Covenants and Reverter Clauses 7. Tax Advantages Covenants are contractual agreements between private Federal tax law at present encourages preservation parties that run with the land, thereby restricting uses and rehabilitation of historic properties by allowing that may be made of the property. Reverter clauses in corporate and individual taxpayers to deduct the deeds stipulate that unless certain conditions are value of the donation of conservation easements from followed, ownership of the property involved will their income taxes and by providing investment tax return to the conveyor or to a designated third party. credits (ITCs) to taxpayers who carry out certified

80 Legal and Financial Tools highest and best use rehabilitation projects on income-producing certified valuation, the pressure created by taxation to convert historic buildings. Many communities have found that the property to its can be the Federal tax laws provide a powerful tool for local alleviated. preservation, both to encourage rehabilitation in par­ Effective use of alternate methods of valuation re­ ticular parts of the community and to help build part­ quires accurate means of assessing the value of nerships with developers and property owners who historic resources. These means must be developed might othewise be hostile to, or at least unresponsive carefully to insure fairness and objectivity. to, preservation concerns. Tax incentives for preservation need not always be Because of the fluid nature of Federal tax law, com­ applied on a community-wide basis, or in perpetuity. munities should be sure to have the most up-to-date For example, it may be appropriate to target a par­ available information on Federal tax incentives before ticular area containing a concentration of historic relying heavily on them to help build a local program. buildings in need of rehabilitation, and reduce the The State Historic Preservation Officer and the assessed valuation of or provide tax credits to regional offices of the National Park Service can pro­ rehabilitated buildings in the area for a specific period vide current information. of time. The time period established and the amount It should also be recognized that over-reliance on of the reduction or credit should be sufficient to Federal tax incentives can lead to some distortion in a stimulate significant investment in the area; at the local preservation program's priorities. The fact that same time, care must be taken to ensure that the in­ Federal ITCs are available only for the rehabilitation centive program is fair and does not work to the of income-producing property has caused some com­ detriment of other parts of the community. munities to concentrate their attention on commercial Development of State and local programs for tax areas and on historic contexts relevant to commercial credits, deductions, or abatement should include con­ buildings at the expense of other aspects of the com­ sideration of the following factors: munity and its heritage. Care should be taken to avoid ignoring other important preservation problems • Criteria for the recognition of properties eligible for and opportunities in the face of enthusiasm over the tax credits, deductions, or abatement, such as Na­ tax advantages of rehabilitating income-producing tional Register listing or inclusion in the community properties. inventory. State and local tax laws have traditionally worked to • Definitions of activities for which credit or deduc­ discourage the preservation and rehabilitation of tions would be allowed (kinds of rehabilitation, historic and cultural properties. This is rapidly chang­ maintenance, etc.). ing in many parts of the Nation, but in formulating • Amount of credit or deduction allowed per proper­ preservation plans, communities should carefully ty, per activity, or per period of time. study the local and State tax codes to identify poten­ tially useful amendments. Listed below are tax incen­ • Length of time for amortization of allowable ex­ tives which can work to encourage preservation: penses. • Tax credits or deductions on State income or prop­ • Relationship between State and local tax benefit erty taxes for rehabilitation and maintenance of programs, and between these programs and the historic properties or for donations of easements for Federal8. State program.and Local Environmental Laws preservation purposes. • Tax credits or deductions on local property taxes. Many States have adopted laws designed to ensure • Abatement or partial abatement of property taxes, that both the natural and cultural environments are i.e., partial or complete exemptions on qualified prop­ considered in government decisionmaking; these can erties. provide an important basis for the integration of • Alternate methods of valuation, i.e., assessment of historic preservation into local planning. Such laws are usually modelled on the National Environmental property value on the basis of existing use or other than fair market value. Policy Act (NEPA) and are referred to as State En­ vironmental Policy Acts or SEPAs in the legal Alternate valuation of historicundeveloped and cultural properties literature. SEPAs typically require the preparation of can help to alleviate the development pressures on an environmental impact report or statement historic properties and other areas whenever a State or local goverment agency proposes caused by their assessment at fair market value. an action that might affect the environment-for ex­ Where a property has substantial development poten­ ample, approval of a subdivision, issuance of a major tial, its fair market value is often much greater than grading permit, provision of financial assistance to a the value of the property at its existing use. If a basis development, or undertaking capital construction. The otherLegal and than Financial fair market Tools value can be established for environmental impact document involves identifying 81 those aspects of the environment that may be af­ fected groups and development interests or govern­ fected, projecting the effects, and analyzing alter­ ment agencies, or for mediation of disputes. The City natives. It is then up to the government decision­ of Honolulu, for example, adopted an ordinance in maker-the State agency, the city council, the plan­ 1981 that required the preparation of social impact ning board-to use the environmental document in analyses in advance of development projects, in con­ deciding whether to proceed with the action and if so, sultation with affected neighborhood groups and other whether to adopt conditions on the action to mitigate interests, and the conduct of meetings with all con­ its effects on the environment. cerned parties to resolve conflicts (see Bibliography). Social impact analysis and negotiation to resolve en­ Virtually every SEPA includes historic properties in its vironmental disputes are being used increasingly at definition of the environment that it seeks to protect, State and Federal government levels as well, both in so SEP As can provide a powerful tool for use by local the United States and in other nations (see Baldwin, governments and preservation organizations to ensure Kent, Susskind and Wein­ that preservation is considered in planning. What is Social Impact Assessment, stein, and Talbot in Bibliography). often a problem in making SEPAs work for preserva­ tion is ensuring that historic properties and preserva­ Because neighborhood concerns about development tion issues are actually identified in the environmental and land use changes often focus on perceived injury impact document. Here, of course, the availability of to neighborhood character, cultural values, and prop­ survey data can be very important. On the other erty value, they often are closely related to, or in­ hand, if a preservation agency or organization has a coporate, historic preservation interests. A communi­ good working relationship with the local decision­ ty's preservation agency or organization can benefit makers who require and review environmental docu­ from exploring ways to ensure that preservation in­ ments under a SEPA, it can work to ensure that terests and alternatives are fully considered in social studies undertaken to prepare the environmental impact analysis and the negotiation of solutions to documents do identify historic properties and do so in conflicts between development and neighborhood con­ a manner that contributes to the survey data base. cerns. Once accurate information on historic properties and preservation issues has been presented in an en­ 10. Regulating Consultant Quality vironmental document, the next problem is to en­ Environmental documents prepared under SEPAs, courage the relevant decisionmakers to consider under the National Historic Preservation Act, and preservation alternatives in a positive light. Such con­ with reference to the National Historic Preservation sideration will be most likely if the community has a Act are usually done by or with the aid of profes­ comprehensive historic preservation plan in place, sional consultants. A community can help ensure that providing access to some or all of the preservation preservation issues will be properly considered in its tools discussed in this appendix. own planning and in that carried out by State and local agencies if it finds ways to regulate the quality Where a SEPA exists, community preservation agen­ of the consultants who prepare such documents. cies and organizations will find it useful to become familiar with its terms and how they are interpreted At a minimum, consultants who prepare the historic by local and State decisionmakers. It should then be preservation elements of environmental documents possible to incorporate the use of the review process should be required to meet the professional qualifica­ prescribed by the SEPA into the community's historic tion standards in the Secretary of the Interior's Stand­ preservation plan. Local ordinances can also be ards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic developed to build on the provisions of the SEP A. If Preservation, and should have a demonstrated record no SEPA exists, the community might consider adopt­ of doing good historic preservation work of the type ing a similar law itself. The Handbook on Historic for which a consultant is needed. For archeologists, a community may wish to consider requiring certifica­ Preservation Law (see Bibliography) provides a useful discussion of SEPAs and their uses, with references to tion by the Society of Professional Archeologists the rapidly growing literature on the topic that will be (SOP A). SOPA reviews the qualifications of ar­ helpful to those designing or using such laws. cheologists and certifies them in various specialities, also requiring them to abide by a code of ethics and 9. Social Impact Ordinances professional standards equivalent to, but more de­ tailed than, the relevant parts of the In order to minimize conflict between development Secretary of the and other community interests, and to maximize Interior's Standard and Guidelines. citizen participation in decisionmaking, some com­ Agencies and organizations interested in regulating the munities have adopted ordinances providing for quality of consultants should discuss options carefully analysis of the social impacts of proposed actions, and with legal counsel. There are strong legal strictures on for organized participation by affected social groups requiring consultants to be members of particular in decisions about development and land use. Often organizations, but in most jurisdictions it is legal to these ordinances provide for negotiation between af-

82 Legal and Financial Tools require that an individual's professional qualifications revolving funds, while others have obtained initial be certified by an organization of peers. Alternatively, funding through community-based fundraising efforts, formal licensing by the local government might be local appropriations, grants from private foundations, considered. and bequests. Revolving funds may also be estab­ lished on a statewide basis. The advantage of State Financial Tools revolving funds is that they have a broader base of 1. Revolving Funds support. For additional information on revolving funds see Revolving funds are designed to provide a preserva­ Revolving Funds for Historic Preservation, tion organization with the financial capacity to buy, by Arthur sell, and maintain property without large sources of Ziegler, Leopold Adler, and Walter Kidney (see long-term financing. They have proven to be effective Bibliography). preservation techniques in a wide range of situations. 2. Grants As the name implies, funds in a revolving fund revolve; they are invested in a property, re­ Community Development Block Grants and certain covered-ideally at a profit, and invested in another. Federal categorical grants available through the U.S. Organizations with preservation revolving funds can Department of Housing and Urban Development are respond quickly to emergencies by purchasing en­ popular sources of funding for preservation activities. dangered sites or buildings directly rather than look­ Block grants have few limitations that apply to their ing for a sympathetic buyer or trying to raise funds use, and can be applied to survey, operation of a for special purchase. By buying endangered proper­ general historic preservation program, establishment ties, the organization buys time. Buildings and struc­ of revolving funds, direct rehabilitation projects, and tures may be rehabilitated, easements may be placed a wide variety of other preservation functions. on them, and they may be resold or leased to parties Categorical grants are typically more limited in their who will maintain them. Alternatively, properties can application. be transferred and rehabilitated by the new owner ac­ The State Historic Preservation Officer may be a cording to agreements accompanying the sale. Ar­ source of grant funds from the Historic Preservation cheological sites may be sold with covenants restrict­ Fund managed by the National Park Service. The Na­ ing excavation or permitting only certain kinds of tional Historic Preservation Act provides for the pass­ land use, or might be subjected to a program of through of Historic Preservation Fund money to local research excavation and then sold without restrictions governments whose preservation programs have been once their important data have been extracted. When certified by the State Historic Preservation Officer and the properties are sold, the money returns to the the Secretary of the Interior; these funds can then be revolving fund and can be used again to save other used at the local government's discretion for historic properties. preservation purposes, within guidelines established Use of revolving fund techniques places the communi­ by the National Park Service. The basic procedures to ty or preservation organization in the real estate be followed by certified local governments are market. As the organization begins to buy and sell published in the Code of Federal Regulations at 36 property, local business people begin to take note, CFR Part 61. The State Historic Preservation Officer and if the program is successful they can develop can also provide matching grants from the Historic respect for preservation as a new economic force in Preservation Fund for particular preservation ac­ the community. Properties bought and sold gain in tivities, including those carried out by local govern­ value as they are rehabilitated, and the rehabilitation ments that have not been certified in accordance with itself generates other economic activity. When several 36 CFR Part 61, and often administers grant programs properties in an area have been bought and established by the State as well. rehabilitated, the area is likely to become more attrac­ tive to private investors. Bank loans may be more State Arts and Humanities Councils and folklife pro­ easily obtained, and other property owners in the area grams are possible sources of funding for particular may begin to rehabilitate their property. The net preservation-related projects, and may be able to offer advice about other sources. Other State funding op­ value is increased property values and an increased to tax base for the community-proof that historic portunities are likely to be available from time preservation can be good business. time, often in connection with economic development programs; it is wise to maintain contact with State The problems involved in establishing and operating a legislators to keep track of potentially useful legisla­ revolving fund are to obtain the money to make the tion. initial purchases, to turn these around quickly enough to generate momentum rather than allowing the fund Grants may also be available from such Federal agen­ to stall with its first few projects, and to operate the cies as the National Endowment for the Arts, the Na­ fund in a businesslike manner. Some communities use tional Endowment for the Humanities, and various Community Development Block Grants to establish

Legal and Financial Tools 83 agencies of the Departments of Housing and Urban tion Office may have information on such specialists, Development, Agriculture, Commerce, and Transpor­ and may be able to advise about the applicability of tation, for particular project and program activities. syndication to a particular project. The availability of grants for particular purposes 5. Development Bonuses changes from year to year as Congress approves new programs and allows others to expire or remain in ex­ A community can encourage rehabilitation of historic istence without appropriations. The State Historic buildings or preservation of historic open space by Preservation Officer should be consulted for current providing development bonuses. For example, a cor­ information. poration that agrees to rehabilitate certain historic buildings as part of a development in an historic Private sources of grant funds can also be important. district might be given an increase density allowance The National Trust for Historic Preservation main­ for another part of the development. Such arrange­ tains a variety of grant programs, and should be con­ ments typically involve zoning variances and are one tacted directly to determine what is currently available. A wide range of private foundations offer good reason for close coordination between historic preservation planning and zoning. support for activities related to preservation, ranging from research to restoration, and some local philan­ 6. land Cost Subsidies thropic organizations specialize in supporting worth­ while projects in particular communities. The local A community can provide a strong incentive to library or university grants office is a good place to rehabilitation by purchasing historic properties and consult directories of foundations and other potential then selling them to developers at a reduced price. private sources of grant support. Particularly in large cities with a high level of economic activity, land prices are often among the 3. Contracts biggest expense items faced by a developer, and may be a major factor in making rehabilitation less cost­ Some local preservation programs contract with effective than demolition and construction of a larger, Federal, State, and local agencies, private developers, taller building with greater marketable floor space. By and regulated industries to carry out the surveys, reducing the cost of the land through a partial sub­ evaluations, and other studies that may be required of sidy, the community can reduce, or even reverse, the them under the National Historic Preservation Act, differential between rehabilitation and new construc­ the National Environmental Policy Act, or relevant tion. SEPAs. This has several advantages; it ensures that the work done on such studies is consistent with the 7. Reduction in Interest Rates standards and policies of the local preservation pro­ Another way to encourage the private rehabilitation gram, builds up the survey data base, can usually be of historic buildings is to reduce the interest rates on done efficiently, and helps support the local program construction loans or mortgages. Some local govern­ by covering overhead costs. The practice can lead to ments use Community Development Block Grants or real or perceived conflicts of interest if the local pro­ other grant funds to provide developers with low­ gram is also involved in review of the undertakings interest loans, while others use their revenue bond on which it does studies. Care should be taken, and powers to raise the necessary capital. the advice of legal counsel sought, in establishing any such contracting operation. The use of such techniques as syndication, reduction in interest rates, and land cost subsidies requires a 4. Syndication high level of cooperation among preservationists, Syndication is an increasingly popular way of financ­ local government, funding sources, and the develop­ ing rehabilitation projects; it involves bringing ment community. An effective community historic together investors and preservation interests into preservation plan should be developed in consultation legally constituted syndicates for the purpose of carry­ with such interests so that these and other innovative ing out a project or projects from which all will approaches to financing historic preservation activities theoretically benefit. Several large private firms now can be fully explored. specialize in syndication; the State Historic Preserva-

84 Legal and Financial Tools Appendix IV: Comprehensive Statewide Historic PreservationPlan. Guidelines and standards applicable to theComprehen­ Bibliography sive Statewide Historic PropertiesSurvey. Communities may wish to consult the following AdvisoryCouncil publications. Thefollowing publica­ publications forfurther information on the identifica­ tion is available freeof charge fromthe Advisory tion, evaluation, and protectionof historic resources. Councilon Historic Preservation,1100 Pennsylvania Thesepublications are a samplingof the information Avenue, NW, Washington, OC,20004. currently available and are not meant to comprisean exhaustivelist. For an encyclopedic treatmentof Identificationof HistoricProperties: DecisionmakingGuide available sourceson virtually every aspect of historic for Managers. 'Working With Section106" series. preservation,see the National Trust for Historic Washington, OC:Advisory Council on Historic Preser­ Preservation'sAll About Old Buildings: the WholePreser­ vation and U.S. Department of the Interior, September vation Catalogue. Washington, DC: The Preservation 1988. Press, 1985. In the discussionbelow, publications are listed under six headings: NationalSpecialized ParkReadings Servicepublications 1. Survey and Planning Methodology Eighmy, Jeffrey L. Archeomagnetism:A Handbook for the 2. Examples of Preservation Plans Archeologist. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service,1977. NTIS Publication No. PB 81- 3. PreservationTools and Strategies 175515. 4. Legal Reference Material King, Thomas F. The Archcological Survey:Methods and Uses. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 5. Examples of Survey Publications 1978. Stock No. 024--016-00091. 6. General References Lyons, ThomasR., and Thomas E. Avery. Remote Sensing:A Handbookfor Archeologists and Cultural ResourceManagers. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service,1977. NTIS Publication No. PB 88- 201694.

1. Surveyand Planning Methodology Melnick, RobertZ., Daniel Sponn, and Emma Jane Saxe. CulturalLandscapes: Rural HistoricDistricts in the National NationalEssential Park ReadingsService publications. The following Park System.Springfield, VA: National Technical publication is available from the National Park Service. InformationService, 1977. NTIS Publication No. PB 85- 106037 (Note: This publication deals not only with the For information contact the Regional Directorin your National Park Service, but alsoprovides comprehensive National Park Service Regional Office, or write: Associ­ ate Director,Cultural Resources,and Keeper,National guidelines for identifyingand evaluating rural historic Register of Historic Places, National Park Service,P.O. districts). Box 37217, Washington, DC 20013-7127. Morris, Stephen A. "Zoning and Historic Preservation." Washington, OC:U.S. Departmentof the Interior, Secretaryof the Interior's Standards and Guidelinesfor National Park Service,Interagency ResourcesDivision, Preservation Planning, Identification,Evaluation, and Registration. Federal Register, Thursday, September 29, Local PreservationSeries, 1989. 1983, pp. 44716-28 (48 FR 44716-28). Available with other standardsand guidelines as the Secretaryof the Sal wen, Bert, and Geoffrey Gyrisco.Archeology of Black Interior'sStandards and Guidelinesfor Archeology and AmericanCulture: An Annotated Bibliography. Washing­ HistoricPreservation. ton, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service,Interagency ArcheologyServices, n.d. State Historic Preservation Officer publications. The following documents, either in published formor as Talmage, Valerie, and Olga Chesler. The Importance of drafts or compilationsof documents, should beavail­ Small, Surface,and Disturbed Sitesas Resources of Signifi­ able from the State Historic Preservation Officerof the cantArcheological Data. Springfield, VA: National State applicable to a community planning survey. The Technical Information Service,1977. NTIS Publication titles given beloware generic. No. PB 270930/ AS.

85 Bibliography Cultural Resourcesin Massachusetts:A Model for Manage­ NationalRegister Bulletin 22: Guidelinesfor Evaluating and ment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, NominatingProperties That Have Achieved Significance Interagency ResourcesDivision, PreservationPlanning Withinthe LastFifty Years. Series, August 1979. NationalRegister Bulletin 23: How to Impravethe Quality of HistoricPreservation Certifications Pursuantto the Tax Photos for NationalRegister Nominations. ReformAct of1976, The RevenueAct of 1978, The Tax Treatment Extension Act of 1980, and The Economic NationalRegister Bulletin 24: Guidelinesfor wealSurveys: RecaveryTax Act of 1981. Codified as 36 CFRPart 67. A Basisfor Pr eservationPlanning.

National Register ofHistoric Places: Criteria for Statewide National RegisterBulletin 26: CertifiedLocal Governments in HistoricSurveys and Plans. 36 CFRPart 60. the NationalHistoric Preservation Program.

National Registerof Historic Places Bulletins-periodi­ NationalRegister Bulletin 28: Using the UTMGrid System cally issuedpractical guides to aspects of the nomina­ to Record Historic Sites. tion process. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service,Interagency Resources Division, National NationalRegister Bulletin 29: Guidelinesfor Restricting Register of Historic Places, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, Informationabout Historicand PrehistoricSites. DC20013-7127. NationalRegister Bulletin 30: Guidelinesfor Evaluatingand National Register Bulletin 4: Contribution ofMoved Build­ Documenting RuralLandscapes. ingsto Historic Districts. NationalRegister Bulletin 32: Guidelinesfor Evaluating and NationalRegister Bulletin 5: Tax Treatments for Moved Documenting Properties Associated WithSi gnificant Buildings. Persons.

National RegisterBulletin 7: Definitionof Boundariesfor NationalRegister Bulletin 34: Guidelinesfor Evaluating and Historic Units of the National Park System. NominatingHistoric Aids to Navigation.

National RegisterBulletin 8: Use of NominationDocuments NationalRegister Bulletin 35: NationalRegister Casebook: in the Part I Certification Process. Examplesof Documentation.

NationalRegister Bulletin 12: Definitionof National Register NationalRegister Bulletin 38: Guidelinesfor Evaluating and Boundaries for Archeological Properties. Documenting TraditionalCultural Properties.

NationalRegister Bulletin 13: Hawto ApplyNational NationalRegister Bulletin 39: Researchinga Historic RegisterCriteria to Post Offices. Building.

NationalRegister Bulletin 15: How to Applythe National Publications of others. Register Criteriafor Evaluation. Adams, Katherine. Investingin Volunteers:A Guide to NationalRegister Bulletin 16: Guidelinesfor Completing Effective Volunteer Management.Washington, DC: The NationalRegister of Historic PlacesForms. 16A: How to PreservationPress, 1985. Complete the NationalRegister Registration Form and 16B: Haw to Complete the NationalRegister Multiple Property AmericanFolklife Center. The Processof Field Research: Documentation Form. FinalReport on the Blue Ridge ParkwayFolklife Project. Washington, DC:Library of Congress, 1981. NationalRegister Bulletin 17: Certificationof State andLocal Statutesand Historic Districts. Bartis, Peter T. Folklifeand Fieldwork: A Layman'sIntro­ ductionto Field Techniques. Washington, DC: American NationalRegister Bulletin 18: Hawto Evaluate and Nomi­ Folklife Center, 1979. nate DesignedHistoric Landscapes. Blumenson,John J. G. IdentifyingAmerican Architecture: NationalRegister Bulletin 19: Policiesand Proceduresfor A PictorialGuide to Stylesand Tenns,1600-1945. Nash­ ProcessingNational Register Nominations. ville, TN: American Associationfor State and Local History, 1981. NationalRegister Bulletin 20: Nominating HistoricVessels andShipwrecks to the NationalRegister of Historic Places. Brace, Paul. ArchaeologicalResources and LandDevelop­ ment: A Guide to AssessImpact. Washington, DC: Ameri­ NationalRegister Bulletin 21: How to EstablishBoundaries can Societyof LandscapeArchitects, Landscape Archi­ forNational Register Properties. tectureTechnical Information Series 7, 1984.

86 Bibliography Bureau of LandManagement. Visual ResourceMar ... 6 ,:;­ Library of Congress. NationalUnion Catalogueof Manu­ ment Program.Washington, DC: U.S. Departmentof the scriptCollections. Washington, DC:Library of Congress, Interior, Bureau of Land Management, n.d. 1959-84.

Bureau of LandManagement, SocialEffects Project. Liljlcbad, Sue Ellen, and Charles M. Brown. A Guideto Guideto SocialImpact Assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. HistoricPreservation Research and Preservation Planning in Departmentof the Interior, Bureau of Land Manage­ Alaska. Anchorage: Office of History and Archeology, ment, 1982. Alaska Division of Parks, 1976.

Cerny,James W. "Scenic Analysis Assessment." Critical Lynch, Kevin. The Imageof the City. Cambridge: MIT Reviewsin Environmental Control, 4:2. June 1974. Press, 1960.

Clay, Grady. Close-Up:How to Readthe AmericanCity. ----. WhatTime is ThisPlace? Cambridge: MIT Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. Press, 1972.

Collier, John, Jr. VisualAnthropolo gy: Photographyas a Macfarlane, Alan. ReconstructingHistorical Communities. ResearchMethod. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1977. 1967. Mantell, Michael A., Stephen F. Harper,and Luther Dunaway, David K., and Willa K. Baum, eds. Oral Propst. CreatingSuccessful Communities: A Guidebook to History:An InterdisciplinaryAntholo gy. Nashville, 1N: GrowthManagement Studies. Washington, DC:Island American Associationfor State and Local History, 1984. Press, 1990.

GeorgiaDepartment of Natural Resources,Historic MassachusettsHistorical Commission.Archeolo gy and PreservationSection. Historic Preservation Handbook. Public Pl11nning.Boston: MassachusettsHistorical Atlanta: GeorgiaDepartment of Natural Resources, Commission, 1976. 1976. ----. HistoricProperties Survey Manual. Boston: Getzels, Judith, and Charles Thurow, eds. Rural and MassachusettsHistorical Commission, n.d. Small TownPlanning. Chicago: American Planning Association, 1978. Massey,James C. How to Organizean Architectural Survey,rev. ed. Washington, DC: National Trust for Harris, Cyril M. HistoricArchitecture Sourcebook. New Historic Preservation, 1971. York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Mayer-Oakes, William J., and Alice W. Portnoy, eds. Ives, Edward D. TheTape-Recorded Interview: A Manual Scholarsas Contractors. Washington, DC: U.S. Govern­ forField Workersin Folklore and Oral History.Knoxville: ment Printing Office, 1979. Stock No. 024-016-00107-9. University of TennesseePress, 1980. McAlester, Virginia and Lee.A Field Guideto American Jacobs, Alan B. Making City Planning Work. Chicago: Houses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984. AmericanPlanning Association,1978. McKee, Harley J. RecordingHistoric Buildings. Washing­ Jackson, DonaldC., and T. Allan Comp. Truss Bridge ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. Types:A Guide to Dating andIdentifying. Technical Leaflet No. 95. Nashville, 1N: American Associationfor State Morgan, William N. Prehistoric Architecture in the F.astern and Local History, 1977. United States. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1980.

Jolly, Brad. Videotaping LocalHistory. Nashville, 1N: Mueller, James W., ed. Sampling in Archeology.Tuscon: American Associationfor Stateand Local History, 1982. University of Arizona Press, 1975.

Kidder-Smith, George E. Architecture of the United States. Murtagh, William J. 'The Meaningful Assessmentof the New York: Doubleday,1981. Built Environment." Architectural Preseroation Forum, December1979. King, Thomas F., Patricia P. Hickman, and Gary Berg. Anthropology in HistoricPreseroation: Caringfor Culture's Murtagh, William J., and Giulio C. Argan. Historic Clutter. New York: Academic Press, 1977. Districts: Identification, SocialAspects, and Preseroation. Washington, DC:National Trust for Historic Preserva­ Kyvig, David E., and Myron A. Marty. Ne11rbyHistory: tion, 1975. Exploringthe Past Around You. Nashville, 1N:American Associationfor State and Local History, 1982.

Bibliography 87 National Historical Publications and RecordsCommis­ Architecture/ Environmental Awareness Center, sion. Directoryof Archivesand Manuscript Repositories. University of Wisconsin,1976. Washington, OC:National Historical Publicationsand Records Commission,1978. U.S. GeologicalSurvey. Guide to Obtaining USGS Informa­ tion. Circular 900,Washington, OC:U.S. Departmentof National ResearchCouncil, Environmental Studies the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. Board. AssessingCultural Attributes in Planning Water ResourcesProjects: Report of the Panel on Cultural Attributes Weinstein, RobertA., and LarryBooth. Collection, Useand in WaterResources Projects. Washington, DC: National Care of HistoricalPhotographs. Nashville, TN:American ResearchCouncil, 1982. Associationfor State and Local History, 1977.

Nevada Division of HistoricPreservation and Archaeol­ Weitzman, David. Tracesof the Past: A Field Guide to ogy.Procedures Manual for Compiling a StatewideInven­ Historyon Your Doorstep.New York: Scribner's,1980. toryof CulturalResources. CarsonCity: Nevada Depart­ ment of Conservationand Natural Resources,1978. Wells, Camille, ed. Perspectivesin VernacularArchitecture. Annapolis, MD: VernacularArchitecture Forum, 1982. New York State Parksand Recreation, State Boardfor Historic Preservation. HistoricResources SurveyManual, Whiffen, Marcus. AmericanArchitecture Since 1780: A rev. ed. Albany: New York State Parks and Recreation, Guideto Styles.Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981. 1974. Whiffen, Marcus, and Frederick Koeper. American Poppcliers,John, S. Allen Chambers,and Nancy B. Architecture1607-1976. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981. Schwartz.What Style Is Washington, OC:The PreservationPress, 1977. White, William H., Jr. The SocialLife of Small Urban Spaces. It? Washington, DC:The Conservation Foundation,1980. Rudofsky, Bernard. Streetsfor People: A Primer for Americans. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969. Wiggington, Eliot, ed. The FoxfireBook. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972 (subsequent volumespublished Societyfor American Archeology. "Guidelines for the semiannually-annually). Preparation and Evaluation of Archeological Reports," Chapter 3, TheManagement of Archeological Resources: The Wright, Russell. A Guideto DelineatingEdges of Historic Airlie House Report. Washington, DC: Society for Ameri­ Districts. Washington, DC: National Trustfor Historic can Archeology, 1977. Preservation,1976.

SouthDakota Office of Cultural Preservation. Historic Sites SurveyHandbook. Vermillion, SD: Office of Cultural 2. Examples of Preservation Plans Preservation, 1973. Since preservationplans arc not always published, it is State Historical Societyof Colorado. Guidelines-History often not easy for thoseoutside the community or State and Archeology.Denver: State HistoricalSociety of to which they apply to review them. Copies of some Colorado, n.d. State Historic PreservationPlans arc available from the National Park Serviceby inquiring of the Regional ----. So-You Have a Nomination to the National Director serving your area. To determine the availability Register.Denver: State Historical Societyof Colorado, of preservationplans discussedbelow, it is suggested 1973. that the relevant State Historic PreservationOfficer be contacted. State Historic PreservationOfficer addresses Stokes, Samuel N., Elizabeth Watson,Genevieve P. can befound in Appendix V. Keller, and J. Timothy Keller. SavingAmerica's Country­ side: A Guideto Rural Conservation.Baltimore: Johns Since preservationplans often have multiple authors or Hopkins University Press, 1989. compilers, or do not list authors as such, the following plans are listed in alphabetical order by title. Texas Historical Commission. ResourcePlanning Process forTexas. Austin: Texas Historical Commission, 1981. An Archaeological Preservation Plan forCharleston, South Carolina, by Martha Zierden and Jeanne A. Calhoun. Townsend,Frederick E. "A Selectedand Annotated Charleston, SC: Charleston MuseumArchaeological Bibliography on the Remote Sensingof Historical and ContributionsNo. 8, 1984. Archeological Sites." In Historic Preservation and the CulturalLandscape: An Emergency Land Use Planning Based on extensive archival researchand study of the Concern. Edited and compiled by William H. Tishler and results of archeological excavations carried out in Randy Garber.Madison: Department of Landscape advance of constructionprojects in various parts of the

88

Bibliography city, this study identifies the general locations in which physical, social,and economiccharacteristics of the area different kinds of historic archeological resources provides the basis forgeneral and detailedproposals. Its (remains of fortifications,antebellum planters' homes, numericalevaluation systemhas alsobeen a model for commercialestablishments, piers, slave and freeblack others; the scopeand timetableof overall renewal residences, etc.) are likely to befound underground, and programsare developedand detailed. Thedesign indicates them on maps. It goes on to outline a seriesof proposalsseem outdated, but do not mitigate the researchquestions to guide archaeological researchin historicalimportance of this study. the city. Recommendations for linking archeological studies with planning arc relatively weak, but the CulturalResources in Massachusetts:A Model forManage­ volume is a good example of the mobilizationof ment. MassachusettsHistorical Commission. Washing­ archival and archeologicaldata to indicate where ton, DC: U.S. Departmentof the Interior, 1979. development planning should exercise cautionto avoid damagingarcheological resources. The first comprehensive State Historic Preservation Plan developedalong the lines advocatedby the Austin Historic PreservationPlan. Charles Hall Page and National Park Servicein its ResourceProtection Plan­ Associates,Inc. San Francisco:Charles Hall Page and ning Process (RP3), this is still among the most available Associates,198L example of such a plan. It providesa descriptionof methodology and orientation, an overviewof the State's This plan, prepared on the basis of relatively little history leading to the establishment ofhistoric contexts survey data, provides a basis for further survey and (study units), an evaluation of the levels of existing inventory work. The plan focusessolely on architecture, knowledgeconcerning different classesof resources, without discussionof archeological resources.It pro­ and patternsof their destruction,leading to the identifi­ vides an overview of the city's history, and goes on to cation of needs for policychanges and the establishment discusssuch preservation tools as the useof building of preservationpriorities. codes, tax incentives, and zoning. It proposesthe establishment of a city-wide inventory program, and Cultural ResourcesManagement Plan forKillens Pond State offers implementation recommendations. Appendices Park, by Cara L. Wise.Dover, DE: DelawareDivision of are provided on local architectural styles, standards for Parks and Recreation, 1984. grantingcertificates of appropriateness,and rehabilita­ tion guidelines. This brief publication is a good exampleof a simple plan for the preservationof historic (in this case,all archeo­ The Cache River Archeologi,calProject: An Experiment in logical) resourcesin a lightly developedrecreation area Contract Archeology.Michael B. Schiffer and John H. of modest size. The plan is based on an intensive survey House,assemblers. Fayetteville,AR: ArkansasArcheo­ of the park, which is reported in the publication. The logical Survey Research Series No. 8, 1975. plan outlines priorities for preservationin place and prescribesa seriesof decision-making steps to be A classic study involving the useof archival research followed in the event a project is planned that might and controlled samplefield surveys to determine the disturb the archeological site. It goes on to setforth a probable distribution and nature of archeological sites modest interpretiveplan, including preparation of a over a large (approximately 2,000square mile) rural flyer and additions to a nature trail. area, this plan was stimulated by proposedflood control constructionprojects of the U.S. ArmyCorps of Engi­ GreenSprings, Louisa County, Virginia:A I.and UseStudy. neers. Similar techniques could beapplied to the study Meade Palmer. Warrenton, VA: 1973. of archeologyof a ruralcounty or other substantial land area. The project was not an intensive archeological This study presentsa land useplan for a rural historic survey; instead it focusedspecifically on prehistoric area which includes a brief section on the community's archeology, guided by an explicit research design. historical development, landscapecharacter, and its Severalaspects of the Cache River Projectarc discussed visual and architecturalcharacter. The study focuses in Schiffcr'sand Cummerman's ConservationArcheology. primarily on a physical surveyof the land (geology, soils,hydrology, etc.) as thesesuggest the parameters College Hill Demonstration Study. Providence, RI: City for future development. Planning Commission in cooperationwith the Provi­ dence PreservationSociety and the Department of Hampton:An Archeologicaland Historical Overview of a Housing and Urban Development, 1967. ProposedStrip Mine Tractin South Central Arkansas. Timothy C. Klinger, assembler. Fayetteville, AR: One of the earliest comprehensive plans for renewal of a ArkansasArcheological Survey ResearchReport 19, historic area basedon a survey, this study has served as 1979. the model for many subsequentsurveys. It includes an excellent sectionon the area's historic architecture and This study is an example of the useof archivalresearch, on the city's development. Careful analysis of the interviews with local residents and artifactcollectors,

Bibliography 89 and verysmall-scale field reconnaissanceto develop HistoricSurvey and Appendix.San Antonio, TX: City initial predictions about the nature and distributions of Planning Department, 1972. historic properties in a rural area of about 36,000 acres. Although the study was motivated by an impending Primarily a visual study intended to stimulate greater coal surface mine, the approach would be applied in awareness of the visual quality of the city, this study other circumstancesinvolving areas of similar scaleand employs photography extensively: shotsof single type.See also Settlement Predictions in Sparta. buildings, details,and streets.The appendix explains survey methodology, cataloguing and useof data-index Historicand ArcheologicalResources of the Boston Arru. cards and maps, and evaluation system. Its broad Boston: Massachusetts Historical Commission, 1982. survey criteria include natural and archeological resourcesas well as buildings. The appendixa lso A follow-up study to the MassachusettsModel for includes a comprehensive sectionentitled "Historic Management (see above),this study focuseson Boston Preservationand the Law for San Antonio," which and its hinterland. It is comprehensive in that both the traces the effectsof Federal, State, and municipal laws existing built environment and the subsurface archeo­ that relate to preservationconcerns and the amount of logical resourcesar e examined in all communities of the latitude these laws allow. area, using archival research and compilation of data from numerous surveys of particular areas. General Lancaster'sHeritage. Lancaster, PA: LancasterCounty locations in which different kinds of historic properties Planning Commission, 1972. representing different aspect'sof the area's history and prehistoryare likely to be found are identified. Generali­ Thisstudy is an example of preservation at the county zations are offered aboutthe patterns of property level. The study clearly defines the reasonsfor preserva­ survival that characterize urban cores versus peripher­ tion; presents Federal, State,and local preservation ies. Recommendations are largely directed toward the activities, and includes selectedexamples from a Massachusetts Historical Commission itself,but some county-wide inventory of historic sites. It includes good recommendations are offered for management of summaries of legal controls and educationefforts. particular areas and kinds of resourcesin particular Chapter 7 emphasizes the importanceof area preserva­ political subdivisions.The approach is stronglyre­ tion and identifies fourkinds of areas: major significance search-oriented,as it is designed to guide the areas, significant areas, interest areas, and large rural Commission's survey efforts. As a general management historic areas. The final chapter defines the needfor a document, it seems to give short shrift to the socialand county-wide program to encourage rural and commu­ humanisticvalue of historic properties. This emphasis nity preservation.Goals suggestedfor planning com­ docs not detract from its value, however, as an example missions include the development of wning ordinances, of how archival and partial survey data on a large, restructuredtax systems, and environmental review dynamic urban area can be organized to provide procedures. structure to an ongoing survey effort. Marshall,A Plan for Preservation. Marshall, MI: Marshall Historicand Architectural ConservationElement. San Luis Historical Society, 1973. Obispo, CA: City of San Luis Obispo,n.d. This publication presentsthe results of a community This plan, an official element of the city's general plan, architectural survey. An explanation of local architec­ represents the history of the development of the city, tural styles and an explanation of the methodology of and organizes the discussionof the city's urban environ­ the survey are emphasized. Basedon the survey, ment around the architectural styles represented there. treatment areas are suggested and long and short range It identifies critical structures and general areas of activities for community preservationare recom­ conservation concern. It analyzes potentialopportuni­ mended. The book is outstanding for its graphicquality. ties for and constraints on preservation,a nd recom­ mends city policies and alternatives. Our LastingHeritage: An Historicaland Archeological PreservationPlan for CentralSolano County. Solano HistoricRichmond, Toward Architectural Preservation. County, CA: Central Solano CountyCultural Heritage Richmond, IN: City Planning Commission, 1970. Commission, 1977.

A publication designed for a community with little An example of a plan for a largely agricultural county, preservationactivity, this reportcovers the survey of addressing botharchitectural and archeological re­ Richmond's architecture and history and includes a sources,this plan was developedlargely by local people survey of resident and touristattitudes. It also outlines with professional assistance. Basedon partial survey the range of preservation activitiesavailable to the data, the plan organizesinformation on known historic communities and recommends which of these should be propertieswith reference to chronological periodsfrom undertaken. The report alsoincludes a good section on the Indian Presence through Recent History and legal controls for preservation purposes. describes the known resources of different cities and

90 Bibliography parts of the county. It goes on to presentan action recommendationsand developmental standards, a program for the Cultural Heritage Commissionthat summaryof methods of implementation, and an emphasizes public education,regulation of develop­ analysis of relative costs and benefits. ment, and research. Preservation Plan, Lowell,Massachusetts. Lowell: Lowell PioneerSquare HistoricDistrict Plan. Seattle,WA: Office Historic Preservation Commission, 1980. of Urban Conservation, 1974. Thisis an example of a plan for a small citywith major A sophisticatedstudy of a recognizedhistoric commer­ historical interpretiveopportunities, in this case,the cial district,this plan includes carefulanalysis of the Local HistoricPreservation District, being developed by existing urban setting.Space use,parking, traffic, the National Park Servicefor the interpretation of the transportation,resident population, and housing IndustrialRevolution in the nineteenth century.The provide the basis for development proposals.Commu­ major strength of this plan lies in the way it shows how nicationsguidelines and projectspecifications for park interpretivedevelopment can be integratedwith, continued redevelopment of the area are alsoincluded. and made supportiveof, communitydevelopment and the maintenance of socialand architecturalintegri ty. A Plimfor HistoricPreservation in Denver. RobertCarper. The plan promotes incentives for maintenanceand Denver,CO: DenverPlanning Office, 1974. rehabilitation of buildings in and around areas to be interpreted, and active involvement of the community This series of publicationscovers a comprehensive in all aspectsof the interpretiveprogram. programfor municipal preservationactivities. The plan itselfis intended for use by variouscouncils, commis­ RiverfrontDevelopment Plan and Historic Preservation Plan. sions, agencies, and citizens' groups. Besidesexplaining JeffersonCounty, MO: Planning and Zoning Commis­ inventory criteria,the publication includes sectionson sion, 1970. preservationat national, State, and local levels, preser­ vation philosophy, variouskinds of preservation This planning study includes the history and analysis of legislation,ordinances, and preservationfinancing. It development potential of riverfront areas. A historic alsooutlines methods usedto accomplish preservation district is proposed(and a copy of an ordinance in­ objectives.Appendices include an "Inventoryof Denver cluded)based on initial identification of historicsites Architecture," "Survey Manual,""Procedural and areas. The bestsection, however, includes analysis, Manual,"and "Project Record." recommendations,and proposalsfor revitalizing riverfront areas. Techniquesdiscussed include acquisi­ PrehistoricResources of East-CentralNew England: A tion of casements. PreliminaryPredictive Study. Dena F. Dincauze and Judith Meyer. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the The Russell Wright Report. Alexandria, VA: Department Interior,National Park Service,Interagcncy Archcologi­ of Planning and Regional Affairs, 1970. cal Services, 1976. The reportis a complete examination of the rating This study presentsa regionaloverview based on system used in evaluating the architecturalsignifi cance background research into prehistoric environments, of buildings in historic Alexandria, and in developing documentationof known prehistoric site distributions, prioritiesfor preservingthem. and ethnographicsettlement patterns. Projections of possible differential sensitivity areas aremade, and Sacramento "Old City":A PreservationProgram. Sacra­ impacts of past, current, and probable future programs mento, CA: Sacramento Historic StructuresAdvisory of land modification arc discussed.State laws and Commission, 1974. programsare analyzed for effectivenessin dealing with such impacts, and recommendations are offered. Prepared beforesubstantial survey had beenunder­ taken, this plan establishes goals and objectivesfor the Preservationand Rehabilitationof a HistoricCommercial city historic preservationprogram, and recommends Area:A DemonstrationStudy of a WaterfrontHistoric actions to facilitate survey, registration, and a variety of District. New Bedford, MA: New &dfordDevelopment protectiveactivities and incentives to encourage reha­ Authority in cooperation with the New BedfordCity bilitation. Planning Department and the Waterfront HistoricArca League, 1967. Salem,Massachusetts, Historic Arai Stud y. Salem: MA: Salem Planning Board and MassachusettsDepa rtment Thisstudy is one of the first comprehensive design of Commerce, 1963. plans based on the area's existingphysical and historic character. It includes a summaryof the area's historic One of a seriesof eight reportsof a community's development, background information on historic comprehensive planning programs, this reporttraces preservation, a statement of goals, specificdesign the development of the area, maps buildings by style,

91

Bibliography evaluates their quality,and definespotential conserva­ The Southern Santa Clara Valley:A GeneralPlan for tion areas. Thereport also includes a general land use Archeology.Thomas F. King and PatriciaP. Hickman. and circulation plan, makes specificrecommendations SanFrancisco: A.E. Treganza.Anthropology Museum, with regard to the regulation of historic districts, and San FranciscoState University, 1973. outlines development optionsin the historicareas (which are covered in greater detailin someof the other This plan is a regional archeologicalstud y designed to reports). assessthe indirectimpacts of a large water importation project.Background research and samplefieldwork The Sautee and NacoocheeRiver Valleys:A Preservation permittedthe predictionof zonesof differentialsensitiv­ Study, by Allen D. Stovall, ASLA. Sautec--Nacoochee, ityfor prehistoric sites, and a more generald iscussionof GA: Sautee-NacoocheeCommunity Association,1982. historic properties.Pertinent Federal and State laws and the general plans of local countiesan d citiesare ana­ Thisaward-winning study approaches the historic lyzed,leading to recommendationsfor planningactions resourcesof two ruralGeorgia valleys from a compre­ to protectall kindsof archeological properties. A hensive standpointguided by the principles of land­ summarydiscussion of the projectis providedin scapearchitecture. Archival and field data on archeol­ Schifferand Gummerman's ConservationArcheology (see ogy,history, architecture, land use, scenicqualities, and General Sources below). natural resourcesare systematically organized and combined to providea composite picture of the valleys' The TulsaHistoric PreservationPlan Report. Tulsa,OK: cultural values. Threatsto their integrity and legal and Tulsa HistoricPreservation Office, 1980. financialopportunities for controlo f threats are care­ fully analyzed. Extensive community involvement in Basedon architecturalsurveys, this plan identifies 17 the study is documented. A comprehensive and detailed historic preservationareas in the city,and prescribes preservationplan is the result, containing both general achievablepreservation targets and policiesfor achiev­ and specificrecommendations for actions by individuals ing them. It outlines legal and financial implementation and local, county, and State governmentsto restrain tools applicable to each. development and ensure that it is compatiblewith the historic and cultural character of the two valleys. Urban Designand HistoricPreservation for Columbia. Columbia, SC: Central Midlands RegionalPlannin g Settlement Predictions in Sparta, by Robert H. Lafferty III, Counciland the City of Columbia, 1974. et. al. Fayetteville,AR: ArkansasArchcological Survey ResearchSeries No. 14, 1981. This study explains and illustratesproposed designs for selectedhistoric areas of the city. Emphasis is on linking A follow-upstudy to the Hamptonreport (seeabove), severaldiscrete areas through the useof improved this publication further documents archival research landscaping,street furnit ure, etc., on theconnecting and a 10% samplefield reconnaissance,r esulting in a streets. sophisticatedprediction of the distribution of historic propertiesof different typest hroughout the 36,000acres Urban DesignPlan. San Francisco,CA: San Francisco study area. Departmentof City Planning, 1972. Southampton Village: Planningfor Preservation. New York: Thisplan was prepared as a result of a two-year study Buckhurst Fish Hutton Katz for Southampton Associa­ by the Department of City Planning as a part of a master tion, 1983. plan to guide public and private development as it affectsthe design of thecity. Based on studies by varied This is an example of a plan developed by a concerned consultants, resident polls,and other planning studies, community organization in responseto perceived four topics were selectedas important:city pattern, threats. The Southampton Associationwas concerned conservation, major new development, and neighbor­ about a proposedmaster plan that called for substantial hood environment. Each of thesereceives in-depth expansion of retail marketing in certain historic areas of study in this publication, basedon a review of human the community, and arranged for development of a needs,a statement of overall objective,a descriptionof preservationplan to analyze alternatives.The plan fundamental principles, and formulation of policies. summarizesthe community's historical development, Sectionsof principles and policiescould provide models describeshistoric and existing patternsof land use, for other communi ties. discusses the specificissues forhistoric preservation raised by the master plan, and offers recommendations The Urban DesignPlan, Historic Hill, Newport, Rhode for economically viable alternatives that will preserve Island. Newport,Rhode Island: Redevelopment Agency historic properties,architectural design qualities, of the Cityof Newport,1971 . farmland, open space, and beachaccess. A detailed plan for a historic city center based on thorough survey and analysis of the city's architec-

92 Bibliography The Secretaryof the Interior'sStandards ture, public spaces, roads, signs, etc., this study available as part of includes consideration of land and building uses, andGuidelines for Archeologyand Historic Preservation). architectural and historical significance, and struc­ tural conditions that provide further basis for design National Registerof HistoricPlaces 36 CFR Part 60. proposals. Good statements of preservation and development objectives and design criteriaare Secretaryof the Interior's Standards for HistoricPreservation included, as well as maps and sketches for individual Projects,with Guidelinesfor Applying the Standards. areas and properties. Ecorwmicsof Revitalization:A DecisionmakingGuide for VieuxCarre Historic DistrictDemonstration Study. Vols 1- LocalOfficials. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the 7. New Orleans, LA: Bureau of Government Research Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources for the City of New Orleans, 1968. Division,January 1981.

An extremely thorough study in sevenvolumes, the Federal Tax Provisionsto EncourageRehabilitation of plan and program for the preservationof Vieux Carre is HistoricBuildings: An Assessmentof TheirEffect. supplemented by a seriesof more technical publications: (1) Environmental Survey, (2) Legal and Administrative NationalRegister Bulletin 17: Certificationof State and Local Report, (3) Economic and SocialStudy, (4) Vieux Statutesand Historic Districts. Washington, DC: U.S. Carre-Its Plan, Its Growth, and Its Architecture, (5) Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Central Business DistrictTraffic Study, (6) Evaluation of HistoricPreservation CertificationsPursuant to the Tax the Proposed Riverfront Expressway. The main plan ReformAct of 1976, the RevenueAct of 1978, the Tax and programinclude a brief review of Volume D, the Treatment Extension Act of 1980, and the Ecorwmic Recovery history of architecture of the Vieux Carre. Act of198136 codified as CFRPart 67.

Woodbury,Connecticut, A NewEngland Townscape. PreservationBriefs: Woodbury, CT: Old Woodbury Historical Society, 1975. PreservationBrief No. 1: The Cleaningand Waterproof A small, handsome study of a rural New England town Coating of MasonryBuildings. intended to generate local interest in preservation, this study includes a discussion of the specific aspects of the PreservationBrief No. 2: RepaintingMortar Joints in townscape, amenities, land use, and historic character Historic BrickBuildings. are based on a community survey. The study also explains the survey itself, summarizes the economics of Preservation BriefNo. 3: Conserving Energyin Historic local preservation, and recommends a program of Buildings. historical research and cultural rural landscape study. PreservationBrief No. 4: Roofingfor HistoricBuildings. PreservationBrief No. 5: ThePreservation of HistoricAdobe Buildings. 3.NationalPreservation Park ServiceTools publications and Strategies PreservationBrief No. 6: Dangersof AbrasiveCleaning to Curtis, John Obed.Moving Historic Buildings. Spring­ Historic Buildings. field, VA: National Technical InformationService, 1979. NTIS No. PB 85-180792. PreservationBrief No. 7: ThePreservation of HistoricGlazed ArchitecturalTerra-Cotta. Gayle, Margot, David W. Look, and John G. Waite. Metals in America'sHistoric Buildings: Usesand Preserva­ PreservationBrief No. 8: Aluminum and Vinyl Sidingon tion Methods. Springfield, VA: National Technical HistoricBuildings. Information Service, 1978. NTIS Publication No. PB 90- 206269. PreservationBrief No. 9: TheRepair of Historic Wooden Windows. Gyrisco, Geoffrey M. Legal Tools to Protect Archeological Sites. In 11593, Fall 1980. PreservationBrief No. 10: Exterior Paint Problems on Historic Woodwork. Exterior Cleaningof HistoricMasonry Buildings.Weiss, Norman R. Springfield, VA: National Technical Informa­ Preservation BriefNo. 11: RehabilitatingHistoric Storefronts. tion Service.NTIS No. PB 85-180818. PreservationBrief No. 12: ThePreservation of Historic Secretaryof the Interior's Standards and Guidelinesfor Pigmented Structural Glass(Vitrolite and Carrara Glass). Historical,Architectural, and ArcheologicalDocumentation ProfessionalQualifications Standards.( Theabove are

93 Bibliography PreservationBrief No. 13: The Repairand Thermal Upgrad­ American Planning Association. Planning. (Monthly ing of HistoricSteel Windows. magazine). Chicago: AP A Planners Press.

PreservationBrief No. 14: NewExterior Additions to Historic AmericanSociety of Planning Officials/Planning Buildings: PreservationConcerns. AdvisoryService. Transferable Devel opment Rights. Chicago: American Societyof Planning Officials, 1975. PreservationBrief No. 15: Preservationof HistoricConcrete: Problems and General Approaches. Andrews, Gregory E., ed. Tax Incentivesfor Historic Preservation. Washington, DC: ThePreservation Press, PreservationBrief No. 16: The Use of Substitute Materialson 1980. Historic BuildingExteriors. Baldwin, Pamela, ed. EnvironmentalMediation: An PreservationBrief No . 17: Architectural Character­ EffectiveAlternative? Palo Alto, CA: ResolveCenter for Identifyingthe VisualAspect of HistoricBuildings as an Aid Environmental ConflictResolution, 1978. to PreservingTheir Character. Bowles, Roy T. Social Impact Assessmentin Small Commu­ PreservationBrief No. 18: RehabilitatingInteriors in Historic nities.Toronto, Ontario:Butterworths, 1981. Buildings-Identifying Character-DefiningElements. Bowsher, Alice Merriwether. DesignReview in Historic PreservationBrief No. 19: TheRepair andReplacement of Districts. Washington, DC: The PreservationPress, 1978. Historic Wooden Shingle Roofs. Branch, Melville C., Jr. ComprehensiveCity Planning: PreservationBrief N o. 20: The Preservationof Historic Barns. Introduction and Expansion.Chicago: APA Planners Press, 1985. Preservation BriefNo. 21: RepairingHistoric Flat Plaster­ Walls and Ceilings. Brenneman, RussellL., and Sarah M. Bates. Ltlnd Saving Action. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1984. PreservationBrief No. 22: The Preservationand Repair of HistoricStucco. Bryson,John M. Strategic Planning for Public and Non­ profitOr ganizations: A Guide to Strengthening and Sustain­ PreservationBrief No. 23: PreservingHistoric Ornamental ing Organi:mtionalAchievement. San Francisco:Jossey­ Plaster. Bass Publishers, 1988.

AdvisoryCouncil publications (secabove for availabil­ Bunnell, Gene. Built to Ltlst:A Handbookon Recycling Old ity). Buildings. The Preservation Press, Washington, DC: 1977. Federal Tax Ltlwand Historic Preservation:A Reportto the President and Congress. Washington, OC:Advisory Burchell, RobertW., and DavidListokin. The Adaptive Council on Historic Preservation, November,1983. ReuseHandbook: Proceduresto Inventory, Control, Manage, and ReemploySurplus Municipal Properties.New Treatment of Archeological Properties.Washington, DC: Brunswick,NJ: Center For Urban Policy Research,1981. AdvisoryCouncil on Historic Preservation, February, 1981. Chambers, J. Henry.Cyclical Maintenance for Historic Buildings.Springfield, VA: National Technical Informa­ Federal Historic PreservationCase Ltlw. Washington, DC: tion Service,1979. NTIS PublicationNo. PB87-l 18659. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation,July 1985. GPO Stock No. 052-003-01000-3. Coughlin, Thomas A. Easementsand Other Legal Tech­ niques to Protect Historic Housesin Private Ownership. Publications of others. Washington, DC: Historic HouseAssociation of America, 1981. AmericanAssociation for State and Local History. Directoryof Historical Societiesand Agencies in the United Cantacuzino, Sherban. New Uses for Old Buildings.New States and Canada.Nashville, TN: American Association York: Watson-Guptill,1975. for State and Local History,eleventh edition, 1978. ----. Saving Old Buildings. London: TheArchitec­ American Institute of Architects. DesignReview Boards: A tural Press, Ltd., 1980. Handbook for Communities. Washington, DC: American Instituteof Architects, 1974. Dandcdkar, Hemalata C., ed. The Planner's Use of Information. Chicago: APA Planners Press, 1988.

94 Bibliography Daniels, Thomas L., and JohnW. Keller. The Small Town Langenbach, Randolph.A Future forthe Past: The Casefor Planning Handbook. Chicago: APA Planners Press, 1988. the Conservationand Reuse of Old Buildings in Industrial Communities. Boston: MassachusettsDepartment of DeGrove, John M. Land,Growth, and Politics. Chicago: Community Affairs, 1976. APA Planners Press, 1984. Lefferts, Robert.Getting a Grant in the 1980s: How to Write Dennis, Stephen N. Do' s and Don' ts in Draftinga Preser­ SuccessfulGrant Proposals.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice vation Ordinance. Washington, DC: National Trustfor Hall, 1982. Historic Preservation, 1982. Levitano, AdrienneM. NeighborhoodCommercial Revital­ Duerksen, Christopher J. "Local PreservationLaw." In A ization.Washington, DC: National Associationof Handbookon Historic Preservation Law,Chapter 2. Wash­ Housing and Redevelopment Officials, 1978. ington, DC:The Conservation Foundation and the National Center for PreservationLaw, 1983. Lion, Edgar. Building Renovationand Recycling. New York: Wiley Interscience,1982. Feilden, Bernard M. Conservationof HistoricBuildings. Woburn, MA: Buttersworths, 1982. McNulty,Robert H., and Stephen A. Kliments, eds. NeighborhoodConservation: A Handbookof Methods and Flanagan, Joan. The Grass RootsFundraising Book: Howto Techniques. New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1976. RaiseMoney in Your Community.Chicago: Swallow Press, 1977. Maddex, Diane, ed. All About Old Buildings: The Whole PreservationCatalogu e. Washington, DC: NationalTrust Foundation Center. The Foundation Directory. New York: for Historic Preservation,1985. The Foundation Center, 1983 (updatedperiodically). Meder-Montgomery, Marilyn.Preserving Easements: A Goetze, Rolf. Building Neighborhood Confidence:A Human­ LegalMechanism for ProtectingCultural Resources.Denver: istic Strategyfor Urban Housing.Cambridge, MA: Colorado Historical Society, 1984. Ballinger Publishing Co., 1976. Nannen, Howard. A Guideto Financingand Development ----. Stabilizing Neighborhoods: A FreshApproach for Small RestorationProjects. Hartford, CT: Hartford to Housing Dynamicsand Perceptions.Boston: Boston Architectural Conservancy, 1976. Redevelopment Authority, 1977. National Center for Architectureand Urbanism. Energy Gurin, Maurice C. What Volunteers Should Knowfor Conservationand SolarEnergy for Historic Buildings: SuccessfulFund Raising. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Guidelinesfor Appropriate Design. Washington, DC: Day, 1981. National Center for Architectureand Urbanism, 1981.

Hedman, Richard. Fundamentalsof Urban Design. National Institute of Building Sciences.Rehabilitation Chicago: APA Planners Press, 1985. Guidelines, 1980. Washington,DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1980. Hester, Randolph T., Jr. PlanningNeighborhood Space With People. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Directoryof AmericanPreservation Commissions. Washington, DC: The Hillman, Howard, and Karin Arbanel. The Art of PreservationPress, 1981. Winning FoundationGrants. New York: Vanguard Press, 1975. ----. Directoryof HistoricPreservation Lawyers. Washington, DC:The PreservationPress, 1984. Keune, Russell V. The HistoricPreservation Yearbook. Washington, D.C.: Adler and Adler, 1985. (This volume ----. Landmark Yellow Pages.Washington, DC: includes a great varietyof articles documenting signifi­ ThePreservation Press, 1992. cant policy developments and issues, and provides guidelines with examples of such diversesubjects as ----. Main StreetRevitalization Handbook. Wash­ nomination of properties to the National Register, ington, DC:The Preservation Press, 1977. development of State legislation, and financial incen­ tives forpreservation). ----. Main Street Training Manual. Washington, DC:The Preservation Press, 1981. Kidney, Walter C. WorkingPlaces: The Adaptive Use of Industrial Buildings. Pittsburgh, PA: OberPark Associ­ ----. Preservationand Conservation: Principlesand ates, 1976. Practices.Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1981.

Bibliography 95 Pasiltiner, Ellen K., et. al., eds. Zoning and Historic Talbot,Allan R. Settling Things:Six Case Studies in Preservation:A Surveyof Current Zoning Techniquesin EnvironmentalMediation. Washington, DC: The Conser­ U.S. Citiesto Encourage HistoricPreservation. Chicago: vation Foundation and the Ford Foundation, 1983. Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois, 1984. TechnicalPreservation Services, U.S. Departmentof the Ramati, Raquel. Haw To Save Your Own Street. Garden Interior,National Park Service.Respectful Rehabilitation: City,NY: Dolphin Books, Doubleday,1981. Answersto Your QuestionsAbout Old Buildings.Washing­ ton, DC:The PreservationPress, 1982. Reiner, Laurence E. Haw To RecycleOld Buildings. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1979. Tester, Frank J., and William Mykes, eds.Social Impact Assessment:Theory, Method, and Practice.Calgary, Rothschild,Nan A., and Diane Rockman. ''Method in Alberta:Detselig Enterprises,1981. Urban Archeology: The State House Block." In Archeol­ ogy in Urban America.Roy S. Dickens, ed. New York: Urban LandInstitute. Adaptive Use:Development Econom­ Acadamic Press, 1983. ics,Process, and Profiles.Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute,1978. Salwen, Bert, Sarah T. Bridges, and Nan A. Rothschild. 'The Utilityof Small Samples from Historic Sites: U.S. Departmentof Housing and Urban Development. Onderdonk, Ointon Avenue, and Van Campen." Guidelinesfor Rehabilitating Old Buildings: Principlesto HistoricalArcheology 15:1:79-94, 1981. Consider WhenPlanning Rehabilitation and NewConstruc­ tionProjects in Older Neighborhoods.Washington, DC: Schuyler,Robert L., ed. ArcheologicalPerspectives on U.S. Departmentof Housing and Urban Development, Ethnidty in America,Afro-American and Asian-American 1976. Culture History. Farmingdale, CT: Baywood Publishing Co., 1980. ----. Public/Private Partnership: Leveraging Your CDBG. Washington, DC: U.S. Departmentof Housing Shirvani, Hamid. Urban DesignReview: A Guide for and Urban Development, 1984. Planners.Chicago: American Planning Association, Planners Press, 1981. ----. Urban HomesteadingCatalogue. Washington, OC:U.S. Departmentof Housing and Urban Develop­ Smith, Frank J ., and Randolph T. Hester, Jr. Community ment, 1977. Goal Setting. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982. U.S. Departmentof Transportation.Recycling Historic Smith, Herbert. The Citizen'sGuide to Planning. 2nd RailroodStations: A Citizen'sManual (with Technical edition. Chicago: AP A Planners Press, 1979. Supplement). Washington, OC:U.S. Departmentof Transportation,1978. So, Frank S., and Judith Getzels, eds. The Practice of Local Government Planning. 2nd edition.Washington, OC: Waters, John C. Maintaining a Senseof Place:A Citizen's InternationalCity Management Association, 1988. Guideto Community Preservation.Athens: University of Georgia,1983. So, Frank S., IrvingHand, and Bruce McDowell, eds. The Practice of State and RegionalPlanning. Chicago: APA Weiler, Conrad. Handbook on ReinvestmentDisplacement: Planners Press, 1985. HUD's Role in a NewHousing Issue. Washington, DC: National Associationof Neighborhoods,1978. SocialI mpact Assessment Center. SocialImpact Assess­ ment (newsletter). New York: SocialImpact Assessment Ziegler, Arthur P., Jr. Historic Preservation in InnerCity Center and InternationalAssociation for Impact Assess­ Areas:A Manualof Practice.Pittsburgh, PA: Allegheny ment, n.d. Press, 1971 (revised1974). Societyof Professional Archeologists. Directory of Ziegler, Arthur P ., Jr., LeopoldAdler, and Walter C. ProfessionalArcheologists. Lincoln, NE: Societyof Profes­ Kidney. RevolvingFunds for HistoricPr eservation.P itts­ sional Archeologists, issued annually. burgh, PA: OberPark Associates, 1975. Solomon, Sandra. Neighborhood Transitionwithout 4. Legal Reference Material Displacement:A Citizens'Handbook. Washington, DC: National Urban Coalition,1979. AdvisoryCouncil on HistoricPreservation. Federal Susskind, Lawrence, and Alan Weinstein. "Toward a HistoricPreservation Case Law. Washington, DC: Advi­ Theory of Environmental Dispute Resolution." Boston soryCouncil on HistoricPreservation, July 1985. GPO College EnvironmentalAffairs Law Review 9:2:311-57, 1981. Stock No. 152-003-01000-3.

96 Bibliography Model LandDevel opmentCode. SplendidSuroivors: San Francisco's DowntownArchitectural Heritage. American LawInstitute. Corbett, Michael R. Draft No. 2, 1970. San Francisco: Founda­ Lawand Contemporary tion for San Francisco'sArchitectural Heritage, 1979. ProblemsBrenneman, Russell L. "Techniques for Controlling the Inventory of Historic Sites. Surroundings of Historic Sites." Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. 36:416, 1971. Wake PA: Delaware Valley Regional ForestLaw Review Planning Commission,1969. Duluth's legacy, ----. "Historic PreservationCase Law." Volume 1: Architecture. Space12 (Spring) Adrift: Saving:227-75, Urban 1976. Landmarks Departmentof Researchand Planning. Through the Chicago Plan. Duluth, MN: Departmentof Costonis, John J. Research and Planning, 1974. HistoricalPreserva­ Urbana: University of Illinois tion Inventory. Press, 1974. Departmentof Zoning and Planning. Saint Joseph, MO: Department of Zoning Dennis, Stephen N. 'When Commissions Go To Court: and Planning, 1972. South Philadelphia A Summary of Favorable Treatment of Challenges to Historic SitesSurvey. Ordinances and Commission Decisions." Washington, Environmental ResearchGroup. DC: U.S. Departmentof the Interior, NationalPark Philadelphia: Philadelphia Land­ Service, Interagency Resources Division, 1988. (Part of marks Commission, 1980. Chattanooga: the Local Preservation Series).J., A Handbook on Historic Hamilton County Landmarks Survey PreservationPlan. PreservationLaw. Gaede, Robert C., and Kim F. Zamey. Duerksen, Christopher ed. & Washington, DC: The Conservation Medina,OH: Townscape, 1977.Portland. Foundation and the National Center for Preservation Law, 1983. PreservationLaw Greater Portland Landmarks. Portland, ME: Update. Greater Portland Landmarks, 1973. Historic National Center for Preservation Law. PreservationAnalysis. Washington, DC: National Center for Preserva­ Land Clearance for Redevelopment Authority. tion Law (periodical). Preservation KansasCity, MO: Land Clearance Law. for Redevelopment Authority, 1973. A National Trust for Historic Preservation. ComprehensivePlan for HistoricPreservation in Omaha. New York, NY: Practicing Law Institute, Real Estate Landmarks Heritage PreservationCommission. Law----. and Practice Rehabilitating Course Handbook,Historic Properties 1981, 1982.1984: Practicing PreservationLaw. Omaha,NE: LandmarksHeritage Preservation Com­ mission, 1980. Inventoryof HistoricSites in New York, NY: Practicing Calvert County, Charles County, and SaintMary's County, Law Institute, Real Estate Lawand Practice Course MarylandMaryland. Historical Trust. Handbook SeriesNo. 253, 1984. State Enabling Legislationfor Local PreservationCommissions. Annapolis: Maryland HistoricalHistoricTrust, 1980. Thurber, Pamela, and Robert Moyer. Resources in the Fairbanks North Star Borough. Washing­ Matheson,Janet, and F. Bruce Haldman. ton, DC: National Trust for Historic Preservation, Fairbanks, 5.PreservationExamples Policy of Survey ResearchPublications Paper No . SLP-001,1984. AK: Fairbanks North Star Borough Planning Depart­ ment, 1981. North Carolina Statewide ArcheologicalSurvey: An Introduction and Applicationto An Overviewof the Prehistoric ThreeMathis, Highway Mark A Projects (assembler). in Hertford, Wilkes,and Ashe Resourcesof the Metropolitan St. Louis Area. Counties. Benchley, ElizabethD. Washington, Raleigh: North CarolinaArchcological Council DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park and North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Service, Interagency ArchcologicalAssistance Division, 1979. Minnesota Statewide 1976. Protecting HistoricProperties: Archeological Survey, Summary:1977-1980. A Guideto Researchand Preservation Minnesota Historical Society. Brandywine Conservancy. St. Paul: (with examples for Minnesota Historical Society, 1981. 19th Century the Delaware Valley). Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine Buildings of MonroeCounty. Conservancy, 1984. Surveyof Architec­ Monroe County HistoricalCommission. tural Historyof Cambridge, MonroeCounty, MI: Monroe Cambridge HistoricalCommission. County Historical Commission, n.d. Vols 1-5. CambridgeMA: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1965-1975.

Bibliography 97 North Carolina Department of Archives and History. Fagan, Brian M. In the Beginning. Boston: Little, Brown, Beaufort,North Carolina. Raleigh: North Carolina Depart­ 1972. ment of Archives and History, 1970. Fitch, James M. AmericanBuilding: TheHistorical Forces Peterson, Dan. Petaluma's ArchitecturalHeritage. thatShaped It. Vol 1. (rev. ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin Petaluma, CA: City of Petaluma, 1978. Co., 1966.

Planning Department. Historic PreservationInventory. Fleming, John, et al. Penguin Dictionaryof Architecture. Grand Rapid, MI: Planning Department, 1973. New York: PenguinBooks Inc., 1973.

Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission. Hale, RichardW., Jr., Methods of Researchfor the Amateur Pawtuxet Village, Cranston and Warwick,Rhode Island. Historian.Nashville, TN: AmericanAssociation for State Providence: Rhode Island Historical Preservation and LocalHistory, 1969. Commission, 1973. King, ThomasF., PatriciaP. Hickman, and G. Berg. ----. SpecialReport. (A seriesbegun in 1974; Anthropology in HistoricPreseroation: Caringfor Culture's many on surveys are now available). Clutter. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1977.

----.. Warren, Rhode Island. Providence: Rhode McGimsey,Charles R. Public Archeology. SeminarPress, Island Historical Preservation Commission, 1975. 1972.

SoutheasternIllinois Regional Planning and Develop­ McHargue, Georgessand Michael Roberts.A Field Guide ment Commission.Historic Scenic Guide Map to Southern to ConservationArcheology in North America.New York: Illinois. Harrisburg, IL: Southeastern Illinois Regional Lippincott, 1977. Planning and Devclopmen t Commission, 1968. McKee,Harley J. Amateur's Guide to TermsCommonly Syracuse University School of Architecture. Architecture Used in Describing HistoricBuildi ngs. Rochester, NY: Worth Saving: Onondaga County. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Landmarks Societyof WesternNew York, 1970. University School of Architecture, 1964. National Park Service, American Associationof State Tacoma Departmentof Community Development. and LocalHistory, and National Conferenceof State Historic Preservationin Tacoma, Washington. Tacoma: HistoricPreservation Officers. NationalRegister of Departmentof Community Development, 1982. HistoricPlaces, 1966-1991. Washington,DC: ThePreser­ vation Press, 1991. Topeka-Shawnee County MetropolitanPlanning Commission. Remembrancesin Wood, Brick, and Stone. National Trust for HistoricPreservation. A Guideto State Topeka, KS: Topeka-Shawnee CountyMetropolitan HistoricPreservation Programs. Washington, DC: The Planning Commission, 1975. PreservationPress, 1976.

Urban Aesthetics Commission. RacineArchitectural ----.. Landmark Yellow Pages.Washington, DC: Survey. Racine, WI: Urban Aesthetics Commission, 1974. The PreservationPress, 1992.

University of Arizona, College of Architecture. Barrio Pevsner, Nikolaus, John Fleming,and Hugh Honour. A Historico.Tuscon: University of Arizona, College of Dictionaryof Architecture. New York: Overook Press, Archi tccture, 1972. 1976.

U.S. Department of Transportation. A Nation in Motion: Saylor, HenryH. Dictionaryof Architecture, New York: Historic AmericanTransportation Sites. Washington, DC: John Wiley and Sons,1952. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. Schiffer,Michael, and GeorgeGurnmerman. Conserva­ Wacamaw Regional Planning and Development tion Archeology. New York: Academic Press, 1977. Council. Environmental, Historical, and RecreationalAtlas of the Wacamaw Region. Georgetown, SC: Wacamaw Smith, Michael J. Heritage Projects: A Practical Guide For Regional Planning and Development Council, n.d. Community Preservation Organiz.ation. Lansing, MI: Michigan Departmentof State, History Division,1975. 6. General References South,Stanley. Method and Theory inHistorical Archeol­ ogy. New York: AcademicPress, 1977. Dickens, Roy S., Jr., ed. Archeologyin Urban America: The Search for Pattern and Process. New York: Academic Press, 1983.

98 Bibliography Talmage, Valerie, and Olga Chesler. The Importance of Whiffen, Marcus. AmericanArchitecture Since1780: A Small, Surface, and Disturbed Sites as Resources of Signifi­ Guideto Styles. Cambridge:MIT Press, 1981. cant Archeological Data. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 1977. NTIS Publication Williams, Norman,Jr., Edmund H. Kellogg,and Frank No. PB 270930/ AS. B. Gilbert,eds. Readingsin HistoricPreseroation. New Brunswick,NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Thomas, David J. Predictingthe Past. New York: Holt, Rutgers University, 1983. Rinehart, and Winston, 1974. Wilson,Rex L., and GloriaLoyola, eds. RescueArcheol­ U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, ogy.Washington, DC: National Trust for Historic Office of Archeologyand Historic Preservation. The Preservationand Organizationof American States, The NationalRegister of Historic Places, 1976. Washington, DC: PreservationPress, 1982. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. Ziegler, Arthur P., Jr., and Walter C. Kidney. Historic ----. The NationalRegister of Historic Places.Vol.II . Preservationin Small Towns: A Manualof Practice. Nash­ Washington, OC: US Government PrintingOffice, 1978. ville, TN: Associationfor State and Local History,1980.

99 Bibliography AppendixV: Contacts AdvisoryCouncil on Historic Preservation Old Post Office Building 1100P ennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Suite 802 Listed beloware major nationalcontacts for aspectsof Washington, OC 20004 historic preservation survey and planning. Denver,CO 80225-2500

Phone: (202)786-0503 NATIONAL PARKSERVICE NATIONAL CONFERENCEOF STATE HISTORIC For the National Register of Historic Places, Historic PRESERVATION OFFICERS American Buildings Survey, Historic AmericanEngi­ neering Record, PreservationAssistance Division, Hall of States Archeological AssistanceDivision, contact: 444 North Capitol Street,Suite 332 Washington, OC 20001 Associate Director, Cultural Resources, Keeper,Na tional Register of Historic Places Phone: (202) 624-5465 National Park Service P.O. Box 37127 STATE HISTORICPRESERVATION OFFICERS Washington, OC20013-7127 Alabama or one of the regional offices of the NationalPar k State Historic Preservation Officer Service: Alabama HistoricalCommission 725 Monroe Street Alaska Regional Office Montgomery, AL 36130-5101 National Park Service 2525 GambellStreet Phone: (205) 242-3184 Anchorage, AK 99503 FAX: (205) 242-3128

Phone: (907) 257-2684 Alaska State Historic Preservation Officer Mid-Atlantic Regional Office Division of Parks National Park Service Office of History & Archeology 143 SouthThird Street P.O. Box 107001 Philadelphia, PA 19106 Anchorage, AK 99510-7001

Phone: (215) 597-7013 Phone: (907) 762-2622 FAX: (907) 762-2535 Rocky Mountain Regional Office National Park Service AmericanSamo a 12795 West Alameda Parkway Historic Preservation Officer P.O. Box 25287, Denver Federal Center Departmentof Parks & Recreation Denver, CO 80225-2500 Government of AmericanSamoa Pago Pago, AS 96799 Phone: (303) 234-2500 Phone: (684) 699-9614 SoutheastRegional Office FAX: (684) 699-4427 National Park Service 75 Spring Street,SW Arizona Atlanta, GA 30303 State Historic PreservationOfficer ArizonaState Parks Phone: (404) 841-5185 800W. Washington, #415 Phoenix, AZ85007 WesternRegional Office National Park Service Phone: (602) 542-4009 600 Harrison Street, Suite 550 FAX: (602)542-4180 San Francisco, CA 94102-1372

Phone: (415) 484-3985

100 Contacts Arkansas Aorida State Historic PreservationOfficer State Historic Preservation Officer ArkansasHistoric PreservationProgram Divisionof Historical Resources 225 E. Markham, Suite 200 Departmentof State Little Rock, AR 72201 R.A. Gray Building 500S. Bronaugh Street Phone: (501) 324-9346 Tallahassee,FL 32399--0250 FAX: (501)324-9345 Phone: (904)488-1480 California FAX: (904)488-3353 State Historic Preservation Officer Office of Historic Preservation Georgia Department of Parks & Recreation State Historic PreservationOfficer P.O. Box 942896 Officeof Historic Preservation Sacramento, CA 94296-0001 205 Bu tier Street,SE 1462 Floyd Towers East Phone: (916) 653-6624 Atlanta, GA 30334 FAX: (916)653-9824 Phone: (404)656-2840 Colorado FAX: (404)656-2285 State Historic Preservation Officer Colorado Historical Society Guam 1300Broadway Historic PreservationOfficer Denver, CO 80203 Guam Historic PreservationOffice Departmentof Parks & Recreation Phone: (303) 866-2136 490 Naval Hospital Road FAX: (303)866-5739 Agana Heights, GU 96910

Connecticut Phone: (671) 477-9620 State Historic PreservationOfficer FAX: (671)477-2822 ConnecticutHistorical Commission 59 SouthProspect Street Hawaii Hartford, CT 06106 State Historic Preservation Officer Departmentof Land & Natural Resources Phone: (203) 566-3005 P.O. Box621 Honolulu, HI 96809 Delaware State Historic PreservationOfficer Phone: (808) 548-6550 Division of Historical & Cultural Affairs P.O. Box 1401 Idaho Hall of Records State Historic Preservation Officer Dover, DE 19901 Idaho State Historical Society 210 Main Street Phone: (302) 739-5313 Boise,ID 83702

District of Columbia Phone: (208) 334-2682 State Historic PreservationOfficer DistrictBuilding Illinois 1350 Pennsylvania A venue, NW State Historic PreservationOfficer Washington, DC20004 Illinois Historic PreservationAgency 1 Old State Capitol Plaza Phone: (202) 727-6365 Springfield,IL 62701-1512 FAX: (202) 727-8040 Phone: (217) 785-1153 FAX: (217) 524-7525

Contacts 101 Indiana Marshall Islands, Republic of the State Historic Preservation Officer Historic Preservation Officer Departmentof Natural Resources Secretaryof the Interiorand Outer Islands Affairs 402 West Washington Street P.O. Box 1454 Indiana GovernmentCenter, SouthRoom C-265 Majuro Atoll Indianapolis, IN 46204 Republic of theMarshall Islands 96960 Phone: (317) 232-4020 Phone: (692) 625-3413 FAX: (317)232-8036 FAX: (692)625-3412 Iowa Maryland State Historic Preservation Officer State Historic Preservation Officer State Historical Societyof Iowa Division of Historical & Cultural Programs Capitol Complex Departmentof Housing and Community Development East 6th & Locust Street 100Community Place, 3rd Floor Des Moines, IA 50319 Crownsville, MD 21032-2023 Phone: (515) 281-8837 Phone: (410) 514-7600 FAX: (515)282-0502 FAX: (410)987-4071 Kansas Massachusetts State Historic Preservation Officer State Historic Preservation Officer KansasState HistoricalSociety MassachusettsHistorical Commission 120 West Tenth 80 Boylston Street,Suite 310 Topeka,KS 66612 Boston, MA 02116 Phone: (913) 296-3251 Phone: (617) 727-8470 FAX: (913)296-1005 FAX: (617) 727-5128

Kentucky Michigan State Historic Preservation Officer State Historic Preservation Officer Kentucky Heritage Council Bureau of History,Department of State 12th Floor, Capitol PlazaTower 717 West Allegan Street Frankfort, KY 40601 Lansing, MI 48918 Phone: (502) 564-7005 Phone: (517) 373-0511 FAX: (502)564-6578 FAX: (517)373-0851 Louisiana Micronesia, FederatedStates of (Chuuk, Kosrae, State Historic Preservation Officer Pohnpei, Yap) Office of Cultural Development Historic Preservation Officer Departmentof Culture, Recreation and Tourism Office of Administrative Services P.O. Box 44247 Division of Archives & Historic Preservation Baton Rouge, LA 70804 FSM NationalGovernment P.O. Box PS 35 Phone: (504)342-8200 Palikir, Pohnpci,FSM 96941 FAX: (504)342-3207 Phone: (691) 320-2343 Maine FAX: (691)320-2597 State Historic Preservation Officer Maine Historic PreservationCommission Chuuk 55 CapitolStreet, Station65 Historic PreservationOfficer Augusta, ME 04333 Departmentof Resources& Development Moen, Chuuk, FSM Phone: (207) 289-2132 East Caroline Islands 96942 FAX: (207) 289-2861 Phone: (691) 330-3309 FAX: (691)330-2232

102 Contacts Kosrae Montana Historic Preservation Officer State Historic Preservation Officer Division of History & Cultural Preservation Historic PreservationOffice Departmentof Conservation& Development Montana HistoricalSociety Kosrae State, FSM 225 North Roberts East Caroline Islands 96944 Helena, MT 59620--9990

Phone: (691) 370--3078 Phone: (406) 444-7715 FAX: (691)370--3003 FAX: (406)444-2696

Pohnpei Nebraska Historic PreservationOfficer State HistoricPreservation Officer Departmentof Land Nebraska State Historical Society Pohnpei State Government P.O. Box 82554 P.O. Box 158 Lincoln, NE 68501 Kolonia, Pohnpci,FSM East Caroline Islands 96941 Phone: (402) 471-4787

Phone: (691) 320--2715 Nevada FAX: (691) 320--2505 State HistoricPreservation Officer Division of Historic Preservation & Archeology Yap 123 West Nye Lane, Room 208 Historic Preservation Officer CarsonCity, NV 89710 Office of the Governor Colonia, Yap, FSM Phone: (702) 687-5138 West Caroline Islands 96943 New Hampshire Phone: (691) 350--2194 State Historic Preservation Officer FAX: (691)350--2381 Division of Historical Resources P.O. Box 2043 Minnesota Concord, NH 03301 State Historic Preservation Officer Minnesota Historical Society Phone: (603) 271-3483 690 Cedar Street St. Paul, MN 55101 New Jersey State Historic PreservationOfficer Phone: (612) 296-2747 Departmentof Environmental Protection FAX: (612) 296-1004 CN-402,401 East State Street Trenton, NJ 08625 Mississippi State Historic Preservation Officer Phone: (609) 292-2885 Mississippi Department of Archives & History FAX: (609)292-8115 P.O. Box 571 Jackson, MS 39205-0571 New Mexico State Historic PreservationOfficer Phone: (601) 359-6850 Historic PreservationDivision FAX: (601) 359-6905 Office of Cultural Affairs Villa Rivera Missoun 228 East Palace Avenue State Historic PreservationOfficer Santa Fe, NM 87503 State Department of Natural Resources 205 Jefferson Phone: (505) 827-6320 P.O. Box 176 FAX: (505)827-7308 Jefferson City, MO 65102

Phone: (314) 751-4422 FAX: (314) 751-8656

Contacts 103 New York Oregon State Historic PreservationOfficer State HistoricPreservation Officer Parks, Recreation, & Historical Preservation State Parks & Recreation Department Agency Building #1 525 Trade Street,SE Empire State Plaza Salem, OR 97310 Albany, NY 12238 Phone: (503) 378-5019 Phone: (518) 474-0443 FAX: (503)378-6447 FAX: (518) 474-4492 Palau. Republic of North Carolina HistoricPreservation Officer State Historic PreservationOffice r Ministryof Community& CulturalAffairs Division of Archives & History P.O. Box 100 Departmentof Cultural Resources Koror, Republic of Palau 96940 109 East Jones Street Raleigh, NC 27601-2807 Phone: (680)488-2489 FAX: (680)488-1725/1662 Phone: (919) 733-7305 FAX: (919) 733-5679 Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Officer North Dakota Pennsylvania Historical & MuseumCommission State Historic PreservationOfficer P.O. Box 1026 State Historical Societyof North Dakota Harrisburg,PA 17108 Heritage Center 612 East BoulevardA venue Phone: (717) 787-2891 Bismarck, ND 58505 FAX: (717) 783-1073 Phone: (701) 224-2667 Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Officer Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of the Office of Historic Preservation Historic PreservationOffice r P.O. Box 82, La Fortaleza Departmentof Community & Cultural Affairs San Juan, PR 00901 Commonwealth of the Northern MarianaIslands Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950 Phone: (809)721-2676 FAX: (809)723-0957 Phone: (670) 322-9722/9556 FAX: (670) 322-4058/5096 RhodeIsland State Historic PreservationOfficer Ohio RhodeIsland HistoricalPreservation Commission State Historic Preservation Officer Old StateHouse Historic PreservationDivision 150 BenefitStreet Ohio Historical Society Providence, RI 02903 1985 Velma Avenue Columbus, OH 43211 Phone: (401) 277-2678 FAX: (401) 277-2968 Phone: (614) 297-2470 FAX: (614) 297-2411 South Carolina State Historic PreservationOfficer Oklahoma Departmentof Archives & History State Historic Preservation Officer P.O. Box 11669 Oklahoma HistoricalSociety Columbia, SC29211 2100North Lincoln Boulevard Oklahoma City, OK 73105 Phone: (803) 734-8592 FAX: (803) 734-8820 Phone: (405) 521-2491 FAX: (405) 525-3272

Contacts 104 South Dakota Virginia State Historic PreservationOfficer State HistoricPreservation Officer SouthDakota State Historical Society Deparbnentof Historic Resources 900Governors Drive 221 GovernorStreet Pierre, SD 57501 Richmond, VA2321 9

Phone: (605) 773-3458 Phone: (804)786-3143 FAX: (605) 677-5364 FAX: (804)225-4261

Tennessee Washington State Historic PreservationOfficer State Historic PreservationOfficer Departmentof Conservation Office of Archeology& Historic Preservation 701 Broad way 111 West21 st Avenue,KL-11 Nashville, TN 37243-0442 Olympia,WA 98504

Phone: (615) 742-6758 Phone: (206)753-4011 FAX: (615) 742-6594 FAX: (206)586-0250

Texas West Virginia State Historic PreservationOfficer State Historic PreservationOfficer Texas Historical Commission Departmentof Culture and History P.O. Box 12276, CapitolStation Capitol Complex Austin, TX78711 Charleston, WV 25305

Phone: (512) 463-6100 Phone: (304)348-0220 FAX: (512)463-6095 FAX: (304)348-2779

Utah Wisconsin State Historic PreservationOfficer State HistoricPreservation Officer Utah State Historical Society Historic PreservationDivision 300Rio Grande State Historical Society ofWisconsin Salt Lake City, UT 84101 816 State Street Madison,WI53706 Phone: (801) 533-5755 FAX: (801)364-6436 Phone: (608) 264-6500 FAX: (608)264-6404 Vermont State Historic Preservation Officer Wyoming Agency of Development and Community Affairs State Historic PreservationOfficer 109 State Street Parks and Cultural ResourcesDivision Montpelier, VT 05069-0501 Departmentof Commerce 1825 Carey A venue Phone: (802) 828-3211 Cheyenne, WY 82002 FAX: (802) 828-3233 Phone: (307) m-7013 Virgin Islands FAX: (307) 777-6005 State Historic PreservationOfficer Departmentof Planning and Natural Resources Nisky Center #231 No. 45 A Estate Nisky St. Thomas, USVI 00802 Phone: (809) 774-3320

Contacts 105 LOCAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION tion officers. Theseofficials are good contactsfor COMMISSIONS informationabout particular agency programs in historicpreservation, and aboutagency projectsthat For information on local historicpreservation commis­ may affecthistoric properties. sions and agencies, and thoseStates where State alli­ ances of historic preservationcommissions have For a currentlisting of agencypreservation officers, formed, contact: contact the AdvisoryCouncil on HistoricPreservation. National Alliance of Historic Preservation NATIONAL TRUSTFOR HISTORIC Commissions PRESERVATION Hall of the States 444 North Capitol Street, Suite332 The National Trust forHistoric Preservation is a feder­ Washington, IX20001 ally chartered nationwide membership organization that providesa wide varietyof preservationservices. Phone: (202) 624-5465 For information contact: FEDERAL AGENCY HISTORIC PRESERVATION National Trustfor Historic Preservation OFFICERS 1785 MassachusettsA venue, NW Washington,OC 20036 Section 110(c) of the National HistoricPreservation Act directs all Federal agencies to appoint agencyprescrva- Phone: (202) 673-4000

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