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'What Works' in Reducing Sexual Harassment and Sexual Offences On Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Gekoski, Anna, Gray, Jacqueline M., Horvath, Miranda A. H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-4575, Edwards, Sarah, Emirali, Aliye and Adler, Joanna R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-8503 (2015) ’What works’ in reducing sexual harassment and sexual offences on public transport nationally and internationally: a rapid evidence assessment. Project Report. Middlesex University; British Transport Police; Department for Transport, London. [Monograph] UNSPECIFIED This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/15219/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy ‘What Works’ in Reducing Sexual Harassment and Sexual Offences on Public Transport Nationally and Internationally: A Rapid Evidence Assessment By Anna Gekoski, Jacqueline M. Gray, Miranda A.H. Horvath, Sarah Edwards, Aliye Emirali and Joanna R. Adler February 2015 Acknowledgements Many organisations and individuals have supported this rapid evidence assessment. The research team would like to thank everyone who responded to the call for papers. We are especially grateful to Kylie Wick, Project Development Coordinator at Project Guardian; Lance Talbott, Manager, Strategic Services for Transit Police in Metro Vancouver; Deputy Inspector Raymond Porteus at the New York Police Department; Kenneth Green, Chief of Police (Interim) at the MBTA Transit Police Department and Richard Mann, Safeguarding Programme Lead at the British Transport Police. We are also grateful to the team at the British Transport Police for their support throughout the project, in particular Keely Gunson and Emily Dryer-Beers. Please reference this report as follows: Gekoski, A., Gray, J.M., Horvath, M.A.H., Edwards, S., Emirali, A. & Adler, J. R. (2015). ‘What Works’ in Reducing Sexual Harassment and Sexual Offences on Public Transport Nationally and Internationally: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. London: British Transport Police and Department for Transport. 1 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 1 Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 7 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Key definitions .................................................................................................................................... 8 The process of conducting this research ............................................................................................ 8 Key findings ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Recommendations Introduction ....................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 11 (i) The impact of sexual harassment and offences on public transport ........................................... 12 (ii) Most unwanted sexual behaviour on public transport goes unreported ................................... 14 (iii) The global scale and nature of the problem ............................................................................... 15 Table 2: Sexual offence figures on the railways in Britain by year ............................................... 16 (iv) Policy developments ................................................................................................................... 17 Method ................................................................................................................................................. 19 Procedure .......................................................................................................................................... 19 Inclusion criteria for material........................................................................................................ 19 Generation of search terms .......................................................................................................... 20 Literature searching ...................................................................................................................... 20 Table 3: Total number of search results and items excluded and included ................................. 21 Weight of Evidence (WoE) coding................................................................................................. 21 Data synthesis ............................................................................................................................... 22 Findings ................................................................................................................................................. 23 1. Formal surveillance: Increasing police and/or transport staff on public transport .......................... 24 1.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 28 2. Formal surveillance: Closed-circuit television (CCTV) ....................................................................... 28 2.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 31 3. Natural surveillance: Better visibility and improved lighting ............................................................ 31 3.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 35 4. Raising awareness: Advertising campaigns ....................................................................................... 35 Textbox 1: Selected international examples of advertising campaigns ........................................ 36 Image 1: Poster from the Massachusetts Bay Transport Authority advertising campaign .......... 37 4.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 38 2 5. Raising awareness: Grassroots/community action ........................................................................... 38 5.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 40 6. New technology: The Internet and Smartphone Apps ..................................................................... 40 6.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 43 7. Women-only transportation ............................................................................................................. 43 7.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 46 8. Other initiatives ................................................................................................................................ 46 8.1 Good maintenance of transport and facilities ............................................................................ 47 8.2 Emergency/alarm/panic buttons or phones ............................................................................... 47 8.3 Dedicated spaces at transport hubs for reporting sexual harassment and assault ................... 48
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