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A Review on Effective Use of Daylight Harvesting Using Intelligent Lighting Control Systems for Sustainable Office Buildings in India

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A Review on Effective Use of Daylight Harvesting Using Intelligent Lighting Control Systems for Sustainable Office Buildings in India sustainability Review A Review on Effective Use of Daylight Harvesting Using Intelligent Lighting Control Systems for Sustainable Office Buildings in India Gnana Swathika Odiyur Vathanam 1 , Karthikeyan Kalyanasundaram 2, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan 3,* , Shabir Hussain Khahro 4 , Umashankar Subramaniam 5,* , Rishi Pugazhendhi 6 , Mehana Ramesh 1 and Rishi Murugesan Gopalakrishnan 1 1 School of Electrical Engineering, VIT Chennai, Chennai 600127, India; [email protected] (G.S.O.V.); [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (R.M.G.) 2 Larsen and Toubro Limited, Chennai 603111, India; [email protected] 3 Clean and Resilient Energy Systems (CARES) Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX 77553, USA 4 Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Department of Communications and Networks, Renewable Energy Laboratory, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia 6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai 602117, India; [email protected] Citation: Odiyur Vathanam, G.S.; * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.M.E.); [email protected] (U.S.) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Elavarasan, R.M.; Hussain Khahro, S.; Abstract: Lighting is a fundamental requirement of our daily life. A lot of research and development Subramaniam, U.; Pugazhendhi, R.; is carried out in the field of daylight harvesting, which is the need of the hour. One of the most Ramesh, M.; Gopalakrishnan, R.M. A desirable attributes of daylight harvesting is that daylight is available universally and it is a very Review on Effective Use of Daylight clean and cost-efficient form of energy. By using the various methods of daylight harvesting, it Harvesting Using Intelligent Lighting is possible to attain the global Sustainable Development Goals. Daylight harvesting in the most Control Systems for Sustainable fundamental sense is the lighting strategy control of the artificial light in an interior space where Office Buildings in India. daylight is also present so that the required illumination level is achieved. This way, a lot of energy Sustainability 2021, 13, 4973. can be saved. Recently, in addition to energy efficiency, other factors such as cost-efficiency, user https://doi.org/10.3390/ su13094973 requirements such as uniform illuminance, and different levels of illuminance at different points are being considered. To simulate the actual daylight contribution for an office building in urban Academic Editors: Tullio De Rubeis Chennai, India before construction, ECO TECH software is used by providing the inputs such as and Luca Evangelisti building orientation, and reflectance’s values of the ceiling, wall, and floor to analyze the overall percentage of daylight penetration available versus the percentage prescribed in the Indian Green Received: 16 March 2021 Building Council to obtain the credit points. Thus, the impact of architectural design on daylight Accepted: 22 April 2021 harvesting and daylight predictive technology has experimented with office building in Chennai, Published: 29 April 2021 India. This article will give an insight into the current trends in daylight harvesting technology and intends to provide a deeper understanding and spark a research interest in this widely potential field. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Keywords: daylight harvesting; sustainable building; smart lighting published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Energy is central to almost every significant challenge and opportunity that the world Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. faces today. As the world’s population continues to rise, so will the energy consumption. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Nevertheless, a fossil-fuel-based economy prevails as a prime driver of climate change. This article is an open access article Achieving affordable and clean energy is expected to galvanize efforts to reach the Paris distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons climate change agreement and also to expedite the progress in Sustainable Development Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Goals [1]. Augmenting the clean energy penetration is utmost for which research on inves- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ tigating the potential renewable energy resource in a country [2–5], policy assessment [6] 4.0/). and developing an optimized scenario with various hybrid clean energy technologies is Sustainability 2021, 13, 4973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094973 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 33 Sustainability 2021, 13, 4973 Goals [1]. Augmenting the clean energy penetration is utmost for which research on inves-2 of 32 tigating the potential renewable energy resource in a country [2–5], policy assessment [6] and developing an optimized scenario with various hybrid clean energy technologies is piv- pivotalotal [7]. [7A]. study A study suggests suggests that that the the lack lack of ofenergy energy efficient efficient infras infrastructuretructure and and resiliency resiliency to toclimate climate change change as the as the major major weakness weakness in progressing in progressing towards towards sustainability sustainability [8]. Thus, [8]. Thus, effi- efficientcient use useof energy of energy as well as well as minimizing as minimizing the energy the energy consumption consumption is desideratum is desideratum.. The annual electricityelectricity consumed in commercialcommercial buildingsbuildings andand householdshouseholds isis aboutabout 20% to to 40% 40% per per year year [9 [].9 The]. The Lighting Lighting energy energy makes makes up a upmajor a major portion portion of the total of the energy total energyconsumed. consumed. However, However, the amount the amount of daylight of daylight available available within within a building a building can vary can varythroughout throughout the day the since day since the motion the motion of the of sun the sunfrom from sunrise sunrise to su tonset sunset is also is also based based on ondynamic dynamic weather weather conditions conditions.. ThisThis energy energy can be can saved be saved by using by using different different potential potential solu- solutions.tions. The costs The costsand energy and energy consumed consumed to provide to provide lighting lighting for building for building occupants occupants can be canreduced be reduced phenomenally phenomenally by implementing by implementing suitable suitable daylight daylight harves harvestingting techniques. techniques. Since Sincedaylight daylight is available is available in every in every part of part the of world the world and the and energy the energy produced produced by daylight by daylight har- harvestingvesting is very is very clean clean and and affordable, affordable, it itis isdestined destined to to be be a a promising promising solution solution by by 2030. Cities predominantly require require a a cost cost-efficient-efficient energy energy sys systemtem as as the the energy energy consumption consumption is isvery very high high in incities. cities. Daylight Daylight harvesting harvesting systems systems serves serves as a as beneficial a beneficial solution solution for forthe theen- environment,vironment, to topromote promote energy energy efficiency efficiency and and to toattain attain technological technological progress progress by by 2030. 2030. In [[10],], several lightinglighting controlcontrol methodsmethods andand algorithmsalgorithms usedused inin daylightdaylight harvestingharvesting are discussed.discussed. InIn recentrecent decades, decades, lighting lighting controls controls have have been been broadly broadly contemplated contemplated consid- con- eringsidering different different variables variables such such as light as light fixture fixture design, design, framework framework topology, topology and, occupancy and occu- satisfactionpancy satisfaction [10]. [10]. Lighting control systemssystems areare usuallyusually usedused toto set the optimum brightness, select target sensors, and and control control light light fixtures fixtures to to be be ON ON or orOFF. OFF. However, However, in recent in recent years years a very a very sig- significantnificant feature feature in lighting in lighting systems systems automatically automatically sets setsthe light the light fixtures fixtures in accordance in accordance with withthe da theylight daylight lighting lighting so that so the that total the brightness total brightness in an area in anis consistent area is consistent with the withuniform the uniformdistribution distribution of light [11 of]. light [11]. The general idea idea is is that that a adaylight daylight harvesting harvesting system system includes includes a daylight a daylight sensor sensor that thatdistinguishes distinguishes the natural the natural and artificial and artificial illuminance illuminance in a workspace. in a workspace. Identifying Identifying the differ- the differencesences in illuminance in illuminance allows allows the values the values of the of contributions the contributions to be combined to be combined in several in several ways waysso that so the that desired the desired total illuminance total illuminance can be can obtained be obtained [9]. Recently, [9]. Recently, lighting lighting control control tech- techniquesniques dependent dependent on inhabitance on inhabitance and and daylight
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