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Clinical & Demographic Correlates of Burnout

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Clinical & Demographic Correlates of Burnout THE IMPACT OF WORK SETTING, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, AND PERSONALITY FACTORS ON BURNOUT OF PROFESSIONAL COUNSELORS A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Jonathan Lent May, 2010 THE IMPACT OF WORK SETTING, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, AND PERSONALITY FACTORS ON BURNOUT OF PROFESSIONAL COUNSELORS Jonathan Lent Dissertation Approved: Accepted: _____________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Robert Schwartz Karin Jordan _____________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Ingrid Weigold Mark Shermis ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School James Austin George Newkome _____________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Date Sandra Perosa _____________________________ Committee Member Xin Liang ii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines factors that contribute to the amount of burnout professional counselors experience. The researcher compared the degree of burnout, using the three subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey, between professional counselors from different clinical settings (e.g., inpatient, non private practice outpatient, and private practice). Demographic information was also examined in relation to burnout. The relationship between burnout and personality factors, using the International Personality Item Pool – Big Five Measure was also studied. Findings indicated significant differences in degree of burnout between the work settings of inpatient, non private practice outpatient, and private practice. Counselors working in inpatient settings reported less Personal Accomplishment than those in private practice. In terms of Emotional Exhaustion, those working in inpatient settings experienced less Emotional Exhaustion than those working in outpatient settings while counselors in outpatient settings experienced greater Emotional Exhaustion than counselors working in private practice. Those working in outpatient settings experienced greater depersonalization than those working in private practice. In terms of demographic variables, the interaction of the three demographic variables in the study was significant. iii Personality factors indicated that the Big Five personality factors contributed to a significant degree of variance in degree of burnout among professional counselors. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 Overview of Empirical Research on Burnout ..........................................................5 Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................9 Purpose of the Study ..............................................................................................12 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................12 General Research Questions ..................................................................................14 Definition of Terms................................................................................................14 Overview of the Remainder of the Study ..............................................................16 II. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE ..........................................................18 Summary of Research on Burnout Among Teachers ............................................23 Summary of Research on Burnout Among Medical Professionals .......................29 Summary of Research on Burnout Among Mental Health Professionals..............32 Critique of Previous Research ...............................................................................53 Research Questions and Rationale for the Research Approach .............................59 v III. METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................61 Null Hypotheses .....................................................................................................61 Participants and Delimitations ...............................................................................64 Description of Independent and Dependent Variables ..........................................68 Research Design and Procedures ...........................................................................70 Data Analyses ........................................................................................................71 Instruments .............................................................................................................73 Summary of Methodology .....................................................................................86 IV. RESULTS ..................................................................................................................88 Descriptive Statistics ..............................................................................................89 Results of Statistical Hypotheses ...........................................................................92 Summary of Results .............................................................................................102 V. DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................................104 Discussion and Interpretation of Results .............................................................105 Implications of the Findings ................................................................................116 Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research .....................................135 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................142 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................154 APPENDIX A. INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENT ....................................155 APPENDIX B. DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRE......................................157 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Hypotheses .............................................................................................................63 2 Frequency Distributions for Demographic Variables and Work Setting ...................................................................................................67 3 Descriptive Statistics of the Sample Population ....................................................91 4 Results of Post Hoc Analysis .................................................................................98 5 Canonical Correlation Results .............................................................................100 99 6 Correlation Analysis ............................................................................................102 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of burnout began to emerge in the 1970‟s. This construct was first explained by Herbert Freudenberger (1974) who described burnout as a state of physical and emotional depletion that results due to work. Freudenberger provided the first definition of burnout; however, in the 1980‟s burnout quickly became a popular topic and a number of authors wrote about this syndrome (Cherniss, 1980; Forney, Wallace-Schutzman, & Wiggers, 1982; Maslach & Goldberg, 1998; Maslach & Jackson, 1981). During this period several slightly different definitions emerged as burnout became a popular way to describe exhaustion and difficulties with work. Maslach and Jackson‟s (1984) definition, one of the most often cited in the literature, states that burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who work with people in some capacity. It is important to note that the experience of burnout has been thought to be most prevalent among those who have a great deal of personal contact with others, such as people working in the helping professions. A dictionary definition provided by Mosby (2005) stated that burnout was a popular term used to describe the condition of mental or physical energy depletion following a period of chronic unrelieved job-related stress characterized sometimes by 1 physical illness. A related definition was provided by Hall, Gardner, Perl, Stickney, and Pfefferbuam (1979), who described burnout as “failing, wearing-out, or becoming exhausted by making excessive demands on energy, strength, or resources” (p. 12). Due to how commonly the syndrome of burnout among professionals occurs in service-related fields, particularly helping professionals, and since burnout has the potential to affect both workers and those they serve, the focus of this study was identifying factors that related to burnout in professional counselors. This study addressed burnout and personality factors (e.g., agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience), demographic factors (e.g., sex, race, years of experience), and clinical work settings (e.g., inpatient, non private practice outpatient, and private practice). In previous literature, authors differentiated tedium and stress from the burnout. That is, burnout related to a job or occupation was
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