DOCSLIB.ORG

Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Rheedea Vol. 27(1) 1–12 2017 ISSN: 0971 - 2313 https://dx.doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2017.27.1.1 Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica D. Banik1*, P.P. Bora1, V. Sampath Kumar2 and R.L. Bezbaruah1 1CSIR–North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat – 785006, Assam, India. 2Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah – 711103, West Bengal, India. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Since, Sir J.D. Hooker’s the Flora of British India, no comprehensive work on the family Myristicaceae R. Br., nom. cons. in India has been made but the family was treated with confusion in several regional floras, which were devoid of updated nomenclature and citation of type specimens. Recent work on Endocomia, Horsfieldia and Knema revealed that there are 5 genera and 18 species (including 1 cultivated species) and 4 subspecies distributed in India, of which nearly 45% of the taxa are endemic to the country. Therefore, the present taxonomic concept of the genera Gymnacranthera and Myristica in India became urgent and essential. The present study found that the genus Gymnacranthera is represented with 1 endemic species and Myristica with 5 species and 2 subspecies, of which 6 taxa are endemic to India. These taxa are cited with updated nomenclature, brief description, distribution, flowering and fruiting period, vernacular names, uses, notes and specimens examined. A key to the taxa are provided along with illustration and a photo plate picturing live specimens of 4 species to facilitate identification of the taxa. Keywords: Gymnacranthera, India, Myristica, Myristicaceae Introduction are prepared for the first time for the whole of India, based on critical study of earlier revisionary A few monographs and revisionary works on the works, protologues, type specimens and other family Myristicaceae in British Indian territory specimens deposited in various regional, national (including Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and international herbaria. The work was initiated Myanmar, Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia) during 1999–2000 under ‘Flora of India’ Project were published by Hooker & Thomson (1855), for the ‘Flora of West Bengal’ at Central National de Candolle (1856), Bentham & Hooker (1883), Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India by the first Hooker (1886) and King (1890). Until monograph author. Herbarium consultations including those by Warburg (1897), all Myristicaceae species were of TBGT, K, BM and E were carried out later as known under the sole genus Myristica. Myristica a part of SERB, DST funded project since 2012 fragrans Houtt., the nutmeg of commerce is the type (Project file no. SR/FT/LS-39/2011). of the genus Myristica Gronov. (Gronovius, 1755; Ludwig, 1760; Houttuyn, 1773). Altogether nine Methods species under the genus were treated with brief descriptions by Roxburgh (1832), but the identity of Standard taxonomic procedures were followed. species were difficult to determinate. Revisionary The protologues of accepted names and synonyms works on certain genera of the family concerning were consulted along with major and minor also India were published by Sinclair (1958, 1961, revisionary and monographic and other relevant 1968, 1975) and de Wilde (1984a,b, 1997). Most literature. Types and herbarium specimens in CAL, recent work on the genera Endocomia, Horsfieldia TBGT, K, BM and E were studied. Data on flowering and Knema in India by Banik & Bora (2016a,b) and fruiting period, habitat, vernacular names created the need for the present taxonomic account and uses of various parts of different species were of the genera Gymnacranthera and Myristica in collected from their area of occurrence, herbarium India as hitherto no comprehensive work has labels and existing literature. Herbarium codes been published on these genera in India since (acronyms) are followed as in Holmgren et al. Hooker’s the Flora of British India (1890). To solve (1990). Abbreviations of the titles of the books these deficiencies, the present study was carried not available at International Plant Names Index out and taxonomic account on these two genera (www.ipni.org) are abbreviated in the manuscript 2 Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica as given below. The Useful Plants of India (Drury, 1. Gymnacranthera canarica (Bedd. ex King) 1858) as Drury, Useful Pl. India; Flowering Plants of Warb., Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. the Western Ghats (Nayar et al., 2014) as T.S. Nayar German. Nat. Cur. 68: 368, t. 20, 1–5. 1897; R.T.A. et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats. Schouten, Blumea 31: 461. 1986; T.S. Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 663. 2014. Myristica canarica Bedd. ex King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Results Calcutta 3: 307, t. 138. 1891. Type: INDIA, South India, Tamil Nadu, Tinnevelley hills, December During the study period, nearly 150 herbarium 1879 (12/79), Beddome 6724 (lectotype, K!) (vide specimens of the genera Gymnacranthera and Schouten, 1986, l.c.). Myristica were studied and their identity was confirmed or changed. The identity of 5 genera and Myristica farquhariana auct. non Hook.f. & 18 species (including 1 cultivated) and 4 subspecies Thomson, 1855, p.p.: quoad Hohenacker 541; A. as occurring in India was confirmed. Out of these DC., Prodr. 14(1): 200. 1856, p.p.; Miq., Fl. Ned. 22 taxa, 10 are endemic to India, resulting in nearly Ind. 1(2): 63. 1859; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India: t. 270. 45% endemism. The present study found that the 1869, p.p.; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 108. 1886, p.p.; genus Gymnacranthera is represented with one J. Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17: 96, 113. 1958, endemic species and Myristica with five species p.p. ���������������������������������������������������������������� Fig. 1, 2f and two subspecies, of which six taxa are endemic Vernacular Names: Kannada: Hedehagalu, Pindi, to India. The present study also found that the Pindikai; Malayalam: Pintikkaya, Undai panu; Tamil: species, M. fragrans Houtt. is cultivated in India. Uudippanu. The paper provides a comprehensive taxonomic account on Gymnacranthera and Myristica in India Tree, dioecious with knee roots; leaves lanceolate, with updated nomenclature of all taxa along with 9–22 × 3.5–7.5 cm, acute-obtuse at base, entire types, key to species, flowering and fruiting period, at margins, acuminate-cuspidate at apex. habitat, distribution, vernacular names, uses and Inflorescence axillary, paniculate, branched; notes. A photo plate comprising four species and cymule many-flowered, flowers at different one illustration are also provided for their easy stages of development, puberulous; male flowers identification. globose-ellipsoid, valves 3 or 4, splitting the perianth in anthesis to the base; lobes involute at anthesis, puberulous inside; synandrium Key to genera ellipsoid, androphore c. 0.5 mm long; stamens 1. Perianth splitting nearly to the base at anthesis; 5–15; anthers linear; slightly unequal, adnate to lobes pubescent inside . 1. Gymnacranthera their back up to 1 mm from base, apical 1 mm free, incurved-spreading at anthesis, extrorse; female 1. Perianth splitting nearly to 1/3rd to 2/3rds at inflorescences racemose-paniculate, contracted; anthesis; lobes glabrous inside . 2. Myristica flower buds ellipsoid-obovoid, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, villous inside, tomentose outside, brown, scented; 1. Gymnacranthera (A. DC.) Warb. stigma sessile, 2-lobed; fruits globose with pointed apex, 2.4–2.6 cm; pericarp 1.5–2 mm Gymnacranthera (A. DC.) Warb., Ber. Pharm. Ges. thick, wrinkled, glabrous-puberulous, brown; aril 2: 227. 1892; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 13: 94. 1896 & laciniated almost up to base with linear pointed Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. structure, yellow; seeds globose, blunt at ends Cur. 68: 131. 1897; W.J. de Wilde, Fl. Males., Ser. 1, with a persistent collar-like structure at base. Spermat. 14: 40. 2000; R.T.A. Schouten, Blumea 31: 451. 1986. Myristica sect. Gymnacranthera A. DC., Flowering: December–April; Fruiting: June–July. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. Sér. 4, 4: 31. 1855 & Prodr. 14, Habitat: Grows along streams in wet evergreen 1: 200. 1856; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 63. 1858; King, forests, to 750 m elevation. Common in Myristica Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 304. 1891. Type: swamps. Gymnacranthera paniculata (A. DC.) Warb. Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Trees, dioecious, tall. Leaves lanceolate, whitish Nadu). Endemic. beneath. Lobes involute at anthesis, pubescent inside. Seeds blunt at ends. IUCN Threat Status: Vulnerable B1+2c, D2 ver. 2.3 (IUCN, 2017-1). Distribution: Nearly 7 species, distributed from southern India to eastern side of New Guinea; only Uses: Candles and soaps are made from seeds 1 species is distributed in India. (CSIR, 1956). D. Banik et al. 3 Fig. 1. Gymnacranthera canarica (Bedd. ex King) Warb.; a. Male flowering-twig; b. Young infructescence; c, d. Male flowers; e. L.S. of male flower with synandrium; f. Female flower bud; g. L.S. of female flower bud; h. Mature fruit; i. T.S. of synandrium; j. T.S. of ovary. [a,c–e & i from N.C. Nair 77268 (CAL); b from C.N. Mohanan 63746 (CAL); f,g,j from C.N. Mohanan 61234 (CAL), h from P. Bhargavan 87472 (CAL)] Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 1.8 cm, c–e = 8 mm, f–g = 3.5 mm, h = 2.5 cm, i = 2 mm, j = 1.5 mm. 4 Conspectus on Indian Gymnacranthera and Myristica Note: Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook.f. & 2. Leaf apex acute-acuminate; male inflorescence Thomson) Warb. differs from G. canarica in having with 1–3 flowers; pedicels 10–15 mm long; incurved apical portions of free anthers and fruits globose, 6–9 cm, early glabrescent; seeds ellipsoid fruits, and is distributed in Peninsular c. 3 cm long (cultivated) ������������ 3. M. fragrans Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, S. Sumatra and 2. Leaf apex blunt to subacute; male inflorescence Borneo. Moreover, it does not occur in India. paniculate, 2–6 cm long, loosely branched; Specimens examined: INDIA.
Recommended publications
  • First Record of a Rheophytic Species of Ixora (Rubiaceae) in India

    First Record of a Rheophytic Species of Ixora (Rubiaceae) in India

    ISSN 1346-7565 Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 70 (1): 57–61 (2019) doi: 10.18942/apg.201816 shorT CommuniCaTion First Record of a Rheophytic Species of Ixora (Rubiaceae) in India 1 2,* 3 jaTindra sarMa , hussain ahMed barbhuiYa and sanTanu deY 1Research, Education and Working Plans, Assam Forest Department, Aranya Bhawan, Panjabari, Guwahati, Assam 781037, India; 2Landscape and Cosmetic Maintenance Section, Architectural and Structural Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400085, India. * [email protected] (author for correspondence); 3Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland 798627, India Ixora yunnanensis (Rubiaceae) is recorded for the first time in India. Previously, it was considered en- demic to Yunnan Province, China. The present report extends its distribution range ca. 760 km west- ward. A brief description of the plant along with photographs and a distribution map are provided to fa- cilitate its unambiguous identification in the future. Key words: flora of India,Ixora yunnanensis, new locality, rheophyte Ixora L. (Rubiaceae), comprising about 530 ted on rocks, show sympodial branching and bear species of shrubs and trees (Davis et al. 2009), is short petiole, glabrous, narrow leaves with entire the third largest genus in the family. It is wide- margins (van Steenis 1981, 1987). Ixora yunna- spread in tropical Africa, America, Asia, Mada- nensis Hutch. was first described by Hutchinson gascar, and the Pacific islands (Chen & Taylor (1916) based on a collection made by Dr. Augus- 2011, De Block 2014). Ixora is easily recognized tine Henry (1857–1930) from the banks of the by its articulate petioles, trichotomously branched Red River (Hong He) in Yunnan Province, China.
  • Metabolitos Secundarios Obtenidos De La Familia Myristicaceae Que Producen Inhibición Enzimática Y Actividad Biológica

    Metabolitos Secundarios Obtenidos De La Familia Myristicaceae Que Producen Inhibición Enzimática Y Actividad Biológica

    METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS OBTENIDOS DE LA FAMILIA MYRISTICACEAE QUE PRODUCEN INHIBICIÓN ENZIMÁTICA Y ACTIVIDAD BIOLÓGICA Xiomara Alejandra Cabrera Martínez Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Bogotá D.C. Colombia 2019 METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS OBTENIDOS DE LA FAMILIA MYRISTICACEAE QUE PRODUCEN INHIBICIÓN ENZIMÁTICA Y ACTIVIDAD BIOLÓGICA Xiomara Alejandra Cabrera Martínez Tesis o trabajo de investigación presentada(o) como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias - Química Director: Qco. M.Sc. Dr. Sc. Luis Enrique Cuca Suarez Línea de Investigación: Química de Productos Naturales Grupo de Investigación: Estudio Químico y de Actividad Biológica de Rutaceae y Myristicaceae Colombianas Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Bogotá D.C. Colombia 2019 Mi estrella que brilla en el cielo y guía mis caminos. Agradecimientos A Dios por la vida y permitirme vivir este proceso de formación. A toda mi familia por su apoyo, especialmente a mi padre. A mi director y profesor Luis Enrique Cuca Suárez quien me acepto en este proyecto, y en el grupo de Investigación. Gracias por su orientación, dedicación y sabiduría, por el tiempo y compromiso de asesoramiento en el desarrollo de este trabajo. A los profesores del grupo de investigación de productos naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia por cada uno de sus aportes. A mis compañeras de maestría por sus colaboraciones. A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia por recibirme en sus aulas y permitirme lograr esta meta. Resumen y Abstract IX Resumen Diferentes especies de la familia Myristicaceae han sido utilizadas con fines medicinales, nutricionales e industriales, mostrando así la importancia y potencial de la familia en diversos campos.
  • Myristicaceae

    Myristicaceae

    BLUMEA 42 (1997) 111-190 Notes on Southeast Asian and Malesian Myristica and description of new taxa (Myristicaceae). With keys arranged per geographical area (New Guinea excepted) W.J.J.O. de Wilde Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Summary Following the introductory sections, a general key, and regional keys, noteworthy observations are whole distributional of the of given for selected species of Myristica covering the area genus west New Guinea. New taxa, i.e. species (14), subspecies (10), and varieties (2) are fully described and annotated. All accepted names are arranged alphabetically, followed by an index. Contents Introduction 112 References 112 Acknowledgements 113 General key for Continental Southeast Asia, Malesia, and Australia (excl. New Guinea and the Pacific) 113 Regional key for Continental Southeast Asia 123 Regional key for West Malesia 124 Regional key for East Malesia (most of New Guinea excepted) 128 Enumeration of the partial areas and concerning keys 133 1. India, Sri Lanka (with partial keys) 133 2. Continental Southeast Asia 134 3. Malay Peninsula and Singapore 134 4. Sumatra 135 5. Java (with general key to areas 3, 4 & 5) 135 6. Borneo (with regional key) 138 7. Philippines (with regional key) 141 8. Sulawesi (with regional key) 144 9. Moluccas (incl. Aru Islands) 145 10. Lesser Sunda Islands 145 List of annotated or described and accepted taxa, newly alphabetically arranged . 146 Index 189 112 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997 Introduction With the completion of the revision of all Myristica material in the Leiden collection, with extension to most of the materials of the Kew herbarium and incidental loans of important collections of other herbaria, quite a number of new taxa were still to be published.
  • Kattappana School Code Sub District Name of School School Type 30001 Munnar G

    Kattappana School Code Sub District Name of School School Type 30001 Munnar G

    Kattappana School Code Sub District Name of School School Type 30001 Munnar G. V. H. S. S. Munnar G 30002 Munnar G. H. S. Sothuparai G 30003 Munnar G. H. S. S. Vaguvurrai G 30005 Munnar G. H. S. Guderele G 30006 Munnar L. F. G. H. S . Munnar A 30007 Munnar K. E. H. S . Vattavada A 30008 Munnar G. H. S. S. Devikulam G 30009 Munnar G. H. S. S. Marayoor G 30010 Munnar S. H. H. S. Kanthalloor A 30011 Peermade St. George`s High School Mukkulam A 30012 Nedumkandam Govt. H.S.S. Kallar G 30013 Nedumkandam S.H.H.S. Ramakalmettu A 30014 Nedumkandam C.R.H.S. Valiyathovala A 30015 Nedumkandam G.H.S. Ezhukumvayal G 30016 Kattappana M.M.H.S. Nariyampara A 30017 Peermade St.Joseph`s H.S.S Peruvanthanam A 30018 Peermade G.H.S.Kanayankavayal G 30019 Peermade St.Mary`s H.S.S Vellaramkunu A 30020 Kattappana SGHSS Kattappana A 30021 Kattappana OSSANAM ENG MED HSS KATTAPPANA U 30022 Peermade Govt V.H.S.S. T.T. I. Kumaly G 30023 Nedumkandam N S P High School Vandanmedu A 30024 Nedumkandam S.A.H.S. Vandanmedu A 30025 Peermade C.P.M. G.H.S.S. Peermedu G 30026 Peermade M.E.M.H.S.S. Peermede U 30027 Peermade Panchayat H.S.S. Elappara A 30028 Peermade G.H.S.Vagamon G 30029 Peermade St. Sebastians H.S.S. Cheenthalar A 30030 Peermade Panchayat H.S.S. Vandiperiyar A 30031 Nedumkandam Govt. H S S And V H S S Rajakumary G 30032 Peermade St.
  • Dna Barcoding and Elucidation of Cryptic Diversity in Thrips (Thysanoptera)

    Dna Barcoding and Elucidation of Cryptic Diversity in Thrips (Thysanoptera)

    1328 Florida Entomologist 97(4) December 2014 DNA BARCODING AND ELUCIDATION OF CRYPTIC DIVERSITY IN THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) 1, 1, 2 1 3 4 K. B. REBIJITH *, R. ASOKAN *, V. KRISHNA , H. H. RANJITHA , N. K. KRISHNA KUMAR AND V. V. RAMAMURTHY 1Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India 2Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, India 3Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India 4Network Project on Insect Biosystematics, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi †Corresponding authors; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Supplementary material for this article in Florida Entomologist 97(4) (2014) is online at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse. ABSTRACT Accurate and timely identification of invasive insect pests underpins most biological endeav- ors ranging from biodiversity estimation to insect pest management. In this regard, identifica- tion of thrips, an invasive insect pest is important and challenging due to their complex life cycles, parthenogenetic mode of reproduction, sex and color morphs. In the recent years, DNA barcoding employing 5′ region of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (CO-I) gene has be- come a popular tool for species identification. In this study, we employed CO-I gene sequences for discriminating 151 species of thrips for the first time. Analyses of the intraspecific and intrageneric distances of the CO-I sequences ranged from 0.0 to 7.91% and 8.65% to 31.15% re- spectively. This study has revealed the existence of cryptic species in Thrips hawaiiensis (Mor- gan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) for the first time, along with previously reported cryptic species such asThrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), T.
  • Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem

    Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem

    Check List 9(2): 186–207, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir PECIES S OF Mandar Nilkanth Datar 1* and P. Lakshminarasimhan 2 ISTS L (Molem) National Park, Goa, India *1 CorrespondingAgharkar Research author Institute, E-mail: G. [email protected] G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004. Maharashtra, India. 2 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P. O. Botanic Garden, Howrah - 711 103. West Bengal, India. Abstract: Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem) National Park, the only National park in Goa, was evaluated for it’s diversity of Angiosperms. A total number of 721 wild species belonging to 119 families were documented from this protected area of which 126 are endemics. A checklist of these species is provided here. Introduction in the National Park are Laterite and Deccan trap Basalt Protected areas are most important in many ways for (Naik, 1995). Soil in most places of the National Park area conservation of biodiversity. Worldwide there are 102,102 is laterite of high and low level type formed by natural Protected Areas covering 18.8 million km2 metamorphosis and degradation of undulation rocks. network of 660 Protected Areas including 99 National Minerals like bauxite, iron and manganese are obtained Parks, 514 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 43 Conservation. India Reserves has a from these soils. The general climate of the area is tropical and 4 Community Reserves covering a total of 158,373 km2 with high percentage of humidity throughout the year.
  • An Update on Ethnomedicines, Phytochemicals, Pharmacology, and Toxicity of the Myristicaceae Species

    An Update on Ethnomedicines, Phytochemicals, Pharmacology, and Toxicity of the Myristicaceae Species

    Received: 30 October 2020 Revised: 6 March 2021 Accepted: 9 March 2021 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7098 REVIEW Nutmegs and wild nutmegs: An update on ethnomedicines, phytochemicals, pharmacology, and toxicity of the Myristicaceae species Rubi Barman1,2 | Pranjit Kumar Bora1,2 | Jadumoni Saikia1 | Phirose Kemprai1,2 | Siddhartha Proteem Saikia1,2 | Saikat Haldar1,2 | Dipanwita Banik1,2 1Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Prized medicinal spice true nutmeg is obtained from Myristica fragrans Houtt. Rest spe- Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, cies of the family Myristicaceae are known as wild nutmegs. Nutmegs and wild nutmegs India 2Academy of Scientific and Innovative are a rich reservoir of bioactive molecules and used in traditional medicines of Europe, Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Asia, Africa, America against madness, convulsion, cancer, skin infection, malaria, diar- Pradesh, India rhea, rheumatism, asthma, cough, cold, as stimulant, tonics, and psychotomimetic Correspondence agents. Nutmegs are cultivated around the tropics for high-value commercial spice, Dipanwita Banik, Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East used in global cuisine. A thorough literature survey of peer-reviewed publications, sci- Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, entific online databases, authentic webpages, and regulatory guidelines found major 785006, Assam, India. Email: [email protected] and phytochemicals namely, terpenes, fatty acids, phenylpropanoids, alkanes, lignans, flavo- [email protected] noids, coumarins, and indole alkaloids. Scientific names, synonyms were verified with Funding information www.theplantlist.org. Pharmacological evaluation of extracts and isolated biomarkers Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, showed cholinesterase inhibitory, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, immu- Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt.
  • A Molecular Taxonomic Treatment of the Neotropical Genera

    A Molecular Taxonomic Treatment of the Neotropical Genera

    An Intrageneric and Intraspecific Study of Morphological and Genetic Variation in the Neotropical Compsoneura and Virola (Myristicaceae) by Royce Allan David Steeves A Thesis Presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Royce Steeves, August, 2011 ABSTRACT AN INTRAGENERIC AND INTRASPECIFIC STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC VARIATION IN THE NEOTROPICAL COMPSONEURA AND VIROLA (MYRISTICACEAE) Royce Allan David Steeves Advisor: University of Guelph, 2011 Dr. Steven G. Newmaster The Myristicaceae, or nutmeg family, consists of 21 genera and about 500 species of dioecious canopy to sub canopy trees that are distributed worldwide in tropical rainforests. The Myristicaceae are of considerable ecological and ethnobotanical significance as they are important food for many animals and are harvested by humans for timber, spices, dart/arrow poison, medicine, and a hallucinogenic snuff employed in medico-religious ceremonies. Despite the importance of the Myristicaceae throughout the wet tropics, our taxonomic knowledge of these trees is primarily based on the last revision of the five neotropical genera completed in 1937. The objective of this thesis was to perform a molecular and morphological study of the neotropical genera Compsoneura and Virola. To this end, I generated phylogenetic hypotheses, surveyed morphological and genetic diversity of focal species, and tested the ability of DNA barcodes to distinguish species of wild nutmegs. Morphological and molecular analyses of Compsoneura. indicate a deep divergence between two monophyletic clades corresponding to informal sections Hadrocarpa and Compsoneura. Although 23 loci were tested for DNA variability, only the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer contained enough variation to delimit 11 of 13 species sequenced.
  • Reconstructing the Basal Angiosperm Phylogeny: Evaluating Information Content of Mitochondrial Genes

    Reconstructing the Basal Angiosperm Phylogeny: Evaluating Information Content of Mitochondrial Genes

    55 (4) • November 2006: 837–856 Qiu & al. • Basal angiosperm phylogeny Reconstructing the basal angiosperm phylogeny: evaluating information content of mitochondrial genes Yin-Long Qiu1, Libo Li, Tory A. Hendry, Ruiqi Li, David W. Taylor, Michael J. Issa, Alexander J. Ronen, Mona L. Vekaria & Adam M. White 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, U.S.A. [email protected] (author for correspondence). Three mitochondrial (atp1, matR, nad5), four chloroplast (atpB, matK, rbcL, rpoC2), and one nuclear (18S) genes from 162 seed plants, representing all major lineages of gymnosperms and angiosperms, were analyzed together in a supermatrix or in various partitions using likelihood and parsimony methods. The results show that Amborella + Nymphaeales together constitute the first diverging lineage of angiosperms, and that the topology of Amborella alone being sister to all other angiosperms likely represents a local long branch attrac- tion artifact. The monophyly of magnoliids, as well as sister relationships between Magnoliales and Laurales, and between Canellales and Piperales, are all strongly supported. The sister relationship to eudicots of Ceratophyllum is not strongly supported by this study; instead a placement of the genus with Chloranthaceae receives moderate support in the mitochondrial gene analyses. Relationships among magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots remain unresolved. Direct comparisons of analytic results from several data partitions with or without RNA editing sites show that in multigene analyses, RNA editing has no effect on well supported rela- tionships, but minor effect on weakly supported ones. Finally, comparisons of results from separate analyses of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes demonstrate that mitochondrial genes, with overall slower rates of sub- stitution than chloroplast genes, are informative phylogenetic markers, and are particularly suitable for resolv- ing deep relationships.
  • A Rare Native Potential Ornamental Tree from Khasi Hills, Meghalaya (India)

    A Rare Native Potential Ornamental Tree from Khasi Hills, Meghalaya (India)

    Pleione 11(1): 40 - 43. 2017. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy Rediscovery of Wightia speciosissima (D.Don) Merr. (Paulowniaceae), a rare native potential ornamental tree from Khasi hills, Meghalaya (India) Ashish V. Prabhugaonkar, M. Murugesan1 and A. A. Mao Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong 793003, Meghalaya, India 1 Corresponding Author, e-mail: [email protected] [Received 07.06.2017; Revised & accepted 12.06.2017; Published 30.06.2017] Abstract Wightia speciosissima (D.Don) Merr. (Paulowniaceae), a rare tree was observed at forested area near Puriang Village in Khasi Hills of Meghalaya (India). This beautiful tree is reported after 100 years in Khasi hills of Meghalaya and more than 50 years for flora of India. The tree showed scattered population in this forest area and very less regeneration by seeds. Propagation of tree by cuttings was successfully attempted and tree is being prospected as native ornamental tree. Key words: Wightia speciosissima, Rediscovery, Meghalaya, Agroforestry INTRODUCTION The genus Wightia Wall. of Paulowniaceae is distributed in subtropical regions of India, Nepal, Myanmar, Malaysia, Vietnam and Yunnan of China. It includes only two species W. speciosissima (D. Don) Merr. and W. borneensis Hook. f. (Zhou et al. 2014). During a recent exploration trip to East Khasi Hills in Meghalaya, the authors came across an elegant tree species belonging to Paulowniaceae at a forested area near Puriang Village in Khasi Hills. Upon careful observation and consultation of regional floristic works (Balakrishnan 1981-1983; Haridasan 1985-1987; Joseph 1982; Kumar & Rao 1983; Pandey et al. 2005; Roy et al.
  • DIVERSITY in ANGIOSPERM FLORA of SIJU WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, SOUTH GARO HILLS DISTRICT of MEGHALAYA, INDIA *Dilip Kr

    DIVERSITY in ANGIOSPERM FLORA of SIJU WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, SOUTH GARO HILLS DISTRICT of MEGHALAYA, INDIA *Dilip Kr

    Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824(Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2014 Vol. 3 (3) July-September, pp.87-101/Roy et al. Research Article DIVERSITY IN ANGIOSPERM FLORA OF SIJU WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, SOUTH GARO HILLS DISTRICT OF MEGHALAYA, INDIA *Dilip Kr. Roy1, Anupam Das Talukdar2, M. Dutta Choudhury2 and Bipin Kr. Sinha3 1Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong-793003, India 2Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar-788011, India 3Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata-700016, India *Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT Diversity of vascular plants was studied in the Siju Wildlife Sanctuary of Meghalaya, in Northeast India. A total of 257 species of angiosperms comprising 213 genera and 83 families were recorded from 5.20 sq. kms area, between 90-200m altitudes. Of these, Dicotyledons comprise of 67 families, 158 genera and 189 species and monocotyledons comprise of 16 families, 55 genera and 68 species. 12 species of rare occurrence in the state of Meghalaya including 9 species listed under CITES were reported from the sanctuary along with some primitive taxa. Keywords: Angiosperm Diversit, Siju Wildlife Sanctuary, Meghalaya INTRODUCTION The North-Eastern region of India, south of the Brahmaputra River, is part of the globally recognized Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot and host to a remarkable biodiversity that includes a high proportion of endemic, rare and endangered species (http://www.conservation.org/where/priority_areas/hotspots/asia- pacific/Indo-Burma/Pages/default.aspx). The region is a unique transitional zone between the Indian, Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese bio-geographical zones as well as the confluence of the Himalayan region with peninsular India (Rao, 1994).
  • Of Myristica Malabarica Lamk. (Myristicaceae)

    Of Myristica Malabarica Lamk. (Myristicaceae)

    The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2017; 6(6): 329-334 Online at: www.phytopharmajournal.com Research Article Pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical and ISSN 2320-480X TLC profile study Mace (Aril) of Myristica malabarica JPHYTO 2017; 6(6): 329-334 November- December Lamk. (Myristicaceae) Received: 27-10-2017 Accepted: 12-12-2017 Seema Yuvraj Mendhekar*, Chetana Dilip Balsaraf, Mayuri Sharad Bangar, S.L. Jadhav, D.D. Gaikwad © 2017, All rights reserved ABSTRACT Seema Yuvraj Mendhekar Assistant Professor, Pharmacognosy Department, VJSM’s Vishal Institute of The plant Myristica malabarica Lamk. is traditionally used as a medicine and spices in food . It is belonging to Pharmaceutical Education And family Myristicaceae. The plant is native to India and endangered trees are mostly found in western ghat. Research, Ale, Pune, Maharashtra- Extracted with various solvents by successive soxhlet hot extraction processs with increasing order of polarity 412411, India on phytochemical investigation. The extract has shown alkaloids, saponin, tannin and flavones glycosides. It Chetana Dilip Balsaraf has important medicinal uses like Ayurvedic Medicines. It is traditionally used as anticancer, anti- Pharmacognosy Department, VJSM’s Inflammatory, anti-Oxidant, Sedative hypnotics, Antimicrobial, Antifertility, Hepatoprotective and Vishal Institute of Pharmaceutical cytotoxicity. The chemical constituents such as Malabaricones, Malabaricanol, Isoflavones are isolated Education And Research, Ale, Pune, .Myristica Fragrans also known as fragnant Nutmeg or true Nutmeg. The present study i.e. Pharmacognostic, Maharashtra-412411, India Phytochemical, Physicochemical and TLC Profile Study of Mace (Aril) Of Myristica malabarica Lamk. is Mayuri Sharad Bangar helpful in the characterization of the crude drug. Physiochemical and phyto-chemical analysis of mace confirm Pharmacognosy Department, VJSM’s the quality and purity of plant and its identification.