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Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica

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Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica Rheedea Vol. 27(1) 1–12 2017 ISSN: 0971 - 2313 https://dx.doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2017.27.1.1 Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica D. Banik1*, P.P. Bora1, V. Sampath Kumar2 and R.L. Bezbaruah1 1CSIR–North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat – 785006, Assam, India. 2Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah – 711103, West Bengal, India. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Since, Sir J.D. Hooker’s the Flora of British India, no comprehensive work on the family Myristicaceae R. Br., nom. cons. in India has been made but the family was treated with confusion in several regional floras, which were devoid of updated nomenclature and citation of type specimens. Recent work on Endocomia, Horsfieldia and Knema revealed that there are 5 genera and 18 species (including 1 cultivated species) and 4 subspecies distributed in India, of which nearly 45% of the taxa are endemic to the country. Therefore, the present taxonomic concept of the genera Gymnacranthera and Myristica in India became urgent and essential. The present study found that the genus Gymnacranthera is represented with 1 endemic species and Myristica with 5 species and 2 subspecies, of which 6 taxa are endemic to India. These taxa are cited with updated nomenclature, brief description, distribution, flowering and fruiting period, vernacular names, uses, notes and specimens examined. A key to the taxa are provided along with illustration and a photo plate picturing live specimens of 4 species to facilitate identification of the taxa. Keywords: Gymnacranthera, India, Myristica, Myristicaceae Introduction are prepared for the first time for the whole of India, based on critical study of earlier revisionary A few monographs and revisionary works on the works, protologues, type specimens and other family Myristicaceae in British Indian territory specimens deposited in various regional, national (including Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and international herbaria. The work was initiated Myanmar, Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia) during 1999–2000 under ‘Flora of India’ Project were published by Hooker & Thomson (1855), for the ‘Flora of West Bengal’ at Central National de Candolle (1856), Bentham & Hooker (1883), Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India by the first Hooker (1886) and King (1890). Until monograph author. Herbarium consultations including those by Warburg (1897), all Myristicaceae species were of TBGT, K, BM and E were carried out later as known under the sole genus Myristica. Myristica a part of SERB, DST funded project since 2012 fragrans Houtt., the nutmeg of commerce is the type (Project file no. SR/FT/LS-39/2011). of the genus Myristica Gronov. (Gronovius, 1755; Ludwig, 1760; Houttuyn, 1773). Altogether nine Methods species under the genus were treated with brief descriptions by Roxburgh (1832), but the identity of Standard taxonomic procedures were followed. species were difficult to determinate. Revisionary The protologues of accepted names and synonyms works on certain genera of the family concerning were consulted along with major and minor also India were published by Sinclair (1958, 1961, revisionary and monographic and other relevant 1968, 1975) and de Wilde (1984a,b, 1997). Most literature. Types and herbarium specimens in CAL, recent work on the genera Endocomia, Horsfieldia TBGT, K, BM and E were studied. Data on flowering and Knema in India by Banik & Bora (2016a,b) and fruiting period, habitat, vernacular names created the need for the present taxonomic account and uses of various parts of different species were of the genera Gymnacranthera and Myristica in collected from their area of occurrence, herbarium India as hitherto no comprehensive work has labels and existing literature. Herbarium codes been published on these genera in India since (acronyms) are followed as in Holmgren et al. Hooker’s the Flora of British India (1890). To solve (1990). Abbreviations of the titles of the books these deficiencies, the present study was carried not available at International Plant Names Index out and taxonomic account on these two genera (www.ipni.org) are abbreviated in the manuscript 2 Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica as given below. The Useful Plants of India (Drury, 1. Gymnacranthera canarica (Bedd. ex King) 1858) as Drury, Useful Pl. India; Flowering Plants of Warb., Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. the Western Ghats (Nayar et al., 2014) as T.S. Nayar German. Nat. Cur. 68: 368, t. 20, 1–5. 1897; R.T.A. et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats. Schouten, Blumea 31: 461. 1986; T.S. Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 663. 2014. Myristica canarica Bedd. ex King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Results Calcutta 3: 307, t. 138. 1891. Type: INDIA, South India, Tamil Nadu, Tinnevelley hills, December During the study period, nearly 150 herbarium 1879 (12/79), Beddome 6724 (lectotype, K!) (vide specimens of the genera Gymnacranthera and Schouten, 1986, l.c.). Myristica were studied and their identity was confirmed or changed. The identity of 5 genera and Myristica farquhariana auct. non Hook.f. & 18 species (including 1 cultivated) and 4 subspecies Thomson, 1855, p.p.: quoad Hohenacker 541; A. as occurring in India was confirmed. Out of these DC., Prodr. 14(1): 200. 1856, p.p.; Miq., Fl. Ned. 22 taxa, 10 are endemic to India, resulting in nearly Ind. 1(2): 63. 1859; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India: t. 270. 45% endemism. The present study found that the 1869, p.p.; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 108. 1886, p.p.; genus Gymnacranthera is represented with one J. Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17: 96, 113. 1958, endemic species and Myristica with five species p.p. ���������������������������������������������������������������� Fig. 1, 2f and two subspecies, of which six taxa are endemic Vernacular Names: Kannada: Hedehagalu, Pindi, to India. The present study also found that the Pindikai; Malayalam: Pintikkaya, Undai panu; Tamil: species, M. fragrans Houtt. is cultivated in India. Uudippanu. The paper provides a comprehensive taxonomic account on Gymnacranthera and Myristica in India Tree, dioecious with knee roots; leaves lanceolate, with updated nomenclature of all taxa along with 9–22 × 3.5–7.5 cm, acute-obtuse at base, entire types, key to species, flowering and fruiting period, at margins, acuminate-cuspidate at apex. habitat, distribution, vernacular names, uses and Inflorescence axillary, paniculate, branched; notes. A photo plate comprising four species and cymule many-flowered, flowers at different one illustration are also provided for their easy stages of development, puberulous; male flowers identification. globose-ellipsoid, valves 3 or 4, splitting the perianth in anthesis to the base; lobes involute at anthesis, puberulous inside; synandrium Key to genera ellipsoid, androphore c. 0.5 mm long; stamens 1. Perianth splitting nearly to the base at anthesis; 5–15; anthers linear; slightly unequal, adnate to lobes pubescent inside . 1. Gymnacranthera their back up to 1 mm from base, apical 1 mm free, incurved-spreading at anthesis, extrorse; female 1. Perianth splitting nearly to 1/3rd to 2/3rds at inflorescences racemose-paniculate, contracted; anthesis; lobes glabrous inside . 2. Myristica flower buds ellipsoid-obovoid, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, villous inside, tomentose outside, brown, scented; 1. Gymnacranthera (A. DC.) Warb. stigma sessile, 2-lobed; fruits globose with pointed apex, 2.4–2.6 cm; pericarp 1.5–2 mm Gymnacranthera (A. DC.) Warb., Ber. Pharm. Ges. thick, wrinkled, glabrous-puberulous, brown; aril 2: 227. 1892; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 13: 94. 1896 & laciniated almost up to base with linear pointed Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. structure, yellow; seeds globose, blunt at ends Cur. 68: 131. 1897; W.J. de Wilde, Fl. Males., Ser. 1, with a persistent collar-like structure at base. Spermat. 14: 40. 2000; R.T.A. Schouten, Blumea 31: 451. 1986. Myristica sect. Gymnacranthera A. DC., Flowering: December–April; Fruiting: June–July. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. Sér. 4, 4: 31. 1855 & Prodr. 14, Habitat: Grows along streams in wet evergreen 1: 200. 1856; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 63. 1858; King, forests, to 750 m elevation. Common in Myristica Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 304. 1891. Type: swamps. Gymnacranthera paniculata (A. DC.) Warb. Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Trees, dioecious, tall. Leaves lanceolate, whitish Nadu). Endemic. beneath. Lobes involute at anthesis, pubescent inside. Seeds blunt at ends. IUCN Threat Status: Vulnerable B1+2c, D2 ver. 2.3 (IUCN, 2017-1). Distribution: Nearly 7 species, distributed from southern India to eastern side of New Guinea; only Uses: Candles and soaps are made from seeds 1 species is distributed in India. (CSIR, 1956). D. Banik et al. 3 Fig. 1. Gymnacranthera canarica (Bedd. ex King) Warb.; a. Male flowering-twig; b. Young infructescence; c, d. Male flowers; e. L.S. of male flower with synandrium; f. Female flower bud; g. L.S. of female flower bud; h. Mature fruit; i. T.S. of synandrium; j. T.S. of ovary. [a,c–e & i from N.C. Nair 77268 (CAL); b from C.N. Mohanan 63746 (CAL); f,g,j from C.N. Mohanan 61234 (CAL), h from P. Bhargavan 87472 (CAL)] Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 1.8 cm, c–e = 8 mm, f–g = 3.5 mm, h = 2.5 cm, i = 2 mm, j = 1.5 mm. 4 Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica Note: Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook.f. & 2. Leaf apex acute-acuminate; male inflorescence Thomson) Warb. differs from G. canarica in having with 1–3 flowers; pedicels 10–15 mm long; incurved apical portions of free anthers and fruits globose, 6–9 cm, early glabrescent; seeds ellipsoid fruits, and is distributed in Peninsular c. 3 cm long (cultivated) ������������ 3. M. fragrans Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, S. Sumatra and 2. Leaf apex blunt to subacute; male inflorescence Borneo. Moreover, it does not occur in India. paniculate, 2–6 cm long, loosely branched; Specimens examined: INDIA.
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