DOCSLIB.ORG

Problem Oriented Partnerships

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Problem Oriented Partnerships A London Councils Member briefing November 2014 Problem Oriented Partnerships Problem Oriented Partnerships (POP) are an effective way of dealing with persistent crime and public protection issues. Councils can play a key role in taking this work forward, complementing the work of the Metropolitan Police. This briefing discusses the council role in Problem Oriented Partnerships and provides details of the winners of the 2014 POP Awards, announced this week, which offer useful models for this approach. Overview Problem Oriented Partnership (POP) work emerged in policing in the late 1970s in the USA. The POP approach is based on the close working of a number of agencies, not just the police, with local communities. It involves focusing on the root causes of a problem and coming up with tailored solutions which greatly reduce the negative impact that it has on peoples’ lives. The POP approach has been successful in addressing a wide range of crime and anti-social behaviour problems that traditional enforcement policing methods alone have not been able to. These include abandoned vehicles, bullying in schools, child pornography on the internet, domestic violence, graffiti, street robbery, gang and serious youth violence and metal theft. The London Problem Oriented Partnership Awards, now in its ninth year, is an annual award that celebrates innovative and effective partnership initiatives that address the causes of crime in a local area. The winners of the 2014 London POP Awards were announced on 24 November 2014. This briefing provides an overview of the POP approach presents details of the winning entries to the 2014 POP Awards and discusses some of the issues and opportunities that Problem Oriented Partnerships present for London boroughs. The winners in the Safer Communities category were: Gold Award: Havering - Violent crime in the night time economy in Romford Silver Award: Greenwich - Street prostitution and anti-social behaviour in Plumstead Bronze Award: Waltham Forest - Alcohol related anti-social behaviour in Walthamstow High Street The winners in the Safer Travel category were: Joint Gold Award: British Transport Police and Roads and Transport Policing Command: Project Guardian - Sexual offences on the transport network; and Haringey Safer Transport Team: Drug-use and distribution around Turnpike Lane and Ducketts Common Silver Award: Hillingdon Safer Transport Team - Anti-social behaviour and drug-use along the Grand Union Canal cycle way Analysis Police agencies around the world have valued the POP approach which is built on the following principles: • police deal with a range of community problems, many of which are not strictly criminal in nature • arrest and prosecution alone - the traditional functions of the criminal justice system - do not always effectively resolve problems • giving police officers, who have great insight into community problems, the discretion to design solutions is an extremely valuable aid to solving problems • police can use a variety of methods to redress recurrent problems • the community values police involvement in non-criminal problems and recognises the contribution the police can make to solving these problems. There are a number of models for POP work, the most widely used by police organisations internationally, including the Metropolitan Police Service, is the SARA process: Scan spotting problems using knowledge, data, maps etc Analyse using hunches, knowledge sources of information to dig deeper into a problem’s characteristics and underlying causes Report devising a solution which relates directly to the causes, working with partners (wherever possible) Assess looking back to see if the solution worked and what lessons can be learned POP and local authorities Neighbourhood policing is delivered by Safer Neighbourhood Teams (SNT) in every local authority ward. Under the Local Policing Model each ward has a dedicated named PC and PCSO together with a sergeant, who would typically cover more than one ward. These teams are responsible for that ward and for responding to local priorities, reassuring and engaging with local people. Safer Neighborhood Teams (SNT) will investigate low-risk, high volume crime that affects day- to-day quality of life of local people, including anti-social behavior, car and bike crime and local disorder. Officers of the SNT, and local councillors are often among the first people to become aware of a crime and disorder issue in a local area. The POP approach, which involves the systematic investigation, the drivers of a problem can greatly benefit from established borough community consultation and community engagement processes. Problem Oriented Partnerships present local authorities with the opportunity to take a central role in tackling crime and disorder problems that are impacting on peoples’ lives. Councils are also ideally placed to work with the police, other agencies and the local community to develop solutions that address the root causes of a problem. The focus away from trying to find quick fixes or enforcement-only solutions that overly rely on the criminal justice system is an approach that is already familiar to boroughs. Early intervention programmes, employment training, housing advice and diversionary activities for young people are examples of the type of prevention activity that can form part of the solution for intractable crime and disorder problems. Continued police and local authority enforcement actions, legal proceedings and criminal justice outcomes are expensive and may not be sustainable in the long term for a local problem such as persistent vandalism to a particular bus stop outside a pub usually on Friday and Saturday nights. A POP approach however, might identify and work with the perpetrators with interventions by the transport company, the pub landlord and the local authority to develop a suite of solutions that stop the problem from happing in the first place. Such solutions are typically long term, sustainable and cost effective. Joint Gold Award - Safer Travel: British Transport Police and Roads and Transport Policing Command: Project Guardian - Sexual offences on the transport network The problem Project Guardian was launched on 1 April 2013 as a pan-London project involving the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), British Transport Police (BTP) and Transport for London (TfL) working in partnership to tackle sexual offences and unwanted sexual behaviour on the London’s public transport system. Crime statistics show that on average (prior to the project), 1014 sexual offences are reported on London Transport each year, with 271 offences being detected, a detection rate of 27 per cent. However, a TfL study showed that reporting of sexual offences on the network was extremely low in relation to the number of offences actually committed - around 5 to 10% were only being reported. The aim of Project Guardian was to tackle the problem of under reporting of sexual offences on the transport network and to create an environment which does not tolerate intimidation, assault or sexual harassment. The objectives included: • increasing the confidence of reporting sexual offences which occur on London’s transport network • challenging unwelcome sexual behaviour • targeting offenders • reducing the risk of becoming a victim. Measurements of success were set at: • an increase in reporting (as a measure of greater confidence) and a detection increase of 20 per cent. The response A strategy was developed to: • increase confidence and awareness through media and publicity • provide an outstanding victim experience for those who report • utilise the increased information to prevent and detect crime. Significant local, national, and international reporting throughout the life of Project Guardian has enabled the excellent work of officers and staff to be rightly highlighted and has helped in encouraging witnesses and victims of sexual offences to be confident in reporting their experiences. The project has also utilised social media as a key communication tool. A high profile hashtag campaign #projguardian has been a crucial method for engaging with the public and directing them to further information. Targetted, specialist community engagement has taken place in order to create greater awareness and confidence amongst specific groups highlighted through the analysis phase. Engagement at a local level using local policing teams existing and developing community links has seen engagement at transport hubs, colleges, universities, faith groups, youth groups and wider community groups. The MPS and BTP have specialist teams with responsibility for investigating sexual crime across the network. This means victims get a detective investigating their crime who has the skills and experience to provide an appropriate level of victim care and has the ability to idenitfy and prosecute perpetrators. BTP also utilise proactive teams of specialist officers who have been trained in idenitfying the behaviours displayed by sexual offenders. They will deploy to hot spot locations, idenitfy suspicious behaviour and follow potential suspects to the point of offence. This highly successful method has brought hundreds of suspects to justice. Once a Project Guardian related arrest is affected, a series of processes to manage those offending on the network now come into play. Effective offender management implements preventive measures to prevent further offences. Outcomes The performance data to date show a 46 per cent increase in reported sexual crime on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South Policing Plan B Division
    2014/15 Policing Plan B Division South Foreword Chief Superintendent Paul Brogden Divisional Commander, B Division, British Transport Police BTP is facing major Theft of passenger property became a continue throughout 2014/15 to increase real concern for the pan London areas the confidence of victims to report this changes as we head following an increase in offences during type of behaviour so we can ultimately into the 2014/15 policing 2012/13. The introduction of Operation reduce the number of sexual offences year, with the creation Magnum in April last year addressed being committed. this problem by reducing theft offences Working with the rail industry is a priority of four new divisions. across B Division by 19.4%. We achieved for us and we will be following the former this through a range of tactics including The former London London South Area’s lead by expanding increasing our expert plain clothes the Railway Crime Tasking and North, London South deployments, using the media to Coordinating Group (RCTCG). The encourage the public to protect and London Underground RCTCG was set up in 2013 to share themselves and holding targeted days areas had a successful good news stories, improve morale and of action throughout the year. Operation working relationships with train operating 2013/14 and we will Magnum will continue in 2014/15 as we companies in the south of England. It Another key focus for us is reducing work to reduce theft by a further 10%. now harness the good also enabled the rail industry to directly disruption, which is a priority for our practice from each area BTP is also leading Project Guardian, influence the way police resources are stakeholders.
    [Show full text]
  • London's Participation in UN Women's Safer Cities and Safe Public
    URBAN Scoping Study-London’s participation in UN Women’s Safer Cities and Safe Public Spaces Programme 1 LAB Ellie Cosgrave, Tiffany Lam, Zoe Henderson UCL Urban Laboratory in collaboration with UCL STEaPP’s Urban Innovation and Policy Laboratory Published March 2020, revised May 2020 UCL Urban Laboratory Gordon House, 29 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PP www.ucl.ac.uk/urban-lab @UCLurbanlab [email protected] UCL STEaPP Urban Innovation and Policy Laboratory Shropshire House 11—20 Capper Street, London WC1E 6JA www.urbaninnovationandpolicy.net @UCLUrbanPolicy Scoping Study-London’s participation in UN Women’s Safer Cities and Safe Public Spaces Programme We know that people flock to cities like London for opportunity; for work, education, culture, nightlife, and social connectedness. We know that these can be a liberation and freedom to those people who are able to access it. However, we also know that public spaces are used and experienced differently by men and women. Simply presenting as female in public space increases vulnerability to violence and this is exacerbated at certain times of night in certain locations of the city. This is especially relevant in London, where 40 per cent of sexual assaults take place in public spaces, particularly on the transport network.1 A survey of 8,000 Londoners also found that 74 per cent of female respondents feel worried about their safety some, or even all of the time, and 68 per cent worry about harassment on public transport.2 A Thomson Reuters Foundation report, which studied women on
    [Show full text]
  • Public Transportation Safety Among University Students March 2020 6
    Public Transit Safety Among University Students Technical Report April 2020 i Public Transit Safety Public Transit Safety Among University Students Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, PhD Madeline Brozen Hao Ding Miriam Pinski Fariba Siddiq 2381 Public Affairs Building Los Angeles, CA 90095 [email protected] lewis.ucla.edu Copyright ©2020 i Public Transit Safety TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. UCLA-18-31, TO-010 N/A N/A 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Public Transportation Safety Among University Students March 2020 6. Performing Organization Code N/A 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, UCLA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-4751 PSR-UCLA-18-31 Madeline Brozen, UCLA Hao Ding, UCLA Miriam Pinski, UCLA Fariba Siddiq, UCLA 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. UCLA Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies N/A 2381 Public Affairs Building 11. Contract or Grant No. Los Angeles, CA 90095 USDOT Grant 69A3551747109 Caltrans Grant 65A0674, Task Order 010 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Caltrans DRISI Final report (Feb. 2019–Mar. 2020) 1727 30th Street, MS 82 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Sacramento, CA 95816 USDOT OST-R 15. Supplementary Notes Report URL: https://www.metrans.org/research/public-transportation-safety-among-university-students 16. Abstract This study focuses on the sexual harassment experiences of university students during their public transit journeys. We focus on university students because this group is typically more transit dependent than the general public, and possibly because of their age, more vulnerable to victimization from sexual harassment than other adults.
    [Show full text]
  • 5Th International Women's Issues in Transportation Conference BTP – Project Guardian Ricky Twyford Inspector British Trans
    5th International Women’s Issues in Transportation Conference BTP – Project Guardian Ricky Twyford Inspector British Transport Police Who are BTP? • National police service to rail and underground network • Seamless policing across local force boundaries • National solutions to high risk problems – counter- terrorism, disruption, level crossings, metal theft • Local solutions to local problems (PSPs) • Proactive approach with partners and stakeholders British Transport Police Resources • 2935 Police officers • 356 PCSOs • 1472 Police staff • 246 Specials • New structure 1 April 2014 Budget • £200m overground • £50m underground Railway • 6 million passengers • 400,000 tonnes of freight • 2804 railway stations Project Guardian Create a transport environment which does not tolerate intimidation or sexual harassment Launched after TfL Safety and Security Survey results: - 15% of female commuters have experienced unwanted sexual contact - 90% of incidents not reported to the police Partners and Aims British Transport Police, Metropolitan Police, City of London Police and Transport for London work together to: – Increase the confidence and awareness of victims and witnesses to report sexual offences – Reduce the chance of becoming a victim – Challenge all unwelcome sexual behaviour – Rigorously target offenders Project Delivery • Prepare and Process – Up skill all front line officers (built into probationer training for legacy purposes) – Extensive research into causes of underreporting – Problem profile analysis – Cradle to grave process review
    [Show full text]
  • Authors Accepted Version
    The University of Manchester Research Did they report it to stop it? A realist evaluation of the effect of an advertising campaign on victims’ willingness to report unwanted sexual behaviour DOI: 10.1057/s41284-017-0117-y Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Solymosi, R., Cella, K., & Newton, A. (2017). Did they report it to stop it? A realist evaluation of the effect of an advertising campaign on victims’ willingness to report unwanted sexual behaviour. Security Journal. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-017-0117-y Published in: Security Journal Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:30. Sep. 2021 This version is the
    [Show full text]
  • Crime Statistics Bulletin Q2 2013-2014
    Transport for London 2013/2014 Crime statistics bulletin Quarter 2 2013/14 (1 July – 30 September 2013) Transport for London Crime and anti-social behaviour quarterly statistics bulletin Quarter 3 2012/13 (1 October – 31 December 2012) 1 Transport for London Crime and anti-social behaviour quarterly statistics bulletin Quarter 2 (1 July– 30 September) 2013/14 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.1. Overview of Data included ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Summary of Quarterly statistics ............................................................................................... 3 2. Quarterly crime results ............................................................................................................ 4 3. Monthly breakdown ................................................................................................................. 5 4. Bus-related crime levels – breakdown by major crime category ............................................... 6 5. London Underground and Docklands Light Railway crime levels ............................................ 11 6. London Overground crime levels ........................................................................................... 12 7. London Tramlink crime levels ................................................................................................ 13 8. Levels
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Harassment and Assault Against Women and Girls on Public Transport: an International Review
    Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Gekoski, Anna, Gray, Jacqueline M., Adler, Joanna R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-8503 and Horvath, Miranda A. H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-4575 (2017) The prevalence and nature of sexual harassment and assault against women and girls on public transport: an international review. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, 3 (1) . pp. 3-16. ISSN 2056-3841 [Article] (doi:10.1108/JCRPP-08-2016-0016) Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/20866/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Transit Safety Among University Students
    Public Transit Safety Among University Students Technical Report April 2020 i Public Transit Safety Public Transit Safety Among University Students Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, PhD Madeline Brozen Hao Ding Miriam Pinski Fariba Siddiq 2381 Public Affairs Building Los Angeles, CA 90095 [email protected] lewis.ucla.edu Copyright ©2020 i Public Transit Safety TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. UCLA-18-31, TO-010 N/A N/A 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Public Transportation Safety Among University Students March 2020 6. Performing Organization Code N/A 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, UCLA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-4751 PSR-UCLA-18-31 Madeline Brozen, UCLA Hao Ding, UCLA Miriam Pinski, UCLA Fariba Siddiq, UCLA 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. UCLA Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies N/A 2381 Public Affairs Building 11. Contract or Grant No. Los Angeles, CA 90095 USDOT Grant 69A3551747109 Caltrans Grant 65A0674, Task Order 010 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Caltrans DRISI Final report (Feb. 2019–Mar. 2020) 1727 30th Street, MS 82 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Sacramento, CA 95816 USDOT OST-R 15. Supplementary Notes Report URL: https://www.metrans.org/research/public-transportation-safety-among-university-students 16. Abstract This study focuses on the sexual harassment experiences of university students during their public transit journeys. We focus on university students because this group is typically more transit dependent than the general public, and possibly because of their age, more vulnerable to victimization from sexual harassment than other adults.
    [Show full text]
  • Tfl Policing Plan B Division
    2014/15 Policing Plan B Division TfL Foreword Chief Superintendent Paul Brogden Divisional Commander, B Division, British Transport Police BTP is facing major Theft of passenger property became a continue throughout 2014/15 to increase real concern for the pan London areas the confidence of victims to report this changes as we head following an increase in offences during type of behaviour so we can ultimately into the 2014/15 policing 2012/13. The introduction of Operation reduce the number of sexual offences year, with the creation Magnum in April last year addressed being committed. this problem by reducing theft offences Working with the rail industry is a priority of four new divisions. across B Division by 19.4%. We achieved for us and we will be following the former this through a range of tactics including The former London London South Area’s lead by expanding increasing our expert plain clothes the Railway Crime Tasking and North, London South deployments, using the media to Coordinating Group (RCTCG). The encourage the public to protect and London Underground RCTCG was set up in 2013 to share themselves and holding targeted days areas had a successful good news stories, improve morale and of action throughout the year. Operation working relationships with train operating 2013/14 and we will Magnum will continue in 2014/15 as we companies in the south of England. It Another key focus for us is reducing work to reduce theft by a further 10%. now harness the good also enabled the rail industry to directly disruption, which is a priority for our practice from each area BTP is also leading Project Guardian, influence the way police resources are stakeholders.
    [Show full text]
  • 'What Works' in Reducing Sexual Harassment and Sexual Offences on Public Transport Nationally and Internationally: a Rapid E
    ‘What Works’ in Reducing Sexual Harassment and Sexual Offences on Public Transport Nationally and Internationally: A Rapid Evidence Assessment By Anna Gekoski, Jacqueline M. Gray, Miranda A.H. Horvath, Sarah Edwards, Aliye Emirali and Joanna R. Adler February 2015 Acknowledgements Many organisations and individuals have supported this rapid evidence assessment. The research team would like to thank everyone who responded to the call for papers. We are especially grateful to Kylie Wick, Project Development Coordinator at Project Guardian; Lance Talbott, Manager, Strategic Services for Transit Police in Metro Vancouver; Deputy Inspector Raymond Porteus at the New York Police Department; Kenneth Green, Chief of Police (Interim) at the MBTA Transit Police Department and Richard Mann, Safeguarding Programme Lead at the British Transport Police. We are also grateful to the team at the British Transport Police for their support throughout the project, in particular Keely Gunson and Emily Dryer-Beers. Please reference this report as follows: Gekoski, A., Gray, J.M., Horvath, M.A.H., Edwards, S., Emirali, A. & Adler, J. R. (2015). ‘What Works’ in Reducing Sexual Harassment and Sexual Offences on Public Transport Nationally and Internationally: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. London: British Transport Police and Department for Transport. 1 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 1 Contents .................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Crime and Harassment on Public Transportation: a Survey of SJSU Students Set in International Context
    Project 1810 March 2020 Crime and Harassment on Public Transportation: A Survey of SJSU Students Set in International Context Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Ph.D. Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Ph.D. Cristina Tortora, Ph.D. Yajing Hu, Ph.D. MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE transweb.sjsu.edu MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE MTI FOUNDER LEAD UNIVERSITY OF Mineta Consortium for Transportation Mobility Hon. Norman Y. Mineta MTI BOARD OF TRUSTEES Founded in 1991, the Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI), an organized research and training unit in partnership with the Lucas College and Graduate School of Business at San José State University (SJSU), increases mobility for all by improving the safety, Founder, Honorable Grace Crunican* Therese McMillan Paul Skoutelas (Ex-Officio) efficiency, accessibility, and convenience of our nation’s transportation system. Through research, education, workforce development, Norman Mineta (Ex-Officio) (TE 2022) (TE 2022) President & CEO Secretary (ret.), Retired Executive Director American Public Transportation and technology transfer, we help create a connected world. MTI leads the four-university Mineta Consortium for Transportation US Department of Transportation Metropolitan Transportation Association (APTA) Mobility, a Tier 1 University Transportation Center funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Office of the Assistant Donna DeMartino (TE 2021) Commission (MTC) Chair, General Manager & CEO Dan Smith (TE 2020) Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R), the California Department of Transportation
    [Show full text]
  • 'What Works' in Reducing Sexual Harassment and Sexual Offences On
    Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Gekoski, Anna, Gray, Jacqueline M., Horvath, Miranda A. H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-4575, Edwards, Sarah, Emirali, Aliye and Adler, Joanna R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-8503 (2015) ’What works’ in reducing sexual harassment and sexual offences on public transport nationally and internationally: a rapid evidence assessment. Project Report. Middlesex University; British Transport Police; Department for Transport, London. [Monograph] UNSPECIFIED This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/15219/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award.
    [Show full text]