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This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Endless twilight a study of C. S. Lewis’s language of beauty Willard, Timothy Duane Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 KING’S COLLEGE LONDON ENDLESS TWILIGHT A STUDY OF C.S. LEWIS’S LANGUAGE OF BEAUTY A THESIS SUBMITTED IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THEOLOGY By TIMOTHY D. WILLARD (1259085) LONDON, ENGLAND November 1, 2016 1 Abstract This thesis examines formerly disparate literary-theological motifs of C.S. Lewis’s writing and suggests these themes to form a cohesive language of beauty. In particular, these motifs include: Northernness, Joy (Lewis’s specialized term), Sehnsucht, the numinous, and beauty. Rather than utilizing a comparative approach to Lewis’s use of beauty, this study aims to formulate a distinctive definition of Lewisian beauty by showing how the aforementioned elements reveal an aesthetic progression or experience germane to Lewis’s writing. Furthermore, this study’s analysis highlights Romanticism’s strong influence on Lewis in how it defines and reveals the aesthetic threads found in these concepts thus showing Lewis’s Romanticism as central in his expression of beauty as experience rather than mere Kantian judgment. Unique to this analysis of Lewis’s language of beauty is the concept of Northernness. Formerly, this Lewisian motif was seldom treated beyond a biographical footnote by Lewis scholars. This study offers first-of-its-kind research on the depth of Lewis’s self described “Norse Complex.” It shows, from a literary point of view, how Northernness not only contributes to Lewis’s use of literary atmosphere but also, from a conceptual-theological point of view, how he counters the inherent hopelessness of Northernness, which stems from the Norse apocalypse, with the Christian notion of eucatastrophe—a term coined by his contemporary, colleague, and friend, J.R.R. Tolkien. Finally, this analysis details Lewis’s phenomenological approach to apologetics (what I term “rhetorical poetics”) by showing how the numinous works within the literary beauty experience to enlarge imaginative capacity for the possibility of the Divine as the source of beauty. Thus, this thesis does not seek to show how beauty within Lewis’s writing operates as a proof for God. Rather, this study reveals a Lewisian literary theology of beauty that operates as an imaginative gateway into religious experience with the Divine. 2 For my wife, Christine Willard 3 “By nature men desire the beautiful.” —St. Basil the Great 4 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Context ............................................................................................................. 16 1.3 Approach .......................................................................................................... 33 1.4 A Reframing: The Importance of a Right Reading of Lewis ................................ 41 1.5 Comparative Literature and Scope .................................................................... 48 1.6 Concluding Postscript: Beauty’s Dual Constitution ............................................ 55 Chapter 2: The Language of Beauty ................................................................................. 60 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 60 2.2 An Enduring Motif: Lewis, The Pursuing Hunter ................................................ 61 2.3 A Sketch: The Language of Beauty .................................................................... 69 2.4 What Icebergs Say: Northernness as Context for Lewis’s Language of Beauty ... 79 Chapter 3: The Great Northern Stab: ............................................................................... 89 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 89 3.2 The Beginning of Northernness ......................................................................... 92 3.3 The Overlooked Complex .................................................................................. 95 3.4 Tracing The North: Definition and the Two Northern Experiences ................... 102 3.5 Romantic Vision: A Landscape Speaks Beauty ................................................. 108 3.6 Tracing The North: Chronology and Influence ................................................. 115 3.7 Terrae Incognitae ........................................................................................... 127 Chapter 4: To The North ............................................................................................. 136 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 136 4.2 Blood From Skulls: Northernness in The Pilgrim’s Regress ............................... 139 4.3 Twilight Theology of Ragnarök: Northernness in Perelandra ........................... 158 4.4 Further Up: Northernness In The Last Battle ................................................... 166 Chapter 5: Pangs of Delight ......................................................................................... 183 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 183 5.2 Three Glimpses of Beauty ............................................................................... 187 5.3 Aesthetic Gasp: Defining Joy As Initial Feeling of Aesthetic Experience ........... 192 5.4 A Romantic Theological Precedence ............................................................... 203 5.5 Eucatastrophe: Lewis's Magic Formula for Hope ............................................. 210 5.6 The Elision of Joy and Sehnsucht ..................................................................... 215 Chapter 6: The Enduring Ache ................................................................................... 221 6.1 Introduction: Sehnsucht and Lewis’s Aesthetic Progression ............................ 221 6.2 The Unattained: Sehnsucht Defined ................................................................ 225 6.3 Beauty Pulls Us: Lewis’s Weight of Glory ........................................................ 234 6.4 Restless Until Home: Theological Precedents for Beauty’s Movement ............ 240 5 Chapter 7: Watchful Dragons ......................................................................................... 250 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 250 7.2 Apologia: Definition and Lewis’s Historical Significance .............................. 252 7.3 Imagination: Lewis’s Apologetic Approach .................................................. 260 7.4 The Beautiful Numinous ................................................................................ 267 7.5 The Bifrost .................................................................................................... 273 7.6 Relational Value in the Numinous and Beautiful .......................................... 282 Chapter 8: A Beautiful Apologetic ............................................................................... 289 8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 289 8.2 Northernness ................................................................................................. 292 8.3 Joy ................................................................................................................. 305 8.4 Sehnsucht ......................................................................................................