URBAN

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Spaces Programme Spaces Safer Cities and Safe Public and Safe Safer Cities participation in UN Women’s participation Women’s in UN Scoping Study-London’s Study-London’s Scoping 1 Ellie Cosgrave, Tiffany Lam, Zoe Henderson UCL Urban Laboratory in collaboration with UCL STEaPP’s Urban Innovation and Policy Laboratory

Published March 2020, revised May 2020

UCL Urban Laboratory Gordon House, 29 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PP www.ucl.ac.uk/urban-lab @UCLurbanlab [email protected]

UCL STEaPP Urban Innovation and Policy Laboratory Shropshire House 11—20 Capper Street, London WC1E 6JA www.urbaninnovationandpolicy.net @UCLUrbanPolicy Scoping Study-London’s participation in UN Women’s Safer Cities and Safe Public Spaces Programme

An earlier 4 3 per cent 68 Respondents Respondents 6 per cent of female per cent of female 74 per cent felt confident per cent felt confident 51 ) (especially sexual harassment) ) (especially sexual VAWG

2 5 Londoners also found that Londoners also found 8,000 per cent of women in London have been verbally harassed been verbally in London have per cent of women per cent have been groped or physically harassed. or physically been groped per cent have 32 19 A survey of A survey 1 per cent of sexual assaults take place in public spaces, particularly on place in public spaces, take assaults per cent of sexual Sexual Violence: The London Sexual Violence Needs Assessment 2016 For 2016 For Needs Assessment Violence Sexual The London Violence: Sexual per cent of women surveyed in London felt confident that they could travel could travel that they in London felt confident surveyed per cent of women 40 65 New York: UN Women; 2018. http:// 2018. UN Women; New York: Cities Global Initiative. Safe UN Women. www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/~/ 2018. 8 November Accessed media/44F28561B84548FE82E24E38E825ABEA.ashx. MOPAC. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/ London; 2016. & NHS England (London). MOPAC Accessed 16 default/files/sexual_violence_needs_assessment_report_2016.pdf. 2018. November Tackling And Girls: The London Women City For A Safer London Authority. Greater And Girls Strategy 2018—2021. London: Greater Women Against Violence https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/vawg_ 2018. London Authority; 2018. 12 October Accessed strategy_2018-21.pdf. http://2018transportpoll. 2018. on the Move; Women Foundation. Thompson Reuters 8 April 2019. Accessed trust.org/. use public transport should be able to feel safe: women The right to L. Bates M, Villa https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/10/ Statesman. New without fear. right-feel-safe-women-should-be-able-use-public-transport-without-fear. 2018. 16, November Accessed Published 2014. 2016 For Needs Assessment Violence MOPAC. Sexual The London Violence: Sexual London; 2016. & NHS England (London). MOPAC

3 6 1 2 4 5 , has mental health problems or has learning disabilities. It also found that there are It also or has learning disabilities. health problems has mental , YouGov poll revealed that that poll revealed YouGov BAME lower levels of reporting from Asian victims and that illegal or uncertain immigration status immigration status victims and that illegal or uncertain Asian of reporting from levels lower of reporting. levels lower can also lead to respondents feel worried about their safety some, or even all of the time, and all of the time, or even safety some, about their feel worried respondents on public transport without sexual harassment or abuse, and just abuse, harassment or on public transport without sexual worry about harassment on public transport. worry that a fellow traveller would come to their assistance if they were being harassed. were if they their assistance come to would that a fellow traveller on public transport, and that on public transport, the transport network. in public spaces remains neglected and is accepted as normal or inevitable. and is accepted in public spaces remains neglected UN Women founded The Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces programme in recognition of founded The Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces programme UN Women regarded as a human domain is largely how violence in the private between the discrepancy and girls ( violence against women yet violation, rights On top of this, the gendered division of labour means that women are more likely to adopt to are more likely division of labour means that women the gendered of this, On top shopping and making carrying will be pushing a pram, caring responsibilities where they linear direct routes facilitate the city is predominantly designed to Yet journeys. multi-stop access to Furthermore, male. economically productive privileging the young, the centre, into highly gendered. ensure dignity—such as toilets—is basic infrastructure services that use parks and canal to than men girls are less likely and Evidence shows that women and are poorly paved Paths that danger. dark because of perceived after towpaths cyclists. both perceptions of and actual danger for insufficiently lit at night also increase is essential to as transport stations, as well housing developments, access in Step-free buildings. around and outside inside, safe entry and passage ensure women’s divide urban experience but to gendered, that public spaces are These are just a few ways identity, sexual that gender identity, We know is insufficient. of sex binary categories only into of safety an unequal experience that lead to ability combine in ways and physical class, race, found that a criminal Assessment Needs Violence the London Sexual example, For in the city. the accuser be ‘nocrimed’—meaning no further will be taken—if action to case is more likely is 2014 We know that people flock to cities like London for opportunity; for work, education, culture, culture, education, work, for opportunity; London for like to cities flock that people know We to freedom and be a liberation can that these know We connectedness. and social nightlife, spaces are used know that public also we However, it. access to who are able those people women. men and differently by and experienced and this is violence to increases vulnerability in public space as female Simply presenting relevant This is especially city. locations of the of night in certain times at certain exacerbated where in London, A Thomson Reuters Foundation report, which studied women on the move in five global cities in five on the move women which studied report, Foundation A Thomson Reuters found that only

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

340 (e.g. a two thirds thirds two a (e.g. VAWG strategy, felt that unwanted that unwanted felt strategy, VAWG Women’s Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces Programme, Spaces Programme, Safe Cities and Safe Public Women’s UN ) Healthy Streets Approach which bridges the public health, urban health, which bridges the public Approach ) Healthy Streets TfL in the domestic realm—and that we cannot hope to make London safe for London safe make hope to cannot that we realm—and in the domestic Offers a guide to the fundamentals of gender inclusive public space design; of gender inclusive the fundamentals Offers a guide to in gender-informed public spaces; for investing tools Highlights action in the capital; of existing examples Presents out a set of recommendations for action. Lays women if we do not address what happens in the home—we must also recognise must also recognise in the home—we do not address what happens if we women sphere, action in the public take fail to we If women. are hostile to that public spaces their fostering spaces for women, that these spaces are not a narrative feed into we representing area of the home, the “protected” a retreat into abandonment and spheres private the public and In that sense, women. insecurity for many greater intertwined. are intricately and has scratch from London is not starting issues, these tackling When it comes to For build upon. areas to policy different of activities across programme an existing which Girls Strategy and Against Women a Violence developed the Mayor example, in safety— can live girl and every woman a city where every outlines a vision “of and girls is acceptable think violence against women don’t where men and boys feel it is inevitable.” and girls don’t and where women in which Night Safety Charter, in the Women’s London has also invested attention from strangers was the most accepted form of accepted the most was strangers from attention 1 2 3 4 to the consultation process for London’s for London’s process the consultation to VAWG felt ‘inappropriate staring’, ‘wolf-whistling or cat calling’ were always or often or or or often always calling’ were or cat ‘wolf-whistling staring’, felt ‘inappropriate accepted). sometimes be done tackling to amount of work there is a huge that indisputable While it is planning and transport sectors to make London a healthier, safer, more sustainable more sustainable safer, London a healthier, make to planning and transport sectors city. and more liveable to a signatory As signatories have made commitments based on the pillars of reporting, responding, responding, based on the pillars of reporting, commitments made have signatories been successful There have responsibility and redesigning public spaces. taking increased which have It’, Stop and ‘Report It To Guardian’ ‘Project campaigns like as the Transport as well transport offences on the network, reporting of sexual for London ( London has committed to further this work by ensuring that women and girls are ensuring that women further by this work to London has committed are spaces and that they in public and politically empowered economically socially, support to In order violence. sexual harassment and other forms of sexual free from scoping report: this independent these ambitious aims, London in achieving

6 teams could work could work teams MPS Conduct localised women’s night safety night Conduct localised women’s audits with local collaborate to Use these audits and the TfL Districts, Business Innovation Local create Police Service to Metropolitan Plans Action Safety Women’s Cycling: Identify scheduled cycling IdentifyCycling: scheduled cycling London plans across infrastructure upgrade into needs are taken and ensure women’s lanes, cycle including protected account by as storage and safe space for adequate diversity as local imagery around well of cyclists Lighting: Conduct small scale interventions and the impact of innovative explore to lighting schemes on the feeling of creative parts of the city safety in less populated with housing associations Housing: work of the provision review to and residents accessible as as well lit lifts, adequately parking and and secure pram and cycle other needs and Partner with universities Toilets: and implement create local authorities to and designs for inclusive innovative This could be affordable public toilets. open up more a campaign to by supported in bars and (e.g. owned toilets privately customers non-paying to restaurants) CAPITALISE ON THE WOMEN’S NIGHT NIGHT ON THE WOMEN’S CAPITALISE NIGHT CONDUCT CHARTER TO SAFETY AUDITS SAFETY signatories of the Women’s Night of the Women’s signatories 3 together to: together Women’s safety audits can help provide can help provide safety audits Women’s about women’s data spatial and quantitative of safety in the perceptions and experiences approaches This can guide data-driven city. female assess and improve systematically to with the existing By working safety in public. 1 2 340 1 2 3 4 Safety Charter, local Safety Charter, be understood and scaled across London, an an London, and scaled across be understood built be to of impact needs base evidence suggested the pilot projects Therefore, up. report and on analyse collect, below must before and from data gender-disaggregated Such pilot projects the intervention. after to: are not limited but include, Recommendations

Lead and collate in-depth participatory in-depth participatory Lead and collate to research on best practice with respect and girls making London safer for women gender mainstreaming Design and deliver professionals training for built environment equip them with practical in London to a gender lens incorporate actions to in design partnerships and maintain Create research organisations, with women’s Design institutions and the Mayor’s in making strengthen interest to Advocates and girls London safer for women Maintain London’s priority on women and on women priority London’s Maintain agenda as as a core policy safety girls’ inclusion in non- for its as lobby well and initiatives projects government developers, through (i.e. capital the across housing Districts, Business Improvement associations etc.) IMPLEMENT GENDER IMPLEMENT PROJECTS PILOT MAINSTREAMING USING GENDER-DISAGGREGATED DATA RE-INSTATE THE WOMEN’S DESIGN THE WOMEN’S RE-INSTATE LIKE IT) A BODY (OR SERVICE 2 1

There are a wide range of interventions There are a wide range of interventions public cycling, public transport, across that provision housing and toilet space, for women. better London work could make are to of these projects But if the impacts a. b. c. d. The Women’s Design Service played a Service played Design The Women’s urban public space in making role pivotal both in terms of women, more inclusive of practice and actual use of professional secure funding, With long term public space. as a focal act these are able to like groups maintain point for local organisations, agendas and the issue high on all policy is captured, ensure that gender expertise If the upon. and capitalised disseminated reinstated Design Service were Women’s it could: The following recommendations borrow from from borrow recommendations The following of a suite create report in this to the insights safer London make continuing to options for and girls. for women

7 could: TfL Conduct a review of the indicators in the of the indicators Conduct a review an integrate to Approach Healthy Streets perspective gender explicit Partner with organisations like Hollaback! like Partner with organisations and tips awareness include bystander to public campaigns on unwanted tricks into behaviour sexual ideas for campaigns that Crowdsource perpetrators potential target would behaviour sexual of unwanted the London transport across Ensure adverts harmful female do not perpetuate network stereotypes feminist murals and public art Showcase women by INTEGRATE A GENDER PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE A GENDER INTEGRATE STREETS HEALTHY TFL’S INTO APPROACH BUILD ON EXISTING PUBLIC PUBLIC ON EXISTING BUILD CREATE AND CAMPAIGNS AWARENESS THE PUBLIC IN IMAGERY POSITIVE REALM 5 4 The Healthy Streets Approach is an excellent is an excellent Approach The Healthy Streets start reframing street and public to way benefit from and it would space design, the instance, For a gender perspective. mention safety could explicitly indicators gender-based harassment and violence from liveable of healthy, criterion as another a key and rest” and stop The “places to streets. could also indicators and shelter” “shade street lighting and reference how adequate and girls visibility are necessary for women such, As feel safe. to Campaigns like ‘Project Guardian’ and Guardian’ ‘Project Campaigns like effective been It’ have Stop ‘Report It To sexual in increasing reporting of unwanted Building on public transport. behaviour campaigns could new on this success, of bystanders focus on the responsibilities aspire to and thereby and perpetrators of and prevalence minimise the impacts there is an Furthermore, these assaults. more a lead in providing take opportunity to in advertising images of women progressive towards Recommendations in public space. this include: achieving 1 1 2 3 4

8

41 21 31 31 13 15 27 27 37 16 24 34 22 38 32 25 33 20 39 39

URBAN PLANNING: URBAN PLANNING: LONDON POLICIES AND POLICIES AND LONDON CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS UNDERSTANDING GENDER GENDER UNDERSTANDING PLANNING AND URBAN GENDER- FOR TOOLS INFORMED EXEMPLARS GLOBAL Public awareness campaigns Public awareness Other Organisations Public Spaces and Parks Gender expertise in built environment design in built environment Gender expertise UN Women: Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces Programme Safe UN Women: Gender-responsive participatory planning participatory Gender-responsive Women’s Night Safety Charter Women’s Gender-disaggregated data Gender-disaggregated safety audits Women’s London context Principles Overarching Approach Healthy Streets Project Guardian Project Gender mainstreaming Women’s Design Service Women’s Cycling Infrastructure Cycling Public Toilets Public Transport Housing

Purpose

PROJECTS 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 1 BACKGROUND

CONTENTS 11

) 10 VAWG nine out of UK 7 That this right is on the 8 In London, women are more women In London, 9 . of low paid jobs done by women. of low paid jobs done by £194.40 55% February 2019 February th , declares: , 2017 people were interviewed from five London boroughs. It was found It London boroughs. five from interviewed people were , for female single parents it is for female single parents , 416 ) in October ) in October £346 III Women: Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces Programme Safe Cities and Safe Women: strategy, strategy, Women and Poverty. https://neu.org.uk/advice/women-and- and Poverty. Women National Education Union. 17 London; 2019 Accessed poverty. Women. https://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/ Profile: Poverty for London. London’s Trust 2020 17th February London; 2016/ Accessed data/populations/women/. Nations; 2016: 5. The United Urban Agenda. The New III Secretariat. UN Habitat 2018. 16 November Accessed http://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/. 2008; 52: 23—40. Review. Left New the city. The right to D. Harvey We share a vision of cities for all, referring to the equal use and enjoyment enjoyment the equal use and to referring share a vision of cities for all, We and inclusivity promote seeking to of cities and human settlements, without of present and future generations, ensure that all inhabitants, safe, just, inhabit and produce to are able kind, discrimination of any cities and human resilient and sustainable affordable, accessible, healthy, and quality of life for all. prosperity foster to settlements UN

likely to be in low paid work than men, with with than men, be in low paid work to likely ten lone parents are women and while the median gross weekly pay for male single pay weekly and while the median gross are women lone parents ten is parents international urban policy agenda is a milestone. However, the challenge remains However, agenda is a milestone. urban policy international degree implement this ambition with an appropriate to the world for cities across of an understanding cities must incorporate In particular, and ambition. of urgency such as of identity differently depending on categories are experienced how they that cities and urban infrastructure Given ability. and physical sexuality race, gender, for are truly inclusive ensure that cities can we how men, are mostly designed by decision-making and planning design, from all? If half the population are absent the city? right to safeguard everyone’s we how can processes, sectors, across in politics and leadership roles underrepresented Not only are women and girls ( and violence against women but structural inequalities in society 9 10 VAWG 7 8 which is “[t]he the city,” right to “the for all” invokes This bold vision of “cities cities and ourselves.” our and remake make freedom to Cities worldwide are rising to the challenges posed by increasing inequality, political political inequality, increasing posed by the challenges are rising to Cities worldwide housing and inadequate crumbling infrastructure, impacts, climate polarisation, problems, interconnected and these complex tackle In order to population growth. leaders world by adopted The New Urban Agenda, at the core. inclusivity must be Urban Development Housing and Sustainable Nations Conference on at the United (Habitat 1.1 also constrain women’s right to the city. Gender disparities in the labour market, Gender disparities in the labour market, the city. right to also constrain women’s and gendered differences in access to the gendered division of household labour, disadvantage etc.) technology, capital, land, education, money, time, resources (i.e. In the economically and put them at a higher risk of poverty. women that in general, respondents felt that unwanted attention from strangers was the strangers was from attention felt that unwanted respondents that in general, This economic precariousness can compound vulnerability to gender-based violence. gender-based violence. This economic precariousness can compound vulnerability to and educational institutions is workplace While gender-based violence in the home, gender-based violence in public space is often considered illegal and wrong, largely for London’s process part As of the consultation as normal or inevitable. accepted

1 BACKGROUND 13

11 . 2019 Women’s Women’s UN , with leading women’s women’s with leading , 2010 cities, including London. including London. cities, The is one of 12 the practice of “upskirting” the practice 20 13 UK global and local partners. The founding global and local partners. Specifically, they are expected to expected are they Specifically, 14 70 (e.g. a third felt ‘inappropriate staring’, ‘wolf-whistling ‘wolf-whistling staring’, ‘inappropriate third felt a (e.g. VAWG agencies, and more than agencies, have experienced sexual contact. sexual experienced have UN 40% per cent of sexual assaults take place in public spaces, particularly on the spaces, place in public take assaults per cent of sexual 40 Cities will create Cities will create and owned interventions: locally relevant Gender-responsive the design drive to the evidence-base and provide partnerships with local stakeholders of solutions. and delivery policies, legislation and policies: Cities will implement appropriate Comprehensive harassment and violence sexual and respond to prevent and legislation to strategies and girls in public spaces. against women in the safety of public spaces: Cities will build the capacity of local Investments in gender mainstreaming in urban planning and public invest to governments that etc.) sanitation, social services, street lighting, (i.e. infrastructure investments and girls. for women and economic empowerment safety, provide attitudes change sexist to work Social and cultural transformation: Cities will proactively public use and enjoy access, to rights and girls’ women’s promote to and behaviours violence. free of sexual spaces, UN Women. http://www. UN Women. public spaces. Ending violence against women: Creating safe unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/creating-safe-public- 2018. 8 November Accessed Published 2018. spaces. London; 2019. https://www.gov.uk/ London; 2019. ‘Upskirting’ law comes into force. Ministry of Justice. 2020. 17th February Accessed government/news/upskirting-law-comes-into-force MOPAC 2016 For Needs Assessment Violence Sexual The London Violence: Sexual MOPAC. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ London; 2016. & NHS England (London). 2018. 16 November Accessed sexual_violence_needs_assessment_report_2016.pdf. http:// 2018. UN Women; New York: Cities Global Initiative. Safe UN Women. www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/~/ 2018. 8 November Accessed media/44F28561B84548FE82E24E38E825ABEA.ashx. Women founded The Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces programme in recognition Safe Public Spaces programme founded The Safe Cities and Women

(taking a sexually intrusive photograph up someone’s skirt without their permission, skirt permission, without their someone’s up photograph intrusive a sexually (taking was no as there to prosecute difficult been space) has historically usually in a public by activists, years of campaigning After specific criminal offence. law that made it a criminal in April finally made the practice was Gina Martin, spearheaded by or cat calling’ were always or often accepted with almost another third stating it it stating third almost another with accepted or often always were calling’ or cat a partner’someone around’ or ‘following ‘hitting whereas sometimes accepted) was least accepted. were against sexual but almost no laws violence laws against domestic There are In the in public space. and violence harassment transport network. The findings of a YouGov poll reported that two thirds of women thirds of two that poll reported YouGov of a The findings transport network. or in public harassment on the transport network sexual experienced in London have and spaces, cities were Quito, Ecuador; Cairo, Egypt; New Delhi, India; Port Moresby, Papua New India; Port Moresby, Egypt; New Delhi, Cairo, Quito, Ecuador; cities were and it now spans over Rwanda, Guinea; and Kigali, 14 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 UN most accepted form of form accepted most organisations, organisations, However, despite more research on the prevalence and impact of Intimate Partner and impact of Intimate research on the prevalence more despite However, harassment and research on sexual there is insufficient in recent years, Violence in London, This is especially relevant in the public realm. violence that occurs where Participating cities commit to identifying evidence-based and context-appropriate and context-appropriate identifyingParticipating evidence-based cities commit to political and girls and support women’s end violence against women to initiatives participation and economic empowerment. deliver on four interrelated outcomes: on four interrelated deliver flagship initiatives, which builds on its “Safe Cities Free of Violence against Women Violence against Free of “Safe Cities which builds on its flagship initiatives, in November It launched global programme. and Girls” of the discrepancy between how violence in the private domain is largely regarded domain is largely private how violence in the between of the discrepancy and girls—especially sexual violence against women yet violation, as a human rights neglected. harassment in public spaces—remains

1 14 per 68 , especially especially , The problem starts starts The problem 18 per cent of female per cent This is particularly . per cent of women per cent of women 15 74 VAWG 64 , It also finds that sexual It also finds that sexual

17 UK 18—24 20 Clearly, London cannot be “a city London cannot be “a Clearly, 16

, including the everyday nature and including the everyday , VAWG ’s New Urban Agenda. New ’s Londoners found that Londoners 19 UN have experienced sexual harassment in public sexual experienced have UK 8,000 per cent for those between the ages of the ages per cent for those between 85 per cent of girls in the 66 Mayor of London. Pledge To Improve Women’s Safety At Night In London; 2018. https:// Night In London; 2018. Safety At Women’s Improve Pledge To of London. Mayor www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/pledge-to-improve-womens-safety-at-night. 2018. 8 November Accessed A Safer City For Women And Girls: The London Tackling Violence Violence Tackling And Girls: The London Women City For A Safer London Authority. Greater 2018. London Authority; And Girls Strategy 2018–2021. London: Greater Women Against Accessed 12 https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/vawg_strategy_2018-21.pdf. 2018. October Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. https://plan- 2018. Street Harassment. London: Plan International; UK. Plan International 4 April 2019. Accessed uk.org/act-for-girls/street-harassment. London context London

cent worry about harassment on public transport. about harassment on public cent worry earlier: and adopt “avoidance” strategies, such as crossing the road, taking longer routes, longer routes, taking the road, such as crossing strategies, and adopt “avoidance” changing empty train or tube carriages, avoiding be on the phone, to pretending to go out at night. and ceasing outfits 20 extreme normalisation of harassment in public spaces. The Mayor’s strategy also strategy The Mayor’s normalisation of harassment in public spaces. extreme by Night Czar Amy hosted safety at night, women’s references the first summit on Night Safety Women’s first-ever in the creation of London’s which resulted Lamé, acknowledges that the design of the urban built environment The charter Charter. in addressing gender-based violence. play to has a role 15 16 17 18 19 our cities and ourselves,” and remake make is “[t]he freedom to the city If the right to public through safe passage have this until they and girls cannot enjoy then women and girls women and engage in public life in London, enjoy truly access, To space. processes. and governance planning must be included in urban design, addresses some of the and Girls Strategy Against Women Violence The Mayor’s the under-reporting of issues surrounding 1.2 for all” opportunities and rights city of freedoms, as “a London envisions The Mayor in the the declaration which echoes sexual harassment, are more prevalent in public spaces. are more prevalent harassment, sexual have experienced some kind of sexual harassment in a public space, with this figure in a public space, harassment kind of sexual some experienced have increasing to pertinent in light of the gender based violence issues that Londoners contend pertinent contend that Londoners violence issues of the gender based in light of A survey daily basis. with on a of freedoms, opportunities and rights for all” if half the population is too scared for is too for all” if half the population opportunities rights and of freedoms, City This fact has spurred offer. the city has to of what advantage take their safety to the Safe to including as a signatory areas, of policy a variety action across Hall into Spaces programme. Cities and Safe Public girls in the and of violence against women nature the pervasive begin tackling To This strategy and Girls Strategy. Women Against a Violence developed the Mayor city, in safety— girl can live and every woman every a city where “of outlines a vision and girls is acceptable against women think violence don’t where men and boys that notes Strategy The feel it is inevitable.” and girls don’t and where women are more likely domestic abuse and “honour”-based violence rape, assault, sexual while other forms of home, of the occur within the privacy to respondents feel worried about their safety some, or even all of the time, and and time, all of the or even their safety some, about feel worried respondents harassment in public space is ubiquitous and normalised. This contributes to the to This contributes and normalised. harassment in public space is ubiquitous about such incidents. data under-reporting of and limited systematic the to on a daily basis, harassment low-level and girls experience women Many In the it is just a fact of city living. feel point where they

1 15 s, the s, NGO 21 , who should develop further actions, partners and pilot further actions, who should develop , Women’s Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces Public Spaces and Safe Cities Safe Women’s UN GLA ); and a series of interviews with key individuals, including individuals, with key interviews ); and a series of ), this report identifies key issues related to women’s safety in public women’s to issues related key this report identifies ), GLA MOPAC Greater London Authority. A Safer City For Women And Girls: The London Tackling Violence Violence London Tackling And Girls: The Women A Safer City For London Authority. Greater 2018. London Authority; London: Greater 2018–2021. And Girls Strategy Against Women Accessed 12 https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/vawg_strategy_2018-21.pdf. 2018. October Purpose , women’s services, campaign groups and the Mayor’s Office for Policing and Office for Policing and the Mayor’s campaign groups services, women’s ,

spaces in London and outlines eight evidence-based opportunities for action. The opportunities for action. and outlines eight evidence-based spaces in London key and reflection from opportunities will require further for action investigation the across stakeholders 21 Through desk research, including a review of academic and policy literature; a literature; of academic and policy including a review desk research, Through London the Greater by held as part of the Night Safety Summit hosted workshop ( Authority GLA London’s participation in London’s 1.3 Crime ( projects in order to carry out a more detailed analysis. analysis. detailed out a more carry in order to projects of the overview an this report first provides support this process, In order to global It then highlights with gender and urban planning. associated issues key in urban planning, a gender perspective integrated of how cities have examples it concludes with Finally, in London. policies and projects before focusing on relevant and girls. women London safer for make recommended actions to Programme is a step towards enacting the Mayor’s vision for London to be “a city city “a be to for London vision the Mayor’s enacting towards step is a Programme for all.” opportunities and rights of freedoms,

1 16

24 per cent 14 as well as extensive as extensive as well 23 , comprising just comprising , UK careers from organisations like ScienceGrrl like organisations careers from It is hardly surprising, then, that women’s life that women’s then, It is hardly surprising, 22 STEM

this chapter will focus on the development of gender expertise of gender expertise will focus on the development this chapter 25 Public Transport Infrastructure Cycling Public Toilets Public Spaces and Parks Housing London: in STEM. a Gender Lens The Case for (2013) Through Both Eyes: ScienceGrrl ScienceGrrl. London: survey. girls: Girls Attitudes equality for Girlguiding (2013) What girls say about… Girlguiding Clear C. An evening reception for women (and men) within the built environment looking built environment (and men) within the reception for women An evening Clear C. at: Available Published 2017. BRE Buzz. success. of international the secrets uncover to http://brebuzz.net/2017/10/05/beglobal-insights-from-our-world-leading-women/ 11 December 2018. Accessed at: of London. Good Growth By Design: Supporting Diversity Handbook. Available Mayor https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/supporting_diversity_handbook_web.pdf 4th March 2020 Accessed

and Girlguiding, · · · · 24 25 · 22 23 Imagine how much more confident and comfortable women would be if they did would be if they women more confident and comfortable Imagine how much especially after for them, places cities are dangerous that up being told not grow felt and girls be if women public spaces would livelier Imagine how much dark. were they regardless of what them, through linger in and pass use, safe enough to Imagine how much the time of day. and not, alone or were they whether wearing, had a they age that a young from not taught were be if they would freer women avoiding violence by harassment and from themselves protect responsibility to whenever groups in or traveling way, dressing a certain certain neighbourhoods, to could devote women energy how much more time and Imagine possible. skills new learning and developing the city, exploring friendships and relationships, about their safety. so much worry to did not have if they planning design, leadership in urban women’s and With more gender expertise and safer for women cities that are more inclusive and decision-making processes, and girls can become a reality. as a social in which gender, of the ways is an understanding Gender expertise This includes spatial relationships. social and economic, shapes political, construct, and distribution to differential access of how gender creates an understanding Increasing women’s society. across resources and power of opportunities, Women of gender expertise. alongside the development leadership is important in the urban sectors across are underrepresented experiences are omitted from urban design and planning processes. urban design and planning processes. from are omitted experiences of gender-based the complexity understand to both gender expertise Developing more space create leadership to and increasing women’s violence in public space, to are integral impact policy of the city to experiences subjective for women’s at City out already carried the work Given gender-based violence in cities. tackling sector and inclusion in the built environment diversity Hall on increasing equality, Handbook) the Supporting Diversity through (for example of the built environment workforce. of the built environment within the built environment sector. It will do this firstly by explaining two overarching overarching explaining two by do this firstly It will sector. within the built environment and then by principles (gendered perceptions of safety and intersectionality) including: design are gendered, of built environment aspects how key exploring studies on increasing access to studies on increasing access to

2 UNDERSTANDING GENDER AND URBAN PLANNING 19 27 Given the multifaceted the multifaceted Given 26 , finding that a criminal case , VAWG , has mental health problems or has learning disabilities. It also or has learning disabilities. health problems has mental , BAME Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against identity politics, Intersectionality, Mapping the margins: Crenshaw K. 1991; 43(6): 1241—1299. Law Review. Stanford of colour. women & MOPAC 2016 For Needs Assessment Violence Sexual The London Violence: Sexual MOPAC. London; 2016. NHS England (London). Overarching Principles Principles Overarching perceptions of safety Gendered An intersectional perspective

found that there are lower levels of reporting from Asian victims and that illegal or victims and Asian of reporting from levels found that there are lower of reporting. levels lower can also lead to uncertain immigration status From an early age, girls are told to avoid being alone in certain neighbourhoods, neighbourhoods, in certain being alone avoid to girls are told age, an early From and in hand with their keys home walk to go out and when they dress modestly to is not that public space in the message This drills readily accessible. their phones more worried be to conditioned are socially they such, As girls. and safe for women their speech, behaviour—including change their safety and to about their personal and the onus on women puts Society be safe. order to patterns—in dress and travel early mechanisms that females adopt Some protection themselves. protect girls to circumvent to longer routes taking someone, avoid to the road on include crossing it feels safer than because on taxis money areas and spending more dangerous transport. public taking that impact structural factors of safety are one of many Gendered perceptions that structural factors Other in the city. travel when and why people where, how, gender differences in urban mobility include gender disparities to contribute and the technology) skills, education, money, time, in economic resources (i.e. These structural inequalities produce gendered division of household labour. demand), mode of transport and travel in mobility choices (i.e. gendered variations purpose) and perceptions duration, distance, timing, route, (i.e. mobility behaviour The omission of is gendered. urban mobility such, As of mobility. and experiences planned and built our cities are designed, in the way gendered urban experiences their safety and denies them jeopardises and girls, women impacts disparately the city.” of their “right to the ways understand to efforts must foreground perspective An intersectional perceptions enhance women’s redesigned to in which the public realm could be an understanding is perspective An intersectional of safety. and experiences race, orientation, sexual gender, identity (i.e. of one’s aspects that the various shape to ways in complex interact etc.) ability/disability, physical age, religion, in the world. around and moves how one experiences is more likely to be ‘nocrimed’—meaning no further action will be taken—if the no further be ‘nocrimed’—meaning action will be taken—if to is more likely accuser is nature of identity, it follows that there are also multiple types of discrimination and it follows that there are also multiple types nature of identity, and Such inequalities are interconnected inequalities that people can experience. in isolation. cannot be analysed it may down the street, of colour is harassed while walking if a woman example, For is cycling If a woman her gender or her race. from if the abuse stems not be evident she might not know if it is because driver, a male at and closely passed by shouted if a Similarly, roads. on car-dominated or because she is cycling she is a woman it for the bus, while waiting and comments stares lewd in a wheelchair gets woman or because she has a disability. because she is a woman not be clear whether it’s may an take to the need illustrated Needs Assessment Violence The London Sexual when addressing perspective intersectional 26 27 In all these cases, it is clear that gender is linked to other aspects of identity, which of identity, other aspects to is linked it is clear that gender In all these cases, planners Urban designers, public space. experience how different women impacts 2.1

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35 This ScienceGrrl ScienceGrrl 31 England 28 NHS and MOPAC , 2016 amongst many others). many amongst 30 have experienced sexual contact. This is particularly contact. sexual experienced have Black Females in Architecture, Royal Institute of British of Institute Royal in Architecture, Black Females 29 40% The differential nature of women’s urban mobility patterns urban mobility patterns The differential nature of women’s 34 March 2020 th However, public transport systems tend to privilege radial, long privilege radial, to tend public transport systems However, 32 March 2020 th 33 per cent of assaults take place in public spaces, particularly on the transport place in public spaces, take per cent of assaults Ibid. http://www.endvawnow.org/en/ Endvawnow.org. and Girls. for Women Safe Public Transit 2018. 16 November Accessed articles/252-safe-public-transit-for-women-and-girls-.html. Available at: Available of London. Good Growth By Design: Supporting Diversity Handbook. Mayor https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/supporting_diversity_handbook_web.pdf 4 Accessed London: in STEM. a Gender Lens The Case for (2013) Through Both Eyes: ScienceGrrl more information visit: https://www.blackfemarc.com/ For ScienceGrrl. at https://www. Available Gender Equality in Practice Close the Gap: Improving RIBA. architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/resources-landing-page/gender-pay-gap- 4 guidance Accessed New Geographies of Gender and Daily Towards and Transport’: ‘Women Beyond Law R. 567—588. 1999; 23(4): Progress in Human Geography. Mobility. City; New York Inclusive TOD. All: Policies for for Access & Jang C. Gauthier A. E., Blomstrom https://www.itdp. (ITDP); 2018. Policy and Development for Transportation The Institute 8 April 2019. Accessed org/2018/05/21/access-for-all/. and Gender in Urban Transport. Choice Reframed: ‘Deep Distribution’ Travel C. Levy and Urbanisation. 2013; 25(1): 47—63. Environment Public Transport 40

commissioned an assessment of the level of sexual violence in London, which found violence in London, of sexual level commissioned an assessment of the that increases their vulnerability to gender-based violence, as they may end up spending may they as gender-based violence, increases their vulnerability to access public transport. places to in isolated or waiting through more time walking distance journeys, as opposed to orbital, short distance ones that women are likelier are likelier short ones that women distance orbital, as opposed to journeys, distance to make. marked during peak times, where there are higher levels of sexual offences. offences. of sexual where there are higher levels during peak times, marked Through Both Eyes report, Eyes Both Through network. Furthermore, the findings of a YouGov poll reported that two thirds of that two poll reported YouGov the findings of a Furthermore, network. harassment on the transport network sexual experienced in London have women and or in public spaces, 34 35 28 29 30 31 32 33 Women are more likely to commute sustainably (i.e. walk or take public transport) or take walk (i.e. sustainably commute to are more likely Women because it is cheaper. Globally, transport planning tends to optimise the flow of peak-hour work commutes, work commutes, peak-hour optimise the flow of to transport planning tends Globally, the traditional male is traveller the assumption that the default which is based on centre for work. the city the suburbs into commuting from breadwinner, and policymakers must have an understanding of and empathy towards those living those living towards empathy of and an understanding have must policymakers and cities make to in order identities marginalised of different intersections at the a diverse issues surrounding of the An exploration for all. more inclusive safer and many by be explored this report the scope of continues to but are outside workforce Handbook, The Supporting Diversity (e.g. within London organisations 2.2 reflects an implicit male bias because women were historically excluded from the from excluded were historically women implicit male bias because an reflects discrimination. kinds of employment face various and continue to labour market than and encumbered journeys varied more complex, make to also tend Women using different modes of transport usually including multiple trips a day men do, and caregiving as domestic as well and informal work, combine formal in order to responsibilities. Architecture’s “Close the Gap” Toolkit “Close the Gap” Architecture’s This underscores the need for safe public transport that caters to women’s journey journey women’s to public transportThis underscores the need for safe that caters types. are a locus they often too reliance on public transport systems, women’s Despite the city and access safe passage through women’s preventing violence, of sexual In political and social opportunities. economic, to

2 21 per per 19 63 per cent of per cent 32 On average, women women On average, 40 was that cycling speed that cycling was UK

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YouGov poll revealed that poll revealed YouGov 36 2014 Despite unprecedented investments in cycling in cycling investments unprecedented Despite 37 per cent of women surveyed in London felt confident felt confident in London surveyed cent of women per 65 39 per cent felt confident that a fellow traveller would come to their assistance their assistance to would come a fellow traveller felt confident that per cent Aldred R. Cycling Near Misses: Findings from Year One of the Near Miss Project. London: One of the Near Miss Project. Year Near Misses: Findings from Cycling Aldred R. at: http://www.cyclo.co.uk/wp-content/ Available 2015. of Westminster; University 8 April 2019. Accessed uploads/2015/09/Near-Miss-Project-Cycling-Near-Misses.pdf. 1989; 21(4): 385—390. Fear. Area. of Women’s The Geography G. Valentine http:// for London; 2018. London: Transport Plan. Action Cycling for London. Transport Accessed 8 April 2019. content.tfl.gov.uk/cycling-action-plan.pdf. 2018; 3(2): 115—132. for Whom? Applied Mobilities. Borough A Cycling Hackney: Lam T. http:// for London; 2018. Plan. London: Transport Action Cycling for London. Transport Accessed 8 April 2019. content.tfl.gov.uk/cycling-action-plan.pdf. Cycling Infrastructure Cycling 51

if they were being harassed. An earlier An earlier being harassed. were if they cent have been groped or physically harassed. harassed. or physically been groped cent have that contribute and design features of the built environment There are aspects tube poor lighting at bus stops, instance, For perceptions of safety. women’s to that are Spaces feel less safe. women can make stations platforms and train can car parks, and multi-storey alleyways, such as train carriages, enclosed in nature, amount or lack of limited the of danger due to perceptions women’s also heighten or or at bus stops bins around large or vegetation overgrown hedges, Tall clear exits. same time, the At seem threatening. can limit visibility and therefore train stations can as parks and canal towpaths such open and deserted, too spaces that seem and litter, such as vandalism or abandonment, Signs of neglect also seem risky. feel more dangerous. places can also make is the main factor impacting near miss rates, which are consistent across London, London, across which are consistent impacting near miss rates, is the main factor near misses. experience disproportionately and female cyclists that they could travel on public transport without sexual harassment or abuse, and and or abuse, harassment on public transport sexual without travel could that they just 2.3 infrastructure and an overall growth in cycling in London over the past two decades, decades, the past two in London over in cycling growth infrastructure and an overall but implicit for this are complex The reasons has persisted. a gender gap in cycling has certainly contributed infrastructure design and provisioning male bias in cycling experiences. urban cycling unequal and uneven to The branding of London’s cycling infrastructure has been criticised for being cycling The branding of London’s and riskiness, aggression athleticism, speed, connotes as ‘Superhighway’ gendered, on speed This emphasis which are implicitly coded as masculine characteristics. A key them their lives. costs and sometimes even feel alienated, women can make may not result that (road incidents near misses cycling the first study of finding from in injuries but nonetheless induce fear and stress) in the 40 36 37 38 39 To realise the Mayor’s ambition to make London “a byword for cycling,” and to and to for cycling,” byword London “a make ambition to realise the Mayor’s To in London cycling cycling, of and public health benefits maximise the environmental as men make is a gender gap in cycling, there However, must be inclusive. A Thomson Reuters Foundation report, which studied women on the move in five five in on the move women studied which report, Foundation Reuters A Thomson only found that cities global women in London have been verbally harassed on public transport, and that on public transport, harassed verbally been in London have women tend to cycle more slowly than men do, which increases their risk of near misses, of near misses, which increases their risk more slowly than men do, cycle to tend near impact, be no perceptible physical While there may traffic injuries and fatalities. Under Former Mayor Boris Johnson, London delivered two kinds of branded cycle cycle kinds of branded two London delivered Boris Johnson, Mayor Under Former separation from and offering greater mostly on main roads Superhighways, routes: side streets. residential mostly on low-traffic, and Quietways, traffic, motorised address which helps route cycle an orbital for London is now developing Transport and into focus primarily on routes implicit male bias inherent in its concerns around out of the city. cent of cycling journeys in London. journeys cent of cycling

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44 Given the gendered nature of cycling near misses, near misses, the gendered nature of cycling Given 43 42 This positive action could be supported by by supported action could be This positive 41 ’s Police and Crime Plan, efforts are already underway to “be more “be more to underway are already efforts and Crime Plan, Police ’s MOPAC women also experience more harassment while cycling, such as being catcalled such as being catcalled more harassment while cycling, also experience women On public transportation or just walking down the street, men invade my my men invade down the street, or just walking On public transportation or just comments, make close, too Men come day: personal space every they Often just last for a few seconds. don’t These experiences at me. stare the encounter. after days even space, up a lot of emotional and mental take me that as creating space around I experience on the other hand, Cycling, cars, a lot by invaded though this space gets Even defend. need to I don’t these incidents harassing me, or people on the street verbally taxis, buses, (until I usually only last for a few seconds feel different because they and agency safety, freedom, I feel more bicycle, on my Sitting past). cycle other mode of transport. any compared to Portland: Microcosm Publishing; Issue 1. Portland: Microcosm Gender Gap, Mind the Cycling Meier I in Lam T. 2018. for London; 2018. Plan. London: Transport Action Cycling for London. Transport London; MOPAC, Police and Crime Plan 2017—2021 MOPAC, All Londoners: City For A Safer 2017. https://w4c. London: C40 Cities; 2019. in Cities. Gender Inclusive Climate Action C40 Cities. 8 Accessed org/full-study/women4climate-report-gender-inclusive-climate-action-cities. April 2019.

they must be treated as seriously as traffic injuries and collisions. Furthermore, Furthermore, seriously as traffic injuries and collisions. as must be treated they the design and delivery into perceptions of safety must enter gendered and raced is for cycling feel like of Londoners to array a more diverse For projects. of cycling address the to must be social and cultural interventions there me,” “people like experience. communities may harassment that marginalised forms of street various harassment sexual to of and increased vulnerability the high costs some women, For mode of transport. their preferred cycling or violence on public transport makes harasser, a potential by be approached not still enough to often one is When cycling, to According wheels than on foot. escape on two to it is quicker if one is, and even in her early thirties living in London: one woman effective in tackling the places, behaviours and vehicles that pose the greatest that pose the greatest and vehicles behaviours the places, in tackling effective pedestrians and cyclists.” risk to 44 41 42 43 Evidence shows that people of all genders prefer protected cycle lanes, but the lanes, cycle people of all genders prefer protected Evidence shows that among women. demand is greater misses increase people’s perceptions of danger—especially novice cyclists—and cyclists—and novice danger—especially of perceptions people’s increase misses again. cycling ever from deterrent enough a significant be may the rebranding direction by in the right is moving for London Transport and Quietways. Superhighways at with cycling-specific remarks, and even being grabbed by men driving past. by men driving past. being grabbed even and remarks, at with cycling-specific is subtler but still makes experience cyclists Sometimes the harassment women especially some people, can make Cycling them feel out of place and uncomfortable. and therefore more feel more visible and exposed, in cycling, those underrepresented by gender, harassment that is inflected verbal be subject to may They vulnerable. south London in her thirties: from of a woman In the words class and nationality. race, increasing investment in material infrastructure to create safer environments. As As safer environments. create to infrastructure in material investment increasing in stated This anecdote illustrates how cycling can offer women liberation from sexual sexual from liberation can offer women how cycling illustrates This anecdote but increase their or public transport, harassment and violence on city streets traffic dangers. road vulnerability to increased that for other women, note it is important to the same time, At to road traffic danger can compound existing concerns about gender-based harassment traffic danger can compound road to Anecdotally, a less feasible mode of transport. making cycling therefore and violence, some

2 23 In 50 51 While addressing systemic While addressing systemic per cent of public toilets have have per cent of public toilets 49 50 , UK 48 45 per cent of Londoners feel that cycling is not for “people feel that cycling per cent of Londoners 49 , while many of those that remain have been privatised. of those that remain have many while , 1995 In fact, In fact, 46 Research shows that the underrepresentation of Black women cycling cycling of Black women that the underrepresentation Research shows 47 London: In London. Public Toilets Health and Public Services Committee. London Assembly https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_ 2011. London Authority; Greater migrate_files_destination/FINAL%20HPS%20public%20toilets%20update%20report.pdf. 2018. 16 November Accessed London: Transport for London; 2018. http:// for London; 2018. Plan. London: Transport Action for London. Cycling Transport Accessed 8 April 2019. content.tfl.gov.uk/cycling-action-plan.pdf. and the City: A Case Study of How Cycling P. J & Edwards Datta Green J, R, Steinbach Social Choices. Ethnic and Class Identities Can Shape Healthy Transport Gendered, 2011; 72(7): 1123—1130. Science & Medicine. Washington, in Black and Hispanic Communities. Bicycling to A Silent Barrier Fear: C. Brown http://njbikeped.org/wp-content/ Journal; 2016. Engineers of Transport DC: Institute uploads/2016/09/Fear_A-Silent-Barrier-to-Bicycling-in-Black-and-Hispanic-Communities_ 9 April 2019. Accessed Sept2016.pdf. https://blogs.ucl. 2013. 2013. Gender and Urbanism. UCLoo Festival Toilets, Penner B. 16 Accessed ac.uk/ucloo-festival-2013/2013/09/17/toilets-gender-and-urbanism/. 2018. November Portland: Microcosm Publishing; Issue 1. Portland: Microcosm Gender Gap, Mind the Cycling Salmon S in Lam T. 2018. and the City: A Case Study of How Cycling P. J & Edwards Datta Green J, R, Steinbach Social Choices. Ethnic and Class Identities Can Shape Healthy Transport Gendered, Regulating Inclusion: Spatial Form, J. Stehlin 2011; 72(7): 1123—1130.; Science & Medicine. Mobilities. 2014; 9(1): Practice in the USA. and the Normalisation of Cycling Social Process, in Cycling? Mean More Diversity Does More Cycling J & Goodman A. Woodcock Aldred R, for Whom? Borough A Cycling Hackney: 2016; 36(1): 28—44.; Lam T. Reviews. Transport 2018; 3(2): 115—132. Applied Mobilities. Public Toilets Once I was riding a Brompton bike, the epitome of British-ness, and the and of British-ness, the epitome bike, a Brompton riding I was Once refused traffic light at the me to next man in lycra] [middle-aged MAMIL with each contact eye make cyclists Usually me. with contact eye make to like It was at me. look even didn’t some reason he but for smile, other and/or I Brompton. riding a I was resent that seemed to He silent. but hateration on a bike, be supposed to wasn’t of colour, as a woman I, because felt it was not a Brompton. especially

been closed since in the media and on London streets is a barrier to cycling for Black women, and the for Black women, cycling to is a barrier on London streets in the media and is child’s communities that cycling certain Asian held by widespread perception women. for Asian cycling to is a barrier play 51 47 48 49 50 45 46 The notoriously long queues for women’s public toilets compared to men’s may may men’s compared to public toilets queues for women’s long The notoriously out of women of designing but it is another example a trivial problem, seem like sphere of the home the private to relegation of women The historical public space. The adequate city remained male-dominated. meant that the public realm in the for women. cities more inclusive make is necessary to of public toilets provision In the generally are under threat. Public toilets The idea that women of colour are not “supposed” to be cycling reflects how the reflects cycling be to of colour are not “supposed” The idea that women cycling feel like groups marginalised in London can make in cycling lack of diversity is not for them. gender, race, are shaped by as they Perceptions of safety are nuanced, in cities. around and impact how people move etc., socioeconomic class, fear of racial profiling that is evidence too—there Perceptions of safety are raced, for Black and Hispanic communities in the US, cycling to is the third biggest barrier robbery or assault. collisions and fears of traffic after London, there has been a one-fifth decline in the provision of public toilets in the toilets of public in the provision there has been a one-fifth decline London, facilities. public no longer directly providing with some boroughs past decade, racism and racial profiling may seem to fall outside the purview of transportation the purview of transportation to fall outside seem may racism and racial profiling practitioners who care built environment to it is relevant planning and engineering, for all. inclusive about making cities safer and more 2.4 like me.” like

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LGBTQ Standalone Standalone 55

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52 53 February 2020. February However, the increasing privatisation of public spaces is endangering the increasing privatisation However, th 56 In Burdett R & Sudjic D. The Endless City. London: The Endless City. R & Sudjic D. In Burdett Cities. Power, Politics, Peñalosa E, Phaidon; 2007: 307—319. The Conversation. The Conversation. are longer than men’s. toilets Why queues for women’s L. O’Dwyer https://theconversation.com/why-queues-for-womens-toilets-are-longer-than- 2018. 2018. 16 November Accessed mens-99763. & Risk on Mumbai Streets. Guragon: Women Why Loiter? S & Ranade S. Khan, S, Phadke, Penguin Randomhouse India; 2011. 2014 Available CityMetric, are Popping Up on City Streets at Night. Toilets CityMetric. at https://www.citymetric.com/horizons/toilets-are-popping-city-streets-night-534 20 Accessed Us Lets Public Hygiene Design Into Shared Urban Space. Toilet Building Safe McCreary C. Human (PHLUSH) https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/35281903/building- Stay 2018. 16, November Accessed safe-toilet-design-into-shared-urban-space-phlush. Public Spaces and Parks

This has implications on the design of public facilities. Typically, equal floor space equal Typically, on the design of public facilities. This has implications be the same, While the spatial area may bathrooms. and women’s men’s to is given imbalance of actual resulting in an space than a cubicle, a urinal requires less may women example, For too. gendered health disparities, This can create provision. therefore urinate, the need to reduce the home to when outside drink less water postponing using the toilet to accustomed get may women or risking dehydration, tract infections. urinary which can lead to long, for too 56 52 53 54 55 Public spaces and parks set the stage for people to gather and breathe life into gather and breathe life into for people to Public spaces and parks set the stage music or other protest, relaxation, exercise, play, whether that is through the city, the In global cities with widening gaps between or social activity. forms of solitary a more inclusive a means to public space can be an equaliser, rich and the poor, of their social stripped bare Public space is where “people meet as equals, society. hierarchies.” While some local authorities have taken action to provide innovative solutions for solutions innovative provide action to taken While some local authorities have has little of ‘pop up urinals’, the provision in public spaces through toilets men’s also These urinals have for women. and safe provision adequate ensure been done to of provision who highlight how the campaign groups from come under some scrutiny feel unsafe and women public spaces at night time make these urinals in prominent that public space at night is not for them. the message perpetuates The decline in public toilets is gendered because women need more toilets than than toilets need more women because is gendered toilets public decline in The do so for to longer take do and than men more frequently urinate Women men. to tend women unfasten; longer to takes often clothing women’s reasons: various prams, shopping bags, or rucksack, a purse are out (i.e. they more stuff when carry stressful; and cumbersome be very in public can trips toilet which means that etc.), are which means they responsibilities, childcare shoulder greater to tend women when menstruating, and tow; with children in public toilets frequent to more likely products. dispose of old sanitary place new and to have women toilet facilities, in which people go directly from a thoroughly public space into a into public space a thoroughly people go directly from in which facilities, toilet of unsafe reducing the risk Apart from alternative. a better offer space, private very of the inclusive are also gender-neutral and more they semi-public spaces, the very public-ness of public spaces. public-ness of public spaces. the very community. community. 2.5 Thus, not only must there be more gender equitable provision of public toilets, but of public toilets, provision gender equitable not only must there be more Thus, comfortable feel safe and ensure that women must also be designed to public toilets and semi-public adjoining public, provide need to Public toilets use them. enough to the semi-public In particular, which can pose a design challenge. spaces, private but spaces that be windowless, to partitioned cubicles tends area that contains lines of sight might feel less safe. without sufficient enclosed, are too

2 25 ) and public life ) and public For women, women, For 60 by making public by POPS 59 Privately owned public spaces can sometimes limit the sometimes limit public spaces can owned Privately 57 They have also commissioned a researcher to produce design produce a researcher to also commissioned have They 58 . POPS , a cooperative of feminist architects, sociologists and urban planners, works works and urban planners, sociologists of feminist architects, a cooperative , 6 Fleming A. What would a city that is safe for women look like? The Guardian. https://www. look like? a city that is safe for women What would Fleming A. theguardian.com/cities/2018/dec/13/what-would-a-city-that-is-safe-for-women-look- 8 April 2019. Accessed Published 2018. like. Why Loiter? Women & Risk on Mumbai Streets. Guragon: & Risk on Mumbai Streets. Women Why Loiter? S & Ranade S. Khan, S, Phadke, Penguin Randomhouse India; 2011. The Guardian. to draw up charter regulating pseudo-public space. mayor London J. Shenker, at https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/nov/23/london-mayor-charter- Available 2020 pseudo-public-space-sadiq-khan accessed 20 February https://www.ice.org. ICE Thinks. 2017. the urban night-time. Cities alive—Lighting Lam F. uk/news-and-insight/ice-thinks/growing-cities-and-building-resilience/cities-alive- 2018. 16 November Accessed lighting-the-urban-night-time.

possibilities for people to participate in shaping public space ( public space in shaping participate for people to possibilities because they are essentially private property. This can diminish people’s feelings diminish people’s This can property. private are essentially they because them. city belongs to city and that the the to belong that they inclusivity and the serious issues around of public spaces raises The privatisation surveillance The ubiquitous public obligations. their owners to of private accountability keeps people that intent exclusionary an spaces reflects owned public in privately and diversity the accessibility, This inherently limits them in. rather than inviting out, increased surveillance for communities of colour, Furthermore, of the space. vivacity safe. than more, rather people feel less, not be desirable and can make may are about what the rules and regulations there is a lack of transparency Moreover, and the actual are governed they how exactly spaces, owned public in privately of secrecy The high levels including gender-based violence. incidences of crimes, have gender-based violence there may and girls who experience mean that women security the private especially without clear information about whom recourse, little for addressing and reporting grievances or the protocol to, guards are accountable or crimes that occur in those spaces. a are delivering the regeneration team in London, this challenge In response to Plan. commitment in the new London as part of the Mayor’s Public London Charter and owners users, and responsibilities for the will set out the rights This charter maximise public to of land ownership, managers of public spaces irrespective particularly in the increasing the space, access and minimise rules governing number of spaces feel safer, more welcoming and cared for, especially after dark. especially after and cared for, more welcoming spaces feel safer, a key in urban public space also play of women Media images and representations Collective In Barcelona, in making cities feel safer and more gender inclusive. role Point 60 57 58 59 The right to the city means not just a right to access, use and pass through urban urban through and pass use access, to a right not just city means the right to The processes on-going through city life in participate to a right but also spaces, public and negotiation. of creation towards building gender equality into the city streets. One priority area is tackling One priority area is tackling city streets. the gender equality into building towards on trains and on billboards. at bus stops, advertisements sexist guidance for public spaces such as sky gardens, station concourses and museums station gardens, sky guidance for public spaces such as the all Londoners, and accessible to that ensure these spaces remain inclusive of which are forthcoming. results of truly public spaces and people public space relies on the availability to Access be reasonably safe and will that they be there, permission to have feeling that they is needed in the design of public spaces and A gender perspective comfortable. anecdotal example, For and girls. of women more inclusive are parks so that they use parks and canal to and girls are less likely shows that women evidence Paths that are poorly paved danger. dark because of perceived after towpaths danger for and insufficiently lit at night also increase perceptions of and actual a significant opportunity “presents therefore, street lighting, Adequate cyclists. the quality of life of urban citizens” improve fundamentally to

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61 criterion criterion

62 64 March 2020. th as asylum seekers—overwhelmingly expressed expressed seekers—overwhelmingly as asylum UK The Greater London Authority have started to address these issues address these to started have Authority London The Greater 63 . Ibid for “Making London Child Friendly: Designing Places and Streets Design. by Good Growth at: https://www.london.gov.uk/ of London Available People” Mayor Children and Young Accessed 4 sites/default/files/ggbd_making_london_child-friendly.pdf Gender expertise in built environment design in built environment Gender expertise https://www. More Blue Plaques for Women. Want English Heritage English Heritage. english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/more-blue-plaques-for-women/. 11 April 2019. Accessed in temporary with residents a series of interviews LSE London conducted 2019, In February families in of housing offers by acceptance to accommodation in Camden on the “Barriers of Camden. Borough the London funded by project, research accommodation” temporary Housing look like, they mentioned adequate street lighting; some police presence; the mentioned adequate they look like,

greater safety concerns when discussing their current living situation. living when discussing their current safety concerns greater through both the new ‘Housing Design Guide’, which calls for a more inclusive which calls for a more inclusive ‘Housing Design Guide’, both the new through design and the ‘Making London Child Friendly’ report. to approach to their ideal future long-term homes. When asked how they envisioned a safe environment a safe environment envisioned how they When asked homes. their ideal future long-term to to 63 64 Integrating more gender expertise in the design of public transport, cycling cycling in the design of public transport, more gender expertise Integrating parks and housing is not just about public spaces, public toilets, infrastructure, 61 62 Functional and adequately lit lifts, as well as accessible and secure pram and cycle as accessible and secure pram and cycle as well lit lifts, Functional and adequately in housing developments. should be mandatory floor, ideally on the ground parking, housing journeys, as a typical point of departureor return for most people’s all, After make. disproportionately that women the encumbered journeys must facilitate 2.7 Gender-inclusive design in housing is another important built environment element built environment important design in housing is another Gender-inclusive city. of safety in the perceptions and experiences women’s that can increase accommodations in the London Borough temporary of two with residents Interviews racial and ethnic minority groups, from that women—mostly of Camden revealed the some of whom had entered walking alone past a sexist advertisement under a railway arch can make the can make arch railway under a advertisement past a sexist alone walking has recently if one especially environment, and hostile an alienating feel like city street harassment. experienced well as street advertisements, in women of representations better providing such, As that actions are positive women or public art feminist murals more by as showcasing increase the to campaign for women” “plaques English Heritage’s take. cities can good example blue plaques in London is also a on commemorated number of women space. visibility and inclusion in urban public that increase women’s of initiatives Women were disproportionately more likely to cite safety from crime as a key crime as a key safety from cite to more likely disproportionately were Women presence of other people on the street; some commercial activity (i.e. restaurants, restaurants, some commercial activity (i.e. presence of other people on the street; bus and tube stops). public transport access (i.e. and easy etc.) supermarkets, stores, is also as transport stations, as well housing developments, access in Step-free and around outside safe entry and passage inside, ensure women’s essential to in Camden frequently residents accommodation temporary Female buildings. buildings because they their and exiting entering constraints mobility experienced flights shopping up and down several laundry and prams, children, carry had to often frequently out were or the lifts at all, Some buildings either had no lifts of stairs. of service. 2.6

2 27 adding or altering infrastructural fixtures in the urban built environment. It is about It is about environment. urban built in the fixtures infrastructural or altering adding harassment sexual seriously taking concerns, safety women’s to attention paying of women exclusion the patriarchal and challenging in public space and violence realm. the public from in motion a cultural could set interventions environment built More gender-aware Unlike share. we The public spaces tangible: beginning with the shift by paradigm perceptions also influence gendered and cultural norms—which attitudes societal built be transformed overnight—the and cannot but are intangible of safety, change. and immediate as a medium for more tangible can be used environment

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14 This increases ) project. ) project. 65 The City of Vienna was was The City of Vienna 66 GUCCI —Women for Climate Justice, Justice, for Climate —Women CC by Gender by 2015 project was launched in was project European Institute for Gender Equality. What is Gender Mainstreaming. https://eige. What is Gender Mainstreaming. for Gender Equality. Institute European 9 April 2019. Accessed europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/what-is-gender-mainstreaming. Gender mainstreaming https://w4c. London: C40 Cities; 2019. in Cities. Gender Inclusive Climate Action C40 Cities. 8 Accessed org/full-study/women4climate-report-gender-inclusive-climate-action-cities. April 2019. Gender-responsive participatory planning participatory Gender-responsive GUCCI

citizen engagement, accountability and transparency in policy and planning in policy and transparency accountability citizen engagement, planning in participatory gender-responsive to approach An innovative processes. ( Initiative’ Change Urban Climate cities is the ‘Gender Into participating pilot cities in South Africa, India, Indonesia and Mexico. Indonesia and Mexico. India, participating pilot cities in South Africa, identified in partnership with issues are systematically key In each pilot city, poor people and other women, with and in consultation organisations, women’s ensure that to are developed local strategies Subsequently, groups. marginalised especially of all, the needs to and responsive policies are inclusive urban climate women’s Partnering with existing of society. the most vulnerable segments local capacity. change helps build climate on issues around that work organisations in urban planning and agents active be informed, citizens to It also empowers momentum for build and sustain to way This is an effective processes. governance political cycles. goals of gender inclusivity amidst short-term long-term 3.2 The an early adopter of gender mainstreaming in urban planning and has conducted over over of gender mainstreaming in urban planning and has conducted an early adopter the city has Under gender mainstreaming, since the early 1990s. sixty pilot projects 66 Gender mainstreaming is the integration of a gender perspective into the design, the design, into of a gender perspective Gender mainstreaming is the integration measures and regulatory of policies, and evaluation monitoring implementation, gender equality. promote in order to spending programmes, 65 Gender-responsive participatory planning enables governments to involve a broader a broader involve to planning enables governments participatory Gender-responsive ensuring thereby and decision-making processes, range of citizens in local planning and holistically. effectively that public resources are used more Cities across the globe have taken bold action to incorporate gender expertise and expertise gender incorporate bold action to taken the globe have Cities across processes planning and governance leadership in urban design, increase women’s In what follows are examples and more inclusive. cities safer make in order to gender planning, participatory methods (gender-responsive innovative of five and public safety audits women’s data, gender-disaggregated mainstreaming, as inspiration. that can serve adopted campaigns) that cities have awareness 3.1 a global network of organisations, experts and activists, with the aim of elevating elevating with the aim of and activists, experts of organisations, a global network in urban climate It engages more women justice in cities. both gender and climate input and using their capacity, therefore building local processes, policymaking There are currently recommendations. policy gender-responsive develop to

3 TOOLS FOR GENDER-INFORMED URBAN PLANNING: GLOBAL EXEMPLARS 31 The 69

67 produced the city’s Plan for Gender the city’s produced LGTBI 68 , after data collection and citizen engagement. The Plan identifies and citizen engagement. collection data after , 2016—2020 the Department for Feminisms and and the Department for Feminisms Increasing institutional gender expertise, i.e. through gender through i.e. Institutional Change: Increasing institutional gender expertise, training or gender budgeting. gender equality in employment Management: Promoting for Life and Time Economy a gender equitable promoting in addition to and entrepreneurial support programmes, division of domestic labour. human rights. that impede people’s structural barriers Addressing City of Rights: Neighbourhoods: Ensuring that urban public space is safe for Inclusive and Liveable this means addressing gender-based Crucially, and girls. of women and inclusive space. violence in public and private London: C40 Cities; 2019. https://w4c. London: C40 Cities; 2019. in Cities. Gender Inclusive Climate Action C40 Cities. 8 Accessed org/full-study/women4climate-report-gender-inclusive-climate-action-cities. April 2019. https://www.citylab.com/ CityLab. Design a City for Women. How to C. Foran 15 Accessed Published 2013. transportation/2013/09/how-design-city-women/6739/. 2018. October Gender Justice 2016—2020. Plan for and LGTBI. Barcelona Department for Feminisms https://ajuntament.barcelona. 2016. and LGTBI; Barcelona: Department for Feminisms cat/feminismes-lgtbi/sites/default/files/documentacio/p_4.2_plan-for-gender- 8 April 2019. Accessed justice-2016-2020_ang.pdf. Gender-disaggregated data Gender-disaggregated 2016

Justice 69 67 68 1 2 3 4 in order to on urban transport is pivotal data Collecting gender-disaggregated Neighbourhoods. and Inclusive Liveable area, on the fourth strategic deliver Gender-disaggregated data is a tool that allows policymakers to capture and assess capture to that allows policymakers is a tool data Gender-disaggregated behaviours spatial and environmental economic, political, differences in the social, can This gender analysis populations. diverse and actions among individuals across promoting thereby and policies, public investments gender-informed then lead to on data gender-disaggregated example, For outcomes. more gender inclusive gendered differences see and understand urban transport could help cities better has The City of Barcelona in the city. when and why people travel where, in how, ensure that the public to data been a trailblazer in gathering gender-disaggregated and girls. the needs of women meets transport system In a data-driven urban planning and design process, starting with collecting data at the at the data with collecting starting process, design and planning urban a data-driven use public people of groups how different understand to a project of beginning very space and what for, who is using the to learn about are the aims Specifically, space. of people the needs and interests define usage, of public space patterns analyse those needs. meet to plan accordingly then space, using the is the redesign mainstreaming of gender impacts the measurable of One example and girls in their original scoping included in Vienna City planners of public parks. of be more inclusive parks to and then redesigned two exercises, collection data and socioeconomic backgrounds. racial groups age groups, gender, people across particularly beneficial for children, accessibility, improve added footpaths to They to courts and badminton disabilities; volleyball and people with women older people, areas open that divided large of activities; and landscaping a wider variety provide use. enable more mixed semi-enclosed spaces to into 3.3 four strategic areas: four strategic city uses this data to ensure that the public transport, walking and cycling networks networks cycling and walking ensure that the public transport, to city uses this data female mobility patterns. accommodate

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70 per cent of women per cent of women 30 per cent of the cyclists in San of the cyclists per cent 29 Meanwhile, the creation of an index the creation of an index Meanwhile, 72 kilometre cycling network, which revealed a which revealed network, kilometre cycling 294 per cent of the population. The gender gap in cycling is gap in cycling The gender of the population. per cent Both the night-time safety index and cycle route audits audits route and cycle Both the night-time safety index 73 49 On the Safetipin app, women can drop pins on specific locations can drop women On the Safetipin app, 71 Women Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces Programme recommends recommends Spaces Programme Safe Cities and Safe Public Women UN Anzola A in Lamble L. Capital offence: tackling harassment on public transport in Bogotá— offence: tackling Capital Anzola A in Lamble L. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/audio/2018/ podcast. oct/24/listen-to-women-designing-safe-spaces-in-a-city-where-harassment-is-rife- 9 April 2019. Accessed 2018. Produced podcast. Ibid. https://use. Safetipin; 2018. Gurgaon: Analysis Report. Bogotá: A Safety Safetipin. metropolis.org/case-studies/using-safetipin-to-build-safer-cities-for-women. 9 April 2019. Accessed Ibid. Women’s safety audits Women’s

Increasing cycling is essential for the city to achieve its ambitious climate and climate ambitious its achieve to for the city is essential cycling Increasing only comprise but women targets, sustainability nuanced, as women of Asian and Hispanic descent are underrepresented in cycling. descent are underrepresented and Hispanic of Asian as women nuanced, collection a paradigm shift in transport this study is that data from takeaway One key studies only report cycling Typical counted. gets everyone is necessary so that women especially but women, work, and from to commuting journeys peak-period other than during off-peak hours for purposes cycle to are more likely of colour, gathering Through counted. do not get journeys cycling their result, a As work. help ensure that sustainable cities can data, gender- and race-disaggregated of diverse patterns travel the heterogeneous transport and serve modes reflect urban populations. 3.4 Francisco, despite being being despite Francisco, greater need for street lighting and visibility along cycle routes and pinpointed and pinpointed routes need for street lighting and visibility along cycle greater necessary. were interventions where exactly 73 70 71 72 Under the leadership of Ángela Anzola, the Secretary for Women and Gender Equality for Women the Secretary Under the leadership of Ángela Anzola, transport and on public systems on streets safety women’s in the City of Bogotá, an app-based women’s Anzola partnered with Safetipin, priority. has been a key about collect data to in India, Kalpana VIswanath Dr. by safety audit developed during the daytime and at of safety in Bogotá perceptions and experiences women’s The night. Similarly, for the first time, the City of San Francisco collected gender- and race- gender- collected Francisco City of San the first time, for the Similarly, to District Market South of in the lanes new cycle of on usage data disaggregated impact city cycling. class race and socioeconomic gender, how understand better in the city, which maps the city according to where women feel safe or unsafe. feel safe or unsafe. where women which maps the city according to in the city, and audits route cycle were Safetipin audits Bogotá’s from unique outputs Two on were mounted mobile phones In a first, night-time safety. of women’s an index the city’s photograph to cycles in Bogotá avoid going out at night because they feel unsafe on the city’s streets and streets feel unsafe on the city’s going out at night because they avoid in Bogotá public transport systems. of women’s safety at night was particularly relevant because particularly relevant safety at night was of women’s women’s safety audits as a tool for cities to address the pandemic of gender-based for cities to as a tool safety audits women’s of women’s results The on public transport. violence in urban public space and of robust and enable the development cities with data empower safety audits safety and girls’ women’s makes This assess female safety in cities. to indicators and planning processes. in urban and transport policy “count” street lighting; openness (the parameters: The Safetipin audit is based on nine on the directions); visibility (based on the “eyes of open sight lines in all availability and residential activity nearby); retail the commercial, evaluating street” principle, security (the presence of police officers people (the number of people around); space); or road quality of the pavement (the security guards); walkpath and private the nearest mode of transport); to of distance public transport (measured in terms and gender usage.

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79 2017 , also , , has , Women Women DC . UN 2015 50 per cent of 75 and 20 but the city’s public public but the city’s 76 ) in Washington, ) in Washington, In a creative attempt to to attempt In a creative Women and the Mexico City and the Mexico Women 77 WMATA UN launched its first-ever anti-sexual anti-sexual first-ever launched its WMATA . In partnership with Collective Action for Action In partnership with Collective . 2012

75 The Local Security Councils comprise of the local Mayor, police police local Mayor, comprise of the Security Councils The Local 74

78 Collective Action for Safe Spaces. WMATA Campaign. https://www.collectiveactiondc.org/ Campaign. WMATA for Safe Spaces. Action Collective 9 April 2019. Accessed our-work/wmata-anti-sexual-harassment-campaign/. Ibid. Impakter. Fight for Gender Equality and Safe Public Transport. Bogotá’s A. Dekovic https://impakter.com/bogotas-fight-for-gender-equality-and-safe-public- Published 2019. 11 April 2019. Accessed transport/. http://www. Report. Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces: Global Results UN Women. unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2017/10/safe-cities-and-safe-public- 8 April 2019. Accessed Published 2017. spaces-global-results-report. http://2018transportpoll.trust. 2018. on the Move; Women Foundation. Thompson Reuters 8 April 2019. Accessed org/. York The New City Subway. on Mexico ‘Penis Seat’ Causes Double Take Debs S & Franco M. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/americas/penis-seat- Published 2017. Times. 8 April 2019. Accessed mexico-city-harassment.html. Public awareness campaigns Public awareness

officers and women living in the area, therefore providing women with a platform to with a platform women therefore providing living in the area, women officers and and planning decisions. policy local into and experiences input their perspectives amplify Council meetings to been used at Local Security have The Safetipin audits harassment or violence gender-based help the city tackle to of women the voices in public space. 3.5 launched an effective public awareness campaign addressing sexual harassment campaign addressing sexual public awareness launched an effective and violence on public transport in Safe Spaces and Stop Street Harassment, Street Harassment, Safe Spaces and Stop government launched a #NoEsDeHombres (It’s not manly) campaign in March launched a #NoEsDeHombres (It’s government Safe City and Safe Public Spaces for Women and Girls programme since and Girls programme Women Safe City and Safe Public Spaces for The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( Authority Area Transit Metropolitan The Washington harassment campaign, consisting of advertisements in English and Spanish at metro in English and Spanish at metro consisting of advertisements harassment campaign, harassment in public and encourage victims about sexual awareness raise to stations report This included an online portal for people to the police. report to incidents to and an email tracking of incidents data improved Police, Transit Metro to incidents to assist an investigation. or video files send photos allow victims to address to been tackling sexual harassment and violence on public transport. public transport. harassment and violence on sexual been tackling 79 74 75 76 77 78 Alongside implementing policy and programming to address public sexual address public sexual to and programming Alongside implementing policy in be instrumental campaigns can awareness public harassment and violence, a participant in the City, Mexico norms. and challenging cultural attitudes are illuminating for policymakers, who do not always understand the extent, impact impact the extent, understand always who do not for policymakers, are illuminating drive will help and and violence, harassment gender-based of spatial nature and and girls. city safer for women the make to space interventions and public policy specifically Council, has a Local Security in the city each borough In Bogotá, in gender mainstreaming and integrate gender issues address to designated policymaking. address gender-based violence on public transport, public transport, address gender-based violence on to target male public transport commuters between the ages of between male public transport commuters target to transport system is notoriously dangerous for women. dangerous is notoriously transport system women who travel daily in Mexico City use public transport, daily in Mexico who travel women The #NoEsDeHombres campaign puts the onus on men and men’s behaviour, which behaviour, the onus on men and men’s The #NoEsDeHombres campaign puts The campaign at women. messages directed typical victim-blaming counters (experiment Asiento” “Experimento such as experiments, filmed social contained reactions to people’s This video showed viral online. which went with a seat), male body, of a naked half bottom the look like to changed that were seats subway travel to “It is annoying reading, with signs beneath the seats including the penis, daily suffer in their women violence the sexual but not compared to this way, commutes.”

3 34 ; key distinguishing distinguishing ; key 2015 82 as a mnemonic for four strategies to to four strategies as a mnemonic for STOP announced the launch of a new public awareness a new public awareness the launch of announced ’s campaign launched in launched campaign ’s WMATA campaign engaged two local activist organisations with organisations local activist campaign engaged two harassment” with harassment” with WMATA STOP WMATA harassment, geared towards empowering public transport riders empowering geared towards harassment, The advertisements in this second round had more diverse and and had more diverse round in this second The advertisements 80 STOP Most recently, Most recently, 81 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. News Release: New Metro Campaign News Release: New Metro Authority. Area Transit Metropolitan Washington https://dccommutetimes.com/news_releases/ Published 2019. Harassment. Stop Aims to 9 April 2019. Accessed article/new-metro-campaign-aims-to-stop-harassment. Ibid. fix that. is doing to what WMATA Here’s Metro. uncommon to violence isn’t Sexual J. Raven https://ggwash.org/view/43487/sexual- Published 2016. Greater Greater Washington. Accessed 9 violence-isnt-uncommon-on-metro-heres-what-wmata-is-doing-to-fix-that. April 2019.

inclusive imagery, such as ones featuring transgender women of colour and Muslim of colour women transgender as ones featuring such imagery, inclusive women. features were the use of gender-neutral language and the addition of messages addition of messages and the gender-neutral language the use of were features of than just victims rather harassment, of sexual perpetrators targeting harassment. campaign, campaign, intervene: Sidetrack, Tell, Observe and Postpone. Observe Tell, Sidetrack, intervene: There are notable aspects of both public awareness campaigns that helped campaigns that helped of both public awareness aspects There are notable ideas campaign crowd-sourced The #NoEsDeHombres maximise their impact. change to a male audience and target campaign to the public for an effective from wrestlers bloggers, like public figures, well-known involved It also behaviour. men’s Perhaps, harassment is unacceptable. that sexual as an endorsement and actors, which helps shift away men, targeted the messages exclusively most importantly, of toxic more scrutiny and towards and narratives mentalities victim-blaming from masculinity. the Meanwhile, 82 80 81 The second phase of second phase The expertise in addressing street harassment. It also monitored and evaluated key key and evaluated also monitored It in addressing street harassment. expertise it Critically, them as necessary. and updated campaign messages and images, an which reflects colour, of imagery of transgender women included more inclusive high the disproportionately to and helps draw attention perspective intersectional transgender women. of violence against rates to report and intervene if they witness or experience harassment. The key message message The key harassment. witness or experience if they report intervene and to can help “You is,

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83 84 , 2018

Actions like more visible policing, or better street lighting, are more likely to be favoured be favoured to are more likely street lighting, or better visible policing, more like Actions 50. and people over This includes women, those who might feel more at risk of crime. by in going out at night interest less who have These are also groups to go out at are more likely They for ethnic minorities. These findings are not replicated then be working to more likely night as they’re are safer, can help people feel that the streets streets Secure transport and well-used experiences to as this is more clearly linked night safety. women’s promotes who actively organisation a champion in your Nominate safety at night women’s takes organisation that your and customers staff to Demonstrate a communications campaign. through i.e. seriously, or travelling. going out, harassment when working, experience do if they what to staff Tell communications as part of your victims and bystanders Encourage reporting by campaign. who report are believed. ensure that all women to staff Train ensure that all reports are recorded and responded to. to staff Train at night. them safer for women make places to public spaces and work Design your 2018. https:// 2018. Night In London; At Safety Women’s of London. Pledge to Improve Mayor www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/pledge-to-improve-womens-safety-at-night. 2018. 8 November Accessed London, London, a 24-Hour City, at Night: An Evidence Base for London London Authority, Greater 2018. Women’s Night Safety Charter Women’s

The report also found: at which she hosted the first-ever workshop on women’s safety at night. The safety at night. women’s workshop on the first-ever at which she hosted groups, women’s from delegates convened safety at night workshop women’s the aim and the police with transport organisations councils, businesses, charities, and girls in London could be safer for women how public spaces of understanding for a facilitated small groups up into broken were delegates that end, To at night. safety issues most in need of action; the key discussion about the public spaces address these issues and their actions in London to in those spaces; existing opportunities for action. strengths; and key which Night Safety Charter, the creation of the Women’s led to The workshop taking responding, the pillars of reporting, based on commitments includes seven responsibility and redesigning public spaces: 84 83 · · · · · · · · · · Summit in the summer of the Night Safety Lamé organised Night Czar Amy

This section describes existing policies and projects in London that work towards towards that work in London projects policies and existing This section describes Night and girls: the Women’s for women and more inclusive making the city safer the Healthy Streets Guardian, Project Service, Design the Women’s Safety Charter, other organisations. various Agenda and in Clean-Tech the Women Approach, 4.1 The London at Night report found that Disabled people, people in low-income The London at Night report people, found that Disabled as safe in London at night as other Londoners. do not feel and women households,

4 LONDON POLICIES AND PROJECTS 37 ), the Women’s Design the Women’s ), restructured, relying mostly restructured, GLC GLC , the Women’s Design Service the Women’s , Their research adopted an Their research adopted 87 2012 Through a holistic approach that treated design as that treated a holistic approach Through 85 ’s built environment. The Women’s Design Service is to Design Service is to The Women’s built environment. ’s

UK This would be a shame because of the legacy of the Women’s of the Women’s be a shame because of the legacy This would 86 WDS—Women’s Design Service. Wds.org.uk. https://www.wds.org.uk. Published 2018. Published 2018. https://www.wds.org.uk. Wds.org.uk. Design Service. WDS—Women’s 2018. 16 October Accessed Published 2018. http://www.wds.org.uk/projects_msp.html. Wds.org.uk. WDS Projects. 2018. 16 October Accessed Spatial Agency: Women’s Design Service. Spatialagency.net. http://www.spatialagency. Spatialagency.net. Design Service. Women’s Spatial Agency: 16 Accessed Published 2018. net/database/where/knowledge/womens.design.service. 2018. October Women’s Design Service Women’s

Design Service on the remained dormant whilst the Trustees consider future options, including possibly including consider future options, remained dormant whilst the Trustees closing it down. thank for introducing the legal requirement for toilets to include baby-changing include baby-changing to the legal requirement for toilets thank for introducing safety in public space, women’s and for conducting significant research on facilities, examples. name two to safety audits, and women’s surveys through called Making pilot project a three-year Design Service conducted The Women’s Wolverhampton, in Bristol, safety audits women’s which entailed Safer Places, did a they in those cities, with women Working London and Manchester. of the built environment how and which aspects explore to exercise “fearometer” of day, time like factors, and how contextual feel unsafe, to caused women informed safety audit results The women’s perceptions of safety. to contributed or removing including moving the localities, improve recommendations to fences. paths or installing rerouting vegetation, on government funding and grants. Sadly, as of Sadly, funding and grants. on government Service maintained a precarious existence after the after a precarious existence Service maintained experiences acknowledging the multiplicities of women’s perspective, intersectional 86 87 85 The Women’s Design Service was founded in 1984 to increase women’s participation women’s increase founded in 1984 to Design Service was The Women’s in urban design and planning. To support this implementation of the charter’s commitments, the Greater London London the Greater commitments, of the charter’s support this implementation To and actions key outlines which Toolkit Night Safety the Women’s created Authority supportthe aims of the charter. to that can be taken approaches conditions and enabling factors of the contributing some highlighted The workshop in London; how the in public space and violence harassment for gender-based the to patterns temporal such behaviour; and enables facilitates built environment safety. and girls’ women’s improve and recommended actions to problem; from that emerged and girls London safer for women make to Recommended actions increasing harassment; of sexual the normalisation included: tackling the workshop increasing and processes; professions in built environment the visibility of women experience others if they by feel supported so people intervention bystander one method example, For data. and collecting and mapping harassment in public; identify and map the communities to with local could be working collection of data cultural norms is also necessary Challenging in their area. danger spots perceived public space without claim and occupy to feel empowered so that women harassment. experiencing 4.2 dynamic, both social and technical, the Women’s Design Service advised community Design Service the Women’s both social and technical, dynamic, conducted with funding applications, assisted studies, performed feasibility groups, networks, diverse together It brought in lobbying. research and participated therefore and residents, tenants officers, government planners, including architects, gender in women, as a resource for all those interested itself rapidly establishing and the built environment. London Council ( the former Greater Initially funded by

4 38

91 . ,

to 15 DC 2015 2015/16 in per cent 20 2,087 The number of 90

89 TfL also launched a “Report TfL 92 .

2015/16 and 2014/15 per cent increase in arrests for sexual offences on offences for sexual per cent increase in arrests , since Project Guardian launched, to to Guardian launched, Project since , 36 per cent had not reported it. reported per cent had not 90 2012/13 anti-public sexual harassment campaigns in Washington, harassment campaigns in Washington, anti-public sexual in campaign, including a short film that went viral on YouTube in YouTube went viral on including a short film that campaign, 1,023 WMATA 88 93 , Transport for London (TfL), the British Transport Police, the Police, Transport the British for London (TfL), Transport , s working to end violence against women and girls. Hollaback! is a global and girls. end violence against women to s working 2013 Ibid. https://tfl.gov.uk/travel-information/safety/ for London. Transport it. stop Report it to 2018. 8 November Accessed report-it-to-stop-it. Field: A Free Journal for Field: A Free Journal for Design Service. Women’s Building a Real Alternative: E. Berglund http://field-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ 2008; 2(1): 44—59. Architecture 2. 2018. 16 October Accessed Building-a-Real-Alternative_Berglund.pdf. The Guardian. Guardian: making public transport safer for women. Project L. Bates https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens- at: Available Published 2013. blog-with-jane-martinson/2013/oct/01/project-guardian-public-transport-safer-women. 10 April 2019. Accessed Ibid. of the importance new campaign highlights Press Release: Powerful for London. Transport https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/ Published 2017. behaviour. sexual reporting unwanted press-releases/2017/march/powerful-new-campaign-highlights-the-importance-of- 10 April 2019. Accessed reporting-unwanted-sexual-behaviour. Approach Healthy Streets Project Guardian Project NGO

annual reports of sexual harassment on London’s public transport network has public transport network harassment on London’s of sexual annual reports doubled from raise awareness about sexual harassment on public transport and encourage the about sexual raise awareness reporting of such crimes. 4.4 Additionally, TfL reported a reported TfL Additionally, It To Stop It” Stop It To grassroots movement to end harassment in both digital and virtual public spaces. and virtual public spaces. end harassment in both digital to movement grassroots a there was Guardian, of Project the launch months after Just seven per cent of women and girls had experienced sexual harassment or violence while harassment sexual and girls had experienced per cent of women but on public transport, 92 93 88 89 90 91 The Healthy Streets Approach adopts a public health perspective on the urban a public health perspective adopts Approach The Healthy Streets urban design/planning and health, and bridges the public street environment and more liveable more sustainable safer, a healthier, create to transport sectors and sustainable Strategy Transport component of the Mayor’s It is an integral city. In April of the urban environment, and underscored the need to treat buildings and and buildings treat to the need and underscored environment, urban of the and possible actual but as fixtures, spatial or objects mere design not as spaces experiences. 4.3 Similar to the Similar to TfL tapped into the expertise of London-based women’s organisations that address organisations of London-based women’s the expertise into tapped TfL Against the End Violence Project, Sexism The Everyday gender-based violence. trained and advised the police on the coalition and Hollaback! London Women about women’s and shares stories collects project Sexism The Everyday project. Coalition Against Women The End Violence life. in everyday with sexism experiences survivors activists, researchers, support services, comprises of specialist women’s and increase in the reporting of sexual offences on public transport. increase in the reporting of sexual Metropolitan Police Service, and City of London Police joined forces to launch to City of London Police joined forces and Police Service, Metropolitan and girls, public transport safer for women make a campaign to Guardian, Project on the transport network. behaviour sexual encourage reporting of unwanted and to fear of sexual widespread reported survey a TfL Guardian formed after Project that found The survey and girls. transportharassment on public among women the transport network between between the transport network

4 39 95 per cent of trips in London to be made by foot, cycle or public public or cycle foot, by be made to in London cent of trips per evidence-based indicators of what makes streets attractive attractive streets makes of what indicators evidence-based 10 80 It uses It uses 94 London: Transport for London; 2017. for London; 2017. London: Transport London. Healthy Streets for for London. Transport Accessed 10 April 2019. http://content.tfl.gov.uk/healthy-streets-for-london.pdf. London: Greater London London: Greater Strategy. Transport The Mayor’s London Authority. Greater https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/mayors-transport- 2018. Authority; 11 April 2019. Accessed strategy-2018.pdf. Streets should be welcoming for everyone to walk, walk, to for everyone welcoming should be of life: Streets walks all from Pedestrians public life. in and engage in spend time transport: and use public transport A successful system cycle walk, to People choose ways more viable and preferred be to and cycling walking encourages and enables and dominance of motor reduce the volume London must this, achieve To travel. to of being on streets. experience people’s traffic and improve and reduces health inequalities. everyone air quality benefits Clean air: Improving at all safe on London streets and should feel comfortable People feel safe: Everyone danger and personal safety. of road in terms times, will directly enhance public traffic motor from Reducing noise pollution noisy: Not too and human interaction. travel active health, at their cross that enable people to direct and comfortable streets Safe, cross: to Easy communities. and connect cycling encourage more are necessary to convenience will and rest stop to and rest: Ensuring that there are enough places stop Places to businesses. including local everyone, benefit is necessary for the elements from shade and shelter Providing Shade and shelter: can linger in public space. and feel they enjoy use, people to and investing traffic There is an emphasis on reducing motorised People feel relaxed: lanes. and cycle in quality pavements stimulating, interesting, public spaces depend on having see and do: Lively Things to and street art. buildings streets, attractive

95 94 and healthier: and healthier: Typically transport appraisals are premised on economic productivity and transport premised on economic productivity appraisals are Typically head by turns this on its Approach The Healthy Streets congestion reduction. economic over wellbeing and health and traffic, motorised prioritising people over “pedestrians from The savings. time of travel value or the monetary productivity and rest” Healthy Streets stop feel safe” and “places to “people of life,” all walks are also noteworthy. indicators are ones streets and liveable attractive that healthy, acknowledgment The explicit in and spend time and able to of life feel welcome all walks where people from the This underscores and inclusion at the forefront. diversity puts pass through privately to as opposed is welcome, need for truly public spaces where everyone and stop The “places to owned public spaces that are premised on exclusion. not just spaces for as is significant because it reframes city streets rest” indicator transport planners such, As but also for rest and stillness. functional movement, merely purposes beyond as public spaces that serve must think about city streets must think urban designers and planners Similarly, funnelling people and goods. ensure safe passage public spaces to various about the connectivity between of life. all walks the city for people from through are an indicator feelings of safety and comfort on city streets The fact that people’s safety of road since typical assessments especially is important, of healthy streets also typically privilege They do not consider perceptions and feelings of safety. harassment. including safety from personal safety, over traffic motorised safety from indicators the Healthy Streets road safety, By defining safety as both personal and in experiences lived subjective, people’s represent a paradigmatic shift that values transport and public space investments. · · · · · · · · · transport for goals · transport.

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100 97 96 101

98 February 2020 February th 102 -hour city.

99 24 A movement to end harassment in public spaces powered by local by end harassment in public spaces powered to Hollaback London! A movement intervention. bystander run particular campaigns and training around They activists. About WES—who we are. Women’s Engineering Society. https://www.wes.org.uk/content/ Engineering Society. Women’s are. About WES—who we 10 April 2019. Accessed about-wes-who-we-are. An organisation that helps nightlife spaces and organisations organisations that helps nightlife spaces and Good Night Out Campaign: An organisation through harassment and assault, sexual and prevent respond to, understand, better to programme. support and an accreditation policy specialist training, An action group of women working across architecture and design, infrastructure infrastructure and design, architecture across working of women Part W: An action group the built environment. gender parity across and construction and campaigning for that Company in Science and Engineering (WISE): A Community Interest Women and training providers educators employers, Business services to Business to provides in science, contribution and success of women increase the participation, seeking to engineering and mathematics (STEM). technology, reductions sustainable achieve seeking to Design: A police organisation Secured by design. in crime through increase the founded to and enterprise a network in Architecture: Black Females industry and architectural females within heritage visibility of black and black mixed addresses issues of inequality actively BFA In so doing, fields. other built environment within the industry. and diversity and diversity for equality, advisory group expert for Change: the RIBA’s Architects inclusion. for everyone by connecting women working on various urban issues to share knowledge, share knowledge, urban issues to on various working connecting women by for everyone projects. kick-start to are empowered build support and inspire so that women You have the power to end street harassment. Hollaback London! https://ldn.ihollaback. end street harassment. to the power have You 2020 20 February Accessed org/ A charity and professional network of women of women network Engineering Society (WES): A charity and professional Women’s the in support and inspire women to working and technologists scientists engineers, and supportfield; encourage engineering education; diversity companies with gender and inclusion. Other Organisations Good Night Out Campaign https://www.goodnightoutcampaign.org/info/ Accessed 10 Accessed Good Night Out Campaign https://www.goodnightoutcampaign.org/info/ April 2019. About Us. Women in Science and Engineering. https://www.wisecampaign.org.uk/about- in Science and Engineering. Women About Us. 10 April 2019. Accessed us/. Secured by Design. Who we are. https://www.securedbydesign.com/about-us/who-we- are. Who we Design. Secured by 2020 20 February Accessed are-what-we-do Manifesto. Part W. https://www.part-w.com/ Accessed 20 Accessed https://www.part-w.com/ Part W. Manifesto. Women’s Network | Urbanistas. Urbanistas. https://www.urbanistas.org.uk. Accessed 16 Accessed https://www.urbanistas.org.uk. Urbanistas. | Urbanistas. Network Women’s 2018. October

-hour cycles could make the Healthy Streets Approach more robust for a healthy, for a healthy, more robust Approach the Healthy Streets could make -hour cycles

liveable and safe liveable · 4.5 · 101 102 96 97 98 99 100 · • • · · In addition to the aforementioned London-wide initiatives led by the Mayor’s Office, Office, the Mayor’s led by initiatives the aforementioned London-wide In addition to making the urban built towards working that are of organisations there is a plethora include: Examples and girls. safer for women and more inclusive environment cities better to make women voices and ideas of that amplifies the A network · Urbanistas: The Healthy Streets Approach is an excellent way to start reframing street and and street reframing start to way an excellent is Approach Healthy Streets The For instance, perspective. a gender from benefit it could and design, space public harassment and gender-based safety from mention could explicitly the indicators and stop “places to The streets. liveable of healthy, criterion as another key violence street reference how adequate could also indicators and shelter” “shade rest” and greater Finally, feel safe. and girls to for women visibility are necessary lighting and throughout and city streets of public spaces transitions of temporal consideration 24 ·

4 41 built environment practitioners for over a decade. It aims to open practices to more more to open practices It aims to a decade. for over practitioners built environment and inclusion through access ability, disability, engagement with and critical creative collaboration. InterEngineering: a free and inclusive organisation for everyone who believes that LGBT that LGBT believes who for everyone organisation and inclusive a free InterEngineering: is important. within engineering and inclusion diversity has been working with architectural and with architectural working has been Project: Architecture • The DisOrdinary •

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government projects and initiatives and initiatives projects government developers, through (i.e. the capital across housing Districts, Improvement Business etc.) associations Cycling: Identify scheduled cycling IdentifyCycling: scheduled cycling London infrastructure upgrade plans across into needs are taken and ensure women’s lanes, cycle including protected account by as well and safe space for storage adequate of cyclists diversity as local imagery around Lighting: Conduct small scale interventions and the impact of innovative explore to lighting schemes on the feeling creative parts of the city of safety in less populated with housing associations Housing: work of the provision review to and residents as accessible as well lit lifts, adequately parking and and secure pram and cycle other needs and Partner with universities Toilets: and implement create local authorities to and designs for inclusive innovative This could be affordable public toilets. open up more a campaign to by supported in bars and (e.g. owned toilets privately customers non-paying to restaurants) CAPITALISE ON THE WOMEN’S NIGHT NIGHT THE WOMEN’S ON CAPITALISE NIGHT CHARTER TOCONDUCT SAFETY AUDITS SAFETY IMPLEMENT GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER MAINSTREAMING IMPLEMENT USING GENDER PROJECTS PILOT DATA DISAGGREGATED 3 can help provide safety audits Women’s about women’s data spatial and quantitative of safety in the perceptions and experiences approaches This can guide data-driven city. female assess and improve systematically to 2 range of interventions There are a wide public cycling, public transport, across that provision and toilet housing space, for women. better London work could make be are to of these projects But if the impacts an London, across and scaled understood be built needs to base of impact evidence suggested the pilot projects Therefore, up. and report analyse on below must collect, and before from data gender-disaggregated Such pilot projects the intervention. after to: but are not limited include, · · · · Women’s Women’s UN s and citizen groups. By groups. s and citizen NGO Lead and collate in-depth participatory in-depth participatory Lead and collate research on best practice with respect to and girls making London safer for women gender mainstreaming Design and deliver professionals training for built environment equip them with practical in London to a gender lens incorporate actions to in design partnerships maintain and Create research organisations, with women’s Design institutions and the Mayor’s in making strengthen interest to Advocates and girls London safer for women and women priority on London’s Maintain agenda as as a core policy safety girls’ inclusion in non- for its as lobby well RE-INSTATE THE WOMEN’S DESIGN THE WOMEN’S RE-INSTATE LIKE IT) (OR A BODY SERVICE becoming a signatory to the to becoming a signatory a. b. c. d. Meeting the Mayor’s aspiration to make make to aspiration Mayor’s the Meeting opportunities city of freedoms, “a London an ongoing endeavour for all” is and rights concerted and sustained that requires as areas in City Hall all policy action across London community the wider as from well of businesses, The Women’s Design Service played a Design Service played The Women’s space in making urban public role pivotal both in terms of women, more inclusive and actual use of practice of professional secure funding, With long term public space. as a focal act these are able to like groups maintain point for local organisations, agendas and the issue high on all policy is captured, ensure that gender expertise If the upon. and capitalised disseminated reinstated Design Service were Women’s it could: 1 Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces Safe Cities and Safe has underlined his the Mayor Programme, against violence tackling commitment to forms. girls in London in all of its and women to guidance as This report has provided interventions of built environment the role spaces more inclusive, in making public tools at specific internationally has looked work and has outlined the existing adopted, this London towards by being undertaken following recommendations borrow The aim. create this report in to the insights from make continuing to of options for a suite and girls. London safer for women

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45 5 safety in public. By working with the existing healthy, liveable streets. The “places to 340 signatories of the Women’s Night Safety stop and rest” and “shade and shelter” Charter, local teams could work together to: indicators could also reference how adequate street lighting and visibility are · Conduct localised women’s night safety necessary for women and girls to feel safe. audits As such, TfL could: · Use these audits to collaborate with local Business Innovation Districts, TfL and · Conduct a review of the indicators in the the Metropolitan Police Service to create Healthy Streets Approach to integrate an Local Women’s Safety Action Plans explicit gender perspective

4 BUILD ON EXISTING PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS AND CREATE POSITIVE IMAGERY IN THE PUBLIC REALM

Campaigns like ‘Project Guardian’ and ‘Report It To Stop It’ have been effective in increasing reporting of unwanted sexual behaviour on public transport. Building on this success, new campaigns could focus on the responsibilities of bystanders and perpetrators and thereby aspire to minimise the impacts and prevalence of these assaults. Furthermore, there is an opportunity to take a lead in providing more progressive images of women in advertising in public space. Recommendations towards achieving this include:

· Partner with organisations like Hollaback! to include bystander awareness tips and tricks into public campaigns on unwanted sexual behaviour · Crowdsource ideas for campaigns that would target potential perpetrators of unwanted sexual behaviour · Ensure adverts across the London transport network do not perpetuate harmful female stereotypes · Showcase feminist murals and public art by women

5 INTEGRATE A GENDER PERSPECTIVE INTO TFL’S HEALTHY STREETS APPROACH

The Healthy Streets Approach is an excellent way to start reframing street and public space design, and it would benefit from a gender perspective. For instance, the indicators could explicitly mention safety from gender-based harassment and violence as another a key criterion of Dr Ellie Cosgrave is Co-Director of UCL Urban Laboratory and Lecturer in Urban Innovation and Policy at UCL's Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP), where she is also Co-Director of the Urban Innovation and Policy Lab. [email protected]

Tiffany Lam is a Consultant at the New Economics Foundation, with expertise in gender and sustainable urban mobility. She is working on projects around the Green New Deal, inclusive cycling and health inequalities. [email protected]

Zoe Henderson is a Doctoral Candidate at UCL's Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP) [email protected]

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