Ie

Contents

On How to Find a Fundamental Classification of Human Knowledge

Automatic Indexing of Titles and Keywords on the Basis of a Model for an Overall Thesaurus ' of Knowledge

Similarity Coefficieuts and Weighting Functions (or Automatic Document Classification

Recognition of Abbreviated Context-Words by Man International Classification Vol. 10 (1983) No.3 [UDC025.4+ 168+001.4(05)

Contents INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Devoted to Concept Theory, Systematic Editorial Terminology and Organization of Knowledge Classific.ationand Encyclopedias 125

Articles' Editors Dr. phil. Ingetraut Th,T. Ballmer.: OIl how to find a fundamental classification of Dahlberg, 0-6000 Frank­.. human knowledge, Pt. II (In German) ...... 127 furt 50, Woogstr. 36a, Editor-in-chief and keywords on the Prof.. Dr.:med . .or. phil. Awin Diemer, Ph,i1o­ M. Scheele:' Automatic indexing of titles ,SOphlsches Inshtut der Umversitiit� Dusseldorf basis of a model for an overall thesaurus of knowledge q5 'J)-4000 Dusseldorf 1. UniversWitsstr. I, FRd P. Willett: Similarity coefficients.andweighting functions for i'rof. Jean M. Perreault, University Library automatic document classification: an empirical comparison 138 University of Alabama, P. O.B. 2600 Hunts� ville, Alabama 35807, USA D. Goldenberg, D. Rumpel: Recognition ofabbreviated Prof.Arashanipaiai Neelameghan, clo U.N.D.P., contextMwords by man ...... " ...... 143 P. O.Box 1864, Manila, The Philippines

Reports and Communications ...... c: • • • 147 co-sponored by - FID/CR (Federation lnternationale de Do­ International Federation of Classification Societies - Call for cumentation, Committee on Classification Papers: Journal of Classification - The Classification Society, (Research), address see Dr.I. Dahlberg European Branch - Formation of the Japan Classification Society - Third European Meeting of the Psychometric ' . Consulting Editors Society Prof. Asterio T. Campos, Departamento de Biblioteconomia, Universidade de Brasilia, FID/CR News 9 ...... 149 Brasilia-DF, Brazil Kenneth Brown died - Mrs. Stella Keenan new FID General Dr.A. I.Cernyj, VINITI, Moscow A-219 ' Bal- Secretary - The Who is Who in Classification and Indexing tijskaja ul.14, USSR published! - Nominations for the Ranganathan Award - Dipl. Math. Hermann Fangmeyer, Euratom CCR C.E.T.I.S.(E uropean Scientific Informa­ ISOITC46/SC5, Vienna, May 19, 1983 - IFLA Section on tion Processing Centre),I-21020 Ispra (Varese) Classification and Subject Cataloguing - UK: CRG Meeting Italy 244 - USA: ASIS/SIG/CR Meetings - USSR: LBC and Dipl. Volksw.Otto Gekeier, Burgunderweg 9, D-7900 Ulm ' UDC use in the Soviet Union - FRG: Call for Papers for the of the Gesellschaft flir Klassifikation - Prof. Eric de Grolier, Conseil International 8th Annual Conference des Sciences, I, rue Miollis, F-75 Paris 15e, 14th Sarada Ranganathan Lectures published! - Classification France and Indexing Research. Current Bibliography ...... 151 Yukio Nakamura, Authorized Consulting En­ gineer, 14-8 Nisikata-l Bunkyo- Ku, Tokyo Infoterm News ...... , ...... 154 113, Japan 2nd Int. Meeting of Experts on "Guidelines for the recording of Prof. Dr. Phyllis Richmond, School of Library terminological data for machine processing" - Working Group Science, C�se Western Reserve University, Cle­ "Vocabulary of terminological data banks". - ISOITC37IWG4 veland, OhlO,44106, USA "Computational aids in terminology and lexicography". - 1st Prof.Dr. F.W. Riggs, Department of Political " Science, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa-, Honolulu, Meeting of ISO/TC37/SC2 "Methods in terminography . - HI, 96822, USA " ISO/TC37IWG5 "Vocabulary of terminology . - Int. Congress Dr. Eugen Scibor, Institut Informaciji Nauko­ "Terminology and Int. Scientific and Technological Co­ weij. Technicznej i Ekonomicznej (lINTE), operation". - 11th Meeting of ISOITC46/SC3 "Terminology of AI.Niepodleglosci 188, Warzszawa, Poland Documentation". - UNISISTIFID/IFLA Int. School for Prof. Alfredo Serrai, Universita degli Studi , via Stazione S. Pietro 22, Roma, Italy teachers and workers in the information field. - Forthcoming Prof.Dr. Dagobert Soergel, S�hool of Library meetings - New Books - New Journals and Information Services, University of Mary­ land, College Park, MD., 20742, USA Cocta News ...... : 157 Intercocta Project - Basic Findings - Recommendations - Prof.Dr. Robert R. Sakal, State University of New York,. Stony Brook, New York 11794' Organization - The APSA Convention. USA Terminology for the Soci�l Sciences in Latin American Project 159 Prof. Bryan C. Vickery, School of Library. Archive and Information Studies, University Book Reviews College, Gower Street, London we 1, U. K. Th. Ballmer, W. Brennenstuhl: Speech Act Classification. Forschungsabteilung Information und Doku­ (E. Mater) ...... 160 mentation des Philosophischen Instituts der .. . 161 Universitat Dusseldorf, D-4000 DUsseldorf, Th. Bungarten (Ed.): Wissenschaftssprache. (G. Schott) Universitatsstr. 1, FRG, Prof. Dr.phil. Nor­ V.V. Nalimov: Realms of the Unconscious. (H. L6ckenhoff) 162 bert Henrichs E.M. Barth, E.C.W. Krabbe: From Axiom to Dialogue. Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation e.V. represent­ (W.G.Stock) ...... 166 ed by Dr.R. Fugmann, Hoechst AG, Wissen­ 169 schaftliche Dokumentation, 0-6230 Frank­ Libraries and Catalogues. (In Italian). (M. Cochetti) . furt 80, FRG 170 Infoterm" c/o oster, Normungsinstitut, Post­ fach 130, 4-1021 Wien. Prof.H. Felber ;Xy,�i,,!I�itt�ldi.'nLiterature 10 (1983) No.3 (9551-9999) 172 U DC 025.4 + 168 + 001.4 (05) INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Devoted to Concept Theory, Systematic Terminology and' Organization of Knowledge

Edit�r$i Dr. I, Dahlberg, Frankfurt; Prof. Dr. Dr.A, Diemer, Dusseldorf; Prof. A. Neelameghan, Manila. Pt'lilippines; Prof. J.M. Perreault, Huntsville. Ala., USA; co-sponsored by FIDleR Editorial Off(ce: c/o Or. 1. Dahlberg, Woogstr. 36a, 0·6000 Frankfurt 50, Tel. 0611/52 36 90 Issue frequency: 3x/ann. Annual subscription rates: Institution per volume OM 74,-; Individuals per volume OM 59,20; 5in'gle issues: OM 25,-, Back issues, hard copy, per issue OM 18,-. microfiche, per issue OM 6,- (1974-1977), Institutions will be billed.Individuals must prepay. For Air Mail deJivery an additional DM 4,- per issue. Postage and Mwst (domestic only) is not included. Advertising rates: AdvertiSing rate card No.1. Advertising fact sheet with details of mechanical requirements and closing dates available upon request. Responsible for advertising. 8. Michael Publisher: INDEKS Verlag. Woogstr.36a. D·6000 Frankfurt 50, Tel. 0611152_�6 90 , Bank Account Nos.: INDEKS GmbH, Postscheck-Konto Fra'nkfurt, No. 151208-608; Frankfurter Sparkasse von 1822, No. 852 082 IBLZ 500 502 01) All rights reserved. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany 1982 by Druckerei H. Guntrum II KG. Postfach 180. 0·6407 Schlitz

Contents page I.c. Vol. .10 (1983) No.3

Ballmer, Th.T.: Zur Gewinnung einer Fundamentalklassifikation Willett, P.: Similarity coefficients and weighting functions for au­ does menschlichen Wissens. (On how to find a fundamental classi­ tomatic document classification: an empirical comparison. fication of human knowledge, Pt. II) In: Int. Classif. 10(1983) No. 3, p. 138-142, 16 refs. In: lnt. Classif. 10(1983) No. 3. p. 127-134 This paper compares the similarity matrices obtained from the use The aim of this paper is to provide the fundaments of a classifica­ of four similarity coefficients and five weighting functions with tion of human knowledge. It is demonstrated on this basis that three document test collections. Cluster based retrieval experi­ human knowledge is not an incoherent patchwork of bits and ments using the single l!�kage clusters obtained from these ma­ pieces but rather a well structured system. The procedure to justify idces show that the cosine and Ta nimoto coefficients generally this claim is based on an analysis of linguistic expressions. The cus­ give rather better levels of retrieval effectiveness than the vector tomary local approaches based upon numerical feature analyses of product and overlap coefficients. The results also suggest that al­ linguistic expressions are criticized. In contrast to these it is pro­ though inverse frequency weighting may by useful in certain cir­ posed a global procedure based upon an investigation of large cumstances, it does not consistently lead to significant increases in scale lexical material. It is argued that the verbs of a language pro­ performance over the use of unweighted terms. Comparable re­ vide the basis to arrive at a fundamental classification of human sults were obtained in experiments using a modification of the knowledge. Using the two semantic relations similarity and pre­ Cluster Hypothesis test to measure the extent of the separation of supposition a three dimensional space is found containing about relevant from nonrelevant documents caused by the use of a par­ 1,300 categories and about 45 larger units (called models). The ticular combination of weighting function and Similarity coeffi­ first part contains an elaboration of the dimension and some major cient. (Author) interpretations of the classification results: a numerical analysis of the data, the relation of linguistic categories such as "aktionsart" and transitivity, and the paraphrastically basic verbs. The second part contains furthergoing interpretations of the classification re­ sults with respect to the syntax, semantics, textiinguistics, psychol­ ogy, sociology and also philosophy of natur'al language. In addi­ tion, the characteristics and aims of the classification are sum­ marized. The methodologic parsimony, the completeness, the un­ iqueness, the robustness, the universality and contextrelatedness, and the linguistic adequacy of the results discussed. (Author)

Scheele, M.: Automatic indexing of titles and keywords on the basis of a model for an overall thesaurus of knowledge. In: Int. Classil. 10 (1983) No. 3, p. 135-137 The concept 'automatic indexing' or 'automatic classification' is Goldenberg, D. , Rumpel, D.: Recognition of abbreviated oon­ meant here as the computerized classing of any kind of keywords or subject headings according to an existing classification system. text-words by mau. In: Int. Classif. 10(1983) No. 3. p. 143-146. 6 rels. The procedure described here was developed for a biological documentation system and was tested and used successfully in the In a previous paper the recognition rate of abbreviated, non-inter­ establishment of a large databank. On the basis of these experi­ connected basic word forms by man was experimentally deter­ ences an overall thesaurus of knowledge was built up in the Ger� mined and analysed. This paper is extending the study to the re­ man language. A precondition for this work was the establishment cognition of abbreviated context-words. of a universal faceted classification. The overall thesaurus contains There is further evidence that the mathematical transfonnation the words of ordinary language as well as the most important terms of the Fermi-Dirac-form, relating information to recognition, is of and names of technical languages as they appear in titles of scien­ rather general significance. Its exponent probably has to be aug­ tific publications. (acc. to author) mented by a denominator of about 1,75 bit. (Authors)

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHOR-S Journal References should contain the names and initials of all authors, fun title of the publication, abbreviation of Manuscripts may be submitted in either En !] lish, German or the journal according to the ISO Standard No.4. volume French to the editor-ill-chief in tw,o sets {the original and number, year of publication in brackets. issue number and one copy) typed in double space, comprising between 1500 first and last pa-ge numbers. MOnoqra h References s'hould to 3000 words. They should be accompanied by an English give .the name(s) of the author(s)� fury title, edition. place indicative abstract of 100-200 words. of publication, publisher,year and number of pages. Criteria for acce tance wl11 be appropriateness to the field Examples: of t e journa see Scope and Aims), taking into account Fugmann, R.: The glamour and the misery of the thesau­ the merit of the content and presentation. Papers are ac­ rus approach. In: Int.Classif. 1(1974)No.2, p.76-86, 20 cepted with the understanding that "they have not been refs. published, submitted or accepted- for publication elsewhere Sartori. G., Riggs, F.W., Teune. H.: Tower o( Babel. On and that. if the work received official sponsorship, it has the definition and analysis of concepts in the sodal sci­ been duly released for publ1cation. Authors will usually be ences. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Int.Studies Assoc.1975. 107 p. '" notifled- within 6 to 10 weeks. Unless specifically request­ Int. Studies Occ.Paper No.6.' ed, ma-tlUscripts or l11ustrations will not be returned. Illustrations should be restricted to necessary minimum. The text - of the papers should be structured by subhead­ Graphs and Diagrams should be supplied as black and ings;-rt should contain (a) an introduction. stating the white drawings suitable to reproduction, Half-tone lllustra­ purpose, (b) a description of materials and methods in suf­ tions should be sharp, well-contrasted glossy prfnts. n­ ficient detall, (c) information on results or systems devel­ lustrations should be numbered lightly with soft penc" on oped and (d) a conclusion with a discussion and/or summa­ the back. Numbered legends should be attached on a sepa­ rlzation. rate sheet. References should be listed at the end of the paper with Tables should be typed doubl,e-spaced on a separate sheet, the numbers in brackets referring. to such numbers in contain a number and a title at the top and be cited in the brackets within the text part. text. Each column should have a heading. Additional notes should be indicated in the text by lifted Authors shall receive 25 reprints of their papers free of single numbers (e.g. text ) and equally collected with charge. Addtional reprints may be ordered. their texts at the end of the paper under the heading Corrections 1n galley proof exceeding 10% of the typeset­ �. ting costs will be charged to the author. Editorial

Classification and Encyclopedias

At the INTERCOCTA Meeting in Caracas, June presentation of this material, the 160 OOO·odd concepts: 26·30, 1983, an entirely new form of an encyclopedia with their 3·4 facet codes in the order of the UFC. for the social sciences was discussed (see the report At our Conference in April, Martin Scheele had also in this issue within COCTA News) which emerged from proposed in his paper . of which we include a transla· the recommendations of the 1981 CONTA Conference tion into English in this is.sue . that by this way of (1) at Bielefeld as a more adequate form of access to classing concepts one can also start to reorganize ency­ concepts. It is still general practice today to arrange an clopedias in such a way that they become better tools encyclopedia in alphabetical order. This has not always for the access to and the understanding of our knowledge. been the case. If we look into the 3000 years of history If such an idea could be realized, would we not find of encyclopedias we find that up to as recent a past as our way back to the original'intention of encyclopedias · the end of the 18th century they were written and to be teaching aids, text books, comprehensive and published in a subject·oriented, systematic order. One of comprehensible tools for universal access to knowledge? the last works so arranged . although appearing at the At least for the social sciences this is now the inten­ same time also in alphabetical order · was the "Encyclo· tion of the INTERCOCTA project mentioned above, pedie au dictionnaire raisonne des sciences, des arts et namely to create a conceptual encyclopedia where des metiers" of Diderot and d'Alembert 1751·1772. the stress is on concepts and their definitions, not 011 ' Used as teaching texts up to that time, encyclopedias terms and their meanings, that is, the onomasiological were from then on mainly used as reference works. approach is preferred against the semasiological one. At It may qe of interest to have a closer look at the kind the Meeting in Caracas this epistemological approach of systematic arrangement utilized for the presentation was felt especially necessary for an intersubjective and of these huge "cathedrals of knowledge" . as they were intercultural comparison of concept fields and research termed by Zischka (2). However, as this would go far programs. The systematic presentation of concepts and beyond the scope of an editorial, the reader is referred their definitions was considered the best solution for a to the invaluable description of the history of biblio· world·wide mutual understanding of common knowledge, graphic classification given by E.Shamurin (3). What from which nobody would be excluded if it could strikes us, though, is the fact that Diderot and d'Alem· become a Unesco program. bert used Francis Bacon's ordering system (4) for their What would be the preconditions to start such a work? systematic arrangement, only exchanging the sequence Martin Scheele had built his own system of 10 000 of his 3 main sections "memory", "reason", and "imag­ concepts which he used like pieces of a meccana set ination". Later Bacon's system also went into the (which was the original idea of Ranganathan in his Colon Decimal Classification of Melvil Dewey (see (5), p.l21). Classification). On the one hand one could start from A more recent attempt to recognize the hierarchical what Martin Scheele accomplished already. His UFC and relationships between concepts in an encyclopedia was his 160 000 classed concepts, already processed for tried by Mortimer Adler in the volume called Propedia computerized handling, could · if made available in print which displays the concepts of the Encyclopedia Britan· for everybody· be used directly and translated into the nica, 15th ed. in a kind of a classification system. But world's languages or it could be used as an example this system was not used for the arrangement of the for all those wishing to accomplish such a systematifi· encyclopedia. cation task for a special subject field or for a larger area. At this years' conference of the German Classification On the other hand one could try to develop guide· Society at K6nigswinter, April 5·8, 1983, Martin Scheele lines as to how to systematize knowledge on different presented the results of his work of the last 15 years. levels of abstraction say, of areas, subj�ct groups, subject­ Having devised a new universal faceted classification fields and concepts. Although this has been the concern system (UFC) (6), he had used it to analyse and class a of the theoreticians of classification for many years, the total of some 160 000 concepts expressed in general results have not as yet become common knowledge and language and in all technical languages. He took the are only very seldom included in educational programs terms from the German Brockhaus Encyclopedia, in our field. Should we not work towards such an aim? from the index to the German UDC and from other In my opinion such guidelines would mean indeed the sources. The classed concepts (terms and representations necessary tool for all those dealing with the elaboration by usually a number of fo ur·digit·codes) were meant to of systematically arranged encyclopedias, but also of be collected into the companion volume to his faceted course for all those who need to construct fa ceted classification (5), to be called the Thesaurus volume, as thesauri or other kinds of ordering systems. announced. If only he were still among us! We sincerely I should like to point to some more items with a hope that this enormous work will not be lost, since · as direct bearing on this topic in the present issue. The first you may have read in the last issue of Int. ClassiL . our one is the continuation of the series of articles by dear colleague passed away on June 26, 1983. The third Thomas Ballmer On a Fundamental Classification of volume of his planned trilogy was to be a systematic Human Knowledge and the most interesting findings

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Editorial 125 therein. He composed it in German but the book (Speech Illfinity? Why should we not be able to reactivate this Act Classification) in which he displays his ideas and relationship in our existence on earth? How astonishing from which he derives his results is in English (7). and wonderful that a publisher of the West, namely E. It is fortunate that this book was reviewed in this Garfield's lSI Press, has taken the initiative to make the issue, too, by Erich Mater from the GDR Academy of impressive work of Nalimov known to us! May this book Sciences in East Berlin. We are very grateful for this and also the other contributions of this issue mentioned masterpiece of a review, not in the last place because it above help toward a better understanding of our task: was from Mater's comprehensive collection of verbs how'to recognize, and how to organize accordingly, that published many years ago that Ballmer took his verbs knowledge of our world which we need to preserve, be it and translated them into English. in encyclopedias or in other fo rms of easily accessible In the very last minute we received an enthousiastic knowledge storage devices! Letter-to-the-Editor by Rudolf Ungvary (p. 169-171) concerning the Ballmer article. It is worthwhile reading, Ingetraut Dahlberg though only for those initiated into the German lan­ guage. And finally there is the book review ofY .Y . Nalimov's References: third work in his trilogy namely "The Realms of the (1) Riggs,F.W.: The CONTA Conference. Proe.of the Conf.on Unconscious", (For the former reviews see Int.Classif. Conceptual and Terminological Analysis in the Social 9(1981}No.l and 2.) Helmut Lockenhoff tries to inter­ Sciences.Frankfurt: Indeks Verlag 1982. 382 p. pret the author's intention to show that the apparently (2) Zischka,G.A.: Index lexicorum.Bibliographie def lexikali­ scheo Nachschlagewerke. Wien: Br.Hollinek 1959.290 p. incomprehensible can be made comprehensible by the (3) Shamurin, E.!.: Geschichte def bibliothekarisch-bibliogra­ more incomprehensible, which the author does not phischen Klassifikation. (TranslJrom Russian), 2 vats. name but which may be- understood as the spiritual Munchen: Saur Verlag 1.1967; 2.1977. XXXl1,1l86 p. powers of the human soul. If one becomes quiet through (4) Bacon, Francis: De dignitate et augmentis scientiarum, regular meditations or similar states of silence and peace, 1605 (5) Dahlberg, I.: Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung. Mun­ one will loose the restlessness of today's life under stress chen: Saur 1974. XVIII,366p. and start to live more from one's internal powers and the (6) Scheele, M.: Ordnung und Wortschatz des Wissens. Bd.l: subconscious knowledge, or intuition which is not Das Ordnungssystem. Universelle Facetten�Klassifikation manifested in the brain but in that realm of ours which (UFC). Schlitz: VerI.H. Guntrum 1977.208 p. (7) Ballmer, Th., Drennenstuhl, W.: Speech Act Classification. has still a kind of connection with the spiritual world A study in the lexical analysis of English speech activity from where we come. Have we not been pure spirits 'verbs. Berlin�Heidelberg�New York: Springer Verlag 1981. once as emanations of the Creator Spirit of Eternity and 274 p.

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WHO IS WHO IN CLASSIFICATION AND INDEXING

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The entries inform on a person's qual:ifk:ations, position and affiliation, and give the address of the institution and the personal address. They include a short description of the experiences in classification and indexing, mention subject specialties, number of articles published and list the four most im­ portant articles and the relevant monographs.

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126 lut. Classif.10 (1983) No.3 Editorial weis der Wirklichkeitsbezogenheit fUr die aufgefunde­ nen semantischen Strukturen (Rescher 1979). In der Ta t haben sieh nach langerer und intensiver Be­ Thomas T. Ballmer schaftigung mit den Resultaten der Fundamentalklassi­ Ruhr Universitiit Bochum fikation eine ganze Reihe von Phanomenen eruieren lassen, die ihre unter-griindige Wirksamkeit be'stens be­ statigen. Ein Tei! dieser Phanomene sind schon andern­ Zur Gewinnung einer orts eingehender beschrieben worden. Die folgende Li­ ste prasentiert in Punkt 1. bis 4. eine groBere Anzahl Fundamentalklassifikation des dieser Faile. Die besprochenen Phanomene fallen in menschlichen Wissens. II. verschiedene Bereiche, angefangen von der l;-inguistik (Semantik, Syntax, Textlinguistik; Pragmatik, Intona­ tion) und Philosophie hin zur Psychologie, Sozioanthro­ (On how to find a fundamental classification of pologie und Biologie. human knowledge, PI. II) Interpretation (verschiedener Aspekte) der Funda­ mentalklassifiktionlO 1. Linguistische Interpretationen For the abstract please see Int. Classif. 10(1983) No. 2, p. 69. 1.1 Syntax 1.1.1 Der Eingriffsgrad korreliert mit cter Komplexitat Aus den am Ende des Teil I. dargestellten Grundverben der Valenzrahmen. liif3tsich der prozessuale Anteit einer jeden anderen Verb· 1.1.2 Der Eingriffsgrad parametrisien bedeutungsver­ bedeutung (mithilfe von Adformen und Nomina) erzeu­ aodernde Tr aosformationen (Metapraxes) wie Tnlnsiti­ gen. Insolern werden diese Verben zurecht Grundverben vierung, Intransitivierung (z.B. Passivierung), Meta­ des deutschen Verbwortschatzes genannt. phorisierung, Bleichungstransformation. Die Fundamente einer Klassifikation des Menschli­ 1.1.3 Auch die Aktionsart parametrisiert Metapraxes chen Wissens (FKW) sind somit erst einmal gelegt. Die (z.B. Prafigierung). Fortfuhrung dieses Programms beinhaltet die weitere Be­ 1.1.4 Der Eingriffsgrad und die Aktionsart parametri­ grundung und Bestatigung der vorerst aufgefu ndenen sieren komplexere syntaktische Zusammenhange: die Resultate. Das konnte aufempirischer Ebene geschehen, Kategorien korrelieren mit syntaktischen Eigenschafts­ das kann auch in vorbereitender Weise aufinterpretativer zusammenhangen (wie sie etwa von Gross 1975 unter­ Ebene in Angri/fgenommen werden. Da diese interpre­ sucht wurden). tativen Untersuchungen dazu beitragen, empirische Hy­ 1.1.5 Maurice Gross (1975a) versuchte durch eine rein pothesen erst einma{ zu fo rmulieren und in deren Pro­ syntaktische Analyse zu einer semantischen Analyse zu blemkreise einzufu hren, legt der zweite Teil dieses Pa­ gelangen. Nach eigenem Urteil gelangte er zu der Auf­ piers Wert auf die weiterfuhrende Interpretation der bis­ fassung, daB mit seiner Methode dieses Ziel wohl nieht her gewonnen Resu!tl:lte. erreichbar sei (Gross 1975b). Das MiBlingen des Gros­ schen Ansatzes darf aber nieht dazu verleiten anzuneh­ 4. Weiterfiihrende Interpretationen men, daB es uberhaupt keinen Zusammenhang zwi­ der Resnltate schen semantischen und syntaktischen Klassen geben Die Fundamentalklassifikation, die zur drei- (bzw. kann. Denn sein negatives Resultat ist doch erst einmal fUnf-)dimensionalen Verb-/ProzeBschatzstruktur ge­ nur aufgrund seiner Methode zu rechtfertigen . fiihrt hat, und auch Formcharakteristiken wie Intensi­ Geht man, anders als Gross, von vornherein von ei­ UitsverHiufe (Hute, Massiv), Schalenaufbau, Aktionsar­ ner semantischen Klassifizierung aus, so stellt sich nam­ tentypen, Tr ansitivitatsdimension und Gabelungsarche­ lich ein ganz anderes Bild dar. Die Verben innerhalb typ zum Vorschein bringt, demonstriert auf dem jetzi­ von semantischen Klassen korrelie-ren namlich auBeror­ gen Niveau die Stringenz der strukturellen Morphologie dentlich stark hinsiehtlich ihrer syntaktischen Eigen­ der durch die Verben reprasentierten ProzeB- (und indi­ schaften. Durch die semantische Klassenbildung sind rekter: Gegenstands-)Wel!. die M6glichkeiten syntaktischer Variation stark einge­ Es ist zu fragen, ob nieht noch andere Formzusam­ schrankt. Dadurch wird die Lage sogar wieder so, daB .menhange in den Resultaten der Fundamentalklassifi­ die syntaktischen Verschiedenheiten und Ahnlichkeiten kation aufzudecken sind. Die Fundamentalitiit einer auf so1che semantischer Art aufmerksam machen ken­ Fundamentalklassifikation miiBte sich auch gerade dar­ nen. Das heiBt, bei einem Einstieg von semantischer in erweisen, daB sie eine Fulle von (dynamisch-) mor­ Seite lassen sich Syntax und Semantik auf eine fruchtba­ phologischen Strukturen erkennbar macht, die sonst re Weise sehr nahe zueinander bringen. Die ursprungli­ un-ent-deckt blieben, die aber von der semantischen che Grossche Hoffnung der Korrespondenz zwischen Basis aus das prozessuale und insbesondere das sprach­ Syntax und Semantik laBt sich dann deutlieh bestatigen. liehe Geschehen mitbestimmen. Darin besteht auch ei­ Eine Beispielanalyse der semantischen Kategorie ne wesentliehe Bestatigung der gefundenen Resultate. (ET-Ib ) illustriert diesen Punk!. Rechts sind die Verben Die Konsistenz verschiedenster Interpretationen ist ge­ der Kategorie (ET-lb ) (Verstehen) aufgelistet, oben die maB einer Kohaherenztheorie der Wahrheit ein Naeh- syntaktisehen Mdster. Die Bedeutung der Labels sind

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Ballmer - Fundamental Classification 127 selbstsprechend, (jd = jemand, obj = nichtgegenstiind­ bzw. fiinfdimensional (Intensitiit,Aktionsart, Eingriffs­

liches Objekt, dsz = daB-Satz, obsz = ob-Satz, V = grad; Schalenaufbau, Ttennungsscharfe). Verb, V! = Verb im Imperativ, P = (anderes) Priidikat; 1.2.2 Kern des Semantischen Raumes einer Sprache: 1 = Nominativ, 2 = Akkusativ, 3 = Dativ, 4 = Genetiv; Die sich ergebende VerbM bzw. ProzeBschatzstruktur + = wohlgeformt, el = eUiptisch, - = nicht wohlge­ bildet den Kern des durch die natUrliche Sprache abge­ formt). Die Wo hlgeformtheitsurteile beziehen sich auf steckten Semantischen Raumes. die im Wortfeld festgemachten Bedeutungen. Dadurch 1'.2.3 Der genannte Kern des semantischen Raumes sind die syntaktischen Urteile, die bei Gross nicht in kla­ strukturiert nachgewiesenermafien auch die KlassifikaM rer Weise bestimmten Lesarten zugeordnet werden k6n­ tion von Adfo rmen (Adverbien und Adjektive) und der nen, viel besser linguistisch fundiert und stabil. Sowohl Nomina vor. Die Klassifikationsresultate dieser Wort­ bei def Klassifikation wie bei spiiterer Benutzung sol­ schatzbereiche zeigen klare Zusammenhange mit der cher Tabellen weiB man, wie die syntaktischen Urtcile Ve rbwortschatzstruktur (vgl. BallmerlBrennenstuhl "zu verstehen" sind. 1982). 1.1.6 Der Schalenaufbau korreliert mit def Transitivi­ 1.2.4 Der Kern des semantischen Raumes bestimmt tatsklassifikation (d.h. mit dem Entitiits-Mitfiihrungsef­ zum Tei! auch die Kombinatorik von Prozes8en und 80- fekt von Prozessen). mit auch" die Sequenzierung von Ve rben innerhalb von Texten. 1.2.5 Der Eingriffsgrad korreliert mit der Belebtheits­ 1.2 Semantik markierungshierarchie, mit dem Grad der Belebtheit 1.2.1 Die Fundamentalklassifikation liefert auf der also (vgl. auch die Chain of Being, Lovejoy 1936). Ebene von minimalen substanziellen Voraussetzungen 1.2.6 Die Aktionsart und die darUber definierte Hut­ (Verbliste, Sprachkompetenz insbesondere: Entschei­ struktur bilden eine Grundlage fUr eine (semantische) dungskompetenz beziiglich zweier semantischer Rela­ Oberflachenkaslistheorie. Kaslis sind hiernach Relatio­ tionen [Ahnlichkeit, Priisupposition]) einen Parametri­ nen zwischen Aktionsarten (ProzeBphasen) lind zwar sierungsrahmen fiir Jinguistische und auBerlinguistische zwischen def durch das Ve rb bezeichneten Phase und Phiinomene. Dieser Rahmen erzeugt ein H6chstmaB an der Phase wahrend def das Nomen, das die Kasusmar­ gegenseitigen Korrelationen. Der Rahmen ist dreiM kierung erhalt, relevant ist.

r.. r..

UJ T)·";c;;a .. » "rl 'rl • • ·rl , > N N • • � � • .-1 -.-I VERSTEHEN 33 gg

auffassen + + + - + - - - + - + - -

durchschauen - + - + + + - - + - + - + +

durchbU:'cken - + + + ++ -- ++ + + + + + + -- + + - + - + - - + - +-

nachvollziehen - + + + + + + + + - - -- + - + +

realisieren -- + + - + + + + + + + + + + + - + - +-

schnallen - + + + + + - + + + + + + - + --

erfassen -- + + + + + + + + + + + - +

fassen + - + - + + --

dU'rchschauen + + - + - - + + + +--- + - + +

diirchblicken + + - + - - + + + +-- --+- + +

dtirchsteigen + + - - + + + -- + - + - + +

-- verstehen e1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ - ++ + ++-+- +

- begreifen e1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + ++-..f- +

- kapieren e1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- + + - +

einleuchten + + + +

klar sein + + - - + - + - +

begreiflich sein + + - + - verstandlich sein + + - +

Tabelle zur Illustration der Existenz syntaktischer Klassen. (Sie konnen jedoch nur aufgrund einer semantischen Klassifikation aufgefunM den werden.)

128 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Ballmer - Fundamental Classification 1.3 Textlinguistik Textverlaufsform. Es ist diejenige, die offene Prozesse 1.3.1 Die Sprechaktmodelle korrelieren mit einer Va­ -charakterisiert, solche Prozesse, die klein anfangen und riante def literatufwissenschaftlichen Gattungseintei­ die immer mehr eskalieren und nie zu einem Stillstand lung (EM: Lyrik, EN: Ediktik, IA: Dramatik, DC: kommen, Explosionen also. Kishons Geschichten sind Epik). oft von diesem Typ. Die Geschichte fangt harmlos an. 1.3,2 Die durch den Kern des semantischen Raumes Man geht zu jemandem zu Besuch (zum Beispiel zu der teilweise vorgepragte ProzeBkombinatorik bietet eine Familie Spiegel, in der "Kettenreaktiotl", Kishon, theoretische Grundlage fUr die textlinguistische Frage 1961), man erlahrt kulturelle Belanglosigkeiten (zum Beispiel tiber die Einwohner Israels in Der Blaumilch­ von "wohlgeformten" (bzw. zweckmaBigen) Texten (cf. " - 1.2.4). Kanal", Kishon 1961). Dann aber ergibt eins das ande­ 1.3.3 Es diirfte sich herausstellen, daB die Fundamen­ re: Der Besuch bei Freunden endet damit, daB die Bor­ talklassifikation und die aus ihr resultierenden Struktu­ se ins Wanken gerat. DaB ein Arbeiter eines donners­ ren auch fiir hohere Signemrange (Heger 1976) maBge­ tags einen pneumatischen Dril1bohrer hinter sich her­ bend sind (Datenbanken, Bibliotheken, ...J. Die Fra­ schleppend die StraBe an einer Stelle aufzureiBen be­ gen der Information und Dokumentation, besonders ginnt, endet mit der gesamten Umgestaltung von Tel wenn sie sich auf substanzielle Klassifizierungsfragen Aviv zum "Ve nedig des Mittleren Ostens" . Die Textver­ beziehen, k6nnen durch den Kern des semantischen laufsform ist expooentiell, katastrophal, positiv riick­ Raumes eine erhebliche KUirung erfahren. koppelnd. Das Hutmodell is! im Gegensatz dazu gau­ 1.3.4 Es gibt zwei elementare Textverlaufsformen. Die Bisch, stabi!, negativ riickkoppelnd. eine ist aus der Tr adition her schon bekannt. Sie besteht aus fiinf Phasen (Gr�imas 1966) und besitzt als lntensi­ (17.1) Exponentielle Textverlaufsform tatsverlauf die Hutfqrm einer GauBschen Kurve: (16.1.1) Bruch in einem Gleichgewichtszustand s n (16.1.2) Auftritt und Mi sio des HeIden I (16.1.3) Unternehmungen des HeIden (16.1.4) Vollendung der Aufgabe durch den HeIden (16.1.5) Herstellung des urspriinglichen Zustandes Auch nicht-literarischen Erziihlungen liegt normaler­ weise eine solehe fiinfphasige Einteilung zugrunde (vgl. LabovlWaletzky 1967) : (16.2.1) Orientierung ---+�------�E (16.2.2) Konflikt (16.2.3) Austragen des Konflikts (16.2.4) Losung des Konflikts (16.2.5) Koda Dieser Verlauf symbolisiert die sich fortwahreod stei­ Es Hegt fiir uns nahe, die Frage zu stellen, ob nicht jeder gernde Eskalation. Die Phasen des Verlaufs sind oft fol­ in sich geschlossene v:on einem Anfang zu einem Ende geode vier: fiihrende ProzeE, auch dann, wenn er textlich beschrie­ (17.2.1) Ruhe (Ordnung) ben wird, diese Phasenstruktur der fiinf aufeinanderfol­ (17.2.2) Anfang (Nonnal) genden Aktionsarten in einem Hut haben mtisse: (17.2.3) Kontrollverlust (17.2.4) Chaos (16.3.1) Ruhe (Vorbereitung) (16.3.2) Antang (Aufbruch) Es ist eine offene Frage, ob die Entwicklungsdimension (16.3.3) Ablaut E bei einer expooentiellen Textverlaufsform mit dem (16.3.4) AbschluB Eingriffsgrad identifiziert werden sollte oder nicht. Ge­ (16.3.5) Ruhe (Rast) wisse (gelahrliche, die Existenz bedrohende) eskalative Momente wohnen dieser evolutionaren Eingriffsgraddi­ (16.4) Gauf3sche Textverlaufsform mension durchaus inne.

1.4 Pragmatik I 1.4.1 Der durch die Fundamentalklassifikation ermit­ telte Kern des Semantischen Raumes bildet eine Basis fiir eine substanzielle Kontexttheorie. Auf der Basis der ProzeBschatzstruktur lassen sich elementare Frames --�+-----�------+-----+��A und Skripts definieren, aufgrund derer sich komplexere kognitive und Realwelt-bezogene Strukturen generie­ Man konnte, wie es zum Beispiel v. Dijk (1972, S. 137) ren lassen (vgl. Ballmer/Brennenstuhl 1981a, b). schon getan hat, vermuten, daB es sich hierbei urn ein Universal handel!. Der Bezug auf den Aktionsartenhut 1.5 Intonation schiene dies sogar zu bestatigen. 1.5.1 Die lntonationsformen korrelieren mit der Spre­ Bei genauerer Betrachtung muB diese Vermutung aber chaktklassifikation in Emotiva (EM), Enaktiva (EN), revidiert werden. Es gibt noch eine gaozlich andere Interaktiva (IN) und Diskursiva (DC) 11

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Ballmer - Fundamental Classification 129 2. Psychologie, Sozio-Anthropologie chie legte den Ve rgleich zu einer sprachrelaliven Sicht­ 2.1 Der Kern des semaptischen Raumes erweist sich .eise der Phylogenese nahe. Die "Chain of Being", d.h. auch fUr ein Teilgebietder Metapsychologie als zweck­ jie aufsteigende Abstammungskette der Arten scheint miillig, niimlich fUr die Klassifikation von Teilgebieten ontisch den Vo raussetzungsverhaltnissen der Modelle der Psychologie: zugrundezuliegen. Eine genauere Betrachtung zeigt, daB es sich nur urneinen sehr speziellen Ast einer biolo­ (18) EX Existenzpsychologie BW Bewegungstherapie gischen Evolution handeln kann, namlich im wesentli­ AW Wahrnehmungspsychologie chen urn den, der im Endeffekt direkt zum Menschen HD Behaviorismus, HandJungspsychologie I, Motivation' fiihrt. Die Entwicklung der Arthropoden (Gliederfiiss­ theoric ler) oder gar der Pflanzen tritt kaum in der Verbwort­ IF Gedachtnispsychologie BT Arbeitspsychologic schatzstruktur in Erscheinung. W A Angstpsychologie Eine Sichtweise auf etwas breiterer Basis laBt erkennen, FO Sexualpsychologie daB nichl nur die befebte, sondern auch die unbelebte PR Kreativitatspsychologie Welt miteingeschlossen ist. Nicht nur die Phylogenese, KO Konsumptionspsychologie also eine die lebendige Materie betreffende Entwick­ KA Ve rkaufspsychologie MA Marktpsychologie lung, sondern eine ganze Kosmologie, also eine auch SO SoziaJpsychologie die tote Materie miteinschlieBende Evolution, liegt der SPA Kognitive Psychologic Herausbildung der hier gewonnenen Ve rbwortschatz­ Wahrnehmungspsychologie struktur zugrunde. Dcnkpsychologie Handlungspsychologie II Sprachpsychologic . 3.2 Neben der Phylogenese findetauch die Ontogenese Gespn'khstherapie, Logotherapie ihre Entsprechung in den Klassifikationsresultaten. Das Lehensmodell LE ist das Ontogenese-Modell par excel­ Diese Einteilung ergibt sich aufgrund der Verbmodelle. lem""': geboren werden - aufwachSen - pubertieren - Die Menge der Verbmodelle bilden ein Raster, auf des­ let en - altern - sterben. sen Hintergrund die psychologischen Teilgebiete einge­ Die anderen Modelle (wie Vorgang Existenz EX, ordnet werden k6nnen. Dieses Raster weist auf Lucken va, ..., Handlung HD, BetiitigungBT, Greifen GR, ..., hin, insofern nicht aIle seine PHitze besetzt sind. Dem­ Diskurs DC) stellen weitere Genesen dar: Prozessualge­ gemiiB konnte man versucht sein (neue?) psychologi­ nese; Existenzgenese, (Lebensgenese = Ontogenese), sche Gebiete wie Greifpsychologie (GR), Transportpsy­ Handlungsgenese, Tagesablaufgenese, Greifgenese, chologie (TR), Erholungspsychologie (RE) zu fordern. . ,. , Diskursgenese (Aktualgenese). Aile diese Gene­ Die Ve rbwortschatzstruktur kann somit als forschungs­ sen verlaufen parallel zur Ontogenese, sind aber auch heuristisches Instrument eingesetzt werden, auch im mehr oder weniger elementar. Die Diskursgenese (Ak­ Bereich einer Metawissenschaft. Auch fiir das Biblio­ tualgenese diskursiver (gesprochener) Sprache) ist die thekswesen, welches das Problem der systematischen komplexeste, die reine Vorgangsgenese die einfachste. Fundierung von Ordnungssystemen hat (Klassifikalion Tendenziell ist die Lebensdauer" einfacher Genesen wissenschaftlicher Teilgebiete) ist ein solches Raster " liingerals diejeniger komplexerer Genesen. von Nutzen. 2.2 Herrschaftsformen 3.3 Der Kern des Semantischen Raumes und der K6r­ Fur eine sozioanthropologische Perspektive erweist es perbau. Unterzieht -man die schalenweise strukturierte sich als besom;iers nutzbringend, Klassifikationen des ProzeBschatzstruktur einer Analyse, bei der gefragt menschlichen Verhaltens aufzufinden, die im breiten wird, welche Korperteile fUr welche Schale aus semanti­ Bereich prozessualen Geschehens eingeordnet sind. schen Grunden besonders relevant sind, so ergeben sich Die folgende Ordnung von Herrschaftsformen konnte folgende hochst bemerkenswerte Beziehungen. Jeder durch den Kern des Semantischen Raumes explikativ Schale ist (im wesentlichen) ein Korperteil zugeordnet. abgeschiitztwerden. Der einfachste Korperteil, der Rumpf, gehort zur unter­ sten Schale. Dieser Rumpf entsteht in dieser ersten (19) Schale aus dem prozessualen Geschehen (VO), das erst Assimilation Theokratie " noch in leblose Gegenstiinde (EX) mfmdet, bevor es Kinematische (Existenz) < Zustande ./ den lebendigen Rumpf (LE) erzeugt. " "'"-.'."'''"0 Monarchie "' (Handlung) Die zweite Schale basiert auf dem Korperteil Fuj3. Das ist besonders daraus ersichtlich, daB das Vektormodell < Mancipation AI"istokI"atie "' OynamisChe (GI"eifen) Zustande dieser Schale das Fortbewegungsmodell FB enthiilt. E-mancipation Oemokratie " Zwischen dieser (dem FuB zugeordneten) Schale und (Interaktion) der niichsten,dritten Schale liegt an wesentlicher Stelle, niimlich am Ve rzweigungspunkt des Gabelungsarche­ typs ( Hybris"), das Fortpflanzungsmodell Diesem 3. Biologie " Fa. Verzweigungspunkt ist deshalb ein komplementiires 3.1 Schon aus den semantischen Interpretationen der Paar aus Extremitiit (Phallus) und [nlTemilal (Vagin,a Resultate der Fundamentalklassifikationen wurde er­ und Uterus) zuzuordnen. sichtlich, daB biologische Beziige im Hintergrund wirk­ Die dritte Schale, urndas Greifmodell GR gelagert, ist sam sind: die spezifische Form der Belebtheitshierar- die Schale der Hand, die vierte Schale, urndas Bearbei-

130 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Ballmer - Fundamental Classification tungsmodell BA gelagert, ist die des We rkzeugs. Die 4. Philosophie fiinfte Schale, die der Kognitiven und Sprechhandlungs­ 4.1 Eine phiIosophische Hauptanwendung des Kerns modelle, basiert auf Kopf und Zunge. Diese Zuordnun­ des semantischen Raumes ist sein metaphysischer An­ gen zwischen Schalen (und Verzweigungspunkt des Ga­ spruch. Es wird implizit behauptet, daB die sprachrelati­ belungsarchetyps) einerseits und Kiirperteilen anderer­ ve Ontologie (im wesentlichen) durch diesen Kern des seits sind im Kern des semantischen Raumes auBeror· semantischen Raumes abgesteckt ist. Der (die betref­ dentlich koh.rent zusammengefiigt. (Siehe Abb. 20.) fende Sprache sprechende) Mensch ist nicht in der La­ ge, wesentlich tiber diesen Kern des semantischen Rau­ (20) mes hinauszugehen. Kontextveianderungen durch logische und spracharialy­ tische Operationen machen eine gewisse L6sung der Fesseln, die durch diesen semantischen Raum dem Sprechenden und Denkenden auferlegt sind, m6glich. 1m wesentlichen k6nnen aber nul' Verfeinerungen' also Interpoiationen angestrebt werden. Der ProzeB einer effektiven Ausweitung des Raumes ist ein sakularer (wenn nieht ein evolutionarer) ProzeB und verHiuft so­ mit auBerst langsarn. Generative Prozesse fuBen immer auf der Basis eines semantischen Raumes. Dies zu ver­ kennen ware ein kardinaler Fehler. Generative Proze­ duren fuBen somit auch auf der Basis des semantischen Diese Auffassung paBt mif def inneren Struktur einer Raumes und k6nnen diese Basis nieht abschiitteln und Schale zusammen (man erinnere sich an die Skalar/Vek­ sie deshalb auch nicht beliebig hinter sieh lassen. tor/Tensor Unterteilung). <;iliedmafien evolvieren vom 4.2 Die Verbwortsthatzstnlktur ist ein System von se­ skalaren Stumpf zum zwei- bis dreigliedrigen Ve ktor­ mantischen Rehitionen (Ahnlichkeiten , Prasuppositio­ steuerungsorgan, und zum mehrgliedrigen (6-gliedri­ nen). AIle anderen serriantischen Relationen sind Spe­ gen) Te nsorsteuerungsorgan. Ein Vergleich bietet hier­ zialfalle dieser Relationen und sind, zumindest in der zu def mit sechs Achsen ausgestattete Industrieroboter Anlage, in dem Yom Ve rbwortschatz abgesteckten Kern (menschlicher Arm: 29 Achsen), derin einfachster Aus­ des semantischen Raumes angesiedelt. Diesel' Kern ist Whrung Aktionen von TC'osorkomplexiHit ausfiihren somit ein im drei- bzw. fiinfdimensionalen Raum ange­ kann. GliedmaBen sind Artikulatoren. Yom groben, siedeltes Axiomensystem, das (im wesentlichen) aIle se­ groBen Zentralstiick entwickeln sic sich zu den fein­ mantischen Re1ationen betrifft. glicdrigcn Spitzen, cine Taylorentwicklung def Pro­ Der s�mantische Raum ist daher eine Theorie, insofern grammierung und Steuerung. In diesem Sinne kann sie durch das genannte Aximnensystem ausgedriickt ist. man von Tensor auch als prozessualem Programm spre­ Dies ist die in der zugrundeliegenden Spr'ache implizite chen, von einer funktionalen Zuordnung eines Ausfiih­ A-Theorie12. Diese A-Theorie betrifff die Prozesse rungsvektors zu den Aktivi�atsvektoren. (Materie und Eigenschaften), die in der das Subjekt 3.4 Nieht nur die auJ3eren Formen korrelieren mit dem umgebenden Umwelt ablaufen. Die Sprache ist die Kern des semantischen Raumes. Auch die inneren For­ Theorie der (Um-)Welt. Sprache ist Welt. So besehen men der Organe korrellieren in ganz bestimmter Weise resultiert eine Whorfsche Konzeption aus einem funda­ damit. Ais spezielles Beispiel sei das Zentralnervensy­ mentalklassifizierenden Standpunkt, der zum Kern des stem herausgegriffen. Dieses kontrolliert die auGeren semantischen Raumes fiihrt. Bewegungen der .uBeren Organe. Da die Verbwort­ Dies ist eine We ise, die Kernaussage einer Okologischen schatzanalyse zu einer Klassifikation von Prozessen Linguistik13 zu formulieren. ruhrt, die am lebendigen Organismus ablaufen, ist es Die Sprache liefert also in ihrer semantischen Struktur nieht sonderlich erstaunlich, daB das die am Organismus durch die Methode der Fundamentalklassifikation auf­ ablaufenden Prozesse kontrollierende innere Organ, geschlossen, eine Theorie der (1n- und) Umwelt, also das Zentralnervensystem, mit diesen auGen oder innen ein Weltbild. Nach dem bisher Gesagten sind aber schon am Organismus ablaufenden Prozessen korrelliert. Die eine ganze Reihe von Aspekten dieses Weltbildes deut­ Klassifikation dieser Prozesse miiBte sich auf Klassifika­ lich gemacht worden. Das in der Sprache ausgedriickte tion (der Formcharakteristiken) des Zentralorganes Weltbild kommt am klarsten zum Ausdruck durch das aufpriigen. in 3.3 Dargelegte und das in (16) ZusammengefaBte: im In der Tat ergibt sich iiber eine Strecke von etwa fast 20 (menschlichen) Kiirper. Nach dieser Konzeption ist also Modellen eine empirisch nachvollziehbare und prtifbare der semantische Raum einer Sprache similomorph dem Korrelation zwischen Verben in Modellen und phyloge­ organismischen Kiirper(des Menschen). Die These von netischen Phasen des Nervennetzes (und insbesondere Dreyfus (1972), daB eine (Rechen)maschine die kogni­ des Zentralorgans) die imstande sind, die durch die be­ tiven Leistungen (sprechen, verstehen, ...) nul' be­ treffenden Verben bezeiehneten Prozesse zu kontrollie­ herrschen kann, wenn sie einen Karper besitzt, laBt sich ren (Ballmer 1981). auf diese Weise sehr natiirlich interpretieren. Diese Dies ist die neurobiologische Par allele zwischen seman­ These ist namlich nunmehr fast tautologisch wahr: Da tischem Raum und Nervennetzen (incl. Zentralorgan). Sprache gleich Kiirper

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Ballmer - Fundamental Classification 131 Rechner dann und nur dann Sprache, wenn er Karper Es ist nicht auszuschlieBen, daB der semantische Raum (sprich: Sprache) besitzt. als anthropologische Konstante tiber das rein Philosow Der Karper, die A-Theorie, bestimmt das Weltbild, die phische hinaus in Gebiete wie Religion und/oder Esote­ Sprache. Der Karper ist We ltbild, ist Bild def We lt, ist rik (Metaphysik) verweisen kann. Gewisse Symbolzu­ gebildet durch die Welt. Dieser so dargelegte Ta tbe­ sammenhiinge (z.B. Gott, Sohn, Heiliger Geist, Mut­ stand geht aber mit der evolutionaren Erkenntnistheo­ ter) diirften ihre Attraktivitiit gerade dadurch bekom­ rie konform (vgl. Vo llmer 1980, Riedl 1980): ware das men, daB sie auf einer bio-evolutionaren Konstanten, " Auge nicht sonnengleich, es kannte nicht sehen. Diese wie der semantische Raum sie darstellt, implizit Bezug Erwagungen fiihren zu einer Begriindungsmaglichkeit, nehmend, aufbaut. Die Familienstruktur (Vater, Kind, warum die Sprache die Form hat, die sie hat. Diese Be­ Unberechenbares (Schicksal, HI. Geist), Mutter), die grlindungsmaglichkeit verbindet den situativen Ge­ der religiasen Vier-einigkeit (cf. lung 1954, 1963) zu­ brauch der Sprache und ihre invariante scmantische grundeliegt, kann durchaus als erweiterte Karper­ Form. Der menschliche Karper ist durch seine auBere Struktur verstanden werdenl4. In der Kleingruppe diirf­ Form, seine inneren Organe und seine Maglichkeitea, ten sich die"wichtigsten Te ilfunktionen des Karpers ar­ Prozesse an sich ablaufen zu lassen und auch Prozesse beitsteilig als eigensHindige Personen (Karper) mitein­ ingang zu setzen, der Angelpunkt dieses Begriindungs­ bringen und realisieren. Diese k6rperlichen Te ilfunktio­ zusammenhangs. Der Karper steht in situativem, ako­ nen personifizieren sich im Rolienspiel der Kleingrupw logischen Kontext einerseits und erlebt die einzelnen pe: Diese Uberlegungen zeigen , daB der Kern des se­ Prozesse in ihrem Ablauf. Der Karper ist aber auch das mantischen Raumes letztlich aIle Lebensbereiche Produkt eines langen Evolutionsprozesses und somit die durchwirken diirfte und dadurch seine Zentralitat weit Invariante, die aIle singuHiren Interaktionsereignisse tiber das Sprachwissenschaftliche und das Wissenschaftw iiberdauert hat, und somit eine langfristige Stabilitat ge­ Hche iiberhaupt ausweisen durfte. gentiber salchen Einfltissen bewiesen hat. Der Kern des 4.4 Die Fundamentalklassifikation ist phanomenolo­ Semantischen Raumes, auf dem, wie wir eben in variier­ gisch. Die Fundamentalklassifikation und deren Resul­ ter Weise iIlustriert haben, die sprachlichen Aspekte tat fuBt auf den stabilen Erfahrungen, den Phiinomenen (Intonation, Syntax, Semantik, Pragmatik, Psycholin­ guistisches etc.) aufbauen, verfiigt tiber eine ahnlich sta­ im wissenschaftlichen Sinne, d.h. der Abgrenzbarkeit und der Reproduzierbarkeit (Hacking 1981). bile Existenz wie der Karper. Es ist sogar sinnvoll anzu­ Die Fundamentalklassifikation ist aber auch phanome­ nehrnen,daB der semantische Raum diese Stabilitat hat, nologisch in dem Sinne, daB sie unmittelbare Erfahrun­ wei! er similomorph zurnKarper ist. Denn erstens ist er gen der mittleren Ebene zur Grundlage nimmt. Sie ist so auf die ihn tragende bioevolutionare Invariante, den in dem Sinne so un-theoretisch wie nur denkmaglich. Karper in reiner Funktion abgestimmt, und zweitens tragt seine "Karperforrn", seine Gestalt, selbst zur Sta­ 4.5 Die Fundamentalklassifikation ist holistisch und bilitat bei. Mit dem semantischen Raum sind aber so atomistisch zugleich. Ausgehend von Gesamtheiten (ai­ viele relevante Aspekte der Sprache derart eng verbun­ le Ve rben, aIle unzusammengesetzten Standardverben) den, daB sich die Similomorphie zwischen dem Karper und von semantisch in toto verstandenen Ausdriicken und dem von ihm getragenen semantischen Raum auch ist die Fundamentalklassifikation in zwei We isen holi­ auf diesen Raum und damit auf die gesamte Sprache stisch. Auf die Gewinnung eines paraphrastischen ubertragen. Grundwortschatzes (vgl. 14, Kap. 3) hinzielend ist die 4.3 Auch wissenschaftsmethodologisch gesehen diirf­ Fundamentalklassifikation aber auch tendenziell atomi­ ten die hier besprochenen Sachverhalte ihre Auswir­ stisch, also auch reduktionistisch. kungen hervorbringen. Einerseits strukturiert der Kern 4.6 Neben der Fundamentalklassifikation, die auf­ des semantischen Raums die maglichen wissenschaftli­ grund ihrer breiten Begrtindungsbasis in einer Ve rb­ chen Gebilde von der Physik (VO), tiber die Chemie wortschatzanalyse prozessualen Charakter hat, gibt es (EX) zur Biologie (LE), Ethologie (HD), Psychologie andere Klassifikationen, bei denen der prozessuale Be­ (HD, IF, OS, WA), Sozio-Anthropologie (BA), bis hin zug wesentlich weniger deutlich ist. Das ist aber gerade zur Philosophie, Linguistik, Mathematik (SPA). vor aHem dann der Fall, wenn es sich urn die Klassifika­ Dariiber hinaus weist der semantische Raum auch dar­ tion von abstrakten Begriffssystemen handeIt. Insbe­ auf hin, wie der Zusammenhang zwischen unbelebter, sondere wenn diese Systeme relativ wenig Begriffe um­ reener, dynarnischerNatur einerseits und belebter, vor­ fassen (und das ist gerade bei Abstrakta haufig genug gestellter, struktureller Kultur andererseits flieBend zu der Fall, und kennzeichnet abstrakte Begriffssysteme verstehen ist. sogar) ist ein eindeutiger Bezug zum prozessualen Ge­ schehen zuweilen schwer zu erreichen. Der Terminus (21) Natur Kultur "abstrakt" stehl damit im Einklang. Die (prozeBbe­ unbelebt belebt zeichnenden) Verben sind, sagar und gerade in ihrer Leib Seele "Feinstbedeutung, eindeutig im prozessual fundierten RealiUit Vorstellungen �emantischen Raum einzuordnen. Sie sind con-cret ("mitgewachsen", verwurzelt) in der realen ProzeBwelt. digital kontinuierlich Abstrakte Begriffe sind dieser Welt ent-rissen", sie dynamisch strukture ll " sind ent-wurzelt. Daher ist ein Riickbezug auf die ge­ (linke Hemisphare) (rechte Hemisphiire) ,Dannte Wirklichkeit oft schwierig (unbestimmt, vage,

132 In,t Classif. 10 (1983) .No. 3 Ballmer - Fundamental Classification (22) Transversal Klassifikation Longitudinal Klassifikation c=i Emotion - Enaktion - Interaktion - Diskurs nput - Kanal - output Lyrik - Editik - Dramatik - Epik ---- ProzeB � Romantik - Klassik - Moderne - Kommerz Gliick - Werk - Ruhm - Geld �stoffe - Fabrik - produ� Zufall - Wahrscheinlichkeit - Relevanz - Sicherheit -----Krcativitat----- Kunst - Te chnik - Handel - Wissenschaft

�ich - weiblich - kindl� GlUck - Lernen - K6nnen - Wissen ----�Familie------Theokratie - Monarchic - Aristokratie - Demokratie naiv - operationell - strategisch - professionell primitiv - Sklavenkultur - Kapitalistisch - Postindusttie Zufall - Wahrscheinlichkeit - Relevanz - Sicherheit Maria Christus� Anarchic - TotalitariHtt - Demokratie - Biirokratie Heil. Geist Chaos - Gesetz - Leben - Tod Unzufriedenheit - Terror - Krieg - Frieden t(S) - Obj ekt(O) - Ziel � �ISUbj;k Aussage

s_

A Fluktuation - Struktur - dynami sche - statische Struktur Struktur Luft Feuer Wasser Erde

Erstmaligkeit BesUitigung fuzzy) und nicht eindeutig. Dieser Ruckbezug kann auf Gluck ist das individuale Fundament des sUbjektiven verschiedene Weise geschehen. Lebens, das Werk das darauf aufbauende individuelle Am Beispiel betrachtet k6nnen abstrakte Begrifflich­ Fundament des objektiven Lebens. Die beiden, Gluck keiten wie folgt auf den. semantischen Raum zuriickbe­ und Werk , sozial entwickelt und umgewertet ergeben zogen werden. (Siehe Abb. 22.) Geld (sozial umgewertetes We rk) und Ruhm (soziales Diese Klassifikationen fuBen auf zwei von den M6glich­ umgewertetes Gluck). Das personliche Optimum (ZieJ) keiten eines Bezugs auf den semantischen Raum. Diese liegt im Fadenkreuz: beiden Mbglichkeiten sind 1. die Tr ansversalklassifika­ Analog lieBen sich aber auch die anderen in (22) ange­ tion entlang der Aktionsartachse im transitiven Be­ gebenen Beispielfalle liir abstraktbegriffliche Klassifi­ reich , 2. die Longitudinalklassifikation entiang der Ein­ kationen auf das Fadenkreuz iibertragen. Doch bleiben griffsgradachse im (hyper-)transitiven Bereich. Durch sie in den meisten Fallen nicht direkt und stringent auf die Moglichkeit, die kommunikationstheoretischen Be­ eine prozessuale Wirklichkeit beziehbar, und damit my­ griffe ,Input', ,Output', ,ProzeW, ,Kanal' in dieser Wei­ stisch und idealistisch. se longitudinal zu klassifizieren, herrscht durch aile an­ Zweck dieser Diskussion ist es, zu demonstrieren, daB gegebenen Klassifikationen hindurch eine systemati­ die Abstraktheit von Begriffen eine wesentliche Konse­ sche Mehrdeutigkeit der klassifikatorischen Einard­ quenz hat: ihre klassifikatorische Einordnung ist von nung. Abstrakte Begriffe sind eben ab-(s)-trakt, abge­ der unmittelbaren prozessualen Wirklichkeit losge­ rissen, entwurzelt. Der- Bezug zur prozessualen Wirk­ lost15, lichkeit ist nicht mehr in voller Koharenz ersichtlich. Deutlich wird das bei der Einbezugnahme von weiteren 4.7 Es stellt sich das Problem, die sprachanalytisch­ Gestalttypen. So kann Gluck-Werk-Geld-Ruhm mit phanomenologisch gewonnenen Ergebnisse theoretisch einer guten Begriindung im "Fadenkreuz" angeordnet zu untermauern. Bisher haben sich vier verschiedene werden: Moglichkeiten liir diesen Zweck angeboten, der Evolu­ tionar-Blastematische Ansatz, die Bifurkationstheoreti­ (23) Ruhm schen Modelle (Katastrophentheorie, Synergetik, in­ klusive die irreversible Thermodynamik), der Differ­ entialgleichungstheoretisch-Okonomische Ansatz (Principle of Minimal Effort, Mehrfachperiodische Werk ----I---� Geld Funktionen), der Ansatz der Symmetrien (Lie Grup­ pen). Gerade der letztgenannte Ansatz fUr eine theore­ tische Erfassung der Morphologie der natiirlichen und Gluck sprachlichen Erscheinungen weist einen groBen Vorzug

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Ballmer - Fundamental Classification 133 (24) Wasser

Feuer Erde

Luft Leben Gesetz f > Tad ChaDs auf. Erprobt in vielen fundamentalen Gebieten der Phy­ Die mehrfach geschachtelte spezielle Drehsymmetrie, sik (Elementarteilchentheorie, Astrophysik, Kosmoge­ die Flachensymmetrie und die GliedmaBenartikulation nese), der Chemie und teilweise in der Biologie, hat die­ (Karper, Fortbewegungsorgane, Geschlechts-, Greifor­ ser "phanomenologische" Ansatz eine betriichtlich ver­ gane, Kopt) miissen sich ebenfalls aus der Ausgangslage einheitlichende Kraft und kann auBerdem auf eineo der Syrnmetrien ableiten lassen. Kanan von erfolgreichen Methoden und Ergebnissen Part III follows in next issue, including also footnotes zuriickblicken und darauf zun1ckgreifen. Weil dieser 12-15. Ansatz in linguistischen sprachanalytischen Kreisen bei­ nahe gaozlich unbekannt sein diirfte, sei er hier gaoz Anmerknngen kurz zusammengefaBt und fUr die Zwecke einer Sprachtheorie spezifiziert. Ausgehend von der systema­ 10 Die in diesem Abschnitt dargestellten Interpretationsresulta­ te sind zurn Te il schon andernorts ausfiihrlicher beschrieben tischen und historischen Te ndenz, die Begriindungsfra­ worden. Aus diesem Grunde sind diese Resultate zuweilen ge immer konsequenter zu stellen, gelangt die Sprach­ nur kurz angedeutet. We iterfiihrende Informationen erhiilt wissenschaft von rein lautlichen und lautlich-formalen man vor aHem in Ballmer/Brennenstuhl (1981a, 1981b, (phonologischen) Fragen schrittweise zur Psycho- und 1982), BallmerlDreher (1983), Ballmer (1983). 11 Das Abstract fur einen Vortrag des Autors, den er fUr die Ta­ Soziolinguistik, und zur Biolinguistik. Urn die globalen gung Prosody, Normal and Abnormal (Apri1 1983, Zurich) Strukturfragen der natiirlichen Sprache losen zu kon­ vorbereitet hat, faBt diese Position etwas ausfUhrlicher zu­ nen, braucht es aber mehr als ein eklektisches Sammeln sammen: GOOD MORNING - a Systematically Eclectic von Einzelerscheinungen. Das biologisch-linguistische Study of Intonation.-A central question of linguistics is: what meanings are expressed in what manner? When turning our Fundament mtiBte im Strukturzusammenhang mit der interest upon spoken language we face considerable pro­ dafiir relevanten Voraussetzungsbasis gesehen werden. blems dealing with this question. Intonation seems to pose Diese Basis ist die geophysikalische Grundgesamtheit particular difficulties in this respect. We may ask questions Sonneneinstrahlullg, Auftreffpunkt Erdoberflache, sich like: Is there a-semantic base for.intonation? Is there - even drehende Erde. Dieses physikalische System einer tage­ - a lexicon characterizing the meanings of intonation? What could the meanings of intonation be? speriodisch dynamischen Auftreffsingularitat (FluB auf In the presented paper a method is proposed which attempts [Schachtel-]Wand) erzeugt selbstorganisatorisch Struk­ to approach the task of retrieving the lexical meaning of into­ turen, als dynamisches Grenzfliichenphanomen. Die nations by-systematic sampling. This method is called (itera­ Frage ist, ob sich die entstehende Morphologie aus der tive) distillation method and orients itself upon the chemical method of distillation. Applied to one-morpheme sentences Randbedingungsdynamik bestimmen laBt. Die Antwort it leads to two interesting theses: First, the psycho-social,con­ einer symmetrie-theoretischen Position ist: ja! Namlich sonance thesis that psycho-social stability is expressed by a die Symmetrien, SO(3) der drehenden Erde und GL(I) musical consonance in the intonation. A generalization of the der einfallenden Strahlung, muBten die entstehenden first thesis would be the thesis of semantic/phonetic harmony. This thesis would state that a language finds itself in a state Formen vorausbestimmen. Die darstellungstheoreti­ of metastability for which a similomorphy between the sche Reduktion des Tensorprodukts der beteiligten phonetic�phonemic side and the semantic side obtains. It is Ausgangssymmetrien muBte die Entfaltung der entste­ discussed to what extent such a generalization could be true. hen den Morphologien fes!legen. Auf diese Weise muB Second, the distillation method leads to the speech act cate­ sich die Rechtsdrehung der Erde in die kompensatori­ gory thesis of intonation which says that every two speech act categories (in the specified sense as developed in Ballmerl sche Linksdrehung ihrer Oberfiachenerscheinungen ab� Brennenstuhl,_ 1981) can be separated intonationally. A bilden (via die Triigheitskrafte: zentrifugal [" Monde"]' stronger version of that thesis, the thesis of speech act cate­ Coriolis etc.; globale FluBdynamik [Bergmassive, Was­ gorial completeness of intonation, would maintain that into­ serlaufe, Winde], Symmetrie der Lebewesen [auf der nations are completely characterizaple by a certain class of speech act categories. It is an open question whether such a Nordhalbkugel linksJ, z.B. fUr den Menschen; 1. Achse precise semantic characterization of intonation can be found. ist Karperachse, 2. Achse ist [auch evolutionar gesehenJ These two theses are suggested by the application of the se­ Blickachse, 3. Achse ist Armachse fund zwar nach mantically holistic non-feature oriented distillation method. rechts!], d.h. Mensch ist auBerlich linksdrehend). In­ The theses proposed here are, however, until now only par­ nerlich ist die Symmetrie der Lebewesen umgekehrt tially validated on an experimentally linguistic basis. (Chiasma, Lateralisierung, Herzpositionierung etc.). Address: Prof. Dr. Thomas BaUmer Diese Ta tbestande sind von der Erdhalbkugel [Nord! Ruhr Universitiit,Sprachwiss. Inst. Siid] abhangig, was sie dem empirischen Test aussetzt. Postfach 102148, D-4630 Bochum

134 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Ballmer - Fundamental Classification 2. Automatic indexing as applied in biology docnmentation

Martin Scheele Th� automatic indexing process used by us was de­ t veloped, tried out and sucessfully applied within the framework of biology documentation. Employing only two biologically trained specialists, one programmer, Automatic Indexing of Titles one librarian, one documentation assistant and six and Keywords on the Basis of clerk-typists, it was possible within a period of some 5- . years to not only develop the procedure as such but also a Model for an Overall to apply it to a body of literature consisting of 275.000 Thesaurus of Knowledge titles from 152 German biological journals, which was inventoried with the aid of punched-tape typewriters, automatically indexed by means of an IBM 1401 compu­ ter, and combined into a data bank. Such a feat would have been completely impossible without the automatic Scheele, M.: Automatic indexing of titles and keywords on the indexing process. basis of a model for an overall thesaurus of kno�le�ge •.. In: Int. Classi!. 10 (1983) No. 3, p. 135-137 Today OUr "Data Bank of German Biological Litera­ The concept 'automatic indexing' or 'automatic classification' is ture" is in the care of the Frankfurt Senckenberg Insti-­ meant here as the computerized classing of any kind of keywords tute, which describes it as follows in a prospectus: "Of or subject headings according to-an existing classification system. the biologists addressing queries to our information The procedure described here was developed for a biological center, 40% are interested in pre-1970 literature (an­ documentation system and was tested and used successfully in the establishment of a large d

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 M. Scheele - Automatic title indexing 135 documentation have major ·advantages: all works deal­ The Universal Faceted Classification developed by us ing with the same general subject (e.g. running waters) and serving as the basis for the construction of the over­ are grouped together. In addition, however, they are all thesaurus was already presented in papers read at the broken down according to all title words (keywords) 2nd convention of our Society in Frankfurt-Hoechst. which have actually occurred and which have something For a better understanding of the relationships involved to do with running waters. we will therefore restrict ourselves to briefly recapitulat- · ing the most important points of view. The supreme principle of this ordering system is the requirement that it should be simple to oversee and easy to handle. To achieve this we took certain setbacks (e.g. 3. The Overall Thesaurus of Knowledge a strict schematism, and the classification of some con­ and its application possibilities cepts at points that may be objected to on' logical grounds) into the bargain, as these setbacks hardly carry 3.1 The construction of a Universal Faceted Classifi­ any weight in comparison with the advantages of the sys­ cation as a prerequisite for an overall thesaurus of tem, particularly wh'en machine-applied. knowledge. The system is divided into four hierarchy levels and The thesaurus that has come forth from the biology consists of 10 main classes, 100 head classes, 1,000 basic documentation produced a great many important ex­ classes and 10,000 special classes. As classification sym­ periences. The most important one was the recognition bols we selected 4-digit numbers. The individual digits that there is an unexpectedly large number of concepts within these numbers correspond to the four hi"erarchy and words which are used in all fields of life and science. levels: main classes = thousands, head classes = hun­ An examination of the sD'called "keyword pool" of the dreds, basic classes = tens, and special classes = ones. Deutsche Bibliothek (Getman Library) confirmed this The classification of the thesaurus words with the aid insight. Hence it may be expected that a combination of of this ordering system occurs according to the following the automatic indexing process with an overall simple basic rules: thesaurus of knowledge opens up the possibility of First: Classification is determined in each case by the machine-indexing, with a minimum expenditure of definition of the given word. man-hours, a voluminous body of literature extending Second: All notations are freely combinable among up and down each and every technical field. one another. They are written in succession with one in­ No less significant is the experience that automatic ter.vening blank space between two successive ones. classification functions absolutely dependably and Third: One should take as many notations as neces­ guarantees a uniform systematic order wholly indepen­ sary, but as few as possible. dent of time, place and operating personnel. Thus the variety and quality of the classification depends exclu­ sively on the quality of the thesaurus on which it is Examples for classification: based. Aafjes, Bertus 0791 3031 3071 3911 7571 These results induced us at the end of the sixties to Definition: Well-known (3031) male (3071) Dutch (7571) lyricist (3911) born in the decade from 1910to 1919 (0791). start working on a Universal Faceted Classificationas a prerequisite for an overall thesaurus of knowledge and Aalenia 0529 7016 Definition: (stage) of theJura formation (7016), dating back to the on such an overall thesaurus itself. order of 100 to 200 million years B.C. (0529). Variously such a plan was and is considered impracti­ Eel soup 1544 1497 cable, no one ever taking the trouble of seriously exam­ Definition: Fish (1444) - soup (1497). ining the procedure. However, the practical experiences Aar glacier 0047 7294 7596 with the biology documentation and with the retrieval Definition: Glacier (7294) in the Swiss canton of Bern (7596 0047) . from this material has furnished abundant proof that Downhill race 6072 6771 there are no really valid arguments against the construc­ Definition: Competitive event (6072) in skiing (6771). tion and the functioning of an overall thesaurus of Arcturus 8051 8066 8074 8126 8758 knowledge. The objection most frequently raised claims Definition: Fixed star (8758) of the 1st magnitude (8051) of spect* that an overall thesaurus, combined with the automatic ral class K (8066) and luminosity class III (8074) in the Bootes con* indexing process, would lead to intolerable waste, as figuration (8126). one must expect numerous homonyms (words with sev­ Other examples are presented in the book "Ordnung und eral meanings) to occur. Precisely this argument, how­ Wo rtschatz des Wissens" (Order and Vocabulary of Knowledge) ever, had already been proved wrong in the work with (Vol. I) on page 148sqq. the biology documentation. First of all the waste is re­ The number symbols (notations) of the concept lan­ duced by combined requesting. The more concepts are guage thus generated have the further advantage that linked together in retriev�l, the smaller will be the one can read from them a hierarchy of superordinated number of irrelevant titles. Skillful classification will concepts. As an example let us consider notation 3911. thus cause the homonymy problem to largely solve itself The 3 represents the main class 3 of the system: "Man". all by itself. Finally, far from being irritated by it, the 39 means "artistic professions", 391 means "writer" and user will often even welcome a certain amount of waste, 3911 "lyricist". - This hierarchy of superordinated con­ namely when he wishes to cover certain fringe areas of cepts is of course of the greatest importance for the au­ the desired topic as well. tomatic indexing process and for subsequent retrieval.

136 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 M. Scheele - Automatic title indexing 3.2 The construction of the overall thesaurus of know­ 3.4 The application of the overall thesaurus as a sys­ ledge. tematic· supplement to an alphabetically ordered en­ We had set ourselves that aim of including in the cyclopedia (e. g. Brockhaus or Meyer) . thesaurus both the words of everyday language and the So far the definition dictionaries known as lexica or en­ most important technical terms and names as they occur cyclopedias have almost exclusively been ordered al­ in the titles of scientific publications. phabetically according to the words treated by them. At the present status of the work the total number of Such an order, however, cannot present knowledge in words considered cannot yet be determined with preci­ its full interrelationships, for words belonging together sion. It lies somewhere between 100,000 and 150,000 according to their meaning are spread all over the al­ words. phabetic. To correct this drawback usually employs The following documents were used as sources for more or less versatile cross-references. Other works, these words: the thesaurus of the biology documenta­ e.g. the Encyclopedia Britannica; developed a new con­ tion; the German full edition of the Universal Decimal ception and contain, in addition to their alphabetic part, Classification; the works of Dornseiff (DeI deutsche special, systematically ordered survey parts. Our overall Wortschatz nach Sachgruppen = Vo cabulary of the Ger­ thesaurus constitutes a modern variant of such solution man language by subject groups) and of We hrle-Eggers possibilities. It may be employed as a systematic supple­ (Deutscher Wo rtsehatz = Vocabulary of the German ment to the well-known encyclopedias such as Brock­ Language) and the 20-volume Brockhaus encyclopedia. haus or Meyer: Looking up the desired subject, say Since the methodology on which the processing of the "Employment" in the overall thesaurus, one will find thesaurus words is based proceeds according to the prin­ there all associated words and carl.' then look up all these ciple of deriving the classification of- individual words words in the given alphabetic encYdopedia. In this way, immediately from their explanation (definition), c1ear­ no important information contained in the encyclopedia cut definitions play a dec:isive part for the overall will be overlooked when working on a given subject, thesaurus. The most comprehensive definitive dictio­ e.g. for the purpose of a lecture or a publication. The nary of the German language available at the start of our encyclopedia thus becomes, in a sense, a universally thesaurus work was the 20-volume Brockhaus encyc­ applicable textbook. lopedia. We therefore used this work as the mandatory basis for the definitions and thus for the classification of 3.5 Other applications of the overall thesaurus .(e.g. all ·words. Bm The comprehensive work on the overall thesaurus Be it briefly remarked here, if only for completeness' lasted longer than could be foreseen and in fact has not sake, that the overall thesaurus is open to other applica­ been completed even now, partly because in the course tions as well. They include e.g. the constructions of an of such a massive and unprecedented undertaking new electronic encyclopedia having the prime advantage improvement possibilities continue to present them­ that it can supply answers to combined questions of ap­ selves - but mainly because all the mental and clas­ proximately the following type: "What famous men (or sificatory work had to be done by me almost single­ women) in France were contemporaries of Goethe?", handedly. Now, however, the end of the work is coming "What rivers between 50 and 100 km in length are to be into view, and the overall thesaurus can probably be found in Sleswig-Holstein?" or "What are the names of published by the Saur company in the course of 1984. the stars of the first magnitude in the southern sky?", Furthermore it will be possible to utilize the overall thesaurus within the framework of modern videotext technology. Here, broad strata of users unfamiliar with 3.3 The application of the overall thesaurus for au­ ordering questions will need readily understandable and tomatic indexing. applicable access procedures to the desired information, Since, as is well known, modern retrieval is oriented to Neither pure "search trees", hence classification the principles of Boolean algebra and works with in­ schemes, nor pure keyword lists have so far proved op­ verted data files, the most suitable model for testing the tim-al. What is needed, rather, is a combination of both overall thesaurus in connection with automatic indexing possibilities such as has already proved its merit in the is a Peekaboo card file. Thus we created such a model, information and documentation field, and such a combi­ using as starting material eleven annual volumes of the nation is practically nothing but a thesaurus! journal "Universitas", which is not a specialized journal Finally, the overall thesaurus can also be put to use but seeks to cover in principle the entire range of human to build up a personal documentation system with the knowledge. By means of IBM machines the model was aid of Peekaboo cards. duplicated thirty times and has been in use for years for practical exercises in connection with my courses on References modern information science at Marburg university. It has stood up quite well in this capacity and has proven Scheele, Martin: Ordnung und Wortschatz des Wissens (Order and Vo cabulary of Knowledge). Vol. I: Das Ordnungssystem (The beyond a doubt that an overall thesaurus in combination Ordering System). Universal Faceted Classification (UFC). with the automatic indexing process is extremely ra­ SchlitzlHesse: Verlag H. Guntrum II. K.G. 1977, 208 p. tional and advantageous and does not entail any funda­ Address: mental problems. Mrs. E. Scheele, Bruder Grimmweg 4, D-6407 Schlitz

lnt. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 M. Scheele - Automatic title indexing 137 extensively studied as a means of improving the'perfor­ mance of retrieval systems in which queries are matched against a file of documents (5-8). This work has shown Peter Willett that considerable improvements in retrieval effective­ University of Sheffield, ness may be obtained using certain types of weighting Department of Information Studies function, a�d it is natural to consider whether such techniques could also be applied for the purposes of au­ tomatic classification. Similarity Coefficients and Sparck Jones (5) has described three types of consid­ eration that may be used as the basis for a weighting We ighting Functions for function, these being Automatic Document (a) the number of occurrences of a particular term in a document, with-frequently occurring terms being given Classification: an Empirical a greater weight than those that occur less frequently Comparison within the text (b) the length of the document, that is the total number of index terms assigned to it, with terms in short docu­ ments being assigned a greater weight than those in longer documents Willett, P.: Similarity coefficients and weighting functions for au­ (c) the frequency of the term in the collection, with in­ tomatic document classification: an empirical comparison. In: Int. Classif. 10(1983) No. 3, p. 138-142, 16 refs. frequently occurring terms being assigned greater weights than terms that occur in many of the documents. This paper compares the similarity matrices obtained from the use of four similarity coefficients and five weighting functions with A fourth type of weighting function, which takes ac­ three document test collections. Cluster based retrieval experi­ count of the differential occurrences of a term in the re­ ments using the single linkage clusters obtained from these ma­ levant and nonrelevant documents for some query, will trices show that the cosine and Tanimoto coefficients generally not be considered here since it presupposes the use of a give rather better levels of retrieval effectiveness than the vector product and overlap coefficients. The results also suggest that al­ relevance feedback environment (9); document cluster­ though inverse frequency weighting may by useful in certain cir* ing, conversely, is usually carried out as a means of pro­ cumstances, it does not consistently lead to significant increases in viding some initial relevance information for the calcu­ peIiormance over the use of unweighted terms. Comparable re* lation of such weights (7). Additionally, type (i) weight­ sulis were obtained in experiments using a modification of the Cluster Hypothesis test to measure the extent of the separation of ing will ,,1l'lo not be considered in this report since the relevant from -nonrelevant documents caused by the use of a par­ documents in the test collections used (see belowr·ar<> ticular combination of weighting function and similarity coeffi­ binary in character, with only the presence of a given cient. (Author) term within a document representative being noted. Extensive lists of weighting functions have been given by Sager and Lockemann (6) and Noreault et al. (8), 1. Introdnction and from these lists the following five functions, Automatic classification techniques have been Wi-WS, have been chosen for Xi;, the weight assigned suggested as a means of increasing both the efficiency to the i'th term in the j'th document (1 <= i <= T, 1 and the effectiveness of mechanised document retrieval <= j <= N where T and N are the numbers of index systems (1, 2). Many classification procedures involve terms and documents respectively in the collection). the calculation of a similarity matrix that contains the similarities between all pairs of documents in the coHec- WI: X;j = 1 . tion, this matrix forming the input to a routine that iden­ tifies the groups, or clusters, of similar documents pre­ which corresponds to the use of unweighted index sent in the data set (3, 4). A very wide range of methods terms. has been described in the literature for calculating .the W2: = similarity between a pair of o�jects, and this communi­ X;j Vlj cation reports an empirical comparison of several d.iffer­ where Ij is the length of the j'th document. ent approaches to the determination of inter-document similarity. W3: X;j = 10g,(Nlfi)

2. Weighting fu nctions and similarity coefficients where fj is the frequency of occurrence of the i'th term in the collection. This corresponds to the well known in­ The determination of inter-document similarity in­ verse document frequency (IDF) weighting scheme that volves two main components, these being the calcula­ has been shown to perform consistently well in docu­ tion of the weights assigned to the index terms charac­ ment retrieval systems (5, 7). terising each of the documents in a collection, and the calculation of a value for the chosen similarity coeffi­ W4: X;j = 10g,(1/fil) cient. The weighting of index terms, so that some are de­ which represents a simple combination of type (b) and fined as being of more importance than others, has been type (c) weighting.

138 lnt. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Willett - Coefficients and weighting functions among the documents in a cluster, a simplification that results in a relatively simple formulation for the match­ which represents the difference between the contribu­ ing function. The function is tion of a term to a single document and to the collection as a whole. The similarity coefficients that were tested will be de­ scribed using the term vector representation of docu­ where PI�: is the probability of term n being assigned to ments (1, 2). Let a document in the m'th cluster, the summation being

over all of the non-zero binary terms in a query, and em is a constant representing the a priori probability of the m'th cluster being selected: Croft gives several methods be the term vector representing the Fth document in a for the estimation of the probabilities (12), and his re­ collection: a non-zero value for Xlj implies that the i'th commended estimates were used here. term has been assigned to that document. Then a simi­ The experiments were evaluated by means of the ef­ larity coefficient in the present context is a function that fectiveness function, E (1, 11, 12), defined as assigns a real value to a pair of documents Xj, Xk de­ pending upon the non-zero entries in the two term vec­ E = 1 - (1 + �2)PRI(�2p + R) tors. A large number of such measures have been de­ scribed (3, 4, 6, 8, 10) and this investigation used the where and are the precision and recall of a search, following four coefficients, Cl to C4, in all of which the P R that is of the documents in the retrieved cluster, and summation is from i = 1 to T. where � is a user-defined parameter which reflects the relative importance attached by the user to precision Cl: the vector or inner product and recall. The E values were calculated for the entire 2:.Xi;Xik set of queries for each test collection and summarised by the mean value; it should be noted that the smaller C2: the Ta nimoto coefficient the E value, the greater the retrieval effectiveness. The 'i,X;;XikICi,X'/ + 'i,x,.' - 'i,X;;X;k) searches were carried out on each classification with � set to 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, these corresponding to searches C3: the cosine coefficient' where precision was judged to be twice as important as 2) 'i,X;;X;k/('i,X'/'i,Xik 0.5 recall, of equal importance to it, and half as important respectively. In addition, the total number of relevant C4: the overlap coefficient documents retrieved in response to all of the queries was !,min( ij , )/min(!,xjj, ) X xik !,Xik . noted in each case. The second group of experiments involved the Clus­ ter Hypothesis test (13). This hypothesis states that 3. Experimental details similar documents tend to be relevant to the same re­ Two groups of experiments were carried out to investi­ quests and has been suggested as a rationale for the use gate the similarity matrices obtained using the weighting of hierarchic methods in document clustering (1). The functions and similarity coefficients described above. hypothesis may readily be tested by calculating all of the The most commonly used clustering method that is relevant-relevant (RR) and relevant-nonrelevant based upon a similarity matrix and that has been used (RNR) inter-document similarity coefficients for some for automatic document classification is the single lin­ test collection where relevance information is available kage method (11, 12); this results in a hierarchic struc­ for the set of queries. If the hypothesis is correct, the ture in which small clusters of highly similar documents relevant documents will tend to be more similar to each are nested within successively larger groups of less other than they are to the many non-relevant docu­ highly correlated documents. In the cluster searches re­ ments, and a separation may be expected to exist be­ ported here, the full cluster hierarchy was approximated tween the frequency distributions of the RR and RNR by the set of bottom level clusters, where a bottom level similarity coefficient values. An example of such a sep­ cluster is the smallest cluster containing some particular aration is shown in Figure 1 which shows a clear separa­ document in the collection (12). It was noted that some tion of the two types of similarity value. of the documents entered the hierarchy via very large A modification of the Cluster Hypothesis test was bottom level clusters; accordingly, an upperbound of 50 used here to evaluate the various similarity matrices. A documents was set and any document whose bottom useful weighting function or similarity coefficient for level cluster was larger than this threshold was searched document classification will be one that maximises the as a single document. separation of the RR and RNR distributions since this The clusters were searched using the implementation is likely to result in a greater degree of grouping of the of the cluster based retrieval method described by Croft relevant documents when a clustering procedure is used (12). In this, that cluster is retrieved at search time in to process the similarity matrix. Accordingly, it should response to a query which has the largest computed be possible to evaluate different similarity measures and value for a linear discriminant function derived on the weighting functions by the degree of overlap between assumption that the query terms occur independently the two distributions: as shown by the shaded area in Fi-

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Willett - Coefficients and weighting functions 139 gure 1, since the greater the degree of overlap, the less 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, together with the total number ofrelev­ the separation of the two types of document in the final ant documents retrieved in all of the searches of the col­ classification. A similar modification of the Cluster lection. Hypothesis test has been described by Burnett et al. (14) The Cluster Hypothesis tests used only the Ta nimoto as a means of evaluating different indexing voc­ and cosine coefficients since these two measures per­ abularies. formed rather better than the other two measures in the 100 cluster search experiments (see below); the calculated overlap figures, expressed as a fraction of the total area under the RR or RNR distributions, are listed in Table 00 5, each element of which contains the overlap for these two coefficients.

� " 60 " 5. Discussion g " , ,.. In the discussion that follows, a particular set of results " 40 will be referred to by the notation aCbWc where a is the e� first letter of the test collection (K, C or E) and Cb and � We the similarity coefficient and weighting function as 20 defined earlier. Thus CC2Wl would refer to the use of unweighted terms and the Ta nimoto coefficient on the Cranfield data, while EC3 would refer to the use of the 0 0.6 0.8 , .0 cosine coefficient on the Evans documents, without SU1ILAHH''l' COEFFIClE:NT specifying a particular weighting function. The bulk of Figure 1: Distribution of the relevant-relevant (continuous line) the discussion will refer to the CBR results, with special and relevant-nonrelevant (discontinuous line) similarity coeffi­ attention being paid to the � = 0.5 figures.These corres­ cients in a test collection; the overlap of the two distributions is pond to precision·oriented searches (1, 11) and docu· shaded. ment clustering is normally regarded as a means of The experiments used the Keen, Cranfield and Evans rapidly obtaining a few relevant documents. The � = 2.0 test collections detailed in Table 1 where it will be seen figures refer to recall-oriented searches and recall must that they differ substantially in the numbers of terms in inevitably be low when only a single cluster is retrieved: the queries and documents. These collections also higher recall could be obtained, if required, merely by exhibit markedly different degrees of separation in the retrieving additional c�usters. Cluster Hypothesis test; the Cranfield documents show The effect of the choice of similarity coefficient will only a slight degree of RR and RNR overlap, this in­ be considered first, but it should be remembered that creases with the Keen test collection while that for the two variables are being considered here, and that they Evans data set shows only a very slight separation of the are closely related. Thus the effect of the denominator two distributions. Thus, although these files are quite in a coefficient like C3 is clearly' akin to the effect of a small, their very disparate characteristics should encom­ weighting function like W2, since both of them take the pass most of the types of data that might be encountered lengths of the documents into account. It may thus be in practice. argued that certains of the combinations of weighting function and similarity coefficient are redundant (3); Table 1: Details of the three tcst collections however, all combinations were tested here in the in­ terests of completeness. Keen Cranfield Evans The Keen results are rather different from those for Number of documents 800 1400 2542 the other two collections since, for this data set, the vec­ Number of queries 63 225 39 tor product and overlap measures give results that are not noticeably inferior to those obtained with the Number of terms 1432 2557 3730 Tanimoto and cosine coefficients; indeed, the j3 = 0.5 Mean number of terms per results for KCIW1, KC4Wl and KC4W3 are the best of document 9.8 28.7 6.6 all for this collection. However, these two coefficients Mean number of terms per gave consistently poor results with the Cranfield and, to query 8.0 27.5 10.3 a lesser extent, Evans collections. The vector product considers only those terms that 4. Results have been assigned to both documents and, as van The three collections were clustered by the single lin­ Rijsbergen has noted (1), this can lead to counter-intu­ kage method using all possible combinations of weight­ itive results; the three other coefficients are hence all ing function and similarity measure, giving a total of normalised to give values between zero and unity. The twenty different classifications for each data set. The re­ lack of a normalising factor in the vector product implies sults obtained for the cluster based retrieval of the top­ only a limited number of possible similarity levels at ranking cluster for each query are given in Tables 2-4. which cluster formation can take place, and hence Each element of these Tables contains the mean values, abrupt changes in cluster membership may occur as the

when averaged over the entire set of queries, for j3 = generation of the hierarchy proceeds; additionally, the

140 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Willett - Coefficients and weighting functions single linkage method is characterised by the rapid for­ is not very surpnsmg in view of the degree of re­ mation of chained clusters in which documents at one semblance between the formulae for the two coeffi­ end of the chain have little or no similarity with docu­ c;ients; however, the total number of relevant docu­ ments at the other. These two factors resulted, in the ments retrieved was -generally slightly greater using the cases of the Cranfield and Evans files, in many of the cdsine coefficient and thus, of the 'similarity coefficients bottom level clusters being very extended, and larger tested here,.the cosi'ne measure -would appear to be the than the threshold cluster cardinality mentioned above, most useful for,document classification purposes. thus causing the corresponding documents to be unc1us­ Turning now tb the effect of the weighting functions, tered in the search file. the figures in Ta bles 2 to 4 would tend to suggest that Little difference is evident between the classification index term weighting is not of obvious general utility for based on the Tanimoto and cosine coefficients, and this document classification. Specifically, W1, the use of un-

Ta bles 2-4: Results of the cluster based retrieval experiments for the Keen (Table 2), Cranfield (Table 3) and Evans (Table 4) data sets. Each entry gives (i) the mean Evalues, averaged over the complete set of queries, for � = 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 (ii) the total number of relevant in response to all of the queries.

Similarity Weighting function coefficient WI W2 W3 W4 W5

CI 0.750.820.85 0.770.830.86 0.770.810.82 0.800.850.88 0.770.840.87 67 70 99 66 54 C2 0.770.820.84 0.770.820.84 0.780.820.82 0.790.83 0.85 0.770.820.83 101 un 94 94 92 C3 0.77 0.81 0.82 0.770.81 0.82 0.770.81 0.82 0.780.820.84 0.780.820.83 117 117 96 103 114 C4 0.760.81 0.83 0.780.820.83 0.760.81 0.83 0.800.83 0.85 0.77 0.81 0.83 87 108 88 91 104

Similarity Weighting function coefficient WI W2 W3 W4 W5

Cl 0.880.880.89 0.860.900.92 0.830.840.84 0.900.920.92 0.860.900.92 161 92 256 131 96 C2 0.770.800.81 0.770.81 0.82 0.790.81 0.81 0.790.820.83 0.760.790.80 264 262 297 259 286 C3 0.770.800.81 0.770.800.81 0.800.81 0.80 0.780.81 0.82 0.750.780.79 275 275 320 267 304 C4 0.840.870.88 0.830.860.87 0.81 0.840.84 0.830.86 0.86 0.830.860.87 186 129 235 212 181

Similarity Weighting function coefficient WI W2 W3 W4 W5

CI 0.860.910.94 0.940.970.98 0.900.920.93 0.920.940.95 0.940.970.98 52 17 64 56 18 C2 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.880.91 0.93 0.900.930.94 0.880.910.93 0.890.920.93 68 68 55 64 67 C3 0.890.920.93 0.890.920.93 0.900.930.94 0.880.920.93 0.890.920.93 70 70 56 59 65 C4 0.91 0.940.95 0.900.93 0.95 0.880.900.91 0.890.920.94 0.900.930.94 49 46 91 56 52

Ta ble 5: Results of the Cluster Hypothesis test. Each entry contains the calculated overlap figure obtained using the Tanimoto and cosine cofficients.

Collection Weighting function WI W2 W3 W4 W5

Keen 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.72 0.69 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.63 Cranfield 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.46 0.45 0.42 0.41 Evans 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Willett - Coefficients and weighting functions 141 weighted terms, gave results that were often compara­ tuitive; secondly, the use of such a weighting scheme ble to the use of more complex weighting schemes; in­ may have little effect in practice on the low frequency, deed in cases such as KCI WI, EClWI and KC4WI, WI high weight terms owing to the overwhelming contribu­ gave the best � � 0.5 figures �nd ilis never noticeably tion of the many high-frequency terms. inferior to the other four functions. W2 gave poor per­ formance with CCI and ECI but is otherwise quite ac­ 6. ConeInsions ceptable, W4 is never noticeably good or bad while WS The conclusions of this report are two-fold. Firstly, the performs excellently for CC2 and CC3 but is otherwise similarity coefficient should be normalised by the unremarkable. Perhaps the most interesting results are lengths of the two document term vectors, a conclusion with W3, the IOF weight, which is often very good at that confirms previous suggestions(1). Secondly, the re­ retrieving large numbers of relevant documents, this sults suggest that the weighting of index terms does not being expecially so in the case of the Cranfield collec­ lead to the consistent increases in performance over the tion; however, the corresponding values are not as E use of unweighted terms that might have been expected notable. from earlier work on weighting schemes for document The overlap experiments have the advantage over the retrieval. CBR tests that they are based solely upon the similarity Acknowledgements: my thanks are due to Or. K. matrices, and are not affected by the characteristics of Sparck Jones and Mr. L. Evans for the provision of the the particular clustering method that is used for the gen­ test collections. eration of the classifications. However the overlap fi­ gures in Table 5 show that there is hardly any variation in overlap from one set of results to another, with only the KW3 and CW5 figures being noticeably different References: from the others for that data set. (1) van Rijsbergen, c.J.: Information Retrieval. (2nd. cd.) Lon­ There have been several reportsin the literature that don: Butterworth 1979. 208p. discuss the effectiveness of different similarity coeffi­ (2) Salton, G.: Dynamic Information and Library Processing. En­ cients, though most of these have been in the context of glewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1975. 523p. (3) Jardine, N., Sibson, R.: Mathematical Taxonomy. London: calculating the similarities between documents and a Wiley 1971. 286p. query, rather than between a pair of documents. Thus, (4) Sneath, P.H.A., Sokal, R.R.: Numerical Taxonomy. The Keen (IS) found that the cosine coefficient gave rather PriQ.ciples and Practice of Numerical Classification. San Francisco: better retrieval results than the overlap coefficient, Freeman 1973. 573p. (5) Sparck Jones, K.: Index term weighting. In: Inf. Stor. Retr. which is in agreement with the results obtained here, 9(1973). p. 619-633. while Noreault et at. (8) have reported an extended (6) Sager, W.K.H., Lockemann, P.C.: Classification of ranking series of document ranking experiments involving a algorithms. In: Int. Forum Inf. Doc. 1(1976) p. 12-25. range of coefficients and weighting functions. These au­ (7) Croft, W.B., Harper, D.J.: Using probabilistic models of document retrieval without relevance information. In: J. Doc. thors found that there was little difference between the 35(1979) p. 285-295. various ranking algorithms tested; however, thegeneral (8) Noreault, T., McGill, M., Koll, M.B.: A performance evalu­ applicability of their findings may be limited by the fact ation of similarity measures, document term weighting schemes that the ranking was carried out only upon those docu­ and representations in a Boolean environment. In: Oddy, R.N., ments retrieved by an initial Boolean search. These em­ Robertson, S.E., van Rijsbergen, c.J., Williams, P.W.: Informa­ tion Retrieval Research. London: Butterworth 1981. 389p. pirical comparisons may be contrasted with theoretical (9) Robertson, S.E., Sparck Jones, K.: Relevance weighting of discussions that provide a rationale for the use of the search terms. In: J. ASIS 27(1976) p. 129-146. vector product in document retrieval systems (9, 16). (10) Smeaton, A.F., van Rijsbergen, C.l.: The nearestneighbour Sneath and Sakal suggest that there is often no real con­ problem in information retrieval. An algorithm using upper� bounds. In: ACM SIGIR Forum 16(1981) p. 83-87. sensus as to what constitutes an optimal coefficient and (11) van Rijsbergen, c.J., Croft, W.B.: Document clustering: an that there is no obvious basis for preferring one coeffi­ evaluation of some experiments with the Cranfield 1400 collec­ cient to another (4). tion. In: Inf. Proc. Manag. 11(1975) p. 171-182. (12) Croft, W.B.: A file organization for cluster-based retrieval. There has been extensive interest in weighting func­ In: Inf. Systems 5(1980) p. 189-195. tions for document retrieval and experiments have re­ (13) van Rijsbergen, C.J., Sparck Jones, K.: A test for the separa­ peatedly shown the superiority of IOF weighting over tion of relevant and non-relevant documents in experimental re­ document length weighting or the use of unweighted trieval collections. In: J. Doc. 29(1973) p. 251-257. (14) Burnett, J.E., Cooper, D., Lynch, M.F., Willett, P., terms (3, 7). The results obtained here suggest that al­ Wycherley, M.: Document retrieval experiments using indexing though IOF weighting is of some use in document clus­ vocabularies of varying size. L Variety generation symbols as­ tering, the ensuing improvements in retrieval effective­ signed to the fronts of index terms. In: J. Doc. 35(1979) p. ness are less consistently noticeable than when this 197-206. (15) Keen, E.M.: Search matching functions. In: Information weighting scheme is used for the matching of documents Storage and Retrieval report no. 13. Cornell University: Depart­ and queries. Both Jardine and Sibson (3) and Sneath ment of Computer Science 1967. and Sakal (4) have, in fact, argued against the use of (16) Bookstein, A.: Explanation and generalization of vector such weighting schemes. Firstly, IOF weighting implies models in information retrieval. In: Lecture Notes Compo Sci. that the degree of similarity between an object and itself 146(1982) p. 118-132. will vary depending upon the frequencies of the terms Address: Dr. Peter Willett, Lecturer. University of Sheffield, De­ that have been assigned to it, a result that is counter-in- partment of Information Studies, Sheffield SlO 2TN, England.

142 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3. Willett - Coefficients and weighting functions ation length appeared unabridged in the sheet. The ab­ breviations were written in the sequence of the text, in­ cluding punctuation. The test persons were informed D. Goldenberg, Dieter Rumpel that the abbreviated words were in context and they Duisburg University were asked to enter the words guessed. They were left �ufficient time for their answers. A hit was only counted If the target-word was entered in its correct form of flex­ Recognition of Abbreviated ion. 3 test -sequences were run, based on 3 different text Context-Words by Man sources: - Bismarck: "Gedanken und Erinnerungen" - Texts from the news-magazine "Der Sp iegel" - Literary texts taken from (a German translation of) Goldenberg, D., Rumpel, D.: Recognition of abbreviated con­ Hemingway, Bergengrun, Zweig. text-words by man. Each test sequence comprised 3 to 6 tests with sheets of In: Tnt. Classif. 10(1983) No. 3, p. 143-146, 6 refs. different abbreviation lengths. In a previous paper the recognition rate of abbreviated non·inter­ As compared to the prior tests, special problems cOnnected ba!;ic word forms by man was experimen�ally deter­ mme, and analysed. This paper is extending the study to the re- arose from the fact that long words are rather seldom in �. cogmtlon of abbreviated context-words. - context, so sheets up to 300 words had to be prepared There is further evidence that the mathematical transformation �o' hav,e an at least �air coverage of word lengths up to of the Fermi-Dj�ac�f?rm, relating information to recognition, is of 18 letters (which aim could not be met with the "liter­ rather general slglllficance. Its exponent probably has to be aug­ " mented by a denominator of about 1,75 bit. (Authors) ary texts). Further, the general recognition rate zoomed up to 100% quite fast with increasing abbrevia­ tion length, so only abbreviation lengths minor to 7 or 1. Introduction 8 letters gave distinctive results. Fig. 1 a shows the results of the' 3 test sequences for In a preceding paper (1) the recognition of abbreviated; the text sources "Bismarck", "Spiegel" and "Literary". non-interconnected basic;word forms was dealt with. B Each curve proceeded from one test and gives .the hit­ means of a testgroup t�e hit-rate of the recognition rate "E" for a constant abbreviation length of "0" letters ( umber of correct identifications of target words, di­ � as dependent on the length of the target word of "I" let­ vided by the number of abbreviations offered) was de­ ters. For comparison, also the set of curves of the test termined under different test conditions. The results sequence "General word knowledge (1)" - i.e. guessing were approximated by a relatively simple mathematical isolated words from their abbreviations, without addi­ form. This form can be interpreted as the statistical tional information given to the testgroup - was added t superposition of two independent recogni ion effects, to this figure. which in their turn - by a transformation bearing the - From these curves the following properties can be mathematical properties of a Fermi-Dirac distribution read: - can be transformed into linear equations that relate - As against isolated words, the recognition of context­ the information content of the target word and of the imbedded words is considerably enhanced. The de­ abbreviation to a pre-existing "information-deficit". crease of the hit-rate towards longer words is much Different test conditions showed that additional infor­ flatter; a convergence towards a constant non-zero mation given to the test group, by memorizing target value is indicated, but not reached before 1 = 18. words and abbreviations prior to the test, significantly - The sets of context -curves behave incontinuous with altered only the value of the "information-deficit". increasing abbreviation length n. From n = 2 until The present paper describes the analysis of experi­ n = 4 - especially between n = 3 and n = 4 - there mental results gained from the same testgroup, this time are great improvements of the hit-rate. Consecu­ not by presenting abbreviated basic word forms, but by tively, for n 4, a smaller but constant increment presenting abbreviated continuous context. The initial � ± prevails-. This feature can be correlated to the subjec­ idea of these tests was that context-relations were intro­ tive impression of the test persons, that with abbrevi­ ducing additional information into the recognition pro­ ations of n 4 the "sense of the context" becomes cess. This additional information should also be found � clear. as an alteration of the "information deficit" of the two Subjectively, the "difficulty" of the texts is decreas­ recognition effects. ing from "Bismarck" over "Spiegel" to "Literary". The results did not quite meet expectations. In fact, This feature does not greatly alter the positions of the the sets of curves could only be reasonably approxi­ n = 2 and n = 3 curves, but the curves n � 4 react mated by introduction of a third recognition-effect. by a shift ± common for the whole group of curves. The performance of the curves gave rise to the following 2. Experimental Procedure working hypothesis: The information gain (or decrease As in the foregoing tests, test-sheets with ,a constant ab­ of the information deficit) in the recognition-effects, is breviation length were prepared - this ti�e from a con­ fed from the unders�anding of a loosely defined "sense text. Words with a length equal or minor to the abbrevi- of the context". This understanding first increases with

Int. C1assif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Goldenberg/Rumpel - Abbreviated context words 143 isolated words (General word knowledge (1))

E r'/. I 100

60 50

W

lD

0 0 2 , 6B1)1214 WJrd[ength

Context-imbedded words

E (-,.1 100 , '\ , 80 '"� r--.... i': " \ \ "-."- - - 50 ,, - '. -. 40 !\ '\ 10- -. 20 '" 1"'- 20 t-t-t-f�:T"i�==:::::j ] r- - -- � � � o "� 0 1---�-,L--L5--J8��' :::' ==�' �15--' ---- a 0 2 0 2 1 8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Wordlenglh "Word!ength Source : Bismarck

E E (y.1 (�.J 100 100 " "" , 80 ."'- �� 80 5"- \ " 1'_ 60 '\ 1"'- 50 " 'i- " ' '" i'\ " �! 20 5'--. 20

,� , o r--- - a a 6 8 10 12 14 16 l8 0 2 4 • 8 10 12 14 " ,. Word!ength Wordle�th Source: Spiegel E E C'/J [%1 100 100 . , 0 80 '" " 80 " 50 60 '\ "- , l'- '\ 40 40 1"'- 20 20 "-r"- a 1 0 1-- 0 2 • 8 10 " 14 ,. 18 a 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 '8 Word1ength Wordlenglh Source : Literary

a) Experimental curves b) Re-synthesized curves

Fig. 1: Recognition-Rate "E" of Abbreviated Words

144 Int. Classif. 10 .(1983) NO. 3 Goldenberg/Rumpel - Abbreviated context words , abbreviation lengths up to n = 4, then saturates and re­ For the approximation of the context curves, the let­ mains ± constant, meaning that the "sense of the con­ ter weights text" is fully understood.

Ki = 1,14 K2. = 2,5 bit/letter 3. Mathematical Approximation of the Results were introduced unaltered from the previous findings The first attempt in approximating the context-curves «I) General Word Knowledge). was made by applying the mathematical form successful Under these constraints, the letter weights K3 and K3. in the isolated-word studies (I). The constant letter as well as the "information deficits" A, B and C had to weights found there were left at their former value, and be determined as best fits to the experimental curves. it was tried to describe the context-curves by variation Further constraints given to the task were that: of the "information deficits" A and B which in the prior - The letter weights K3 and K3 should be constant for tests had already proved to be sensitive to additive infor­ all 3 sets of experimental curves; mation. The result - non-monotonous tracks of the B­ - For a given text source A, B, C should only be depen­ values, depending on I as well as on n - was deemed dent on the abbreviation length n, but not on the utterly implausible. Nevertheless, the results gave the length of the target words I; hint that further letter-weights, with values different Further, for each type of context, A, B, C - with in­ from the previous ones were in the play. creasing abbreviation length n - should converge The second approach to approximate the curves was monotonously to a constant value. based on the following assumptions derived from the re­ The first constraint is effluent from the previous find­ sults and interpretations gained from the study of iso­ ings; the second constraint is based on the assumption lated word recognition: that for a given text source, the distribution of word - Letter weights had:'been found there as invariants lengths as well as its connection to the "sense of the con­ within "effects". Therefore the advent of new letter text" is invariant; the third constraint was derived from weights was assumed to be indicative of a third effect, the working hypothesis stated above. which was named "K" (German spelled) for a Con­ The constant letter-weights of the K-Effect were de­ text-Effect. termined under these constraints to be - As the previously found P- and G-Effects were both based on a linear equation in n, or I and n, which by K, = 0,6 Kl = 0,7 bit/letter a transformation common for both effects delivered ' the hit-rate, the sa(ne mathematical form applying Fig. 1 b shows the results of a re-synthesis of the ex­ the same transformation, was also postulated for the perimental curves from equations [7] to [1] using the let­ "K-Effect". ter weights stated above and the A, B, C-values discuss­ - The mathematical form for the combined action of P­ ed in the next chapter. and G-Effects in the recognition of isolated words had been found to describe the statistical superposi­ tion of two independent effects. By this interpreta­ 5 tion, the form can be extended to any number of ef­ b it (J<-effect) fects. So this type of superposition was assumed to be 11/ © valid also for the K -Effect. information The total mathematical form - now including the K­ bonus 1'1/ effect - reads: � 0 E = G + P + K - GP - GK - PK + GPK [I] 1 2 3 5 6 7 n information i deficit (P-effect) I @ G= ----, [2] ," r

1 -5 P= G-ef:",ct) [3] i 0' � I K= II [4] bit . -10 AiG(n) = - A + K i n [5]

Aip(l,n) = - B - K, I + K, . n [6] . Fig. 2: Dependence of the A,B,C-parameters on the abbreviation length n as evaluated from the experimental curves. Text-sources: AiK{n,l) = C - K3 . I + Kl . n [7] x "Bismarck" 0 "Spiegel" b,. "Literary"

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Goldenberg/Rumpel - Abbreviated context words 145 4. Course of the "infonnation·deficits" By analogy, T is holding the place of the temperature­ A, B, C parameter in a Fermi-Dirac-Statistic. As for the approximation of the curves, the introduc­ Fig. 2 contains the A, B, C-values which were obtained from the 3 text-sources. From these curves the following tion of a T-factor is irrelevant, but there is further evi­ properties can be read: dence, that it is rooted in reality: The G-effect, by its neglecting wordlength, identifies itself as a recognition - At n = 2, A and B start as a "deficit", C as a small "information bonus". process cOilnting whole words as items. Its "initial infor­ - When the abbreviation length is increased from niation-deficit A" should therefore be related to the stock of words under request. In fact , by multiplication n = 2 to n = 4, the values (with one exception) show information increases, then - following the premises with 1,75 "A" assumes the values of 15 bit for the case - they saturate and remain constant. of "General Word Knowledge" and of 5,8 bit for the - The subjectively judged "difficulty" of the texts, de- case of "Special Word Knowledge" (see (1)), which val­ creasing from "Bismarck" to "Literary", is mirrored ues correspond to the decision-content of the average passive stock of words of an adult = 30 ... 40000 by the "saturated" values obtained for n � 4, show­ ( ing higher information increases · for the "easiee' Words) and to the number of words memorized in the texts. second case (50 ..60 Wo rds). - There are pronounced differences between "satu­ rated values" from different texts in the P- and K-Ef­ 6. Conclusion fects (values B and C), they are only slight in the G­ By extension to context-words and by the inclusion of Effect (value A). the T-denominator into the transformation the mathematical analysis of the recognition of abbre�iated 5. Discussion of theletter-weights found words attains a rounded and fair form. The letter-weights found in this and the previous (1) The K-effect, initially extraction-born by extrapolat­ study, cluster around the following values: ing from previous results and interpretations, has after­ traits, if. one regards its letter a) Scale of letter weights fo und wards shown plausible weights and the performance of its information-bonus. The G-effect - applying the values after introduction combined with 1 combined with n of T - comes close to the description of a simple search K2 = 2,5 bit/letter process with a special type of uncertainty. There are no K, = 1,2 . ..1,3 K; = 1 ...1,14 bit/letter processes seen, which could easily be paralleled to the K, = 0,6 K; = 0,7 bit/letter P- and K-effects. They can be compared with the following letter weights If the two or three effects were acting independently, taken from other sources (2) (3) (5) (6) and derived by their combination should still show an interference due other methods: to the time of their operation and their faulted identifi­ cations generated. The relatively good decoupling ob­ b) Scale of average letter weights (German) served could be due to the faster effects having a small fault rate. isolated letter 4,3 (initial) ...4,1 bit/letter lt should be stressed once more that the results pre­ letter in isolated word 2 bit/letter sented and analysed here are "static" responses in so letter in context 1 ...1,3 bit/letter far, as the test-persons were adults, were not put under stress and were given sufficient time for their answers. Both scales a) and b) decrease in steps of about the fac­ tor 2, and they are offset against one another by a factor T which can be estimated by fitting both scales to be Literatur

T = 1,75 bit. (1) Goldenberg, D., Rumpel, D.: A Quantitative Analysis of the If we assume, that both scales are identical in reality. Recognition of Abbreviated Words by Man. lnt. Classif. this infers that all A, B, C-values, as well as the letter 10(1983) No. 2, p. 84-86 (2) Steinbuch, K.: Automat und Mensch. 3rd ed. Berlin: weights found in the abbreviation studies up to now, Springer 1965. have to be multiplied by T; further the transformation (3) Kiipfmiiller, K.: Die Entropie der deutschen Sprache. has to be augmented by a denominator T in the expo­ Fernmeldetechn. 7(1954) p. 265-272 nent, thus taking the form (4) Goldenberg, D., Rumpel, D.: Zur Erkennbarkeit von Ab­ kiirzungen. Techn. Ber. Nr. 19 UniversiHit Duisburg-GHS­ 1 F8 9 Elektrische Anlagen und Netze G, P, K = -c----c--'-c-- [8] (5) Zemanek, H.: Elementare lnformationstheorie 1 + 2 l>iG•p•K (6) Fucks, W.: Gibt es mathematische Gesetze in der Sprache? T Kybernetik Umschau (1970) p. 197-207

146 Int. Classif. 10-(1983) No. 3 Goldenberg/Rumpel - Abbreviated context words The journal can be ordered via the booktrade for $ 36.- aQnually. However, members of classification societies can get it for $ 18.- if their societies collect the Reports and checks and send these together with the names and Communications addresses to the treasurer of CS-NAB. The Classification Society, European Branch In England, the movement toward an International Federation of ClassificationSocieties has led to a decision International Federation of Classification Societies to change the name from European Branch to "United During the �uropean Meeting of Classification Societies, Kingdom Branch". New officers were elected too, Jouy-en-Josas, France, July 6-8, 1983 representatives of namely Mr.J.C.GOWER, Rothamsted as the new chairman national cla'ssification societies .from the USA, Great and Dr.A.J.BOYCE, Biological Anthropology, Oxford, Britain, France, FR Germany, Italy and Japan met and as the new secretary. The new officers propose to hold a established a provisional "Founding Council" in order to scientific meeting later this year or in 1984 at which form an International Federation of ClassifIcati'on an AGM will be held and the position regularised. Societies in the near fu ture. The aim of such a Federation ' will be to intensify the contacts between those existing Formation of ih� Japan Classification Society classification societies concerned entirely or partly with numerical taxonomy and to hold international On June II, 1983 the Japan Classification Society was conferences every two years. Originally the main goal founded. Its officers are Mr. Chikio Hayashi, President; was the publication of an own journal, however, this has Mr. Keiji Yajima, Secretary and Mr. Noboru Ohsumi, been postponed (see, however, below). The constitution Treasurer. In the first meeting on Aug.ll, 1983 the of the forthcoming Federation, already presented at "Report on the results of a Business Meeting of Classifi­ Augsburg, July 2nd, 1982 (see Int.Classif.l982-2, p.95) cation Societies' Representatives at Jouy-en-Josas, was again discussed. France, July 7, 1983" by H.H.Bock was distributed and This development unfortunately excludes the non­ the letter on "Subscription rates for Journal of Classifi­ numerically orien ted parts of classification societies, cation, and ..." from J.D.Carrol of July 28, 1983 was committees and groups. It must be left to the future read. whether a similar kind of international association seems It is intended to hold a .symposium on classification to be needed for them, beyond the already existing problems in December. General Meetings should be held international endeavors of the FlD and lFLA in this once every year. The membership comprises 163 persons. regard. The secretarial address: c/o Chikio Hayashi, The Insti­ tute of Statistical Mathematics, 4·6-7 Minami-Azabu, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 106, Japan. Call for Papers: "Journal of Classification" The Classification Society (North American Branch) and Third European Meeting of the Psychometric Society Springer Verlag (New York) are publishing a new period­ ical, the lournal of Classification, with a first issue to During the same days and together with the European appear in early 1984. The content of the Journal is the Meeting of Classification Societies the Psychometric union of the theories and methodologies covered by Society met at Jouy-en-Josas, France, July 6-8, 1983 the separate disciplines: classification, numerical taxono­ (see also report in Int.Classif.l983-2, p.88-90) and some my, multidimensional scaling and other ordination 87 papers were presented and discussed. In the following techniques, clustering, tree structures and other network we will list according to the sequence of the program models, principal component analysis, factor analysis, those 46 papers (out of the 87) which are of special discriminant analysis, and related methods, as well as the interest for colleagues working in numerical taxonomy associated models and algorithms for fitting them. While and data analysis: the Journal will have a greater methodological than substantive emphasis, we nevertheless expect to see MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING I articles with compelling substantive applications sup­ Croon,M., Roskam,E.E.Ch.l.: Statistical unfolding mod­ porting advances in methodology. Thus, the substantive els. - Gower,J.C., Greenacre,M.J.: Symmetric unfolding. disciplines represented in the new Journal should also be _ Heiser,W.J.: Nonmetric unfolding without degeneration. the union of such fields as anthropology, archeology, _ Woelfel,J., Pruzek,R.: Scaling stimuli as regions in astronomy, biology, business, chemistry, computer euclidian space. - Zinnes,J.L., Mackay,D.B.: Probabilistic science, economics, engineering, geography, geology, multidimensional preference analysis of binary ratio information and library science, linguistics, marketing, judgments. - Stoop,l., de Leeuw,J.: The stepsize in mathematics, medicine, political science, psychiatry, multidimensional scaling algorithms. psychology, sociology, soil science, and statistics. Initial publication will be twice yearly, and a typical MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS I issue will have four sections: articles, short notes and Ramsay,J.O., Styan,J.P.H., ten Berge,J.M.F.: Matrix comments, computer program abstracts, and book correlation. - Wainer,H.: How to display data badly. - reviews. Manuscripts should be sent to the Editor: D'Aubigny,G., D'Aubigny,C.: Evaluating intellectual Phipps Arabie, Department of Psychology, University of behavior in the elderly: a comparative use of several Illinois, 603 East Daniel, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. non-linear multivariate a'nalyses. - van der Burg,E., de lnt. CJassif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Reports and Communications 147 Leeuw,J.: Non�linear canonical correlation with m sets. ­ decomposition under linear inequality and equality Devaud,J.M.: Discriminant analysis with qualitative and constraints on parameters. " Kroonenberg, P.M., van der quantitative variables through linear regression. � Dorans, Kloot,W.A.: External three-mode principal component N.J.: The shrunken generalized distance: a useful con­ analysiS. - Kroonenberg,P.M.: Three-mode correspon­ cept for estimation of the actual error rate and squared dence analysis. cross-validity coefficient.

MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS 2 and 3 CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS, DUAL AND Schektman,Y., Croquette ,A., Grau,D.: Decomposition OPTIMAL SCALING of usual relationship measures into principal components. Escofier,B.: Generalization of correspondence analysis - van der Heidjen,P., Heiser,W.J.: A stability study of the to the comparison of two measures. - Nishisato, S.: nonmetric vector model: Jackknifing reversed PRIN­ Classification based on categorial variables: a new look CALS. - Schellhorn,J .P.: An analysis by sum of products at dual scaling. - Cazes'p.: Supplementary elements in of projectors. - van Essen,E.P.: The point multinormal correspondence analysis. - de Leeuw,J.: Nonlinear joint model. - Romain,Y.: Asymptotic behaviors of data ana­ bivariate analysis. - Young,F.w.: Optimal scaling in SAS. lysis method. - Fine,J.: About the perturbation method - Lebart,L.: Correspondence analysis of graph structures. of asymptotic theory of multivariate analysis. -Le Roux, - Greenacre,M.J.: Correspondence analysis - advantages B., Rouanet,H.: The statisticalanalysisofstructureddata. - and disadvantages. � Tenenhaus,M.: Generalized canonical Pannekoek,J.: Using log-multiplicative models in multi­ analysis of p sets of variables of any type (numerical, way cross�classifications. - Besse,P., Ramsay,1.0.: nominal, ordinal). Principal components analysis of approximated curves. - Nouvel,J.: Morphologic analysis of curves. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING II Le Reynolds,T.J., Cliff,N.: Regression of ordinal distances on ordinal attributes. - Takane,Y.: Choice model analysis FACTOR ANALYSIS of the "pick any/n" type of binary data. - Thompson,P.: Yagolnitzer,E.R.: Inertial and factorial analysis: declared A Monte Carlo comparison ofINDSCAL and PRINSCAL. and latent concepts; specificities and communalities. - - Rodgers,J.L.: The validity of the analysis of angular Anastassakos,!., d'Aubigny, G.: Using sphericity tests for variation with ALSCAL. Derived subject weights: some determining dimensionality in factor analysis and in Monte Carlo results. - Meulman, J.: Stability of con­ principal component analysis. - Hagglund,G.: A Monte strained multidimensional scaling solutions. � Green, Carlo study of some estimation procedures for factor R.8.: Perscal and the future of personal scales. analysiS. � ten Berge,J.M.F., Knol, D.L.: Scale construc� tion on the basis of principal components analysis: a THREE-MODE DATA ANALYSIS comparison of three appreaches. - Dootjes-Dussuyer,I.: Andersen,E.B.: A longitudinal model for latent structure Multifactorial analysis of a measure of dependency. - data. - Hartman,W.: A NILES technique for canonical Sanches,A.A.: Factor analysis: a fa lse trail?

JUST PUBLISHED !

Dahlberg, 1. Schader, M.R. (Eds.):

AU TOMATISIERUNG IN DER KLASSIFIKATION (AutomatiDn in ClassificatiDn)

Proceedings (T .1) der 7.Jahrestagung der GeseJJ.schaft fUr KlassifikatiDn eV, K5nig swinter 5.-8.April 1983. Frankfurt/M 1983. 288 p., DM 48.- Studien zur Kla ssifikatiDn, Bd.13; ISBN 3-88672-012-8

Der Tell I der Proceedings der 7.Jahrestagung der GeseJJ.schaft fUr Klassifi­ katiDn (GfKl) enthalt 19 Vortrage mit: Diskussionen und Berichten. Falgende Autoren refederten im Themenbere:ich "Automati.si.erung in KlassifikatiDn und Indexierung": H.Zimmermann, N.Fuhr, J.Winter, E.Ortner, J.Panyr, M.Scheele, W.Traiser, H.Jungling und K.H.Veltman. Zum Themenbere:ich "Numerische KlassifikatiDn " trugen vor: K. Ambrosi und W.Lauwerth, H.H.Bock, J.Bri:llsch, P.O .D egens, J.Krauth, G.-H.Li.etke, R.Mathar, M.Schader/U.Tushaus, H.Spath und M.P.Windham. Berichte uber die Parallelveranstaltungen uber die Arbeit in den SIGs der GeseJJ.schaft fUr KlassifikatiDn. Namen- und Sachregister.

INDEKS Verlag Woogstr.36a D-6000 Frankfurt 50 Tel.: 0611/523690

148 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Reports and Communications 8 organisations. The Standard on Methods for Examin­ ing Documents, Determining their Subjects, and Se­ 9 lecting· Indexing Terms (DIS 5963) is in Draft Status and FIDleR News should be published soon as an International Standard. With respect to the revision of ISO 999 (concerned with Kenneth Brown t back of the book indexing) it was resolved to consider In our last issue we informed on the passing-away of our the fo rmation of a new working group, since the items dear colleague Martin SCHEELE. We must state now did not seem to be sufficiently close to the scope of that shortly after his resignation from the post of the SC5. A proposal from SC7 to take up work on "Synop­ FID Secretary General our friend Ken BROWN died at tics" was rejected, it was doubted whether there was any the age of 49. He had always been very helpful to us and need for an international standard on this subject. showed great interest and knowledge in our work, IFLA Section on Classification and Subject Cataloguing especially in informing on the newly produced classific­ During the IFLA Congress in Munich, 20-26 Aug.l983, ation schemes and thesauri in the FID News Bulletin; several meetings of the Section took place including two also supplying relevant material freely. Why did he have to go so early? open sessions with lectures and discussions on the following topics: Derek AUSTIN "PRECIS, basic Mrs. Stella Keenan principles, function and use"; Bernd MAASSEN "The PRECIS project of the Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt will become the new FID General Secretary. She had am Main"; Barbara KELM "Computer-aided subject­ been the Director of NFAIS in Philadelphia for many cataloguing in the Deutsche Bibliothek". The papers are years and became a member of the Faculty at the School available in English, German and French. At each session of Library and Information Science, University of some 90 persons were present. There was also a brief Loughborough, England .some ten years ago. Mrs. presentation of the most recent work of FIDjCR and its Keenan will start her work in The Hague on Jan.2, 1984. publications. In his Newsletter NoJ/1983 the chairman Our very best wishes for this huge task, dear Stella! Tor HENRIKSEN had outlined a program for the elaboration of standards or guidelines in the field of The Who is Who Classification and Indexing in classification and subject cataloguing. His proposals were Published! discussed, concerning (A) the following four aspects Finally the data of some 700 colleagues in 45 countries with respect to Classification: (I) purpose (function of are available in a volume 0'[ 176 pages arranged accord­ general classification schemes in libraries and - other ing to countries and made' accessible through an alpha­ institutions); (2) theory (literary warrant, specificity, betical name index, a country index and subject indexes. citation order, generality, synthesis indexes, notation, Further editions are envisaged since this data appears etc.); (3) sociology (linguistic and geopolitical distribu­ to be very incomplete. A breakdown of country repre­ tion, importance in education, presence in CIP and sentations shown in the introduction to the volume centralized processing, etc.); (4) administration, organi­ reveals that there are only some 15 countries with a zation and economics (updating frequency, policy and good representation ranging from 160 (USA) to 8 reliability, price, user fe edback and influence, etc.). (Philippines) names, whereas there are some 30 countries (B) concerning Subject Cataloguing he suggested stan­ with a small to poor representation, ranging from 6 dards (I) to comprise the different methods (classified (Colombia) to only I name (Tunesia and others) . catalogue , subject headings catalogues, string input This directory should be on the desk of every col­ systems and search possibilities in free text" or specific league in our field, since it locates the colleagues all over fields); (2) utilization of various methods in a variety of the world. It may be ordered at INDEKS Verlag, Woog­ catalogue media (card or book catalogues, microforms str.36a, D-6000 Frankfurt 50 at the price of $ 8.- for and machine readable files); (3) application of various those included and $ 20.- for all those not included. methods to various kinds of documents (monographic, serial, non book, etc.); (4) application of main classifi­ Nominations for the Ranganathan Award cation schemes and other subject cataloguing tools at various levels (from small libraries to national bibliogra­ As announced in the last issue of FIDjCR News 8 (IC phies and CIP agencies) . The scope in all these cases 83-2, p.93-4) nominations for the Ranganathan Award should be minimum requirement and recommended 1984 have been invited. Sorry to say, nobody was practice . The Section was also informed on some projects named as yet. Is there no outstanding work in our field? being taken up already or intended, namely one by E. The closing date is March 1, 1984! SUKIASJAN, Moscow on a survey of classification schemes used in National Bibliographies (ongoing) and ISOjTC 46jSCS, Vienna, May 19, 1983 another one on the use of classification in on-line At the 3rd Meeting of Subcommittee 5 (Monolingual searching, proposed by R. SWEENEY. and Multilingual Thesauri and Related IndexingPractices) Mr. HENRIKSEN was reelected chairman for the during the General Meeting of ISOjTC46 it was reported next two years as was also the secretary, MS.Suzanne that the Standard on Multilingual Thesauri, DIS 5964 JOUGUELET. The next meeting will take place at was submitted to the ISO Central Secretariat but that Nairobi, Kenya, 19-25 August 1984 during the IFLA copies for distribution have not yet been received. The Congress, the general topic of which will be "The Basis existing standard ISO 2788, on Monolingual Thesauri of Library and Information Services for National Devel­ will be revised taking in account the comments from opment".

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 FID/CR News 9 149 U.K.: CRG Meeting 244 straint implementation of the maximum entropy prin­

The meeting took place on June 30th 1983 at the ciple in the design of term-weighting systems. - B.H. Library Association the main topic being a presentation WEINBERG : Online search strategy and term fr equency by Mr.R. BONNER and his collaborator, Mrs. WENTZ statistics. - The next ASIS Conference will be from Oct.21-26, 1984 at Philadelphia, Pa. The general topic on the Conununity Information Classification Research has been determined as "1984: Challenges to the Infor­ Project. (See also his paper at the 4th Int.Study Conf.on Classif.Res., Augsburg 1982.) Various related papers mation Society". were circulated including a "Schedule of primary facets USSR: LBC andUDC Use in the Soviet Union of classification" and the latter and a Progress report on the Project were added to the minutes of this meeting. According to information obtained at the IFLA Con­ The scope of this project includes as potential users gress, Munich, Aug.1983 from Dr. Eduard SUKlASJAN, advice agencies, libraries, newspapers; the subject com­ V.I.Lenin State Library, Moscow, the two classification prises similarly broad fields, as Health and Safety, systems used in the Soviet Union are the Library Bibli­ Labour History, Trade Un ions, Women 's Interest, etc. ographical Classification (LBC/BBK) and the Universal Some 6000 case sheets were collected with an average Decimal Classification (which was already introduced by of 10 classmarks each (classed by the advice workers) law in 1921). Whereas the LBC is used in some 245 000 according to an Experimental Classification Scheme . The general libraries, the UDC is used "only" in some 36 000 group discussed the problems of primary facet and special Hbraries. The LBe exists in four variants, namely especially - in extenso - the one of citation order of a (1) in 30 volumes, (2) in four volumes, (3) and (4) in subject area where the fo cus is on phenomena and the one volume . The number of usages is as follows. stress on problems (often on effe cts whose causes have been forgotten) rather than on entities. LBC variants of eds. Kinds of libraries 30 vols. 4 vols. 1 vol. 1 vol. USA: ASIS/SIG/CR Meetings

During the 46th Annual Meeting of the American State Libraries 50 Society for Information Science, Washington, DC, Regional Libraries 5000 Oct.2-6, 1983 devoted to the topic "Productivity Public Libraries 113 000 in the Information Age" with some 1700 participants Children & attending there were also a number of meetings sponsored School L. 127 000 by ASIS/SIG/CR as e.g. one on "Cost-effectiveness of controlled vocabularies", Moderator C.David BATTY The UDC is used in 15 000 technical libraries, 4500 with a paper by Bruce STEIN on "Concepts of control agricultural libraries, 6500 medical libraries and S0me in the full text environment" and Susanne GEIGLE on 10 000 scientific and technical information departments. "Economics of controlled vocabularies in the indexing situation" as well as Georg JAKOBCIN on "Observations FRG: Call for Papers for 8th Annual Conference GfKl on controlled text searching". Another meeting called "International Classification The Gesellschaft fUr Kiassifikation (GlKl) will hold its Research Forum" was organized together with the next Annual Conference from April 10-13, 1984 again at SIG/BC (Biological and Chemical Information Systems) . Hofgeismar near Kassel. A rather general topic was It was chaired by Irene TRAVIS with Robert FUG­ chosen: Applications of Classification. A Call for Papers MANN speaking on "The Five-Axiom Theory of In­ was distributed in June and published in several journals. dexing and Information Supply" . The program will comprise plenary lectures and a A third meeting, organized together with the Amer­ number of subject-oriented workshops. It will be final­ ican Society of Indexers, was on "Microcomputer Soft� ized soon and distributed in January 1984. At its last ware for Indexing". Elaine SVENONlUS chaired and meeting, the Council of the society decided to accept guided the discussions. Hardware and software for also papers in English, especially with respect to the fact computer�aided indexing was demonstrated. that the membership of the society has broadened Except for these sessions there were two additional and includes now colleagues from 15 countries. ones of interest to our field, namely one called "Auto� Part I of the Proceedings of the 7th Annual Confer­ matic Indexing and Other Linguistic Analyses" with the ence, held at Konigswinter April 5-8, 1983 entitled following papers presented: B.A.CERNY: A fuzzy "Automatisierung in der Klassifikation" (Automation in measure of agreement between machine and manual Classification) went to the printers and will be available assignment of documents to subject categories. -T.C.C in November 1983. RAVEN: Indexer productivity aids for a concept­ network index display generator. - D.G.METZLER, T. 14th Sarada Ranganathan Lectures Published! NOREAULT : Syntactic parsing for information retrieval. In Jan. 1982, Dr. Robert Fugmann, Hoechst AG, Frank­ - The other session of interest was called "Optimizing furt, delivered the 14th Sarada Ranganathan Lectures at Online Search Strategy" and here the fo llOwing 5 papers Waltair, India. These lectures (on 58p.) entitled "The were presented: R.S.MARCUS: Computer-assisted analytico-synthetic foundation for large indexing and search planning and evaluation ..T.SARACEVIC : On a information retrieval systems" are available now from method for describing the structure and nature of the Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science questions in information retrieval. -M.L.PAO: Specificity at the DRTC, 31 Church Street, Bangalore, 560 001 , of terms in questions. - P.B.KANTOR: Minimal con- India. Here is a summary of the contents:

150 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 FIDleR News 9 Particularly high demands are made on the accuracy 086 CL241 of searches in large information systems. Many systems Search patll ways in thesauri. have already failed to meet these demands, and several Research workers: Miller, P.W. Address: Polytechnic of

contemporary systems are bound to fail in the near ' • North London. School of Librarianship & Inform. future. On the basis of the "Five Axiom Theory of Studies, 207-225 Essex Road, Islington, London Nl Information Supply and Indexing" it is demonstrated 3PN, U.K. Duration: 1981-1982 that this is mainly due to inadequately designed indexing Study of the variability of cross-reference structures languages or classification schemes. They fail to represent in thesauri, directed to the possibility of developing the subjects of interest with sufficiently high degrees of systematic formulations (or descriptions) of such struc­ predictability and fidelity and, moreover, cannot be tures, in terms of relationships, on the plane of meaning, employed sufficiently reliable in daily practice. between term linkages which comprise "search path­ In order to impart high effectiveness and survival ways". Some 11 major thesauri and other forms of power to an information system, the non�hierarchical, subject indication languages ar being examined in the i.e., associative, concept relation should be represented fields of mechanical engineering and economics. Source by an effective indexing language grammar. Thus, the R&D Proj . 13(1983)No.l indexing language vocabularies and classification schemes can be kept sufficiently transparent and are not burdened 087 CL343 with a highly ramified network of concept relations that Automatic indexing in libraries. would otherwise develop and endanger the reliable, Research workers: Hitzenberger, T. HUbner, B. "mandatory" employment of the vocabulary. Address. Universitat Regensburg. FB Sprach- u.Lit.wiss. Furthermore, the subject of interest should be sub­ Linguist.Inform.wiss., PF 397, D-8400 Regensburg. jected to conceptual analysis, and in fact to one that is Duration: 1982 based on semantic categories and logical principles The objectives are: a) integrate the existing subject of subdivision, as has been postulated by Ranganathan catalogues into data base systems; b) develop automatic and his school in their "Analytico-Synthetic Classifi­ indexing on catalogue entries; c) make a linguistic cation" for the field of library organization. analysis on catalogue entries; d) evaluate the above Computer techniques can effectively assist in exercizing methods by user tests. Source: R&D Proj . 13(1983)No.2 these procedures. Renunciation of conceptual analysis and synthesis, as for example in full-text storage and 088 CL384 retrieval, is in the long run only promising for individual MICROPSI. The microcomputer production of printed concepts, as opposed to gene,ral concepts and statements. subject indexes. Research workers: Gui, Robin Frederick; Cairnes, Earlier Sarada Ranganathan Lectures are also still Th imothy. Address: College of Librarianship, Wales, available from DRTC; in the field of classification, U.K. Duration: 1983.06-1984.02. Lectures 9 (1975) and 11 (1977) should be mentioned, Development of a subject-indexing package, well­ namely: (9) I.M.Perreault: The Idea of Order in Bibliog­ documented and easy to use, for the production of two raphy. 1978. 136+XII p., Price Rs.80.00 or $ 10.- and types of index - NEPHIS (NEsted PHrase Indexing (11) I.Dahiberg: Ontical Structures and Universal System) and KWAC (KeyWord And Context) - on Classification. 64+XII p., Price Rs.64.00 or $ 8.- (post­ microcomputers. Source: Curr.Res.l(1983)No.3 age extra). 089 ClA2.218 Introduction and use of UDC in the Language Library, School of Economics and Business Administration, Copenhagen. Classification and Indexing Research Research workers: Stig Hansen, Margarete. Address: Current Bibliography of Projects Handelshojskolens Bibliotek. Sprogbiblioteket, Koben­ havn, Denmark. Duration: 1982.10-1983-D2 For the introduction to this new fea ture please see Int. Critical report on the introduction and use of the UDC Classifl0( 1983)No.l, p.32 in the above library, during the period 1 Ian.l981 - 1 Nov.1982. Background, problems, solutions, evaluation. Manual for the UDC. Source: Curr.Res. 1(1983)No.2 085 CL2l8 Participation in the preparation of a thesaurus usage 090 ClA31.79 manual. Italian translation and revision of the 19th edition of Research workers: Carballo, Graciela. Address: Centro Dewey Decimal Classification. Argentino de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnica Research worker: Crocetti, Luigi. Address: Assoc. (CAICYT), Moreno 431433, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Italiana Biblioteche, Roma. Duration: 1982-. Source: Duration: 1982-1983. Curr.Res.l(1983)No.3 The manual will include a theoretical part and a practical part including examples of document indexing. It will 091 ClA48 become a complement to the "Curso de Lenguajes de Australian aboriginal subject headings. Indizacion, Construccion de Tesauros" prepared by the Research worker; Triffitt, Geraldine. Address: National CAICYT Working Group on indexing languages. Library of Australia. Duration: 1982-1983. Source: R&D-Proj. 13(1983)No.l Reviewing Library of Congress Subject Headings for

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 FID/CR News 9 151 Australian Aboriginal languages and peoples. Compiling 096 CL673 a list with references from alternative spellings and Preparation of a controDed language for the scientific superseded terms. and technical field. Source: Curr.Res. 1(i983)No.3 Research workers: Hoisman, B.R.de; Carosio, A.; Graciela, G. Address. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia 092 CLA48.79 Industrial (INTI), Centro de Investigacion Doc. (CID), Trilingual subject list. Leandro Alem 1067, 1001 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Research workers: Goossens, P.; Pairan, E. Address: Duration: 1981· Koninklijke Bibliotheek Albert I, Keizerslaan, B-1000 Index terms are to be extracted from documents pro� Brussel, Belgium. Duration: 1982-1985. cessed by the Centro de Investigacion Documentaria. Translation and adaptation of the Library of Congress They are compared with those in the ROOT Thesaurus, Subject Headings in Dutch and French. For the French the Tesauro de Informacion Industrial Centroamerica y translation the work of the Laval University Library Republica Dominica 1979, the Macrothesaurus and (Canada) is partly used. Syntax rules are established. The others and the relationships and hierarchies found trilingual system is entered online and stored in a machineM should be taken into consideration in the construction readable authority file. It will be used for indexing of of the controlled language. Source: R&D Proj . 13(1983) books of the Royal Library. Source: R&D Proj . 13 No.1 (I983)No. I 098 CL691 Systematischer Katalog der ADgemeinen Sprachwissen­ 093 CLA8 General subject headings in Finnish. schaft (Systematic catalogue of linguistics) . Research workers: Helin, E.; Kofvunen, H. Address: Research workers: Dutz, K.D. Address: Universitat Opetusministerio, Yleinen Asiasanastoprojekti - ASU, MOOster, Inst.f.Allg.Sprachwissenschaft, Bispinghof 17, Teknillisen Korkeakoulun Kirjasto, Huone 147, Otanie­ D-4400 MOOster. Duration: current. In addition to the existing thesaurus in systematical mentie 9, 02150 Espoo IS, Finland. Duration: 1983- 1984. arrangement a multilingual index (4 languages) with The list of Subject Headings will be designed in the first approx. 2500 entries is to be elaborated. instance for public libraries. Later the list will be reviewed Source. Nachr.Dok. 34(1983)No.3 and enlarged for scientific libtaries and information 099 CL72; 73 centers. It will contain approx. between 10 000 to 20 Cognitive methods for extracting and summarizing 000 subject headings divided into three parts: (I) information from texts (KIT). Alphabetical and (2) Systematic thesaurus, (3) KWIC Research workers: Rollinger, C.-R.; Schneider, H.-].; index. Source: R&D Proj . 13(i983)No.2 Eimermacher, M.; Gust, H.; Konig, M., Reddig, C. Address: Techn.Universitiit Berlin, FB Informatik, Inst.f. 094 CL5264 angew.lnformatik. Duration: 1981.11-1983.10. Dokumentation von Kristallstrukturtypen. (Documenta­ Elaboration of a theory on the subjective understanding tion (and Classification) of types of crystal structures) . of written texts, and review of this theory by imple­ Research workers: Hellner, E. Address: UniversiHit menting an Artificial Intelligence system for machine Marburg, FB Geowiss. Inst.f.Mineralogie, Petrologie und simulation of text understanding. The explanation Kristallographie, Lalmberge, D·3550 Marburg. Duration: component will present an essential part of the system; 1982- it will have strategies for summation and decomposition The crystal structure of inorganic compounds will be of events, states, and actions which are described in the classified into crystal-structure types with the aid of texts, and will be able to answer HOW- and WHy, frameworks and coordination polyhedra. The geometrical questions. Source: Curr.Res. 1(1983)No.2 properties of the frameworks are derived using sphere­ packing properties and Dirichlet dorrrnins (Wirkungsbe­ 100 CL726 reiche). The symbols are constructed from the symbols Context theory for translation. of invariant lattice complexes and of coordination Research workers: Pause, E.; Engelberg, K.1.; Hauen· polyhedra. Source: R&D Proj. 13(1983)No.2 schild, Ch. Address: Universitiit Konstanz. SFB 99, Lin· guistik. D-77S0 Konstanz. Duration: f980.01·1985.12. A theory of translation is aimed at that contains as its 095 CL656 central component a model of the translation-specific Australian Education Thesauri Project. process of text understanding. Linguistic approaches will Research workers: Findlay, M.A.; Lavender, G. be adapted to context theory and Artificial Intelligence Address: Australian Council for Educational Research, to the representation and manipulation of kuowledge. POB 210, Hawthorn Victoria, 3122 Australia. Duration: The results are to serve as data for the development of 1982 the translation theory, which is to be partially simulated Development of a thesaurus for indexing Australian on a microcomputer. Source: Curr.Res. 1(1983)No.2 educational literature by a systematic and thoroUghgoing revision of the Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors (9th ed.). 101 CL734 The Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) Entwicldung eines Experimentalsystems zur maschinel­ will print and publish the thesaurus and will investigate len komplexen Iingnistischen Textdeskription. (Devel­ the feasibility of making it available online through opment of an experimental system for an automatic AUSINET. Source: R&D Proj . 13(1983)No.3 complex lingnistic description of texts) .

152 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 FID/CR News 9 the respective term banks. The experts decided to in­ clude a section on specific systems of existing termino­ logical data banks such as TEAM (Siemens, Munich, Infoterm News FRG), LEXIS (Bundessprachenamt, FRG), EURO­ DICAUTOM (European Communities, Luxembourg), . TERMLUM (Ottawa, Canada) and the B.T.Q. Compiled from Infoterm Newsletter 29 and 30 (Quebec City, Canada). ' Second International Meeting of Experts on ISOITC 37/WG 4 "Compntational aids in "Gnidelines for the recording of terminological terminology and lexicography", Vienna, data for machine processing", Vienna, March 24-25, 1983 March 21-23, 1983 The fourth Draft Proposal 6156, "Magnetic tape ex­ This meeting, attended by a small group of experts rep­ change format for terminological/lexicographical re­ resenting terminological data banks, was held under the cords (MATER)", was the subject of intensive discus­ auspices of UNESCO and within the framework of sions. The agreement reached at the last WG 4 meeting Te rmNet Programme 2, "Establishing closer co-opera­ on the relationship of the proposal to ISO 2709, tion in preparing terminologies and their recording in "Documentation - Format for bibliographic informa­ machine-readable form". The objective of the tion interchange on magnetic tape", was confirmed. It guidelines is to provide subject specialists engaged in was recommended that the document be submitted to terminology work with an appropriate set of unified the ISO Central Secretariat for, distribution as a Draft data elements which will enable them to prepare International Standard. It was further recommended adequate record formats for the processing of ter­ that WG 4 become a subcommittee and that it partici­ minological data. pate in the preparation of the chapter "Computer-aided Basing their work on draft guidelines prepared by In­ terminology and lexicography" for ISO 1087 "Vocabul­ foterm in light of recommendations formulated at two ary of terminology". previous meetings in 1980 and 1981, the experts estab­ lished a basic and an extended set of categories. The First Meeting of ISOITC 37/SC 2 "Methods in basic set of terminological categories covers mainly con­ terminography", Offenbach, April 18-19, 1983 cept-related and language-dependent data - term or phrase, abbreviated form, full form, definition and/or After redefining the scope of SC 2, "Standardization of " explanation, synonym(s), subject code, source, degree methods in terminography ; the experts agreed to in­ of equivalency. language code, etc. - as well as as­ clude a number of projects of the old ISOITC 37IWG 3 " sociated data including record identifier, person(s) re­ "Layout of vocabularies in the activities of SC 2. Close sponsible for the record and date of recording. A sepa­ co-operation with ISOITC 37/WG 4 (see above) and rate breakdown of data categories for a terminographic ISOITC 37/SC 1 "Prineiples of terminology", particu­ record was drawn up for those interested in the method­ larly with respect to systems of concepts and their rep­ ological aspects. It was also agreed that an extended resentation, was also recommended. The future work explanatory and descriptive document would be pre­ programme is to focus on: pared. The draft guidelines will be produced in accor­ DP 639 "Symbols for languages, countries and au­ dance with the decisions made at the meeting and will thorities" then be circulated to gather feedback for a definitive Rev.ISO/R 919 "Guide for the preparation of classified version. The guidelines should provide a source of refer­ vocabularies (example of method)" ence for both users with a computer and those engaged in conventional terminographic work, i.e. using card Rev.ISO 1149 "Layout of multilingual classified voc­ files. abularies" ISOIDP 4466 "Layout of monolingual classified voc­ Working gronp "Vocabnlary of terminological abularies" data banks", Vienna, March 24-25, 1983 Rev.ISO 1951 "Lexicographical symbols particularly for use in classified defining vocabularies" On the basis of the data collected so far - some 1500 entries stored at Siemens - the experts decided to focus and a new international standard for the preparation of on the main chapter of the vocabulary, "Data han­ vocabulary standards. dling" , and to subdivide it as follows: record structure, After consideration of comments and recommendations data bank structure, development of a data bank, ma­ received prior to and discussed during the meeting the nipulation of data and utilization. The problems of re­ experts undertook to submit a document to the ISO duction and systematization of the vocabulary werealso Central Secretariat for registration as a Draft Interna­ dealt with in depth. Chapters containing general terms tional Standard entitled "Language code and authority and terms pertaining to hardware will be tackled at a symbols". later stage. With respect to definitions (in German, ISO 1951 "Lexicographical symbols" was recon­ English, and French) there was general agreement that firmed according to ISO rules (five-year interval). An explanations would not suffice in many cases and that ad hoc WG was established for the revision of ISO/R missing definitions should be supplied by the experts of 919.

154 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Infoterm Ne',Vs Research workers: Winfried, L.; Gerd, W. Address: 105 CL78-61;.71/2 Universitlit Bonn. Inst.f.Kommunikationsforsch.u.Pho­ A bibliometric analysis of tenninological aud conceptual netik (IKP), Poppelsdorfer Allee 47, D-5300 Bonn I. chauge. Duration. 1980-1981. Research workers: Tague, J.; Rees-Potter, L. Address: Development on an experimental level of a software University of Western Ontario. SLIS. Duration: 1982- system for describing linguistic structures of texts. The 1984. whole system will be tested on parts of the LIMAS Identification of terminological and conceptual changes Korpus, available at Bonn. in a discipline" over time and incorporation of these Further tests are planned with non-German texts in changes into a dynamic indexing system model capable cooperation with other researchers. Source: R&D Proj. of "learning". The method follows that of Henry Small, 13(i983)No.2 who uses highly cited documents and co-citation-based clusters of highiy cited documents as concept markers. The investigation will be carried out individually for the 102 CL755 disciplines of sociology and economics, using as a data Textual posting aud online searching frequencies of base cumulations of the Social Science Citation Index. index terms. Source : Curr,Res. 1{1983)No.2 Research workers: Weinberg, B.H.; Cunningham, J .A. Address: St.John's University. Grand Central and Utopia 106 CL78·82 Parkways, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA. Duration: 1983- Towards a theory of library aud information science. 1984. Research workers: Schrader, A.M. Address: University Examination of several statistical relationships of index of Alberta. Fac.of LibLSci. Edmonton, Alberta T6G terms, including the correlation of term frequency in full 2E2, Canada. Duration: 1983. text with postings frequency in online data bases, as well A doctoral dissertation about definitions of library as the correlation between postings frequency and science, information science, their antecedents and searching frequency through the analysis of searching synonymous descriptors. The formulation of more data in the field of engineering. In addition, a question­ adequate definitions will be attempted by drawing on naire has been designed to solicit the opinions of online exogenous theoretical work in general system theory and searchers as to the appropriateness of using word fre­ extensions and applications to the domain of education quency data in online search strategy formulation which have been developed by Steiner and Maccia. and of using posting/searching statistics to modify Source: R&D Proj.13{1983)No.2 indexing for online databases. Source: Information by letter from Prof.Weinberg. 107 CL812 Summary of the theoretical results withing the SAP­ project. Research workers. WormeJl, L Address: Linkopings 103 CL77.99 Universitetsbibliotek, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden. Dura­ Intemationale Normung Bereich Tennino1ogie im tion: 1983. (International staudardization in tenninology). Research workers: Baxmann, E.M. Address: Int.OrgJ. The Subject Access Project (SAP) is an approach to Standardization (ISO); DIN. Dt.InsLf.Normung e.V. develop a new type of online library catalogue for the Burggrafenstr.4-IO, D-1000 Berlin 30. Duration: current. monographic publications. The main idea is to increase ( Einsatz zuslitzlicher Textteil wie Vorlage) conventional library catalogues with subject descriptions gathered from contents and/or book indexes. This ISO Techn.Committee 37 standardises methods for the increase of subject description index books has been elaboration, collection and coordination of technical compiled in a Swedish manual published in 1980. The terminology. The fields of terminological principles, final report will present the new ideas and approaches layout of glossaries, computer-assistance for terminology issued from SAP with focus on the most based problems and lexicography as well as the concepts of terminology related to subject indexing in mechanized IR-systems. work are treated. Source: R&D Proj.13(1983)NoJ Source: Nachr.Dok. 34(1983)No.3

108 CL844.39 Subject indexing in the social sciences: a comparison of 104 CL78-512 PRECIS aud KWIC indexes to newspaper articles. Der auatomische Begriffsbedarf in der praktischen Medi­ Research workers: Madelung, H,-O.;Kajberg, L. Address: zin (The need for auatomic concepts in practical medi­ Danmarks Biblioteksskole, Copenhagen. Duration: 1983 cine). work completed. Research workers: Lippert, H. Address: Medizinische 9 articles from a small Danish left-wing newspaper were Hochschule Hannover, Abt.f.Funktionelle und Aoge­ indexed by PRECIS and KWIC. The articles cover a wide wandte Anatomie, Postfach 610180, D-3000 Hannover range of social science subjects. Controlled test searches 61. Duration: 1972-1982 in both indexes were carried out by 20 students of It is intended to determine the part of the technical library science. The results obtained were evaluated by a terms of anatomy in the subjects of clinical medicine, chi-square test. The PRECIS index led to more correct especially for didactic reasons. The number of German answers, it had better rycaH and greater precision than terms in this area is estimated to be around 20 000. the KWIC index. Source: Nachr.Dok. 34(1983)No.3 Source : Curr,Res. 1(1983)No.l

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 FIDleR News 9 153 ISOITC 37 WG 5 "Vocabulary of termiuology", min6logica" (GIT) of the Foreign Languages Depart­ Frankfurt, April 21-22, 1983 ment at the Universidad Simon Bolivar under the au­ The subject of discussion was the future international spices of UNESCO, Infoterm and the Government of standard ISO 1087 "Vocabulary of terminology" , which Quebec (Canada). Infoterm provided the theoretical will be divided into seven chapters: and methodological basis. Mr. H. Picht Of the Copenha­ 1 "Language and reality" gen School of Economics acted as the main instructor, 2 "Concepts" assisted by members of the Office de la langue fran,aise 3 "Definitions and other means of describing con- (Quebec) and the GIT. Announcement of the seminar cepts" elicited such an enthusiastic response that the number 4 "Terms" of participants had to be limited to fifty. The trainees 5 "Reality and language" were language and science teachers and students, tr,ans­ 6 "Vocabulary" lators and interpreters, subject specialists, and rep- .;, ' 7 "Theory of training in and practical applications of resentatives of Venezuelan industry and the Ve nezuelan - terminology and lexicography" Ministry of Education. There was unanimous agree­ ment that this introduction to terminology work was of The members of WG 5 decided to focus on Chapter 7. substantial relevance to the professional activities of all Definitions for basic concepts such as "terminology trainees and that the seminar should only be a first step work", "terminology science", "general theory of ter­ towards systematic field work to promote and co-ordi­ minology" and "special theory of terminology" were nate terminological studies in Venezuela. It was there­ adopted. After discussion of divergent views on the COTI­ fore agreed that a follow-up seminar would be or­ cept field "standardization in terminology", agreement ganized in the near future and that interested South was reached on the definition of "standardized vocabul­ American institutions would be notified. The First Na­ ary". tional Seminar on Terminology proved to be a very re­ Members decided to table Chapter 2 for the next warding and successful initiative, one which should help meeting and to define concept, characteristic, relation­ to consolidate terminology in Venezuela. ship (of a concept), word, term, synonymy, quasi­ synonymy, polysemy and homonymy. That meeting is to be held in Frankfurt, November 30 to December 2, International Meeting of Te rminology Bank 1983. Operators and Managers From May 30 to June 3, 1983, the first such meeting, International Congress "Terminology and convened by the Terminology and Documentation International Scientific and Te chnological Branch of the Canadian government's Tr anslation Co-operation", Sofia, April 12-13, 1983 Bureau with the co-operation of Infoterm, took place in This international conference was organized by the Hun, Canada. Besides the representatives of the five Union of Bulgarian Translators with the assistance of major existing terminological data banks - B.T.Q., UNESCO. The purpose of the conference was to in­ EURODICAUTOM, LEXIS, TEAM and TERMIUM itiate closer co-operation between subject specialists - some thirty observes from various national and inter­ and technicians on the one hand and linguists and trans­ national organizations, including the UN, and members lators on the other. Several countries as well as interna­ of numerous branches of the Translation Bureau partici­ tional organizations (UNESCO) and institutions (In­ pated. Infoterm gave a report on the development of foterm) were represented. An Infoterm representative Te rmNet since 1979 and future plans and prospects. At gave a paper entitled "International Activities in the end of the meeting an agreement on future co-oper­ TermNet - The TermNet Programmes", providing a ation among the five major banks was drafted. Further state-of-the art report on TermNet and future develop­ information will be given in TermNet News 7. ments. August 20-23, 1984: Vienna, Austria. FIT World Con­ The Congress attracted a large audience, which shows gress, WG 3: Tr anslatorlTerminologisL Contact: Me. how strong interest in terminological problems is in Bul­ Christian Galinski, Infoterm, Postfach 130, A-1021 garia. Participants recommended the establishment of a Wien, Austria. national terminology centre which would handle the theoretical and methodological problems of terminol­ 11th Meeting of SC 3 "Terminology of ogy in Bulgaria and would organize co-operation be­ docnmentation", Vienna, May 17-19, 1983, tween subject specialists, technicians and language within the framework of the 20th Plenary Meeting mediators. There was unanimous agreement that reli­ of ISOITC 46 "Docnmentation" able terminological data could only be obtained through concerted effort and co-operation. The meeting was attended by representatives from ten countries and two international organizations. The agenda dealt with various sections of the forth­ First National Seminar on Terminology, coming international standard, ISO 5127 ("Information Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela, and documentation - Vo cabulary/Information et April 11-15, 1983 documentation - Vocabulaires"). The sub-clause on ,This seminar, the first of its kind in Latin America, was audiovisual documents of said standard was finalized for organized by the "Grupo de Investigaci6n Te r- printing as ISO 5127/Papt 11. The results of the vote on lot. Classif. 10 (1983) NO. 3 Infoterm News 155 the third draft proposal, ISO 512717 ("Retrieval and dis­ liographical information on other works can be found in " semination of information ) were discussed and the text Te rmNet News. was finalized. CZUBAJ, Cz. et. al.: A Polish Wo ol Dictionary with A first working draft on reprographic terms, prepared English, German and Russian Equivalents (being pre­ by a working group, was revised and is to be dissemi­ pared by the Te chnical Committee, Gdynia Wool Feder­ nated for voting as a draft proposal. An ad-hoc group ation, 7 Kielecka Str., 81-303 Gdynia, Poland). was charged with the elaboration of a working draft on data protection terms, which is to form a subsection of HVALKOF, S.: Etude comparative des donnees ter­ ISO 5127IPart 10 ("Legal aspects of information and minologiques des banques de terminolog;e DANTERM, documentation"). This draft is to be prepared along the B. T.Q., EURODICA UTOM, NORMA TERM, lines of a key paper on basic principles approved during O.F.L., SIEMENS. 2 Vols. Arhus: Ecole des Hautes the meeting. Etudes Commerciales et des Langues Modernes de A special part of the vocabulary - that on museum Arhus, 1982. 197p. + 120]1. concepts - was launched, in close collaboration with WIESER, J.; FABER, H.: Deutsch spezial. Studien­ the International Council on Museurn�- und Sp rachfilhrer fur ausliindische Studenten (German The meeting concluded with a discussion on various for special purposes. A study and language guide for aspects of coordination in the field of information and foreign students). Wien: W. Braumiiller UniversiHits­ documentation terminology. Specific steps are to be Verlagshandlung 1983, 258p. taken in future to avoid duplication of effort . New Journa]s UNISIST/FID/IFLA International school for NORDISK TIDSSKRIFT FOR FAGSPROG OG teachers and workers in the information field, TERMINOLOGI (Nordic Journal of LSP and Te r­ Graz and Velm, Austria, May 9 - June 3, 1983 minology). The aim of this new journal (the first issue This international seminar was aimed at acquainting ex­ was published in May 1983) is to facilitate co-operation perienced and qualified participants with recent de­ between the Nordic countries in terminology and LSP. For further information contact: Mr, Henrik Sesyje velopments and advanced modern practice in informa­ tion and documentation. It was intended primarily for S0rensen, Sprogafdelingen, Handelsh0jsk0len i prospective teachers in library and information studies, K0benhavn, Fabrikvej 7, DK-2000 COPENHAGEN F particularly those from developing countries. Two Infoterm representatives introduced participants Forthcoming meetings in this seminar to terminology for indexing and abstract­ December 1983: Moscow, USSR. The Third Interna­ ing, as well as to terminology proper, te'rminology and tional Seminar on Machine Translation, sponsored by information systems, Infoterm and Te rmNet. The sub­ the USSR Centre for Tr anslation of Scientific and Tech­ sequent discussion dealt with terminology training and nical Literature and Documentation of the State Com­ teaching possibilities, particularly for experts from the mittee of the USSR for Science and Te chnology and Third Wo rld. . Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Topics for discus­ sion: machine translation, machine-aided translation, terminological data banks. Contact: Machine Transla­ New Books tion - 83. The USSR Centre for Translation. The fo l/owing books are either referred to in the Newslet­ Krzhizhanovskogo 14, block 1, Moscow, 117218, ter or published in close co-operation with Infoterm. Bib- USSR.

INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION AND INDEXING BIBLIOGRAPHY Val.I

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND THESAURI 1950-1982 ICIB 1 160 pages DIN A4, DM 48 .80, ISBN 3-88672-300-3 FID-Pub1. 610

A comprehensive bibliography of universal. and special. clasSification system s and thesauri listing some 2300 ti.tl.es in systematic arrangement with annotations and w.ith a number of indexes. It is the 1st volume of a series of four volumes informing an some 16 000 titles of the classification and indexing literature since 1950.

INDEKS VERLAG Woogstr. 36a D-6000 Frankfurt 50 Tel. : 0611/523690

156 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Infoterm News of the social sciences which is rooted in the experi­ ence of Northern countries, lacks the flexibility and scope required in order to come to grips effectively Caeta News with the experience of Southern peoples. It must be stressed that the need for new concepts grows out of and reacts dialectically to the development of theory in the social sciences. Thus, the identification and This is the time to report on the major INTERCOCTA naming of new concepts is not only a product of PROJECT meeting in Caracas, June 26-30, 1983, theoretical development, but also facilitates it - a under the auspices of the International Social Science fact that has particularly important implications for Council with the support of UNESCO. Besides the the successful development of the social sciences in .the Caracas conference, COCTA has sponsored panels at Third World. The onomasiological format used in the the APSA convention in Chicago, September 1 -4, 1983 conceptual or systematic (non-alphabetical) glossaries and the Anthropological Congress in Va ncouver, Aug. especially designed to serve the needs of the planned 21 -25, 1983. conceptual encyclopedia relies on individual records in which a defining text is followed by one or more terms INTERCOCTA Project (in alphabetical order). This permits the marking of the Meeting at the regional offices of UNESCO in Caracas contexts in which each term can most appropriately be (CRESALC) a Round Table consisting of 22 individual used, and supports the design of new terms that can be social and information scientists agreed upon the funda­ used unambiguQusly, whenever this is seen by users to mental importance for the development of the social sci­ be necessary. ences of the plan to establish an international concep­ (b) Improvement of the Diffusion of Social Science tual encyclopedia of the social sciences. It was designed Information: Whereas in many fields of natural sci­ to investigate the basic feasibility and logic of the prop­ ence and technology, the necessary vocabulary is suf­ osal for an international conceptual encyclopedia of the ficiently universal and precise to fulfill the expecta­ social sciences - the so-called "INTERCOCTA" pro­ tions of readers, for reasons mentioned above, writ­ ject - which was originally recommended at the ers in the social sciences are not able to express them­ COCT A-sponsored CONTA Conference in Bielefeld, selves with sufficient clarity, especially when they ad­ West Germany (May 1981,). The idea of developing of dress themselves to the solution of the social and such an encyclopedia was endorsed by the General As­ human problems found in Third World countries. By sembly of the International Social Science Council at its helping scholars writing about social science prob­ meeting in Paris, November 1981. A request for partici­ lems in the Third World - and, of course, in other pation funding by UNESCO was made by the ISSC, the areas as well - the improvement of their vocabulary Venezuelan UNESCO Commission, and the second­ by means of the techniques of onomasiological ment of six UNESCO commissions in the main regions analysis required in the design of computerized, con­ of the world. The Round Table was organized jointly by tinuously revised and up-dated, systematic concep­ Professor Fred W. Riggs as COCTA chairperson, and tual glossaries of selected subject fields, it will be pos­ Professor Hebe Vessuri of CENDES, Central Univer­ sible to improve substantially the usefulness of docu­ sity of Venezuela, as Coordinator. The participants con­ ments circulated in any information system or net­ sisted of 15 social scientists and 7 information scientists, work. Users will find that they can understand and of whom 11 came from countries in the Third World, use the findings of social science much better than and 11 from other countries. In addition three persons they could previously; and indexers and information attended meetings of the Round Table in an ex officio specialists will find that it is much easier to design and capacity: Dr. Zourab Guelekva from UNESCO, Dr. implement retrieval programs and systems that de­ Enrique Oteiza, director of CRESALC, and Professor liver to users the amount and quality of information Jose Agustin Silva Michelena, director of CENDES. that they require.

Basic Findings (c) Recognition of Conceptual Innovation, especially in the Third Wo rld: Scholars working in the Third World The importance of the planned conceptual ency­ frequently encounter the need to express concepts clopedia and the kind of activity required to organize based on concrete realities of life that differ from those and implement the plan may be expressed at three normally foun-din Northern countries. Sometimes more basic levels: precise terms for these concepts can be derived from (a) Development of social sciences: The basic con­ local languages rather than from the main international tribution that the establishment of continuing, com­ languages in which the social science traditions have puterized ana-semantic (or onomasiological) glos­ evolved. The methodology designed for the INTER­ .saries of selected snbject fields could make to the de­ COCTA project will make it possible to gain interna­ velopment of the social sciences on a global basis, tional recognition for new terms that can more and especially in Third World countries was recog­ adequately designate concepts evolved from research nized. Because of great differences in culture, institu­ on contemporary problems, especially in Southern tions, practices and problems, and a multiplicity of countries. To the degree that the work of social scientists languages, it is apparent that the existing vocabulary becomes more clear, it will also become easier to trans- lnt. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 COCTA News 157 late their technical terms from one language to another dina ted local arrangements for the Round Table; and - including translations from international into local (3) the topic has been very well explored from a variety languages, and also from local into international lan­ of points of view in the existing Latin America litera­ guages. ture, but it is also of world-wide interest. English-lan­ guage translations of the records to be entered in this project will make its results known to a wider public. Recommendations The experience of CLACSO and of FLACSO through­ . The pilot project designed to test and illustrate the out Latin America will be made available through mem­ methodology of onomasiological analysis in order to bers of the Advisory Committee, which also includes facilitate the development of the vocabulary used in a the organizer of the Bank for Terminology at the Uni­ selected discourse community (subject field, research versity of Simon Bolivar. The director of the project will " programme) has been based on "ethnic studies be Lourdes Yero of the CENDES faculty, advised and ("ethnicology"). Initial inputs were based on research assisted by her colleague} Heinz Sonntag. Members of by a Soviet, a Nigerian, and a Canadian scholar. They the advisory group include Dolores Raventos de Castro, demonstrated the global relevance ofthis topic, and also Jacques Gerstie, Ta mas F6ldi, Jose Najenson, and Felix its interdisciplinary scope. A score of specialists in Schuster. Fred 'Riggs will serve ex officio to facilitate ethnic studies have expressed their interest in coopera­ coordination with the ethnicity pilot project. tion so as to expand and develop the vocabulary of this In order to assure the mutual compatibility and use­ field. Accordingly , it was decided that high priority fulness of all volumes in the planned conceptual ency­ should be assigned to the completion of the first phase clopedia, members of the Round Table agreed that it is of this project in order to produce a publishable first edi­ necessary to prepare a set of guidelines that will be con­ tion of a COCTA-glossary (systematic, conceptual glos­ sistent with the best standards of international bodies sary) soon enough for it to be published within a year, concerned with terminology, classification, and infor­ Fred w. Riggs will takeresponsibility for organizing this mation science. Anticipating that each volume will be effort, with the help of the following members of the separately produced and computerized by different Round Table: John A.A. Ayoade, Jonathan Malicsi, people in different places, consistency of results and Arnaud Marks, D.M. Pestonjee, F.G. Schuster, Betty joint processing can be assured only if standards are fol­ Sedoc-Dahlberg, and Hebe Vessuri. Representing a lowed by those who wish to participate in the program. broad spectrum of discliplines and geographic areas, A project, therefore, concerns the formulation of ap­ this group of scholars will assure the quality and useful­ propriate standards in the body of a set of approved ness of the final product. guidelines. Primary resPQp.sibility for the design and It is anticipated that a parallel set of "volumes" in the execution of the Guidelines project will be accepted by projected conceptual encyclopedia will explain and Jean Aitchison. She will be supported in this work by comment on the various key concepts required for work Ingetraut Dahlberg, who will elaborate the theory of de­ in many if not all social science fields. A planned pilot finition and classification as it affects the arrangement project will be based on the meanings of "growth" as a of conceptual information in an onomasiological glos­ key concept in the social sciences. Henry Teune, a vice sary. Magdalena Krammer-Benz will assure the availa­ president and founding member of COCTA, will be in bility of relevant standards based on the work of ISO/ charge. He will be advised by Jacques Gerstle. Teune TC37 and the materials collected at INFOTERM, Vien­ with help from Jan-Erik Lane has agreed to prepare a na. Other participants to be actively involved in this pro­ preliminary essay on the meanings of "growth". He will ject include D.R. de Castro, and Jan-Eric Lane. then organize two panels of specialists to meet during Whereas existing terminology banks are large-scale the next conference of the International Studies Associ­ comprehensive operations, (though with little reference ation in April 1984. Leading specialists from Japan, to the needs of the social sciences) the contemporary de­ Yugoslavia, the U.S.A., and other countries will be in­ velopment of microcomputers and minicomputers vited to participate. On the basis of comments received, makes it possible to contemplate the decentralized pro­ a revised theoretical essay and the preliminary elements duction of terminological data bases that can sub­ of a glossary will be prepared, looking toward the prep­ sequently be linked together in order to be jointly inde­ aration of a publishable volume in the conceptual encyc­ xed, published, and distributed to libraries, archives, lopedia. and information centers. Meanwhile individual users A pilot project is designed to amplify and test the will also be able to acquire the specificvolumes that sup­ principles of the INTERCOCT A project by applying ply information about the concepts and terms already in them in a different working language (Spanish), with re­ use or evolving in their own fields of special interest. ference primarily to a selected world region (Latin In order to provide technical information about the America). In order to accomplish this goal the subject hardware and software that is now available - or may field (discourse community, research programme) of become available in the near future - to support the "development studies" was selected. Several criteria planned pattern of decentralized/linked development of were used: (1) this topic builds on work originally car­ the conceptual encyclo pedia, another project is re­ ried out through the INTER CONCEPT program, of quired.- Knowledge of these technical possibilities and which the INTERCOCTA project is a direct continua­ constraints will help the developers of conceptual glos­ tion: (2) the subject is the main focus of interest of saries avoid costly errors at an early stage of project de­ CENDES, the research center in Venezuela which coor- sign. It will also facilitate subsequent evolution - for

158 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 CqcrA News example, when multilingual glossaries become more Te rminology for the Social Sciences in feasible, the use of supplementary character sets will be­ Latin America-Project come necessary. Linda Smith, building on her experi­ Further to what the Council (Consejo Latinoamericano ence as a consultant for the General Information Pro­ de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO)) has already done in gramme of UNESCO, and the preliminary work pre­ this direction, which found expression in what was pub­ sented in the working paper on this problem by Kenneth lished under the title "Latin American terminology for Janda, will take responsibility for coordinating this pro­ inclusion in Social Sciences Dictionary", it is attempted ject. Janda will help her, as will D.R. de Castro, on the to fill in an increasingly obvious gap in the present stage basis of her own experience with the development of the of development of the Social Sciences in the area refer­ terminology bank at Simon Bolivar University. Because red to, in their treatment of such political and social of its intimate association with the problems of design, phenomena as occur therein, which makes necess;lry a Jean Aitchison accepted responsibility for further coor­ clear definition of certain concepts peculiar to Latin dination with the Guidelines project. Americn research-workers. The elaboration of this Te r­ minology ... will enable to formulate, classify and Organization make more generally known the scientific concepts cur­ In order for any long-term and complex plan like that rent in the area, with the object of: of the INTERCOCTA project to succeed, it obviously 1) Familiarising national, regional and international requires organization and financial support. The foun­ bodies, editors and publishers, academic institutions, . dation for such support has been laid by virtue of the students and research-workers, with conceptual defini­ fact that UNESCO has already financed the preparation tions peculiar to the study of the Social Sciences in the of working papers and the actual conduct of the Round area. Table in Caracas. Moreovc.:!r, the organizational status of 2) Ta king an active part in the work carried out by re­ COCTA as a Standing Committee of the International gional and international bodies in connexion with ter-. Social Science Council, provides a continuing structure minological studies: e.g. that ofCOCTA, INFOTERM, for sponsorship of the activity. The advantage of this ar­ CLADES, CONTA, etc. rangement lies in the fact that it provides formal liaison 3) Persuading the publishers of works connected with with the major INGO's in the social sciences on a global this subject (vocabularies, thesauri, dictionnaries, en­ basis. Moreover, ISSC is authorized to represent this cyclopedias, etc.) to include more of the definitions community of scholars at UNESCO, and to enter into peculiar to the area concerned in any publication which contracts to carry out particular projects. has to do with the Social Sciences in general, or with any The Round Table itself now supplements the formal one of them in particular. organization within which planning for the INTER­ Care will be taken to ensure the fullest possible par­ COCTA project can go ahead. All participants in the ticipation of all the Latin American countries through Round Table accept membership in a Continuation the good offices of their research-centres and research Committee that will be informed by mail and given an workers individually; so that the work may be a joint opportunity to express opinions and vote on policy is­ and common achievement, and whatever is published in sues through mail-in ballots. For more intensive consul­ pursuance thereof, endowed with a representative and tation and planning on the development of the INTER­ authoritative character. COCT A project, and the coordination of the five pre­ Dominique Babini, Felix Schuster and Mario R. dos liminary projects recommended above, an Executive Santos, will be in charge of the details of the project. Committee has been formed, consisting of Fred Riggs Dominique Babini is a bachelor of political science has as chairman, together with the following members: Jean been trained in scientific documentation, and is a Aitchison, John A.A. Ayoade, Ingetraut Dahlberg, member of the Social Science Information and Tamas F6ldi, Jacques Gerstle, Magdalena Krommer­ Documentation Committee/International Federation of Benz, Jan-Eric Lane, Jonathan Malicsi, Linda Smith, Documentation: Felix Schuster is an epistemologist, Henry Teune, and Lourdes Yero. and at present Coordinator of this Council's Working­ Party in Epistemology and Politics, and he has The APSA Convention specialised in logic and gnoseology and is a post­ George Graham at Vanderbilt University organized two graduate professor of Social Science in FLACSO; Mario panels at the American Political Science Association R. dos Santos is a graduate of philosophy, but he has convention in Chicag� in early September. Papers by specialised in social philosophy and political theory, and Kenneth Janda, Jan-Erik Lane, Ron Strickland and is Director of the Council's Social Sciences Library, and Fred Riggs were discussed. Judith Gillispie at Indiana also a research-worker and professor (the latter in Vniversity acted as discussant with Benjamin Wa lter FLACSO's Postgraduate Department). from Vanderbilt University as chair person. Abstracts of For further information contact: CLACSO, Callao 875, these papers will be presented in the coming COCTA Piso 3°E, 1023 Buenos Aires, Argentina. News. It was decided that Judith Gillispie and Ron Strickland organize panels at the forthcoming APSA convention in Washington, DC., next fall (1984). Jan-Erik Lane Umea University

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 COCfA News 159 alists, great importance is attached here for clearly indicated reasons, to the practical applicability of the theoretical foundations. Furthermore the authors also Book Reviews stress very heavily the dynamic aspect of language which was veiled by the merely logically oriented analysis form. In the final analysis they aim, however, at a BALLMER, Thomas; BRENNENSTUHL, Waltraud: "cognitive behaviorism" which associates linguistics with Speech Act Classification. A Study in the Lexical biology, particularly ethology and psychology. Analysis of English Speech Activity Verbs. Berlin· The formulation of this remarkable long-term goal is Heidelberg·New York: Springer Verlag 1981. X,274 p., fo llowed by a section in which still existing shortcom­ DM 57.·, $ 33.60. ISBN 3·540·10294·9 ings in the author's own conception are set fo rth. Next, a list of 11 properties is offered which a classification This work is very lucidly arranged: Pt I (p.6·61) contains should meet. In conclusion, reflections on the logical a basic theoretical treatment of speech activity verbs, analysis of meaning and on the practical utilization of followed in Pt II (p.71·155) by a systematic and in Pt III the material classified are presented. (p.169·274) by an alphabetic presentation of English When encountering new linguistic theories one is well verbs on types of speech acts. The systematic list of Pt II advised to start out by asking on how firm a fo undation has the explicit purpose of furnishing proof in support they were constructed. For the work reviewed this of the theoretical Pt I, while the alphabetic list serves to question can be conclusively answered: the reader knows locate verbs within the systematic part. Thus the 6 at every moment just at what level of argumentation the chapters of the theoretical Pt I must simultaneously be authors are operating - on the level of exact adduction regarded as the core of the book. of proof, on that of plausible hypotheses or on that of Chapter I (Introduction) defines as object of the mere suppositions. Typical for tllis approach are sen­ book the laying of the foundations for a sound theory tences beginning roughly like "Until proof of the con· on man's linguistic behavior. Linguistic relevance, trary we assume that...". The lines of argument are it is stated, depends on the speaker, more precisely: on always clear and of well·nigh didactical pregnancy; his usage of verbs. Therefore the first step consists of an misunderstandings arising from this text are hardly analysis of all verbs denoting linguistic activities. Their imaginable. semantical groups reflect ontological and conceptual Evidently Chapter 6 is the most inaportant one of this behavior. book for here we find concentrated the thorough In chapter 2 (Lexical Analysis: A New Approach) analy�es, th� long-term proposals and the ambitious goal common fe atures of lexicography and lexicology, or according to which the speech act becomes explainable irregularity and grammar are shown, and the question� from exact research on human behavior. The body of ability of a semasiologic, i.e. alphabetic arrangement of hypotheses employed to this end appears in most cases lexemes is pointed out. Four phases are proposed for the sound and plansible. Nevertheless it is by no means rigid analysis of the verbs: 1 . the heuristic, 2 . the explicatory, but rather quite dynamically designed, open for new 3 . the justificatory and 4 . the theoretical phase. The insights and even capable of parting with ideas no longer first 3 phases lead to categories of semantically similar tenable. The one or the other point of view may still words (along the lines of a thesaurus structure), which present unevennesses reflecting the developmental receive their cognitive and/or ontological underpinning stage of the project, e.g. where the authors quite unnec· in the 4th phase. essarily get mired in a theoretical contradiction between Chapter 3 (Author's Motivation for a Speech Act logical and psychological approaches. Classification) shows the manner in which the work The speech act verbs listed of course cannot be originated through the agency of the (West) "Berlin systematically checked for completeness without a large Group"} and it explains why the "speech act" represents body of text and without-sit venia verbo-a computer. a higher category of linguistic insight than the study of Random probes revealed no errors but led to a further isolated words. problem, namely that of the classificatory model. The Chapter 4 (Description and Explanations of the authors conceived one in 11 well-considered points Method) gives a detailed description of both the theoret· which no one can take objection to. Nevertheless the ical and the practical approach used: the selecting system seems to be relatively rigid here, as are most of verbs, their coarse ordering and processing in the 4 topolocial structures of this nature. The different aspects phases, leading to a fine subdivision into 8 model groups, of the human speech act, formally recognizable from the 24 models and typifications, and 600 categories for a changing "partners in the game", hence collocations, total of 4800 English speech act verbs. might possibly be better served by a more flexible The result of the structure found is presented in pattern of groups of characteristics with variable domi­ Chapter 5 (Survey of the Resulting Speech Act Classi· nances than by hierarchical tree structures. ·Distinctive fication) as a neatly ordered paradigmatic structure of characteristics could then also be used to differentiate Model Groups, their Semantic Areas and their Main within the categories between verbs not lumped to· Categories. gether. It is only in Chapter 6 (Prospects and Limitations) It is gratifying that such a renowned publisher has that the complete theoretical model, including its agreed to publish this book and has done so with all the relationships to other linguistic models, is actually care fitting to the tradition of the company. After "sour" displayed, in a manner which is both extensive and years of frequently confuse and mostly opinionated and intensive. In deviation from the works of most structufM self-satisfied literature by epigones of great masters this

160 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews lucidly, imaginatively and self-critically written book is a aussetzung fur einen bewuBtercn, optimicrten Sprach­ most welcome refreshment for the reader. gebrauch schaffe, Erich Mater 2. Kriterien rur den fachorientierten Sprachunterricht, Prof.Dr.E.Mater 3. Objektivere BewertungsmaBstabe fUr die Besonder­ TH Ilmenau, INER heiten der Wissenschaftssprache fUr die Vertreter 63 Ilmenau/GDR sprachkritischer Positionen und ein besseres Verstand­ nis der 6ffentlichen wie privaten Bedurfnisse der Wis­ BUNGARTEN, Thea (Ed,): Wissenschaftssprache, senschaftlcr, Beitrage zur Methodoiogie, theoretischen Fundierung 4. ein fUr Laien und Wissenschaftler besseres Verstand­ und Deskription. (Language of Science. Contributions Ilis der 6ffentl.ichen wie privaten Kommunikation, to its methodology, theoretical foundation and descripH 5. eineO' erleichterten Zugang zu wissenschaftlichen tion) (In German) Miinchen: W, Fink Verlag 1981. 547 Verfahren, Theorien und Ergebnissen vermittels der p" OM 68,- ISBN 3-7705-1658-3 Wissenschaftssprache fur den Nichtexperten durch den Abbau der Sprachbarrieren, Dieses mit Spannung erwarte�e Buch ist Hi.ngstfiillig flir eine wurdigende Bysprechung. Ein Buch mit einem Daher sind auch die Beitrage nieht an Linguisten allcin Umfang von 547 Seiten, das 18 Beitrage, davon 8 aus­ geriehtet, auch wenn linguistische Verfahren, Konzepte liindischer Autoren zu diesem Thema enthiilt, wird und Theorieansatze in del' Beschreibung uberwiegen. nicht jeder schnell zur Hand nehmen. Immerhin sind fUr Auch wollen die Beitrage keine Bcschreibung der his to­ Schnellinformationen zu den Einzelbeitdigen deutsche rischen Entwicklung oder bestimmter historischer Zu­ und englische Zusammenfassungen bzw. Summaries stande der wissenschaftlichen Fachsprachen liefern, von durchschnittlich einer Seite am Ende des Buches zu sondern Struktur und Funktion der (deutschen) Wissen­ finden wie auch ein Autorenverzeichnis und eine Aus­ schaftssprache der Gegenwart untersuchen. VOl' aHem wahlbibliographie zu den'Schriften der Autoren mit ih­ aber liegt dem Herausgeber am Herzen, BewuBtsein ren Anschriften. Auch Personen- und Sachregister feh­ und Einsicht dafUr zu fordern, daB es zur Bewaltigung len nicht in diesem sorgfaltig und umsichtig angelegten von Ve rstehensproblemen zwischen auseinanderfallen­ Sammelband, den, spczialisierten gesellschaftlichen Gruppen in einer Bereits die 7 Vo rw6rter zum Thema Wissenschafts­ modernen Industriegesellschaft nicht ausreicht, die sprache lassen den Leser aufmerken, von denen hier technischen Kommunikationsmittel zu perfektionieren stellvertretend nur das von Gustav Heinemann zitiert (wie dies durch die deutsche Bundesregierung in einem sei: "Die Gesellschaft darf einerseits Entscheidungen Forschungsf6rderungsprogramm angestrebt wird), ein nicht aus Tr agheit an Spezialisten delegieren, und muG Standpunkt, den unter anderen auch Professor Hen­ andererseits fordern , daB Wissenschaftler eine Sprache richs, Dusseldorf, wiederholt kritisch vertreten hat. Die sprcchen, die auch Politiker und andere normale Men­ eigentlichen kommunikativen Probleme, so Bungarten, schen verstehen k6nnen". liegen in den K6pfen der Menschen, in den sprachlich In der Einleitung wird kurz auf die sprachliche Ent­ zum Ausdruck kommenden unterschiedlichen gedankli­ wicklungsgeschichte der enropaischen Wissenschaften chen Konzeptionen und Interessen von sich immer wei­ eingegangen. Es wird die Hinwendung der europai­ ter differenzierenden gesellschaftlichen Gruppen, schen Wissenschaften yom Latein zu den Nationalspra­ Schon im September 1970 kritisierte Gustav Heine­ chen erwahnt, die sich tiber Meister Eckhardt, Albrecht mann in seiner Ansprache zur Er6ffnung der 35. Physi­ Durer, Martin Luther, Paracelsus, Johannes Kepler, kertagung in Hannover cine gewisse Ideologisierung Christian Thomasius, def erstmals Vorlesungen in deut­ der aus dem tradition ellen Leitbild des ,individualisti­ scher Sprache hielt, und Christian Wolff bis zur fast vol­ schen Wissenschaftlcrs' erwachsenen Entfremdung des ligen Zuruckdrangung des wissenschaftlichen Lateins in Wissenschaftlers von der Gesellschaft, die sich in politi­ heutiger Zeit verfolgen HiBt. Zunehmend gewannen die scher Enthaltsamkeit auBere, Seinen Appell an die Be­ Wissenschaften EinfluB auf unser alltagliches Leben. reitschaft, gesellschaftspolitische Verantwortung zu Die folgende Differenzierung der Wissenschaften und iibernehmen, hatte Heinemann (vgl. S, 22/23) in folgen­ der Wissenschaftssprachen 109 Verstandnisschwierig­ den Forderungen prazisiert: keiten nach sieh. In solchen Situationen des Nichtver­ - Bereitschaft zur Erarbeitung von Forschungsergeb­ stehens, formuliert Bungarten absichtlich uberspitzt, sei nissen in gesel1schaftlichen Zusammenhangen, man manchmal geneigt, sich zu fragen, ob die Sprache - Verzicht auf ,wissenschaftliche Einsamkeit', soweit der Wissenschaft in der modernen Zeit fUr den Nieht­ damit Meinungslosigkeit verbundcn sei, wissenschaftler nicht wieder ebenso unverstandIich ge­ - Te ilnahme mit Kenntnissen und Meinungen am ge­ worden sei, wie das fruher gebrauchte wissenschaftliche sellschaftlichen EntscheidungsprozeB, Latein, ob nicht neue unuberwindIiche Barrieren zwi­ In dem das Gesamtthema umfassenden Beitrag von schen dem Fachmann und dem Laien in der - beiden Bungarten Wissenschaft, Sprache und Gesellschaft" " noch gemeinsamen? - Sprache errichtet wiirden (S, 9), wird sad ann die Bestimmung von Wissenschaft und Von einer Beschreibung der Wissenschaftssprache Wissenschaftssprache versucht; es werden deren kom­ bzw. del' wissenschaftlichen Fachsprachen verspricht munikative Funktionen, Symbolisierung und Objekti­ sich der Herausgeber folgendes: vation behandelt, die zunehmende Abstraktion wissen­ 1. Einsieht in Struktur und Funktion der vom Wissen­ schaftlicher Konzepte und ihre Konsequenz fUr die Wis­ schaftler selbst verwendeten Fachsprache, die die Vor- senschaftssprache, die sozialen Implikationen des Wis-

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews 161 senschaftsgebrauchs, Gruppenkonstitution und -identi­ syntaktisch/stilistisch: Eduard Benes (Prag), Viliam Schwanzer fikation sowie die Sprachbarrieren behandelt. (Bratislawa); Vom Vorwurf des iiberfliissigen Fremdwort- bzw. logisch/semantisch: Andrzej Boguslawski (Warschau), Jens Uid­ kc (Tubingen); Te rminologiegebrauchs oder der largonisierung (von soziologisch/psychologisch: Peter von Polenz (Trier), Uwe Steinig Polenz) ist selbst der Herausgeber neben manchem an­ (BangorlWales), Peter Schefe (Hamburg); deren Autor des Bandes nicht auszunehmen, obwohl (zeichen)-/(tcxt)theoretisch: Janos S. Petofi (Bielefeld), Roland gerade ihm das mit der Herausgabe dieses Buches ein Harweg (Bochum), Klaus W. Hempfer (Berlin); Ariliegen war. Die Beschreibungsintentionen ...sind sprechhandlungs-/sprechakttheoretisch: Klaus Uwe Panther " (Hamburg), Werner Sokeland (Hamburg); tentativ" (S. 11). was heiBen soll "die Beschreibungs­ Wissenschaftsdidaktisch: Jean-Marie Zemb (Paris). versuche stehen am Anfang" oder darin liege der inno­ " Allerdings sollte man unter dem oben angesprochenen vative Charakter" (S. 12), was einfacher und verstiindli­ Gesichtspunkt des MiBverhaltnisses zwischen dem An­ cher ausgedriickt werden kann mit darin liege das " spruch des Schreibers und nicht ausreichender Ve r­ Neue". Das zeigt, wie sehr wir bereits mehr oder weni­ standlichkeit des Te xtes fragen, ob es immer angezeigt ger diesem Wissenschaftsstil verfallen sind, der bedau­ ist, Wissenschaftssprache nach vorgegebenen Kriterien erlicherweise iiberhaupt so weit Schule machen konnte. zu untersuchen, wo es doch anscheinend auch ganz an­ Riihmliche Ausnahmen in diesem Sammelband sind Pe­ ders geht und deshalb auch nicht jeder Wissenschafts­ ter von Polenz, Eduard Benes und Wiliam Schwanzer, text aufwendig untersucht zu werden braucht. die seit lahren zeigen, daB es auch anders geht, wie auch In diesem Band, der auch fUr Niehtexperten geschrie­ von der naturwissenschaftlichen Seite Frederie Vester ben sein wollte, ist das Ziel nur zum Te il erreicht wor­ (Molekularbiologe) und Friedrich von We iziicker bei den, und nicht aile Beitrage erfiillen diesen Anspruch, der Beschreibung wissenschaftlicher Sachverhalte in ih­ da einige von Ihnen doch erhebliche fachliche und ren vie len Veroffentlichungen ais Paradebeispiele fUr sprachliche Kenntnisse voraussetzen, wie der Heraus­ verstiindliche Sprache gelten. Auch A. BudDs' (Profes­ geber selbst in cter Einleitung (S. 12) gleichsam bedau­ sor fUr Physik an der Universitiit Szeged/Ungarn), ernd zugesteht. Dennoch wird das Buch fUr jeden mit Theoretische Mechanik" (Deutscher Verlag der Wis­ " Gewinn zu lesen sein, der sieh zu Fragen von Wissen­ senschaften Berlin 1974) und Jay Orears Grundlagen " schaft, Sprache und Gesellschaft informieren mochte, der modernen Physik, (Carl Hanser Verlag Miinchen und bei der breitangeiegten Themenauswahl wird jeder 1971, iibersetzt von Dr. rer. nat Albert, Dresden), wie Interessent auch Interessantes finden. auch beispielsweise fUr den medizinischen Bereich P. G. Lassen wir zum SchluB Sokrates sprechen: Da aber Seegers Leitfaden flir Krebskranke und die es nieht " " weder die Wissenden noch die von den Nichtwissenden, werden wollen", (Verlag Mehr Wissen, Diisseldorf die wissen, daB sie nicht wissen, Fehler begehen, - wel­ 1982) haben in ihrer klaren Darstellung schwieriger wis­ che bleiben dann noch iibrig--als die, die nicht wissen, senschaftlicher Zusammenhiinge Vorbildliches gelei­ aber glauben, daB sie wissen: stet. Alkibiades: Nur diese. Eine nicht verstandliche Sprache ist oft Ausdruck ei­ Sokrates: Dieses Unwissen also und die schimp£liche nes gestorten Verhaltnisses zu sich selbst, was bei Psy­ Unbelehrbarkeit sind die Ursache fiir d.s Schlechte. chologen_schon lange kein Geheimnis mehr ist, und was Gerda Schott Bungarten die nieht zu unterschatzenden Sprachbarrie­ Address: ren nennt, die in der Personlichkeitsstruktut der betref­ Dr. Gerda Schott Universitat Bonn. fenden Wissenschaftler begrtindet liegen (S. 19). Auch Inst. f. Kommunikationswiss. u. Phonetik in den USA ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Schwer­ D-5300 Bonn 1 verstandlichkeit der wissenschaftlichen Texte und Per­ sonlichkeitsstruktur bereits Gegenstand der Untersu­ chung gewesen. Un- oder schwerverstandliche Sprache ist keineswegs immer Ausdruck eines schwierigen Fach­ NALIMOV, Vasilti V.: Realms of the Unconscious. gebietes, das es zu beschreiben gilt. Die Misere besteht (Translation from the Russian). Ed.by R.G.Colodny. darin, daB wir in den Begriffen nieht mehr zu leben ver­ Philadelphia, PA: lSI Press 1982. 320p. ISBN 0-89495- stehen, anschaulich zu beschreiben verlernt haben. 020-7 Warum sollte die Wissenschaftssprache von dieser be­ How are we to see the world so that we may interact rechtigten Forderung ausgenommen sein? All das be­ with it properly? And what is the range of principles, deutet nieht, daB man die Wissenschaftssprache nun goals, objectives appropriate to apply so that we may iiberhaupt nieht mehr untersuchen und alles dem ange­ live and, maybe, evolve to what destiny? Philosophy of sprochenen psychologischen Aspekt zuschlagen sollte. science, if not wishing to constrain itself to the surface Keineswegs. Wissenschaftssprache und popularwissen­ of formal structures, to its instrumental nature, has to schaftliche Sprache bestimmen mit ihrem Bildungs­ face the inherent premises of our culture, of western fremdwortergut unser gesellschaftliches Leben bis zu ei­ tradition, of growth and evolution. Even if Nalimov only nem solchen Grade, daB eine Untersuchung nach den implicitly raises the question of man's ultimate destiny, verschiedensten Aspekten sieh als notwendig erweist, it is precisely from this radical position that his latest wie in dem Band deutlich zum Ausdruck kommt: book is to be understood. Radically and comprehensive­ lexikalisch/terminologisch/quantitativ: Carlos Garda Gual (Ma­ ly he develops the outlines of a field of possible answers: drid), BerndSpillner (Duisburg), Bjarne Ulvestad (Bergen), Wil­ the field of what he calls the holisticity of man and his ly Martin (Leuven/Antwerpen); world.

162 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews Western tradition has tended to oppose (see e.g. the the preface states the methodological base roughly as discussion on the validity of evolutionary concepts) the follows: Man cannot be understood outside his participa­ more formal structures to those of entelechy. The first tion in the world's integrity. Perception is not restricted approach is manifested in physics, the other progresses to physical devices. To describe the unconscious, an from insight to religion. Preponderance of either side expanded usage of logic allows us to discuss the extralo· means either the concept of a restricted physical reality, gical in a comprehensible language. The physically classified by the laws of the formal and the physical incomprehensible is explained comprehensibly by what sciences expressed e.g. in materialism, or, respectively, is even more incomprehensible i.e. the unconscious. Core' the concept of an exclusive gnostic and spiritual world. of the conceptualization of the unconscious is a probabi­ N.' s work comprises both aspects. His concept of the listic approach. In accordance with N. 's previous books world as a whole (and of man as part of it) shows the this leads to these basic considerations: radical unity of both the physically and non-physically 1. The use of probabilistic logic to draw conclusions perceived world, with the latter being called the Realms directly from fuzzy, probabilistically weighted of the Unconscious. On its deepest level the unconscious concepts. comprises, beyond its complementary position to the 2. Conceptualization is made to sound arbitrarily physical domain, the entire world, the physical being metaphorical. only one of possible manifestations. A distinguished 3. The entire range of knowledge is juxtaposed freely. scientist in mathematics, statistics and the theory of The right to compare the uncomparable is supported experiment N. relies on these disciplines; to his insight only by the conviction that the source of everything into the roots of gnosticism and phdlosophy (especially lies in what is called the Unconscious. Plotinus) he adds hds vision of the unconscious, of 4. In reported experiments authors act both as experi­ holisticity. menters and as subjects. Man comprehends the world through language. His Methodologically most important seems to be the concept and vision of himself in the world is, sympto­ primary use of enlarged physical concepts, physics itself matically for western philosophy, incorporated in e.g. considering randomness as a carrier of knowledge, science. Here N. draws· fr om previous publications. In acknowledging reality whdch, too, cannot be registered "The Labyrinths of Language, a Mathematician's Jour­ by physical devices and accomodating the paradoxes ney" he conceptualizes language as the all-embracing within its own theory. system of signs to communicate under conditions of Given the integrity of the world, extremely complex uncertainty, the probabiiistic concept of language being and fuzzy systems may be approached by using all the medium to perceive and comprehend the world in its obtainable information structured and controlled manifoldness and its tOfality. "Faces of Science" eluci­ through the laws of that integrity ; governing, too, their dates by exemplary essays the rules and the uncertainty, differentiation and the perception/comprehension via the bias and the paradoxes,of an essentially probabilistic interaction. The basis comprises logic, probabilistic world using a probabilistic language. Science, in our concepts and, as primary area of interaction of man with hdstorical understanding fo rmed through Renaissance the world, physical concepts. The result is a tendencially and The Age of Enlightenment mainly physically, has to self-controlling, self-sustaining quasi-circular system of be complemented by the conceptualization of the comprehension, similar to the tautology fundamental to unconscious to a unified view. (Forthcoming publica­ the concept of individual learning and of evolution. This tions, so the reviewer understands, will deal with "Exis­ allows us to use the wealth of information on mani­ tence in the Probabilistic-oriented Phdlosophy" and with festations of non-rational experience. "Numerical Arrangement".) Comprising, negatively N .begins with language as medium for the probabilis­ defined, what cannot be comprehended by physical tic vision of the world (Pt.!). Reality is described by means, the unconscious is successively revealed as the distribution functions withdn fuzzy semantical fields. potential reality manifested in signs, a medium and/or Using the Bayesian theorem, N.develops probabilistic resultant of the field whdch Goethe probably would concepts of free will, of evolution, and shows the have named personality; persona integrating the objec­ metaphorical nature of language (Pt.II). Withdn the tive reality within the personal perception. Any manifes· frame of perception thus constituted, time, that is: tation is basically ad personam, to fellow man, to personal, internal time, represents the structuring society, to God and can be shared by interaction and principle, the grammar of the text of the world. When communication because of the common laws of systems personal time, as e.g. in meditation, comes to a stop, in situ and from evolution. Those are the great two, Nothdng (pt.III) is perceived, reality at this moment interdependent aspects of unity: cultural world and consisting but of an all·embracing potentiality. The person. The continuous field to perceive unity extends potential universe, the unconscious, thus can be contact­ from formal/ physical logics to cultural and religious ted through altered states of consciousness outside time. modes of insight (the German "Schau") e.g. symbols and Experiments (Pt.IV) conducted by the author interpret meditation. Mathematics is complemented by gnosis. results of directed meditation and discuss the evidence Well aware of the problems whdch an educated of symbols and semantic fields of everyday language agnostic (as e.g. the reviewer) must accept, N.begins by as manifestations of the Unconscious. The (metaphori· laying an epistemological and methodical foundation. cally) conclusive PLV specifies the view of the world's To prepare for the antinomies to be bridged, the mani­ holisticity: through the symptomatic belief in reincarna­ foldness to be structured, the shared principles to be tion and the . possible complementarity of science and elaborated, and the extreme fuzziness to be dealt with, religion. In "Dialectic� of the Open End" N. sums up the

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews 163 necessity of comprehension of the world as being however, would be extremely interesting. Not that a complementary throughout and open to and by question­ praxeology is expected, since transfer will need many ing. This model might help us to expand, after centuries successive levels, but proposed modes of transfer, of expansion into the outer world, into the iriner realm fo cusing on chosen examples. N.'s forthcoming books of man's world. will presumably do so. The still open attempt to cope in Many arguments and some conclusions appear fami� detail with what in this book only generally could be liar; the last chapter e.g. comes very near to aspects of acknowledged, e.g. human values, ethicS, too, could systemic (F.Vester) concepts, the book as a whole to improve N.' s vision. So would the transfer to actual epistemological discussion. Born as it is from the neces� epistemological problems, e.g. within the theory of sity to expand insufficient deterministic views, N.'s evolution. search for viable concepts by a journey through the The possibility of transfer indicates the initial point realms of the unconscious is not always easy to fo llow. of critics. A challenge profoundly questioning human Approved as most of the elements are, not unknown as perception, unusual at first encounter as N. puts forth, the approaches may appear, the conceptualization must at first be understood as it was comprehended by sometimes strikes one as unusual. To follow N. calls for the author himself. This is all the more necessary since learning, for unbiased opening and searching for meta� understanding must be based on cognition and insight, phorical understanding in a profound way. The reviewer, touching the intellectual as well as the emotional and the therefore, may do well to focus not solely on the ex­ non�rational. The reception of N.'s concepts, their planatory power but on the questions N. helps to transfer and their permeation into science will probably stimulate and the more enlightened answers he provokes. progress incrementally. It will require careful, detailed This, too, should be the basis for questioning N.'s consideration and time. Not in the last place since N. 's concepts, methods and results .. attempt is of a monolithic character. Mainly referring to N. calls for a basically enlarged understanding of the mathematics, statistics and psychology, other disciplines very nature of perception. Epistemology is treated as a as biology and anthropology (broad concept) and related manifestation of man's confrontation with the world. It disciplines like evolution and learning are only touched is understood in its undiminished meaning as the system upon. Similarly physio-psychology and other hyphen of the rules of interaction and thus as a logical, psycho­ disciplines are only contextually approached. So are the logical and cultural phenomenon. Interaction comprises two embracing stochastic processes: that of individual the poles of technically short-term, discrete-causal opera­ learning and that of evolution. One is tempted to com­ tion and holistic, unrestricted interaction of non�physical pare e.g. the concepts of G.Bateson (Mind and Nature) potentialities of the non-taxable. The non-rational be­ and Eccles/Popper (The Self and its Brain) against and ··comes in its complementary quality constitutional, not complementarUy to those presented by N. The imagin­ carefully dingled out as some kind of epistemological able impacts of No's ideas seem ubiquous and manifold. noise. In so far N. contributes to systemic concepts of They urge us to compare essential concepts, e.g. that of problem solving, improving the still basically linear (pro­ complementarity, of interaction etc. with e.g. the results gramming) approach. He may add to the problem-solving of scientific research throughout the disciplines, e.g. into capacity of the soft disciplines as anthropology, in­ evolution, the physio�psychology of brain or into the cluding the human life circle, institutional choice and anthropologic sciences. Beyond a more general reconsid� history. eration of accepted modes of conceptualization, compar� Within the concomitantly fuzzy frame, epistemology ison may stimulate probing into the premises to distin� has to provide instruments to single out discrete objects guish "hard" and "soft" siences, especially considering and the ways to cope with them. Discreteness applies to system sciences and cybernetics. Prevalent epistemolog� adequately defined fields of interaction, fuzziness ical paradigmata could be investigated, prevalent modes appears as a concept to enable goal�oriented action integrated. Very careful analysis and testing of exempla­ without losing awareness of the restrictions implied by ry cases is a prerequisite. The concise and transparent operational discreteness. Even more important, fuzziness argumentation of the book will facilitate this endeavour. of the problem-solving concept allows us to take account The book can be expected to make a special contri­ of the non-foreseeable results of doing/controiling, bution to the sciences involved in the organization of comprehending appropriate ways of maybe necessary knowledge. As e.g. classification incorporates the con­ corrections. A prerequisite for the probabilistic methods cept of a structure of the world arid how and to what to cope with fuzziness is the presupposed unity of the ends to interact with it, No's books, especially the latest world's regularities. The same applies to the metaphoric one, should be carefully evaluated on what they may use of data and, last not least, to the concept of seman� hold for basic classification research. Simplified: what tic fields. Providing however weak and fuzzy interrela­ could be conceptualized as a probabilistically structured tionships manifested by perception through language, classification in probabilistic languages , structuring manifoldness be_comes a possible source of information probabilistic semantic fields to interact/connect under to reduce fuzziness within a given semantical field. uncertainty? The approach may cast fresh light on Here, it seems, lies the nucleus to integrate the concept fundamental/universal classification (I.Dahiberg) of of a holistic view of a fuzzy world into an integrated, human knowledge drawn from physical experience operational body of knowledge. and from insight. Chance and limitations of General The task to transform into a pragmatic concept of Problem Solving (GPS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) doing in accordance with the ideas outlined above , may become more transparent. Restricted deterministic however, remains open. N. intends mainly to open concepts of human thinking, and that means of the the view. The following steps into the operational area, human self, too, as are in nuce Behaviorism (Skinner)

164 Int. C1assif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews and the Freudian School of psychology-psychoanalysis, Trying a conclusion: this book, like its predecessors, must prove onesided when claiming to comprehend offers neither routine lecture nor entertainment for probabilistic structures_ Or, positively stated: N_ opens leisure. It is rather to be met as a multifold challenge, up another well-founded way to include the subjective, challenging as it does the intellectual capacity to follow unique element- in the science of man. He does so, most trains of intricate argument and the sensibility for important, by evolving (not by reducing), enlarging and insight and intuitive comprehension, sometimes for inner differentiating the basic logics of the world as a whole. enlightenment. Not easy to accept - even if lucidly With all the necessary premises for intersubjective demonstrated - for the pragmatical reader, used to retesting and controlling being given in principle, classifi· purely rational argumentation, must be the extension of cation, through using this approach, could contribute to principles: from mathematics e.g. to psychology and the epistemological evolution as well as to an expanded mystics. For the reviewer it caused initially embarrass­ operational taxonomy of knowledge. N.'s ideas, in ment: where to get the principles from to test the addition, may hold another key to structure manifold, legitimacy, the consistency of the argument? How to "soft" knowledge and finding probabilistic methods to find marks for plausibility checking, how to determine handle it. the range of validity of concept, methods, conclusions? Besides a wealth of interesting parapluases N.'s basic At least in part these difficulties, which are a personal approach in itself will prove exceedingly creative. N. enrichment too, may stem from the roots - not common­ conceptualizes a dualism, which is flexible and comprises ly understood - of the older tradition of Russian culture

virtually any relationship between A =, '" B, premises and Weltanschauung, namely gnosticism, the books given, ranging from complementarity, polarity, being benefits so profoundly from. To comprehend the realms part of a common field (e.g. a semantic one) up to of the unconscious is eo ipso partly a personal task: antagonism Of opposition and to total exclusiveness. directly from author to person. Even if referring primar­ A constitutional, canonical dualistic principle, e.g. ily to rationally comprehensible arguments N.'s ap­ governing language or Classification (see for comparison proach to comprehend the incomprehensible by the Th.Ballmer, R.UngvarY) seems the only way to over­ more incomprehensible calls for inner experience, for come the tendentially monistic approaches, which prove imagination; not exclusively, but complementarily. As largely obsolete when facing problems of deeper struc­ the book by its aim and argument necessarily transcends tures. From dualism in this manifold understanding the itself, the non-superficial reader is summoned to do basic process of interaction emerges, presupposing likewise. interaction not mainly between inner system and con­ Comments on single topics must remain open for the textual systems, but within the system and its potential specialist to review. E.g. the highly sophisticated medita­ subsystems themselves ..Large parts of N.'s book show in tion experiments (Pt.IV), methods used, results achieved fact the necessity of this principle, its creativity and and evaluated, must remain a separate task to reconsider. efficiency. This will be a matter for the logicians, lin­ So must the question - legitimate, as I see it - as to the guists, psychologists and anthropologists to investigate . transfer to areas of applied science, e.g. that on cyber­ The categories duality-interaction lead to open-ended netics, systems control. The philosopher will find interaction within the process of evolution, incorporated, challenging if unusual views, e.g. on the interpretation of as e.g. G. Bateson sees it, in the two basic stochastic Kant's antinomies. And so on. It is not at least by the processes, namely individual learning and phylogenetic manifoldness of related ideas evolved, that N.'s book learning. Openness is closely linked with the probabilistic again gives proof of his strikingly creative powers. nature of the world and the means to perceive it, gov­ N.'s overall concern to open up a more appropriate erned by duality here of determination - uncertainty view to recognize and to solve the pressing problems for within a probabilistic fie ld. The map is not the territory man and his world provokes the reader's entire capacity (Bateson), the object to be identified is not the charac­ to learn and to question. N. forces to look for new facts, teristics it is identified by, a.s.o. to complement new data, to search for additional This opens up a way to replace the often somewhat evidence, to accept or refute. Most challenging is the epicyclic modes to deal with antinomies and paradoxes search for own ideas to compare with those offered. arising in monistically structured fields by a concept A wealth of cultural references all over the world fur­ which is both logically ("expanded logic") conclusive thers the understanding from the cultural and traditional and open; formally stringent and meaningful. basis, thus providing the distance and the identity The extension into the Unconscious appears therefore necessary. (This calls forth the known problems to adapt logical and only consistent. Even if N. himself does not and to integrate the culture going with industrial civiliza­ explicitly explain the above outlined conclusivity of his tion, as it is experienced by developing countries.) holistic approach it should become the main point for The stringent delineation of an essentially continuous further investigation. Each scientific discipline appears natur� of man, integrating the conscious and the uncon­ to be led by its own progress via the conscious to the scious qua persona, provides a most needed counterar­ unconscious, so far necessarily using its particular gument against still prevalent concepts of man as a approach and getting particular results. The general, simply programmable information-processing system. comprehensive and, what is important, concise and N.'s conceptualization of semantic fields e.g. shows the transparent approach by N. may contribute to a frame­ principal and economical inconsistency of programming work of interdisciplinary understanding. It may stimu­ human perception and problem solving other than late cooperation e.g. between natural, anthropological, within very narrow limitations. The demonstration of philosophical/epistemological and, for the ontological usually not-thought-of relationships proves to be most concept of man, theological sciences. stimulating to the internal disputation of accepted ,

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews 165 concepts. This book acts as a medium to discuss the satze zur elementaren formalen Logik" (S. VlII)2 aufzei­ ideas expressed in it. It teaches by fascination. One gen. Die entstehende Argumentationstheorie berUcksich­ therefore has to be especially critical. Even the most tigt Elemente der konstruktiven Logik, der intuitionisti­ formal arguments never appear as a construct but as sehen Logik und der Tableau·Methode. Es entsteht eine abbreviated from life. N. demands full professional Variante der dialogischen Logik, genannt "dialektische and personal attention, manifesting in his theme and Logik" . mode of argumentation the old ideal of llama universale, Zentral fUr die Betraehtung von Argumentationen ist unique and universal man. die formale Erfassung von Diskussionen. Reicht hierfUr Added to the intellectual challenge one may enjoy, aber die Barth/Krabbesehe dialogische Logik aus, oder should such a thing exist, what might be called the benotigen wir vielmehr eine Logik der Diskussion? inherent poetry of science. A very helpful feature are introductory notes "on the I. Darstellung. Zentral fUr die Autoren ist die Einfilb­ tiueshold", giving a general idea on the chapter's logical rung der sog. "dialektischen3 Logik", wobei der Index structure and particular concern. Notwithstanding the "3" auf ufor�ale3 Prozed':lren" verweist, Barth undKrab­ inherent dangers of giving comments within the text: be unterscheiden miimlieh drei formale Ansiitze. Korre­ additional notes as to the basis, the structure and the spondierend demplatonischen eidos (forma), wo "Form" progress of the entire argumentation should be consid­ soviel wie "Idee" im Sinne einer logischen Konstante be­ ered. deutet, wird der Term "formal! " eingefilbrt (vg!. S. 14 f.). Even to a non-English reader the translation appears Als formale! Logiken werden z.B. die Hegelsche und die to be excellent. marxistische Logik vorgestellt (vgl. S. 15). "Form" kann Helmut Lockenhoff auch die Konstruktionsart komplexer Ausdrticke aus ein­ Dr.H.Lockenhoff fachen AusdrUcken einer Spraehe bedeuten .In formalen2 Ossietzkystr. 14, D·7150 Backnang. Logiken gibt es eine formale2 Giiltigkeit der Art: der SchluB eines Arguments ist eine formale Konsequenz der Voraussetzungen, Als formale2 Logik: ist die "klas­ BARTH, E.M., KRABBE, E.C.W.: From Axiom to siche" zweiwertige Aussagenlogik anzusehen (vg! . Dialogne. A philosophical study of logics and argumen­ S. 15 f.). Unter "formalen3 Prozeduren" letztlich ver­ tation. Berlin/New York: W. de Gruyter 1982. 337 p. stehen die Verfasser "Prozeduren, die irgendwie reguliert oder 'reg!ementiert' ( ...) sind, d.h., die in Vbereinstim· English abstract of German review mung mit einer gewissen Menge von Regeln stattfinden" The topic of this work by Barth and Krabbe is the "conflict of (S. 19). FUr auftretende Meinungskonflikte, soweit diese avowed opinions" (p. 316). The classical two�valued propo­ verbal ausgetragen werden (vgl. S. 25), sollte aueh eine sitional logic is not sufficient for the solution of such conflicts. gewisse Menge akzeptierbarer Rege/n vorliegen. A logic of discussion becomes necessary. (In Barth/Krabbe such a logic is incorrectly introduced as "dialectical logic".) This "Systeme solcher Regeln werden wir Systeme der fo nna­ program of a formal theory of argumentation is dependent on len3 Dialektik nennen" (S. 19). Eine diesem entspreehen­ intuitionistic logic (Heyting), dialogical logic (Lorenzen) and the de Theorie des "rationalen Argumentierens" (S, 25) ist tableau method (Beth). Barth's and Krabbe's logic is not der Gegenstand vorliegenden Buehes. fo unded on axioms; the formal character is fixed by certain Zur formalen3 Erfassung von Meinungskonflikten procedures "which are somehow regulated or 'regimented' ( ...), Le" which take place according to some set of rules" reichen Behauptungssatze nicht aus. "Es wird notwen­ (p. 19) - so--called "formal3 pro cedures", dig, gewisse nicht-deskrip tive ( ...) oder dialektische At this point our criticism starts, In our opinion, a logic of Satzformen hinzuzuftigen" (S. 50). Neben dem Behaup­ discussion must not be a weaker logic than classiCal propositional tungssatz U werden der hypothetisehe Behauptungssatz logic, but Barth/Krabbe make it so (formally seen, the intuition� istic calculus is a proper constituent of classical propositional (?)U ("FUr die Zwecke dieser Debalte will ich U verteidi· logic). Logic of discussion can be formulated more suitably by gen."), der Fragesatz U? ("Wie verteidigst du U?") und enlargements of propositional logic incorporating pragmatical der Ausruf U! ("Ipse dixisti!" - "Das hast du selbst be­ aspects such as types of speakers or suitability of arguments in hauptet!") vorgestellt (vg!. S. 50 f.). Die zentrale Defini­ discussions (in the sense of WernerStelz ner) , Logic of discussion tion ist die des "Konflikts anerkannter Meinungen": should be integrated into the context of a logic of action, because discussions are certain sequences of speech acts. The "Ein ( . , ,) Konflikt anerkannter Meinungen ist ein Quadrupel semantics of this logic is truee-valued. (Con, T, B,.A), wobei T eine Behauptung, Con eine endliche The program "from axiom to dialogue" seems to be unsuc� (mogJicherweise leere) Menge von Behauptungen, A ein Sprecher cessfu!' One should rather demand: "axioms (of classical prop­ oder eine Gruppe von Sprechern einer Sprache und B ein (an de­ ositional logic plus enlargements) so that also dialogues and rer oder derselbe) Sprecher oder eine (andere oder dieselbe) discussions (among others) will be considered." Gruppe von Sprechern der Sprache ist, die die fo lgenden Bedin­ gungen erftillen: 1m Bereich der formalen Logik "sprieflen" in unserem A hat eine Behauptung T (die These) aufgestellt, die B mitgeteilt worden ist, und A hat diese Behauptung nicht zurilckgezogen; Iahrhundert diverse Systeme: neben dem "klassischen" B hat Behauptungen Con (Zugestiindnisse) aufgestellt, die A zweiwertigen Aussagenkalkiil gibt es Kalkiile, die nur mitgeteilt worden sind, und B hat diese Behauptungen nicht zu­ Teilsysteme des k1assischen Kalkiils sind wie beispiels­ ruckgezogen; weise der "intuitionistische Kalkktil" oder der "Mini­ B hat A in bezug auf T relativ zu Con angegriffen; , . " B hat A die Nicht-Akzeptanz von T mitgeteilt, und zwar in dem Sinne, malkalkiil", es gibt aber auch Systeme , die die klassisehe daB B einen solchen Ausdruck benutzt hat, der lexikalisch als Aussagenlogik erweitem, z.B. die "mehrwertige Logik" Ausdruck der Nicht-Akzeptanz (Unglauben, Zweifel, Unannehm­ oder die "philosophischen Logiken" wie "ModaUogik", barkeit) klassifiziert ist, und B hat seinen Angriff nicht zuruck­ "deontische Logik" usw.' . Barth und Krabbe wollen gezogen .. ," (S. 56). eine formale Theorie der Argumentation aufbauen und Naeh dieser Defmition Ub�mlmmt A die Rolle des dabei "die Aquivalenz der vielfaltigen gegenwartigen An- Proponenten und B die des Opponenten. "Falls das Ziel

166 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews die Lesung des Konflikts ist, miissen die dialektischen formalen Logik zu zeigen? Entscheidend ist hierflir fol· RoUen derart verteilt sein" (S. 59), wie in der Definition gendes Theorem, das hn vorliegenden System beweisbar angegeben wurde. ist:

Barth/Krabbe sehen drei Sprachen in ihrer Konzep· "L sei eine Sprache von einer der Formen 1. P oder pA. n/z sei tion VOL Als armste Sprache ist die Implikationssprache eine Satzfolge, die nur Satze aus L enthiilt. "Die folgenden Be­ " " I mit dem einzigen Junktor der Implikation --+ anzu­ dingungen sind aquivalent, vorausgesetzt, sie verweisen auf ent­ sehen. In einer reicheren Sprache P dUrfen neben der sprechende (genau bestimmte) Systeme (. ..), und vorausgesetzt, dar., diese Systeme L (oder LD) betreffen : Implikation auch die Negation �'''-''', die Konjunktion a Es gibt eine Gewinnstrategie fiir P in bezug auf n/Oz. " " "&" und die Veljunktion v verwendet werden . In def b Es gibt ein geschlossenes deduktives Tableau fiir n/z. Sprache pA wird zusatzlich das Atom "A" eingeftihrt, c Es gibt eine natiirliche Deduktion fUr Z aus n. Es gibt eine axiomatische Deduktion ftir n/z. und zwar in diesem Sinne: "Die Falschheit von A ist , .. d e n/z ist minimal/konstruktiv/klassisch gllltig in L. als ein Dogma von den Benutzern (z.B. von den Disku· f Es g:ibt ein geschlossenes semantisches Tableau flir n/z" tanten) angenommen" (S. 50). Werden in diesen Spra­ (S. 306). chen die D.g. "dialektischen Satzfonnen" zugelas­ sen, so erhalten wir die "dialektischen Sprachen" LD Die drei Logiksysteme des Minhnaikalkills, der intuitioni· bzw. Lj) (vgl. S. 51). stischen bzw. konstruktiven Logik und der klassischen zweiwertigen Logik sind also nur aquivalent in bezug auf Wann ist ein Satz in einer dialektischen Sprache die Gilltigkeit der Deduktion fI!Z und dies auch nur in gilltig? Es sei "II" eine Menge von Siitzen, die als Voraus­ Formulierungen einer der drei Sprachen I, P oder setzungen in einem Deduktionsproblem fungieren, und Z pA, die entsprechende Konklusion, so ist fI!Z "dialektisch Dies ist aber eine entscheidende Einschrdnkung. Der a-gtiltig" dann und nur dann: "normale" zweiwertige Aussagenkalkiil verftigt nam1ich liber vier monadische (L nur liber einen) und 16 dyadi­ "es gibt auf dem Niveau des dialektischen Systems u eine Ge­ winnstrategie fiir den Proponente in bezug auf Z (relativ zu den sche Funktoren (L nur liber 3), die hn Aussagenkalkill Behauptungen der Satze in TI) diese verstanden als Zugestand� auseinander definierbar sind. nisse" (S. 115). Formal gesehen , ist diese Einschrankung analog der Zur DarsteUung einer Gewinnstrategie verwenden Barth/ Schwache des intuitionistischen Kalkills (oder des Mini­ Krabbe sog. "dialogische Strategie-Tableaux" (S. 117). malkalkills) gegenliber dem klassischen Kalkill. Der Ausgangspunkt jeder Diskussion ist der Angriff des Op­ intuitionistische Aussagenkalkill verfligt liber weniger Funktoren als der klassische in ihm gilt fUr den ponenten 0 auf die vom Proponenten P behauptete Kalkill; These Z, formal dargesteUt: Umgang mit der Negation p -+ --p, die umgekehrte Implikation gilt jedoch nicht, wiihrend hn klassischen !o Z (vgl. S. 121). fI Kalkiil die starkere Form p <+ --p ein Gesetz ist. Der Mi· "FUr jede Dialogsitualion und fUr jedes System der nimalkalkill ist noch schwacher aIs der intuitionistische formalen3 Dialektik k5nnen wir ein Diagramm entwer­ Kalkill. Die Implikation ist hier hn Sinne der natUrlichen fe n, das aile meglichen Argumentationsketten darsteUt , Deduktion zu deuten, d.h. bei Vorlage eines falschen die von der Dialogsituation ausgehen" (S. 124). Welches Implikans lallt sich niehts schliellen. Diagramm konkret zu konstruieren ist, hangt vom unter� (Hier sei kurz eine Bemerkung zur Terminologie ein­ legten System abo geschoben . Barth/Krabbe nennen ihre Logik eine "dia· Zur Verdeutlichung der Tableau-Methode sei ein Bei­ lektische". Diese Bezeichnung ist irreflihrend. Unter spiel eingeschoben! Der Proponent P mege A -+ C be­ einer "dialektischen Logik" wird - insbesonders im haupten, der Opponent O gesteht A -+ B und B -+ C zu, Lager des Marxismus' - eine intensionale Logik ver­ greift aber A -+ C an, formal: standen, die die Entwicklungsgesetzmalligkeiten von Materie, GeseUschaft, Bewulltsein und Gedanken aus­ A-+B,B-+C !o A-+C. driickt, wobei diese phllosophlsche DisZiplin auf der

1m Tableau ergibt sieh dann folgender erster Schritt: Einheit von Logik , Dialektik und Erkenntnistheorie auf­ baut4• Nun steht es natUrlich jedem frei, sein System so zu benennen, wie er will; es erscheint mir aber gtinstiger, sich dem herrschenden Sprachgebrauch anzuniihern. A B A C � I � M.E. soUte der Barth/Krabbe-Ansatz a1s "dialogische B-+C Logik" etikettiert werden.) Je nach dem unterlegten System kennen nun entspre­ Wichtig am vorliegenden Buch ist, darauf aufmerksam chende Regeln angewandt werden, bis entschieden ist, gemacht zu haben, dol> die Systeme formaler Logik in ob 0 oder P gewinnt (vgl. S. 132 ff .). eine umfassendere Theorie der Argumentation einge­ Hiermit haben wir die DarsteUung der "QueUen" der bettet werden soUten. Eine solche formale Argumenta­ Konzeption von Barth und Krabbe komplett: die Kon­ tionstheorie kann auch Diskussionen erfassen und hat so zeption von Proponent bzw. Opponent wurde der grellte praktische Relevanz. Man denke nur an die Be­ dialogischen Logik Lorenzens entlehnt, die Auswahl der stirnmung der Gilltigkeit von Argumenten in politischen Junktoren und das Absurdheitszeichen "A)) der in­ oder wissenschaftlichen Diskussionen. Die Frage ist aIler­ tuitionistischen Logik Hey tings entnommen und die Dar­ dings, ob die dialogische Logik Barths und Krabbes den steUung der Dialogschritte zur Bestimmung der Gilltig­ Anforderungen einer Logik der Diskussion gewachsen keit von Behauptungen der Tableau·Methode Beths ab­ ist. geguckt '. Wie Wsen Barth/Krabbe ihren Anspruch ein, die II. Kritik. Die dialogische Logik von Barth und Krabbe Aquivalenz der verschiedenen Ansatze zur elementaren schrankt sich auf genau eine Diskussionsart ein: auf eine

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews 167 first known case in which bibliography has supported a cherheit auch bei der Beobachtung und Beschreibung philosophical thesis. These are, respectively , the third kognitiver Erscheinungen zu profitieren . Der Dualis­ and fourth essay, certainly the most interesting ones of mus Eccles' und - zur allgemeinen Entrtistung der the book; in them Mr. Serrai carries out a discussion un­ "Monisten" - Poppers3, oder des russischen Mathema­ dertaken some time ago, and arrives at solutions more tikers Shrejder4 sind ebenfalls Ve rsuche, das zweideu­ mature than those proposed in the book devoted to the tig-doppelte Ve rhalten sowohl physischer als auch ko­ same theme (Del catalogo alfebetico per soggetti. gnitiver Phanomene in einem integrierteren Rahmen zu Semantica del rapporto indicate. Roma, 1969). erfassen und zu verstehen. In the last chapters the reflection on the principles of Vor diesem Hintergrund betrachtet erhalt Ballmers cataloguing proceeds through an analysis of the relation Versuch, gerade mit Hilfe soleher Begriffe eine Fun­ intervening among work, text, and edition, which sus­ damentalklassifikation des Wissens zu gewinnen, die tains the option for a cataloguing founded on the works die Bewegung, die Relation, den Akt, also den Uber­ - therefore on historia litteraria - , thus revealing the gang von Einem zum Anderen reprasentieren, eine be­ ambiguity of the Paris Principles and of the various na­ sondere Bedeutung. Die Verben sind das Bindeglied tional rules (from the AACR to the RICA). Moreover zwischen dem "Schweigen" der Substanzbegriffe und there is defined a subtle and precise distinction between dem "Larm" der Eigenschafts- oder Akzidenzbegriffe, semiotic and semantic components of the bibliographi­ von weJchen letzteren doch aile unsere Infor­ cal description, which implies a differentiation of the mationsmoglichkeiten abhangen. In Ballmers Arbeit logical levels of cataloguing. geht es eigentIich urndas Erfassen - "mapping" - des Maria Cochetti durch Diemer als Interale bezeichneten Bereichs5. Address: Dr. Maria Cochetti Ballmer kam mit den Hiitestrukturen" seiner Rome University Library " Roma-Italy Sprechakt-Klassifikation sehr nahe an jene verborge­ nen Strukturen, tiber denen heute die Semantiker und Informationstheoretiker ihren geistigen "Ta nz" zur Hervorzauberung eines "knowledge engineering" auf­ fiihren, in der Hoffnung, den "Inhalt" (oder: den Sinn) Letler to the Editor irgendwie in vergegensHindlichter Form in den Griff zu Dear Editor! bekommen - bislang vergeblich, da er im Moment Der ki.irzlicherschienene Aufsatz von Thomas Ballmerl einer direkt an der Wirklichkeit (oder, nach Cresswell: signalisiert nun auch in der Klassifikation die Wende, ausschlieBlich an einer "Welt" ohne "Himmel,(6) orien­ deren Anzeichen sich in der Wissenschaft der letzten tierten Versachlichung vom Horizont verschwindet. zehn Jahre immer sHirker bemerkbar machten. Sie Sei diesen Strukturen des Sinns - im Gegensatz zu scheint eng damit verbunden zu sein, daB weder die den Strukturen der Bedeutungen, also der Objekte - stiirmische Entwicklung der Physik, der Molekular­ geht es langst nicht mehr um das Sprachliche, sondern biologie und der Hirnforschung, noch die eben falls urndas unbewuBte Land der Elementarteilchen unseres nicht weniger intensive Entwicklung der Ethologie und Denkens, tiber die wir keine Metaphern besitzen, da sie der Psychologie zu einer Integration des Wissens uns selbst ausmachen, und deshalb ist es mit den her­ fUhrten, sondern eher zu einer VergroBerung der Di­ kommlichen - fUr unsere Welt zwischen Mikro und vergenzen. Begleitet wird dieser Umstand durch die Makro angeeigneten - sinnlichen Mitteln nicht eine Ta tsache, daB trotz technisch ausgereiftesten einfache Sache, sie als Gegenstand zu verstehen und experimentellen Mitteln kein physisch-physiologisches wahrzunehmen. Diesbeztiglich befindet sich das Equivalent des BewuBten, der Gedanken oder des Be­ zeitgenossische Wissen in einem Zustand, wie die griffes aufgezeigt werden konnte, geschweige denn Physik unmittelbar vor Becquerels Entdeckung der deren Riickwirkung auf das Physioiogische. Die her­ Radioaktivitat, mit deren Hilfe man endlich "unter" die k6mmliche Art der Individualisierung oder Ver­ Materie dringen konnte, urn die unmenschlich­ gegenstandlichung - letzten Endes der extension ale unsinnliche, leblose und abstrakt-primitive Ebene der Weg der Obj ektivierung und der Logik - als Piand der Partikelchen zu erforschen: die Leere, in der die - in­ Exaktheit und Zuverliissigkeit, reicht allem Anschein nere - Stimme ihr Gertist erhalt. nach nicht mehr aus, weil sie viel zu reduktionistisch ist. Wenn wir die Sprache mit dem StraBennetz einer Oder - wie es der Hirnforscher Szentagothai aus­ Stadt vergleichen, so ist die - vorlaufig - groBtenteils driickte: "In der Tiele liegt eine epistemologische Ver­ unbewuBt erlebte begriffliche Ebene mit der einer topo­ wirrung: mit der Aufstellung des Ausgangsproblems is! graphischen Struktur zu vergleichen, tiber die sich das etwas nicht in Ordnung,,2. StraBennetz ausbreitet. Theoretisch spiegelt das "Stra­ Das Heraufkommen der verschiedenen Theorien Bennetz" die geographische Oberflachenbeschaffenheit selbstorganisierender Systeme (wie die der dissipativen wider (z.B. fiihren die "StraBen" entlang der "Taler", Strukturen von Prigogine, des Synergismus von Haken umgehen die "Berge", usw.). In der Tat jedoch wird die­ oder - auf die letztere weist Ballmer hin - Thoms Ka­ ses Netz durch historische Zufalle deformiert (z.B. miis­ tastrophentheorie) bedeuten vermutlich nicht nur den sen die "StraBen" aufgrund von Eigentumsverhaltnis­ Versuch, die Gesetze der Thermodynamik auf das orga­ sen, Geschehnissen, usw., geographisch ungiinstig ge­ nische Leben zu erstrecken , sondern auch den Versuch, fiihrt werden). Natiirlich haben wir nur die Moglichkeit, aus dem in der Physik gelernten Umgang mit der Unsi- die begriffliche Struktur unseres Denkens aufgrund die-

170 Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Book Reviews I Letter to the Editor ser "ddormierten" Sprache (der einzelnen Sprachen, Grenzen, weil dieser Anspruch noch nicht richtig iiber­ die also bloBe "Zufiille" sind) zu erforschen . Was Ball­ wunden wurde. iner macht, ist ja gerade das Umgehen der Zufiille des Bine besonders praktische und theoretische Be­ Sprachlichen, urndirekt Zugang zur Begriffsstruktur zu deutung haben die Siitze: "Die zu klassifizierenden Ver­ finden. Dieses Umgehen liegt in seinem Anspruch, ein ben sind gleichzeitig die Analysemerkmale. Die Menge Ganzes, ein Gesamt - z.B. aIle Verben - miteinander der Verben wird konsequenterweise ... im Kontext zu bearbeiten. Somit - und gerade somit verlaBt er die ihrer selbst klassifiziert." Das Ei des Kolumbus! Beim Sprache, da aus der Gesamtheit - die als Umgebung Sprechen geht man ja genauso vor: der Begriff ist seit funktioniert - eine Einheit, ein bloBer Gegenstand eh und je gleichzeitig Objekt und Mittel der Be­ wird. schreibung, d.h. der Klassifikation. Und gerade deshalb Was besonders unsere Aufmerksamkeit verdient: ist Sprechen (richtiger: Denken): Klassieren und Ballmer erreicht dies mit eigentlich sehr einfachen, ein­ gleichzeitig Klassifizieren. schliigigenMitteln. Er stiitzt sich auf Merkmale, die nur Das Verwenden des Begriffs "Gen" £iir seine Fun­ durch die Gesamtheit der Verben eindeutig zum Vor­ damentalklassifikation zeugt von der Erkenntnis der schein kommen, da diese rylerkmale den Begriffen inha­ generierenden Funktion der Klassifikation im Denken. rent sind, und nur indirekt auch der Wirklichkeit. Gera­ Eigentlich ist das Denken, wie auch die Methode, de diese Inharenz hat einen raumbildenden Charakter, wanach die Dinge "im Kontext ihrer selbst klassifiziert" so wie auf extensionale'r Ebene die physische Masse der werden, dasselbe intensionale Phiinomen: wie Objekte Materie zu einem physisch moglichen Raum fiihrt. Ball­ der physischen Welt nur zusammen mit Objekten der­ mers "Hiite" oder "Gebirge", auf der durch Aktions­ selben Welt eine homogene Struktur bilden (exten­ grad und Eingriffsgrad bestimmten Ebene, sind die Vor­ sionale Ebene), so k6nnen Begriffe nur durch Begriffe posten des abstrakten Raumes der begriffsbildenden geordnet werden (intensionale Ebene). Die Frage des kausalen Zusammenhiinge, die durch die relativen In­ gegenseitigen Entsprechens der beiden Welten (das tensitiitsmaxima- die Triaden Skalar-Vektor-Tensor - Zusammenfinden von Cresswellscher "Welt" und signalisiert sind. "Himmel,,6 - also die Frage der Wahrheit - ist eine Ich glaube, hinter der Anschaulichkeit seiner zweite (aber nicht zweitrangige!) Sache. Methode verbirgt sich die Auffassung, daB das Wissen, Rudolf Ungvary wenn es wirklich exakt sein soIl, neben der Logik auch auf die Anschaulichkeit, letztlich also auf die Geometrie (wie dies auch Kant vertrat) aufgebaut werden sollte. Anmerkungen: (Kant betrachtete z.B. die Mathematik als eine auf die 1 Ballmer, Th.: Zur Gewinnung einer FundamentalklassifikaM Anschauung des Raumes mid der Zeit basierende tion des menschlichen Wissens. I. In: Int. Classif. synthetisch.e: a priori Wissenschaft; als eine soIche Wis­ 1O(1983)No.2, p. 69-77 (hu). In: Val6sag, 25(1982)No.9, p. senschaft wurde die Mathematik bislang nur mit Hilfe 1-9 der Relativitiitstheorie in der Minkowski-Welt, aber 2 Szentligothai, J.: Betrachtungen liber eine allgemeine Hirntheorie (hu). In: Val6sag, 25(1982)No.9, p. 1-9 nicht an und £iir sich, aus "eigener Kraft" angesehen. 3 Popper, K., Eccles, J.e.: The self and its brain. - New Yo rk: Dieser Meinung war auch nach dem graBen ;,Fiasko" Springer International 1977. - 234 p. seines Lebens - als er versuchte., die Begriffe mit ihrem 4 Panova, N., Shrejder, Jll.: Das Prinzip der Dualitat in der vollen Umfang gegenstiindlich zu repriisentieren - der Klassifikationstheorie. (ru). In: Naucno-techniceskaja infor­ alternde Frege: Zweitens muBte ich jene Ansicht auf­ macija, Ser. 2 (1975) No. 3, p. 10-16 " 5 Diemer, A.: Studien zur allgemeinen Ordnungslehre. 1. In: geben, daB die Arithmetik auch aus der Anschauung Int Classif. 1(1974)No.2, p. 61-68 keine Begriindung entnehmen -muE. Unter Anschauung 6 "Welt" ist - vereinfacht - die Menge des Moglichen, und verstehe ich die geometrische Wissensquelle ..."7. 1m "Himmel" die Menge des Denkbaren. Vgl.: Cresswell, M.J.: Grunde ist Ballmers Vorgehen auch eine Herausfor­ Die Sprachen def Logik nnd die Logik der Sprache. - Berlin, New York: de Gryter, 1979. - 432 p. derung gegeniiberdem AusschlieBlichkeitsanspruch der 7 Frege, G.: Schriften zur Logik. Aus dem NachlaB. - Berlin: extensionalen Wirklichkeitsbeschreibung in der Wis­ Akademie Verlag, 1973. - 234 p. senschaft. Die durch Russell und Zermelo aufgebaute - vor dem Schrecken der Paradoxien zwar gerettete - Address: Mathematik und die durch Neumann gepriigte Com­ Dip!. lng. Rudolf Ungvary puterwissenschaft erreichen heute gerade darum ihre H-I026 Budapest, II., Nyul-u 14. Ungarn

Int. Classif. 10 (1983) No. 3 Letter to the Editor 171 CLASSI FICATION LITERATURE . 10(l983)No.3 (9564�9999)

As there was no space left in this issue for the outl ine to Classification Literature nor for its author index to the approx . 430 references, we ask our readers to ki ndly have a look at the outl ine given in the last issue (IC 83-2) . The author index will fol low together with the one of the next issue, IC 84- l. Al so fo r reasons of space it was not possible to include the many abstracts avai lable to the refer ences. The reader is invited to ask for those in wh ich, he is interested . We wi ll try to supply them according to our possibil i ties ; pl ease, cite the se rial number at the left. The notation at the right refers to our classification system based on the outl ine. It wi ll soon be publ ished .

9573 042. 1-en-27 o FORM DIVISIONS

02 Literature Reviews

See also 9779 9574 042.6.8.-447

9564 02

The index entries and incorporates new num- bers first used by in the years 1980 to 1982. Meant pri- marily for users of the journal Apicultural Abstracts and its p. 175-176. The review artiCle covers three cumulative indexes. 1. Works originated in the frame of educatio- 2. Works coming from the Croatian Library As­ 9575 042.3-n1 soc.activities. and 3. Works of the developing services of Universel e Decimale Classificatie: tabel len. 13 e druk. (Outch the City Library Zagreb and the Natl. & University Li brary. Abridged UDC) Ori9' nl. Punuerend. NL: Ui tgeverij Muusses bv 1982. loose-leaf (var.pagings).

03 Dicti.onaries, Terminologies 9576 042.1-sk-34; 35; 36 UDK 55 Geologija. Meteorolo ija. Hidrologija; UDK 622 Ru­ 9� �o da rstvo. ong. sh. Beograd. YB : Ju gosl.Centar za Tehn .l Nauc. Roe,K. E.; Frederick. R.G. : Dictionary of theoretical conce ts Dokum. 1982. 114 p; 84 p. in biology, Orig. en. Metuchen, NJ, US: Scarecrow 1981. 261 p. 044 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION AND SUBJECT HEADINGS 9566 03-727 Shapiro, I.J. : Dictionary of marketing terms. Orig. en. 9577 044. 8-en-66 Totowa, NJ. US: Li ttlefi el d; Adams 1981. 276p •• Qual ity Pa­ Krieger,T.(Comp.): Subject headings for the literature of law perback Series No.363 and international law. and index to LC K Schedules.Orig. en. littleton, CO, US: Rothman for the Amer.Assoc.of Law libr. 9567 03-828 1982. 356 p., ISBN 0-8377-0731-5. Pub1 .Ser.No.16 Jewett. D.F.: A glossary for recording the condition of an Derived from LCSH 9th ed." artefact. Orig. en. ottawa. CA: Nat.MUseum of Canada . Na t.ln­ ventory Programme 1981. 75 p. 045 BLISS BIBLIOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION (BBC)

9568 03-83 9578 045.1-4 Joint Pub1 .Res.Serv •• Arli ngton, VA. US: Reference aid. Rus­ -B liss' Classification reviSion. Penu ltimate draft schedule for sian-English computer glossary. Orig.ru; en. sprlngfleld. VA. class E/G . Biological science. Orig. en. US: NTIS 1982. JPRS-79977 London. GB: Polytechni�-Of North London 1983. 262 p.

9569 03-857 048 SPECIAL CLASSJFICATION SYSTEMS AND THESAURI Harris. T.L., Hodges. R.E. (Eds.): A dictionary of reading and related tenus. Orig.en. Newark.DE. US: Int.Reading Assoc. 1981 (Arranged accord .to 'the, subject fields of ICC, See IC 82-2)

9570 03-862 048.1 Borsenverein d.Dt.Buchhandel s. Arb.gem.Zeitschr.verl .• Frank­ Orig. en. Hemel furt. DE: Media-Begriffe Fa chzeitschriften. (Media concepts , p. technical Journals) 2nd ed . On g.de. frankfurt/M.,OE: Buch­ A with deletions in the subject display and handler Vereinig.1982. 88 p. , 80 refs •• ISBN 3-7657-1178-0 list and a List � with insertions, which in­ Contains some 350 definitions with application examples of entries and those old entries which need to concepts of the terminology of technical journals, as- well as something added. The two lists are introduced by in­ references and guidelines for publishers and addresses of in­ structions for updating. The entries to be deleted or insert­ stitutions in the field of advertisements. ed are comfortably distinguished by special colour printing.

9581 048.1 04 Classification Systems & Thesauri Plan de classement Pascal abrege 1983. Orig. fro Pa ns, FR: Centre Natl .de la Recherche Scient. 1983. 20 p. 041.8 General Subject Headings Lists 9582 048-2 9571 041.8 INSPEC thesaurus 1983. Orig. en. London. GB: Inst.of Electri­ Educ.Dept., Western AU: SUb�ect headin s list for Australian cal En glneers 1982. 509 p. , ISBN 0�85296-266,:,5 school libraries. Orig. en. erth, AU: Best600ks 1981. 346p. , Innovations in the 1983 ed.include extensive revisions in the ISBN 0-85922-35-4 lead-in or cross-reference file and the date indicating when each term was first introduced. A numeric cross-reference in­ 042 The UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC) sures that earl ier index terms for a subject are not missed.

9572 042.1-en-0 9583 048-282 Auxi liary table He): Part 2: Common auxiliaries of place Biomass thesaurus. Orig. en. Dublin, IE: lEA Biomass Conver­ 41 42 British Isles. Orig. en. London, GB: ' Brit. Standards sion Tec hn.Inform.Serv. 1982. 280 p. 1ns{. 1983 . 11 p. , ISBN 0-580-11988-2, BS 1000; FID 483 .

172 Int.Classif. 10(1983)No.3 Classification Literature 9584 048-284 of lun9 tumors. Drig. fro Geneva, CH: World Health Org. 1981. INIS Thesaurus - the Russian version. ru, transl .from en. Mo­ 40 p., ISBN 92-4M276101-X skva,SU: Gos.Komi tet po Ispol 'z.Atom.Energi i SSSR 1981. 877p. The version is adequate to version 20 of the Engl .ed. (1981). 9603 048-5384 Types histOlOgi UeS des tumeurs du sein. (Histological types 9585 048-288 of blood tumorsj Ong. fro Geneva. CH: World Health Org. 1981. Thesaurus Illultilin ue economie de l'ener ie fran ais-an lais 31 p. , 90 microphotogr., ISBN 92-4-276102-8 -a eman u tl lngua t esaurus or energy economlCS Orig. fr; en; de. Paris,FR: Centre de Doc.Sci .Hum. 1982. 376p., 9604 048-542 ISBN 2-222-03132-X Gann, R. (Comp.): Getting started: col lecting and organizing �atient infonnation. Pt.5: SubJect headlngs: the Help for 9586 048-29 ealth thesaurus of indexing terms. Orlg.en. Southampton, GB: Electricitl! de France. Thesaurus. 2 vols. VoL I: liste alpha­ Wessex Reg.Libr.& Inform.Serv. 1982. 23 p. betique pennutee; vol .2: liste par champ semantique schemas fleches. (Electricity thesaurus : permuted list and arrow dia­ 9605 048-542 grams.) Orig.fr. Clamart,FR: El_ectricite de France 1982. 455+ 991 p., ISBN 0-7240-0004-8 9587 048-355 ClasslficatlOn (for MARNA dataline). Thesaurus. Orig.en. Rot­ terdam, NL: Netherlands Maritime Infonn.Centre 1982; 1983. 9606 048-542 58 p.; 400p.(?) 9588 048-358 AWWA Waternet user guide. (WATERNET thesaurus and subject code 9 p. list). ong.en. Denver, CO: Amer.Water Works Assoc. 1982. 50p. 9607 048-56 9589 048-375 Butcher, G.E.(Ed.): Twentyman education classification. 3rd Coal database thesaurus 1983. Orig. en. London. GB: lEA Coal ed. devised by A.E. Twentyman. orig. en. London, GB : Dept.of Res. 1982. 161 p., ISBN 92-9029-087-0 Educ.Sci .Ubr. 1982. 186 p. 9590 048-376 9608 048-56 Thesaurus. 19th ed. Orig. en. Washington, DC: Amer.Petroleum Thesaurus of ERIC descriptors. 9th ed. Orig. en. Phoenix, AZ: lnst., 1982 . 312 p. ORyX Press 1982. 569 p. , ISBN 0-89774-019-X The introduction by Lynn Barnett dQscribes revised indexing 9591 048-383 and retrieval guidelines and the ERIC method of vocabulary Thesaurus of metallurgical terms. 5th ed. Orig. en. Cleveland, maintenance and review. There are 16 ERIC Clearinghouses con­ OH,U5; London,GB: Ame r.50c.of Metals; Metals Soc. 1981. 182p. tributing to the thesaurus contents. Their scope of interest and input responsibilities is explained. 9592 048-384 Black, W. 1. (Comp.): 2T�h �e s� a�u�r�u�s�o�f,-,t�e�nn� s"",o�n �c� o�p�p�e �r t�e�c�h ¥n�o l�o�q",y. 9609 048-6; 72 7th ed. Orig.en. New York, N.Y.: Copper Development= Assoc.: Social science and business microthesaurus. A hierarchical 1982. 405p. list of indexing terms used by NTIS. Orig. en. Springfield. VA, US: NTIS 1982. 96 p., NTIS/SR-82/011; PB 82-100066 9593 048-45 Contains more than 2400 hierarchically arranged entries. Control led vocabulary 1981. Orig. en. Weybridge, GB: Common­ wealth Bu reau of An lmal Health 1981. 122 p. 9610 048-612 The vocabulary is used for subject indexing in Veterinary Richardson, D.L.: Youth and fami 1� thesaurus. Orig. en. Boys Bulletin and Index Veterinarius. Town. NE, US: Boys Town Center libr. 1982. 188 p. 9594 048-46 9611 048-62 leatherdale, O. (Comp.); Tidbury, G.E. ; Mack, R. : AGROVOC: a Great Britain House of Commons Library: The House of Commons multilingual thesaurus of agricultural terminology.English library thesaurus. 21'd ed. Ori9.en. London ,I.:i�: House of Com­ version. Orig . en. Roma , IT: Ap lmondla for Food and Agricult. mons 1981. 638 p. Org_ and Comm.Europ.Commun. 1982. 530p., ISBN 88-7643-001-6 9612 048-62 9595 048-47 Ruokonen, M.: A forestry and forest products vocabular�. Re­ view draft. Orlg.en. Oxford,GB: Commonwealth Forestry Bu reau a 1982. 114 p. 1982. 250 p. 9613 048-627 9596 048-496 Thesaurus bruit. (Noise Thesaurus) Orig.fr. Paris, FR: Centre d'lnfonn.Doc.sur la Bruit 1980. 31 p. 9597 048-51/4 National li,brary of Medicine classification: a scheme for the shelf arrangement of books in the field of medicine and its 9614 048-62; 71/2; 65 related sciences. 4th rev.ed. Orig.en. Bethesda, MD: National Thesaurus actualitl! politigue, economique et sociale. (The­ Llbrary of Medicine 1981. 397 p. saurus on polltical, economic and social actual itles) Orig.fr. Paris, FR: La Doc .francaise 1983. 291 p. , ISBN 2-11-001061-4 9598 Comprises almost 4200 descriptors and 800 synonyms. It is or­ ganized in 33 fields with a maximum of 5 levels of hierarchy. Alphabetical and thematical list. 9599 048-522 9615 048-653 Tousignaut, D.R. (Ed.): Thesaurus of subject tenns and cross Classification for social work. Orig.en. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: references to international pharmaceutical abstracts. Orig.en. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic, School of librn.ship and In­ 2nd ed. Bethesda , MO, US: Ame r.$oc.Hospltal Pharma.clsts 1983. fonn.Studies 1981. 26 p. (Student project) 136 p., ISBN 0-930530-34-9 This edition contains approx 35 000 terms used during the yr� 9616 048-657 1970-1982, 11 000 of which are cross references. The number ������for Int.� Develop� m.(Oept.of State), Clearinghouse on De- of postings for each primary term is given. iC ' . washington.oc, US: Thesaurus of development , iOrig. en. Arlington, VA, US: ERIC 1981. 85p. , 9600 048-538 :; ;: EO-208-834 International nomenclature of diseases. Vol .II: Infectious Arranged in alphabetical order with cross references. diseases. Pt.2: Mycoses. Ori9. en. Geneva, CH: World Health Org. 1982. 47 p. , ISBN 92-9036-007-0 9617 048-675 Classification and thesaurus of community information and as­ 9601 048-538 sociated terms. Orig. en. Melbourne, AU: Libr.Council of Vic- International nomenclature of diseases. Vol .II: Infectious tona 1982. 108 p. , ISBN 0-909962-38-3 diseases. Pt.3: Viral diseases. Orig. en. Geneva, CH: World Emphasis is on leisure activities, education, health and so­ Health Urg. 1983. 101 p. , ISBN 92-9036-011-9 cial welfare, community action and research. 9602 048-5384 9618 048-675 Type s histologiques des tumeurs du pouman. Histological types Flint,J. (Comp. ); Franklin,A. (Comp.): Local studies collect-

Int.Classif. 1O(1983)No.3 Classification Literature 173 ions :· guidelines and subject headings for organising and in­ 10(1983)2 and 3 of the author, discussing the findings of the dexing resources. Or ig. en. Sydney, AU: Libr.Assoc.of Au stra- classification of verbs in this book as well as their impli­ lia, NSW Branch 1981. 203 p. , Occasional Paper No.5 cations. See also the book review in this issue IC 83-3. 5619 048-675 9634 048-945 Keehan, A.L.; Riatti, C.: Establishing a local community in­ Architectural key�lOrds. Orig. en. London. GB: RIBA for the formation service. Part II: Subject headings list. Oriy. en. Brit.Architect.Libr.1982. 256 p., ISBN 0-900630-BO-9 Perth, AU: [lbrary Board of We stern Au str. 198z , 66 p. 9635 048-99 Pilley. C.M. (Ed.); Wilt. M.R. (Ed.): Catholic subject head­ ings. Orig. en. Haverford. PA, US: Catholic Libr.Assoc. 19B1. 240.p., ISBN 0-87507-009-4 ISBN 90-70241-07-2 about 6000 tenns. 05 Periodicals and Serials classified display of 23 ..ion to which the alphabetical index refers. 9636 05-251 interest extends to comprise also the fields com�utational statistics and data analfsis. Orig. en. Vol I, social welfare. transport and the environment. No . Jli1lsterdam. NL: North-Hor rand pub .Co . 1983 The Editor-in-Chief of this new journal is Stanley P.Azen 9621 048-73 from the UniVersity of Southern California, Los Angeles. He SHE: Subject headings of engi neering. Orig. en. New York, NY, is assisted by some 26 Associate Editors from the USA (15), US: Engineering Index 1983, 167 p., ISBN 0-911820-25-6 Canada (2), France (2). New Zealand (1). Sweden (1). Bel­ Used to index al l entries found in The Engineering Index gium (I). Netherlands (1) and Japan (3). Among the 9 Adviso­ �lonthly and Annual publications as well as COMPENDEX and EI ry Board Members there are 2 from Great Britain. 7 from the Engineering Meetings, computer readable files. USA. The first issue contains the following articles: 9637 Brown, M.B. ; Fuchs, C.: On maximum likel ihood estimation 9622 048-765 in sparse contingency tables. - 9638 Francis,I.: A survey of Textile technolO¥Y direst: Key terms . Orig.en. Charlottesville, statistical software. - 9639 Wilson.S.R.: Benchmark data sets vA, Os: Inst.of ext1 e Technology 1982. 28 p. for the flexible evaluation of statistical software. -,9640 Games ,P.A.-; Wolfgang.G.S.: A review of six multifactor tests 9623 048-775 for homogeneity of spread. UIC thesaurus: Eisenbahn/chemin de fer/rallway. Classement numer.igue. Trllingual ed. Orig. fro Paris, FR: Union tnt. des 9641 05 Chemins de Fer 1982. 200 p. Holz-Manttari. J.: Book review on Mu"ltilingua. Journal of In­ terlanfuafie Communication under the auspices of the Commis­ 9624 048-81 SlOn 0 t e European COfllllunitles. orig. de. Int.Classif. Vol Review of science of science information. (Annotated biblio­ 10, No 2, 1983. p.l03-104 graphlc index ln systematlc arrangement). Orig. pl . Przeglad inform.o naukozn. Vol 18. No 4. 1982. 141 p. The first section contains digests of articles, the second 06 Conference Reports, Proceedings is an annota ted bi b 1 i ograph ic index to selected 1 iterature arranged systematically and including thus a structure for See also 9695, 9804, 9805. 9847. 9852. 9853. 9941. 9946. 9956 the field of science of science. Subject index to the issue. 9642 _ 06.77 9625 04-82 Duquet-Picard. O. et al (Red.): Problemes de la definition et LISA: On-line user manual . Orig. en. Oxford, GB: Learned In­ de la synonymie en terminologie. Actes du Colloque interna­ form. 1982. 119 p .• ISBN 0-904933-35-0 tional de tenninologie, Universitl! Laval , Quebec. 23-27 rnai The manual for the , database of Libr<\ry and Information Sci­ 1982. (Problems of definition and terminology) Orig. fro ence Abstracts (Ll'SA) (of the Library Association) includes Quebec. CA: GIRSTERM 1983. 551 p. a prepared term list (thesaurus) . Contains the seven papers each one accompanied with a paper by a commentator and with an intervention one of the stu- 9626 048-822 dents of terminology at the The 7 PRECIS: Categories of forms . 3rd ed. Orig. en. London. GB: pers: 9643 Corbeil .J.-C.: Brit.Libr.Bibliogr.Serv.Div. 1981. 50 p. synonymie en termlnorogle. definitions: characteristics 9627 048-822 Rapports entre la definition logique et la deli . Relator tenns for rare book. manuscript. and special collect­ concepts. - 9646 Drozd. L. : Terminological synonyms' ;;;i;';;-W�� and the;;; ion cataloging. 2nd ed. Orig.en. Chicago.IL, US: Assoc.of function of definition: theses. - 9647 Sager, J.C.: Defini­ Correge ana Res .Libr. 1982. 4 p. tions in tenninology. - 9648 Dubuc, R. : Synonymie et termino­ logie. - 9649 Kocourek. R.: Rapports entre la synnnymie en 9628 048-828 tenn1nologie et la delimitation des notions. - 9650 � Holm, St. : SHIC - A new subject classification for museum col­ Synonymie, neonymie et normalisation termi nologique. - The lections. Orig. en. MDA Inform. Vol 6, No 3, 1982. p.44-47 volume is concluded with an Annex comprising some 5 commenta­ �istory and industrial classification. ries among which the fol lowing: 9651 Hamelin. L.E.: Synonymie de quelques tennes geographiques courants. - 9652 Jastrah. 9629 048-83 M.-J.: Definitions et synonymes aux Nations Unies. - 9653 • ,C�o�m�p"�t�i�n�g �r'�v�i�'�w�s �c�l�a�s�s�i f�i�c �a�t�i o�n, --,s�y�s t�'�mL -'I �9 8,,2 . Or i 9 en. Compu t. N9U1Tr1z ira. B.: Rapports entre synonymie termi nologique, ne­ Rev. Vol o 23. No I, 1982. p.7-48 onymie et normalisation terminologique. - 9654 Riggs.F. : Sy­ nonyms and definitions: the *anasemantic* approach. 9630 048-847 International index to film eriodicals: sub·ect head;n S. 9655 06.28 Orig. en. London. GB: Feder.Int.Assoc.Film FIAF 1982. 61p. Pallastro,M.: Compatibility of retrieval languages: a precon­ ference forum. Orig.en. Int.Classif. Vol 10, No 2, 1983. p.91 9631 048-867 Report on the Forum of Oct.17. 1982 at the Hyatt Regency. Co­ Moulds, M. (Comp. ): International index to television pe rio- lumbus, OH. The 7 papers are briefly abstracted. dicals: list of subject headin s. Orig. en. London.GB: Feder. Int.Aassoc.Fllm (FIAF) 1982. 3H p. 9656 06.79 Translation and the computer 4. Term banks for tomorrow's 9632 048-873; -764; -737 !.iti. worrd.- As rlb-IG Conference. London. lJ.-l� NOV. l!:1tlZ. Ur1g. Pira thesaurus. Orig. en. Leatherhead, GB: Pira·'1982. n.p. en: Tn t.Classif. Vol 10, No 2, 1983. p.95 Short report on this conference which was in 8 sessions. More 9633 048-91 than 200 persons attended. Ballmer,T. ; Brennenstuhl .W.: Speech act classification. A stu­ dy in the lexical analysis of Engl ish speech activit� verbs. 9657 06.32; 95 urlg. en. He lderberg/New york: Spn nger vlg. 1981. tl4p., Neumann, J.: Theorie und Praxis der SacherschlieBung - Fort­ Springer Ser.in Lang.and Communic•• Vol.8. ISBN 3-540-10294-9 bildungsseminar 1982. (Theory and practlce of subJect catar­ The volume contains two parts: Pt. l: Classification, Pt.2: oguing 1982) Orig. de. Bibl.dienst Vol 17. No 1. 1983. p.24 Lexical Sections. Pt.l has the following chapters: Introduc­ Short report on a seminar on Nov.18-20, 1982. Academy of San­ tion, Lexical Analysis - a new approach, Author's IOOtivation kelmark with 60 librarians present. The topics of the papers for a speech act classification. Description and explanation of the fol lowing 8 speakers are introduced: H.J.Hermes. F. of the method, Survey of the resulting speech act classifica­ Junginger. U.Nietiedt. M.Beaujean. R.Enderle, U.Reimers. G. tion. Prospects and limitations. References. Pt.2: Directions Wiegand, E.Seusing. for using lexicon sections I and II, Semantic classification of speech act verbs. Alphabetic index of speech act verbs. 9658 06 See also the series of articles (in Gennan) in Int.Classif. Bhattacharyya, G.: DRTC Annual Seminar 20(1983): A brief re-

174 Int.Classif. 10(1983)No.3 Classification Literature po rt. (21-25 Febr.1983). Orig. en. Int.Classif. Vol 10. No 2, 1983. p.92 1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS The Senlinar was devoted to "Classification and Indexing in Science and Technology". The report focusses on the results 11 Order and Classification of this meeting, namely to recommend the elaboration of the­ sauri with a faceted systematic structure complemented by an 9683 112 associative index. The j,jroceedin:::.s of the seminar are avail­ Salles, F.: Classificacao e teoria des nivei"s inte rativos. able at DRTC, Bangalore. The 22 papers are listed. (Classification and the theory of integrative levels Orig.pt. Rev.Latinamer.de Doc. Vol 3. No 1, 1983. p.18-21, 15 refs. %� 06 History of the work of the British Classification Research Dahlberg.I. (Ed.); Schader, M.R. (Ed.); Ges .f.Klassif.: Auto­ Group towards using the integrative level theory in the con­ matisierunfi in der Klassifikation.5-8, Proc.7th Ann.Conf. , "'P't.T.'" struction of a new universal classification system. R6m gswint er. DE, Apn I 1983. (Automation in classifi­ cation) Orig. de. Frankfurt/M .• DE: INDEKS Vlg. 1983. 288 p. , 96B4 119 Studien zur Klassifikation, Vol .13, ISBN 3-88672-012-8 Bloor, D. : Durkheim and Mauss revisited: Classification and Contains the 19 papers of and discussions on that part of the the sociology of knowledge. arlg. en. Studles ln H1St.& phl - 7th Annual Conference which were devoted to Automation, whith 10sopIiY of S"clence Vol 13, No 4, 1982. p. 267-97 9 papers pertaining to Automation in Classification and In­ dexing and 10 to Numer1cal Classification. Concludingly re­ 9685 119 ports on the parallel sessions and on the work of the Special Danilova, N.D. : The role of classification in social COgni­ Interest Groups. List of participants. Program and Index. tion, with reference to the problem of social information 9660 limmennann. H. : Automatische Index1erung - Entwi cklung classihcabon. orig .ru. In: probl.soc.poznanlJa 1 upr. Tomsk, und Perspektiven. (Automatic indexin9. development and per­ SU 1982. p.59-64, 6 refs. spectives) - 9661 Fuhr. N. : Klassifikationsverfahren bei der automatischen Indexierung. (Classification procedures in au­ tOO1atic indexing). - 9662 Winter, J.: Maschinel le Klassifika­ 12 Conceptology in Classification tion 1m Problemkreis der chemischen Synthese. (Machine clas­ sification in the problem area of chemical syn thesis). 9663 See also 9644-6. 9663, 9722. 9730. 9732, Ortner. L: Rekonstrukt10n von Begriffen und Begriffsbezie­ hu ngen belm Datenbankentwurf. (Reconstruction of concepts and 122 conceptual relationships in data bank design) .- 9664 PfinYf,J. Automatische Indexierung und Klassifikation. - 9665 Sc ee e .!1:..:. Die automatische Indexierung beliebiger litel und Schlag­ w1lrter' auf der Grundlage eines Model ls fUr einen Gesamtthe­ saurus des Wissens. (Automatic indexing of titles and subject .headings on the basis of a model for an overal l thesaurus of 9687 122 knowledge) - 9666 Traiser. W.: Klassifikation von Fachzeit­ Grayling, A.C. : Internal structure and essence. Orig. en. schriften nach OK und ihre retrievalfahige Speicherun9. Analysis Vol 42. No 3. 1982. p.139-140 (Classification of periodicals according to the UDC and their retrievable storage). - 9667 . der 9688 123 sach1 i chen Ersch1 i eBung von Over, D.E.: Predicative and constructive knowledge. Orig. en. matisierung der DK-Nutzung. AnalYsiS Vol 42, NO 3, 1982. p.14D-14b of 1 holding by Thoughts 9689 1232 McDennott, M.: Inductive definitions. Drig. en. logique et �i � AnalYse Vol 24, No 3-4, 1982. p.315-33D Qua 1 sche Testverfahren im Rahmen der test 9690 1232 procedures in cluster analysis Br1llsch. J.: Minimum- Read, A.: �Th�e rel�a�ti�o�n" ,o �f Fd�e�f�i�n�it�l�o�n�s t�0; tJ�h*e�irmc�o�n*te�x�t�u�a+l"b�a�­ Quadrat-Schatzung von Evolutionsbaumen. (M1nlmUm square esti­ lli. Orig.en.� �Et�p cetera." San Francisco� 39(1982)Non 4. p.318-27 mation of evolutionary tree;» . - 9672 Degens, P.O. : Hierar­ chische Clusteranalyse. Approximation und Agglomeration. - 9691 124 9673 Krauth. J.: Evaluation von Verfahren der automatischen Ciganik.M. : Knowled e re resentation in a data retrieval s s­ KlasslfikatlOn. (Evaluation of automatic classification pro­ tem. Orig.sb. Cs.lnform. 24 1982 No 6. p.161-167. 29 refs cedures). - 9674 Lietke, G.-H. : Dimensionsreduktion und Klas­ The problem of knowledge representation and semantic repre­ sifikation bei unscharfen lernstichproben. (Dimensional re­ sentation of phrases in the computer-assisted text analysis duction and classification in non-distinct learnin9 samples). system 15 dealt with comprehensively. The approach is based - 9675 Mathar, R. : Bestapproximierende Euklidische Distanzma­ on the determination and use of natural relational heuristics trizen. - 9676 Schader. M.R.• TUshaus,U. : Klassifikation or­ impl icit in original scientific and technical texts. dinaler Daten - elne Fallstudi e. (Classification of ordinal data - a case studY). - 9677 Spath. H.: Das Determinantenkri­ 9692 124 terium im neuen licht. (New light on the detenninant criter­ ion). - 9678 Windham, M.P.: Classification with weights. 9679 06.25 Euro ean Meetin of Classification Societies Jul 6-8, 1983 . 9693 124 ng. en. n. ass . 0 ,0. 9 . p. ogram Prabuddha De, A.S. : Knowledge representation of a data base List of the titles of 72 papers (in English and Fench) pre- by a semantic network. Orig. en. Int.J.Policy Anal .& Inform. sented at the "European Meetlng" in 20 Session�. SY St. vol 6. No 1. 1982 . p.25-45, 24 refs. 9694 126 07 Textbooks (whole field) Stuhlmann-Laeisz. R. : em irische Bedeutun . See also 9817, 9818, 9858 empirlcal meaning Orig.de. 9680 07.31 Cleveland. B.D.; Cleveland. A.D.: Introduction to indexing 14 Systems Theory in Classification and abstracting. Orig. en. littleton, cu. US: llbraries un11- mited 1983. 209 p., $ 19.50. ISBN 0-87287-345-3 'See also 9803 The nature and types of indexes and abstracts are described. _ The levels of indexing, author indexes, alphabetic subject 9695 144 indexes. pennuted title indexes, PRECIS, vocabulary control , Structure and develo�ment of scientific knOWledge. SYstems a.o.methods and procedures of indexing and abstractin9 and approach to methodo ogy of SClence. Ung. ru. Moskva, SU: index evaluation and book indexing are treated. Suggested CNII Sistemnyh Issledovanij 1982. I60p. readings with almost every chapter. Col lection of summaries of reports delivered at the 2nd Sect of the Bth All-Union Conference on logic and Methodology of 9681 Science, held at Palanga, Lithuanian SSR, 26-28 Sept,1982. Bakewell K.G.B.: A.D. : 15 Psychology and Classification 9696 152

In .Classlf. vol lO, No 2, 1983. p.101

Int.Classif. 10(1983)No.3 Classification literatUre 175 9697 . 153 17 Problems in Classification Hazanov. H.H.: Interaction between the sys tems principle and the categories of structure and function in scientific cogni­ See a 1 so 9867 tion. Orig.ru. In: Vzaimocvjaz f prinzipov, zakonov 1 kategorij CTaTektiki v nauch.poznani i. Tashkent.SU 1982.p.13-24. 30refs. 9713 172 Dienes. r�.: Reflections on the problems of classification. .% lU Orig. hu. Konyvtari Figye1 0 Vol 29, No 3. 1983. p.256-261 lejbin, V.M. : Scientific cogn ition: expl ication and under- Following the 4th Int.Conf.of the FlO Classif.Research Comm. standing. Ori9. ru. In: Struktura i razvitie nauch.znaija. in 1982 the theoretical and practical endeavours and actual Si stem podhod k metodol .nauki. Moskva, SU 1982. p. 250-253 problems of classification theory are reviewed also regarding problems discussed at previous conferences. Also sunmary of 9699 153 the development wo rk of the general ly used classification Peschel . M.; Thiel , R. : Das Verhaltnis von Sprache und Denken systems such as the 8liss and the BSO Sy stems. (Acc.to author) 1m ErkenntnisprozeB. (Correlatlon between lan9uage and thlnk­ lng in the cognitive process: the efficiency of mathematical 179.06 language means in the cognitive process. ) Orig. de. Wissen­ schaftswi ss. Be; tr. , Sekt. Wi ss. theor.u. -org. , Humboldt-Univ. Berl in. No 18. 1982. p.I-21. 29 refs. 9700 156 �Ioravcsik, J.M. E.: Can there be a science of thought? Orig. en. Conceptus Vol 17. No 40-41. 1983. p.239-262. 26 refs. Cognitive processes are shown to have objects in ways that 18 Classification Research differ from the way in which an object is causally linked to activities or the way in which intentions have objects. The See also 9564. 9868 objects of cognitive processes are abstract entities whose analYSis is required in order to reconstruct the cognitive 9715 185 process of a symbol-producer or that of an interpreter. A Dahlberg. I.: 4.Internationale Studienkonferenz Uber Klassi­ pluralistic approach to the study of cognition is advocated fikationsforschung. Empfehlungen. (4th International Study and the "deep objectual" point of view is defended as one Conference on Classification Research. Recommendations) Orig. component. de. OK-Mi tt. Vol 26, No 5-6. 1982. p. 18-19 Translation into German of the Recommendations publ1shed in Int.Classif.82-3. p. 155-6 and in the Proceedings volume. 16 Development of Science and Classification 9716 188 9701 162; 19 Fedorov. B.l. : The principles of science presentation in 8. Bolzano's Wissenschaftslehre. Orig. ru. In: Struktura 1 raz­ vitl e nauch.znamJa. Slstem podhod k metodol .nauki. Moskva. SU 1982. p.203-205. 1 refs. 9702 162 19 History of Classification Gott, V.S.: On the system of concepts in contemporary science. Orig. ru. Vopr.Fllos. , No 8. 1982. p.8o-8/. 28 refs . See also 9701. 9734. 9849 9703 162 9717 191 Kaevats. Ju.: The hypothetico-constructive-deductive model of Englebertsen. G. : Leibniz on logical syntax. Orig. en. knowl edge . Orig. ru. In: Sistem.podhod k metodol .nauki. Mo s­ Studia leibnitiana Vol 14. No 1. 1982. p.119-126 kva. SU 1982. p.92-,95 9718 191 9704 162 Kami nski. St. : The Aristotelian concept of science. Orig. en. Science of Science Vo I 2, No 2. 1981. p.153-162 192

9705 162 Shimizu, R.: logical structure of sciences. Orig. en. Ann.Ja­ pan Assoc.Philos.Of Sci. Vo l 6. No 2, 1982. p,33-44 9720 192 Dasca1 163

9707 163 2 STRUCTURE AND Kal inin, V.P.: S nthesis of' knowled e and the ener roblem. Orig. ru. In: S ru tura 1 razvitle nauc .znanl a. lstem.po CONSTRUCTION OF CS & T hod k metodo1 .nauki. Moskva. SU 1982. p.212-215. 5 refs. 21 General questions of CS & T 9708 See also 9869. 9870, 9934. 9948 9721 212 Scibor. E.: A stu in index;" 1an ua es t 010 Orig.pl. Aktual .Probl. nfollll .Dok. 98 No 1-2. p.l 1. 13 refs. Advantages resulting from working out a rational typology of indexing languages are pointed out and outlined briefly. A 9709 164 review of existing typologies is presented and shown to be Parvu, I.(Ed.): Histor� and conceptual reconstruction of sci­ less than efficient. The author suggests a structural typolo­ ence: An antholo ' Orlg. roo Bucuresti: Edltu!:,a sthntlhca. gy based on 4 main components. namely vocabulary. voc.presen­ si enciclopedicagi 981. 528 p. tation (ordering). grammar and mode of conversion from index­ ing to natural language and inversely. (Author. abbr.) 9710 164 Ogurcov.A.P.: The organ isation levels of scientific knowled3e 9722 214 Orig. ru. In: $truktura 1 razvlbe nauch.znanlJa. slstem.po - Popowska. H.: The problem of definition of the notion of the­ hod k metodo1 .nauki. Moskva. SU 1982. p.I82-183 �. Orig. pI. AktuaI.Probl .lntorm .Dok. vol 26. No 5-6. 1981. p.16-21. 37 refs. 9711 166 Rozhkov. S. Kara-Murza, S.: 9723 214 g , ,", 15 refs . 9712 168-72 9724 214 ROS Th m ' f omic know1,d " O,ig, Shelov. S.D.: One approach to the information thesaurus.Orig. Si " '' : Y !co 1 en, •• (jua/l !y and Quaht, lro :/ l0f 1.g 0 Q,1982. p.d -311 ru. Nauch.-tehn.fnform Ser.2, No 7. 1982. p.6-10. 21 refs.

176 Int.Classif. 10(1983)1'10.3 Classification literature 9725 218 ysis of texts. Orig. en. Struktur.i Mat.Lingv., No 9, 1981. Kodina. L.r.; G1 lyarevsk l1, R.S.: The appl 1cation spheres of p.1l5-120, 14 refs. a rubncator. Ong. en. SC1ent.& Techn.lnfonn.Process. , No I, 1982. p.20-28. 10 refs. 234 9726 218 Atanasiu,P. ; Teodoru, V.: Users ' options for different infor­ mation classification systems. Orig. roo Probl .lnform.s1 Doc. Vol 16, No I, 1982. p.17-23 9743 236 Orna, E.: Build yourself a thesaurus: a step by step guide. 9727 218 Norwi ch. GB: Running Angel 1983. 30p., ISBN 0-94-6600-007 Ungvary, R.: Appl ication of the thesaurus method to the com­ munication of knOWledge. Ong. en. Int.Classif. Vol 10. No 2. 9744 238-9 1983. p.63-68. 21 refs. Sokolov. A.V.; Litvinnova, N.N. : Some experience in the de­ The concepts of a statement, a theme, a subject field can be si n of facet-block IR thesauri in culture. Orig .ru. Sov.B1bl. l .• presented by means of symbol 1zed, directed graphs. Such se­ -6 bllogr.Klasslf No 4, 1982. p.ll5-198, 7 refs. mantic graphs can also be looked at as models of knowledge, and can be used in teaching or in texts as an outline of the ideas or complexes of thoughts. (Author, abb r.) 24 Relationships 9728 219 See also 9809, 9871 Kobrin, R.Ju.; Peskova, N.N.: On the relationship between the IR thesaurus and the techno-economlc lnformat10n classifier. 9745 243 Or1g. ru. Nauch.-techn. lnform .• Ser.2 {1982}No.7, p.1-5 Chmielewska-Gorczyca.E.: Binding lexical units within entries. Orig. pl . Aktual .Prob1 . Inform.Dok •• No 4. 1983. p.22-28 22 Elements of CS& T 9746 244 Hel lmich. K.: Measurement of the relation of two character­ 9729 221 istics. Orig. en. Biometrical J. 24(1982)No.5, p.509-512 Gerd, A.S.: Document data retrieval s stems: the vocabular structure. ng. ru. Lingv. probl . funkc .modeli r. rechev .dejat. 9748 247 -stl, No 5, 1982. p.96-100 Atzeni, P.; Ausiel lo. G .. Batini. C.: Inclusion and equ iva­ lence between relational database schemata. Orig. en. 9730 222 Theor.Comput.Sci. Vol 19. No 3. 19.82. p.267-285, 17 refs. Carlson. G.N.: Generic terms and generic sentences. Orig. en. J.Philos.Logic Vol 11, No 2, 1982. p.145-181 9749 247 Golosov. A.O.: Usin classificator techni ues in desi nin a 9731 222 relational data ase sc ema. r g. ru. • r. 1S em. ss­ Hlavac, T. : The term as an information mediator. Orig. sb. led •• No 1. 1982. p.63-67. 10 refs. Kniznice a Vedecke Inform. 14(1982)No 4. p.154-158, 2 refs. 9750 247 9732 222 Lipski, W. ; Imielinski, T.Jr. : A systematiC approach to rela- Kochin, Ju.Ja.: A conce¥tual data model : design and aprlica­ tional data base theory. Orig. pl . Pr./IPI PAN, No 457. 1981. tion. Orig.ru. Sb.lr.vNI slstem.lssled •• No 1.198Z. p.o/-fz. p.I-27. 39 refs. 13 refs. 9751 247 Kambayashi. Y. ; Tanaka, K., Yajima. Sh .: Problems of relatio­ nal database design. Orig.en. Lect.Notes Comput.Sci., No.132, 1982. p.172-218

25 Numerical Taxonomy 9734 222. 99 Chan, l.M.: The pr inciple of the uniform heading in descrip­ See also 9636. 9669-9679 tive cataloging : ideal and reality. Orig. en. Catalog.& Clas­ sa.Quart. Vol 3, No 4. 1983. p.19-35. 11 refs. The principle underlies the rules for headings in descrip­ tive cataloging in the PJnerican tradition. The rationale and the evolution of the principle are examined and its implica­ tions discussed in terms of the history of cataloging codes. p•• (Author, abbr. ) papers were presented on the following .subtopics: cal databases. Simulation output analysis/graphics. 9735 228 computers: software trends. Software for survival an� Bes. G.G., Fauchere. P.-H. : Language VI: structures generated Computing for time series, Numer1cal algorithms. by grammar and relations between grammat1cal structure. brig. computers: workstations and the human interface. fro Condenser, No 3. 1982. p.6-31 Pattern recognition and density estimation. Statistical packages: implementation techniques, Tools for developing statistical software. Nonnumeric algorithms. New and innova­ 23 Construction of CS & T tive ways of looking at data. Developments in optimization. Software metrics and effort estimation. There are also some See also 9658, 9939, 9999 20 contributed papers. 9736 231 9753 25.08 Kamenskaja,O.L.; Kamenskij, A.G.: Somepro blems in the desiQn R.: of an IR thesaurus. Orig. ru. Nauch.-tehn.Inform.,Ser.2, No 9 1982. p.24-29, 10 refs. de. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup- recht ISBN 3-525-11286-6 9737 231 The 4 sections comprise: (1) Description of different kinds Sugarman. J.H.: The development of a classification system of characteristics. (2) The invariance problem of metrics. for information storage and retr1eval pu rposes. based upon a_ . (3) Classification procedures for comparative and mixed cha­ model of scientific knowledge generation. Orig.en. Ann Arbor, racteristics �(c1assification of totalities) and (4) Proce­ MI: Universlty Microfilms Int. 1"981. 133p •• tables, refs. dures for the evaluation of classification results with re­ gard to natural structures. 9738 9754 251 Brodie, M.L.: Axiomatic definitions for data model semantics. Orig. en. Infonn.Syst. Vol 7. No 2. 1982. p.183-197 Hautes Etud.Int.lnform.Doc., No 9, 1983. p.9-15 9755 251 9739 233 Merschrod, K. : A property-space perspective for interaction Chmielewska-Gorczyca. E.: Transformation rules in indexing terms of ordinal variables. Orig. en. Quality and Quantity languages. Orig. pl . Aktual.Probl .lnform.Dok. vol 2/, No 1-2, vol 16, No 6. 1982. p.549-558 1982. p.21-25, 6 refs. 9756 252.06 9740 233 Workshop on Nonmetric Data Analysis. July 1983. Orig.en. Shtern, LB.: Developing a thesaurus from a definitional anal- Int.Ciassif. 10(1983)No.2, p.S8

Int.Classif. 10(1983)No.3 Classification Literature 177 9757 252.07 9777 253 Jambu, M. ; lebeaux, N.-O. : Cluster analysis and data analysis. Wernecke, K.-D.; Ka lb, G.: Further results in estimating the Orig. en. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: North-Holland Publ .Co. classification error in discrlminance analysls. Orig. en. 1983. XXIV,898p., ISBN 0-444-86634-5 Biometrical J. Vol 25, No 3, 1983. p.247-258 Updated Enylish translation of "la classification automatique pour 1 'analyse des donnees" (Bordas/Dunod, Pari s). Pt.I pre­ 9778 253 sents the techniques used in cluster analysis and data anal­ ysis, Pt.II contains 40 Fortran programs with a user's guide. Included for each program are: a summary of the origin and aim of the problem, a summary of the formulas or algorithms used in the program, the statistical and data processing con­ straints involved with its use, the listing of the program �n �; � with comments, and one of the input and output of examples. Thomason,M.G.: Syntactic/semantic techni�ues in pattern reco­ gnition: a survey. urlg. en. Int.J.Compu .Inform.sc" Vol li, 9758 252 No 2 1982. p.75-l00, 72 refs. Wharton,S.W.; Turner,B.J.: ICAP. An interactive cluster anal­ Survey ,on the contemporary work in syntactic-semantic pattern sis rocedure for anal zin remotel sensed data. Orig. en. recognition. The fol lowing research areas are discussed a.o.: Remote Sens ng of Environm. 11 1981 No 4, p.279-293, 30 refs. grammatical inference aimed at syntactic structure identifi­ cation. linguistic probabilistic models for describing sto­ chastic phenomena identifiable with the recognition standards, and recognition methods based on syntactic error-correction. 9780 255 Shevenko, S.M.: The problem of computational analysis and syn­ 9760 253 thesis of hieroglyphs. Orig. ru. Izv.AN SSSR: Tehn. Kibernet .• Buser,M.W.; Baroni-Urbani, C.: Direct nondimensional cluster­ No 5, 1982. p.130-153, 73 refs. in� method for binary data. Orig.en. Biometrics Vol 38. No 2, 19 2. p.351-360 97Bl Cooman�, 0. ' 9761 253 Cox, n.R.; McCullagh, P.: Some aspects of analysis of covari­ �. Orig. el). Biometrics Vol 38, No 3, 1983. p. 541-561 97� 253 9782 258 Panayircl, L; Dubes, R.C.: A test for multidimensional clus­ McGrath, W.E.: Mu ltidimensional mapping of book circulation tering tendency. Pattern Recognition 16(1983)No 4, p.433-444 in a universitY library. Orig.en. College & Res .Ubr. Vol 44. No 2. 1983. p.103-1l5, 21 refs. 9763 253 Circulated books classed according to subject areas and stu­ Chaubey, Y.P. : Min1mum norm invariant quadratic estimation of dent majors were used to determine relative subject similari­ a covariance matnx 1n 11near n()(le] . ung. en. B10metrlcal J. ties in forty academic departments. Multidimensional scaling Vol 24, No 5, 1982. p.457-46l was used to compute a best-fit solution of the similarities in three dimensions for undergraduate circulation. and two 9764 253 dimensions for graduates. Five principal clusters are appa­ D'Amico. R. ; Rao, B.R.: Exact maximum likelihood estimates of rent: quantitative. social services, chemistry and life sc1- Cox's regression parameters based on categorized factorial ences. humanities. and engineering and earth sciences. Impli­ data. Orig. en. Biometrical J. Vol 25. No 1, 1983. p.29-42 cations for col lection development and storage are discussed. (Author, abbr.) 9765 253 D'Amico,R. ; Rao,B.R-.. Enterline,P.E.: Analysis of dichotomiz­ 97B3 258 ed factorial data using Cox's Proportional Hazards Model and Nguyen. N.G. ; Poulsen, R.S. , louis, C.: Some new color fea­ related tests. Orig .en. Biometrical J. -25(1983)No 1. p.43-55 tures and their a lication to cervical cell classification. Orig. en. Pattern Recognition 16 1983 No 4, p.401-411 9766 253 Gupta, S.C.: A new class of matrices with a lication in ex e­ 9784 258 rimental design. rlg.en. Biometr1cal J. 25 1983 0 I, p. Niemann, H. : Klassifikation von Mustern. (Classification of patterns) Ori9.de. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Tokyo: Springer 9767 253 Verl . 1983. X,340 p. , 77 figs., 437 refs., ISBN 3-540-12642-2 Drwiega, T. ; Grabos. Z.: Calculating parameters of multivari­ The book contains 6 chapters, a bibliography according to the ate F distribution for simultaneous testing linear hypotheses. chapters and an index. (l) Introduction, (2) Preprocessing. Orlg. en. Bl0metrlcal J. Vol 24. No 7, 19B2. p.695-702 (3) Characteristics, (4) Numerical classification, (5) Nonnu­ merical (syntactical) classification, (6) A classification 976B 253 system (automatic reading of addresses). Haerting, J.: Special properties in selection performance of qualitative variables in discriminant analysis. Orig. en. 9785 258 Blometncal J. vol 25, No 3, 1983. p.216-222 Sinha. R.M.K.: PlANG - a picture lanquaqe schema for a class of pictures. Orig.en. Pattern Recognit1on Vol 16. No 4. 1983. 9768 253 p.113-383 Kuszynski . M.: AnalYsis of covariance in split block design. Orig. en. Biometrical J. Vol 24. No 7. 1982. p.685-694 9786 258 Rao, B.R.: A variation of the method of translation to geher­ 9770 253 ate bivariate and multivariate survival distributions with Meier, R.: Simulation of factor structures SIMFAK . competing risk or reliability appl ications. Orig. en. Biome.,. Orig. en. Blome rlca 0 0 • p. -165 tnca] J. Vol 24, No 7, 1982 . p.707-716 9771 253 9787 Sanchez, J.: Sam le variance for several MIN -estimators in Slater. P.B.: the one-way c aSSl lcatlOn. ng. en. 10metnca J. 0 No 3, 1983. p.259-276 matrices can be examined with a 9773 253 doub·le-st.",I"di,"t.ion and hierarchical clustering Onukogu, 1.G.: One degree of freedom for interaction in two­ has been widely applied to other transaction way classification Wlthout repl ications. Orig .en. B1ometr1cal flow tables. An illUstration is given, using 1967-1975 cita­ J. Vo l 25. No I, 1983. p.21-27 tions between 22 mathematical journals. Groups oriented to analysis and to algebra are discerned. Certain journals, 9774 253 such as the Proc.Amer.Math.Soc. are shown to have broad. non­ Shoukri,M.M.: Use of the likelihood ratio test on the uniform specialized ties with the other periodicals. (Author) distribution. Orig.en. Biometrical J. 24{1982}No 7, p.703-706 9788 258 9775 253 Takeda, H.; Inada. H. , Inoue, M .• Yoshikawa. H., Abe, H. : Smouse, P.E. ; Wi lliams, R.C. : Multivariate analysis of HlA­ Evaluation of biologi cal age and phys ical age by multiple re­ Disease Associations. Ori9.en, Biometrics 38(1982)No.3, gression analysis. Orig. en. Medical Informatics Vol 7. No 3, p.15/- 768 1982 . p.221-227 9776 253 9789 259 Woelfel.J.; Barnett,G.A.: Multidimensional scaling in Riemann Belke, W.: Bewertung von DBMS durch Klassifizierung. {Using space. Orig. en. Quality & Quantlty 16(1982)No 6, p.469-491 classification to evaluate data base management systems

178 'Int.Classif. 10(l983)No.3 Classification literature (OBMS)) Orig. de. Rechentechn./Datenverarb. Vol 19. No 4. 1982. p.16-18. 6 refs. 9790 259 Belyanina. M.V. ; Bukhaleva, E.I., Zaidenman.I.A.: Criteria of evaluation of logical infonnation system functioning. Orig.ru. Nauchn.-tehn.Inform .•Ser.2, No 12. 1981. p.12-16. 3 refs. 29 Evaluation of CS & T 979l 259 Kannemann,K. : The exact evaluation of 2-way cross-classifica-l 9803 292.143 tions sequel : a fugal algorithm. Orig. en. Biometrical J. Zajdberg, H.M.: Sys tems analysis of the structure of semantic Vol 24, No 7, 1982. p.679-684 indexing languages. Orig. ru. In: Razrab.i Soversh.lingv.Obes­ pech.lnform.Poiska. Moskva, SU 1982. p.3-19. 5 refs. 9792 259 Discusses the fol lowing aspects of the structure of semantic Krauth, J.: One-sided tests for com arin treatment effects indexing languages: IR elements, indexing language parts in for qu al itative data. Biometrical J. 25 1983 No 2, p.l07-22 four aspects (pragmatic. logical , 1 inguistic and notational). (Author. abbr.) 9793 259 lienert, G. ; Munzert, R. : Com�arinfl two samel es of response 9804 294 curves by non parametric tests ot predlcted order. or lg. en. CAICYT. Grupo de Trabajo sobre lenguajes de Indizacion: Con­ Biometrlcal J. Vol 24. No 5, 1982. p.437-444 trol versus no control de vocabulario en sistemas de armace­ namlento y recuperaClOn de lnfonnaClOn. ong. es. Rev.Lat. 9794 259 Amer.Doc. Vol 3, No 1, 1983. p.22-26 Snizek. W.E. ; Hughes. M.: An empi rical assessment of the va­ At the Regional Seminar for Teachers on Thesauri Construc­ lidity of Mu llin's theory group classifications. Orig. en. tion held at CAICn, Buenos Aires, 19-23 July 1982 seven SClentometrlcs Vol 5, No 3, 1983. p.155-162 infonnation specialists made a comparison between control led and natural languages. They detailed the characteristics of 9795 259 both types of languages, stated their advantages and disad­ Tan, W.Y. ; Chiue, W.W. : Comparative studies on the estimation vantages and indicated the criteria to be applied in order to of enetic variances b Several Variance Com onents Estima­ choose one or the other. They deal t also with hybrid systems tion Model . Orig. en. Biometrical J. 24 1982 No 6, p.543-557 and analyzed the possibilities of achieving compatibility among sy'stems using di fferent types of languages. They con­ cluded that terminologies serve as links between both lan­ 26. Notation, Codes guages. (Orig.abstr. ,abbr.) See also 9847, 9848 3 �796 261 CLASSING AND INDEXING BT13: International biblio ra of directories of acron ms, (METHODLOGY) lnltla sms an a reviations. rlg. en. Int. assif. Vo 10, No 2, 1983. p.97- 98. - List of 35 pertinent titles. 31 Theoryof Classing and Indexing 9797 262 See also 9658, 9680 Knosala, R.: A desi n documentation numbering system as an infonnation language. srlg. pl. le sz.nauk./PSI: Mech. , No 73, 9805 1982. p.45-53 Examines traditional coding schemes for technical documenta­ tion, and makes the case for changes. Presents a design do­ cumentation coding system based on new criteria. (Author) 9798 263 Gol denberg,D. ; Rumpel . D. : A quantitative analysis of the re­ cognition of abbreviated words by man. Orig. en. Int.Classif. Vol 10, No 2, 1983. p.84-86, 6 refs. By means of a test group, the recognition of abbreviated ba­ 9806 311 sic word forms was detennined systematically. The experimen­ Belaja, A.A. ; Kashirin. Ju.P.• Ktitarev, V.A. : Selection and tal results can be fitted by a relatively simple mathematical classification of documenta� information by formalised indi­ fOIlll. which allows further insight into the recognition-pro- cators. urlg. ru. Nauchn.-1:ehn.lntonn., Ser.2. No 11, 1982. cess at work. (Authors) p.21-24, 8 refs. 9799 268 9B07 311 Beierbeck,H.: Simple stereochemical structure code for organ­ Grabowska, M.: The conce t of entailment for the. ur ose of ic chemistry. urlg. en. u.l:hen.lntonn.t.:omput.::;cl. Vo l 22, No mediation natura an ua e 10 eXln r g. en. n: t nt. 4 1982. p.215-222, 9 refs. Research Forum in Infollll.Sci., Proceedings. Boras. OK: Hog­ The first codes were two-dimensional and topological repre­ skolan 1982. p.127-134 sentations are still being used. A structure representation with three dimensions is proposed and it is said that it is 9808 311 simple to use, furnishing a compact stereocode. The coding Kawashima, M.: On indeXing. Orig. ja. Zyoho kagaku, No 3, rules are presented and their conversion and utilization pro­ 1982. p.22-23 cedures are given, illustrated by examples. (Author, abbr.) 9809 313; 246 Charas, K.: IndeXi"y of documents with weighted descriptors. 27 Revision, Updating, Storage .. Orig.pl. Aktual.Prob .lnf.Dok. 26(1981)No.5-6,p.22-6, 12refs. Maintenance See also 9845, 9872, 9873 &. 9810 313 Wormel l,I.: Factual data retrieval according to SAP technique. 9BOO 272 Orig.en. Int.Forum Inform.& Oak. 8(1983)No 3, p.13-15, 6 refs. Kodina, l.I.: Subject authority maintenance: theoretical as� Contains a detailed description of the SAP indexing method pects. Orig. ru. Moskva, SU: VINITI 1982. 12 p., 6 refs. providing for efficient subject access to monographs in bib­ Changes in information flows necessitate subject authority liographic £lles. In a new version, it was experimentally ap­ updating, which 1s essential to its maintenance. Basic as� plied to contents indexing and subject retrieval of the Swe­ pects of subject authority maintenance are given and examples dish Government Official Reports constituting a special data­ of updating are given. (Author) base. Discusses the possibilities of retrieving factual data from these reports. (Author) 28 Compatibility and Concordance between 9811 315 CS & T Cleveland, D.B.; Cleveland, A.D. : Depth of indexing using a See also 9655, 9804, 9940 non-Boolean searching model . Orig. en. Forum Inform.& Doc. Vol 8, No 2, 1983. p.lO-n .. 11 refs. 9801 284 Describes an experiment aimed at finding out the effect of Knoll. H.: Observations on concordances. Orig. en. Patent In­ indexing depth on retrieval effectiveness using two search fOIlll. Vol 5, No I, 1983. p.19-34 ,trat,ojes, h' Bo,l,an search and th, Indirect Method of iQ­ Illustrations of the use of concordances to correlate con­ iormatlon re irl eval developed by W.Goffman. {Author, abbr.} tents of di fferent patent ordering systems with Gennan Pa­ tent Classification, United States Patent ClaSSification, In­ 9812 318 ternational Patent Classification and the UDC. (Author) Hahn, G.: SacherschlieBung durch Schlagwortkataloge. Theore-

InLClass1f. 10(1983)No.3 Classification literatUre 179 tische und raktische Fra en, dar estel lt am Beis iel der p.99-108, 17 refs. Bibliotheken der Industrie und Handelskammer. Subject analy­ The aim of automatic indexing is to achieve a compact repre­ sis by subJect headlngs catalogues. Iheoretlcal and practical sentation of a document suitable for retri eval. FASIT (Fully questions, exemplified by the libraries of the chambers of Automatic Syntactically based Indexing of Text) identifies commerse) Orig. de. MHt.Arb.gem. Parlaments- u.Beh1:irdenbib­ content bearing textual units without a full parse. and, liotheken, No 54, 1983). p.1-19" 19 refs. without using semantic criteria, groups these units into qua­ sisynonymous setS. Tested on a database of 250 documents a.nd 9813 318 22 queries, FASIT perfonned better than both thesaurus and �li lstead, J.L. : Indexinq for subject cataloguers. Orig. en. stem based indexin� S.}stLt"S. f(t,triu.",ls itiGk<.te t/.a(. tl,,;: La­ Catalo9 .& Classif.Quart. Vol 3, No 4, 1983. p.37-43, 2 refs. sic idea of FASIT - that significant tenns in the text can Indexing and cataloguing are conceptually the same activity, be identified through syntactic patterns - is valid. (Author) even though they di ffer in practice in the U.S. today . The paper aims at providing subject cataloguers with some insights 9827 346 from the state of the art of indexing. (Author, abbr.) Parhomenko, V.: Orig.ru. In: Bazy

32 Subject Analysis 9828 347 Duncan. E. ; Mcalesse. R. , Gordons. R. : QualHied citation in­ See also 9657. 9667, 9682 dexing online? Orig. en. In: 3rd National Onhne Meetlng, New York, Harch 31, 1982. Medford. NJ: Learned Infonnation 9814 321 1982. p.77-85, 11 refs. 8ellot-Antony. M. ; Bes. G.G. : Les differents tYDeS d'informa­ tion et la contraction de texte. {Ihe cll tterent lntonnatlon Index Generation and Programs ty pes and text contraction) Orig. fro Condenser, No 4, 1983. 38 p.5-46, 8 refs. 9829 383 9815 321 Craven, T.C. ; Fjerestad,L. : NEPHIS implementation titl e codin1 Novikov, Yu.A.: Principles of scientific and technical infor­ manual, 3rd ed. Drig.en. London.Ont., Canada: Universlty 0 mation synthesis tor responslble pe rsons. orig. ru. Nauchn .­ Western Ontario. School of Libr.& Inf.Serv. 1981, ED 211 081 tehn. lnform; ,Ser.2, No 2, 1983. p.1-2. 4 refs. 9830 383 323 Kretschmer. F.: An index adjusted to line-lengths. Orig. de. Informatik Vol 28, No 6. 1981. p.lS-16

33 Classing and Indexing Te chniques 9817 337 Bull, J.E. : Book reVlew on Ramsden,M.J. : PRECIS: a workbook for students of librarianship. London: BinQley 1981. Orig.en. 39 Evaluation of Classing and Indexing Soc.Sci • Infonn.Studies Vol 2, No 3, 1983. p. 163-164 9832 391 9818 337 Szymanowska, I.: Linguistic methods for the automatic isola­ Roper, V.de P.: 800k review on Richmond .Ph.A. : Introduction tion of indexing tenns. Orlg. pl. Aktual .Probl.Infonll.Dok. to PRECIS for North Affierlcan usage. Littleton. CO. Librarles Vol 28, No 3. 1983. p.23-29. 8 refs. On llmlted 1981. Orlg. en. Soc .Scl.1nfonll .Stud. Vol 2, No 3. 1982. p.I61-163 9833 391 Weinberg, B.H.: Interactions of statistical phenomena in hu­ man and automatic indexl ng. ong. en. In: Pe trarca. A.E. et 34 Automatic Classing and Indexing ali Information Interaction. Proc.45th ASIS Annual Meeting, Vol .19. White Plains.N.Y. : Knowledge Industry 1982. p. 324-6 See also 9660-9662, 9664. 9665, 9953 9834 393 9819 341 Pavlov,A.N. ; Popov. I.I.. Saruhanjan, L. F.: Investigation in­ Bierschenk, I.: A computational linguistics approach to con­ to indexing algorithms. Orig. ru. Nauch.-tehn .lnfonn. ,Ser.2. ceptual infonnation processing. Orig. en. In: Libr.& Commun. No 9. 1982. p.7-9, 5 refs. Process. G1:iteborg, SE 1981. p.207-214. 9 refs. 9835 393 9820 341 Gazdov, I.: study of the processes of automatic indexing in Borko. H.: Automatic indexing: a tutori al. Orig. en. SIGIR the GORIZONT. S1RENA and ESCOM databases. Orig. ru� In : Basy Forum Vol 16, No 3, 1982. p.9-13 dannyh v obl .Nfl. MOskva. sO 1982. p.74-82

9821 341 9836 397 Spranger, U.: Automatisches Indexieren Notwendigkeit und Doszkocs. T. E.: Automatic free-text to controlled vocabulary Realisierun schancen . (AutomatiC indexing substantiation of lli2i!!.9.. Orig. en. In: 3rd Nati onal Online Meeti ng. New York. ltS necesslty an c ances for implementation) Orig. de. Abh. March 31, 1982. Medford, NJ: Learned Information 1982. p.75 Akad.Wiss.OOR; Abt.Math., Naturwiss. , Techn .• No 4, 1981- p.343-345. 4 refs. 9837 397 Ebinuma, Y. ; Takahashi. S., Habara. T. , Yokoo, H.: Promotion 9822 341 of ke word ass; nment to scientific literature b contrlbu­ tors. Ong. en. Int. Forum Infonn .& Doc. 8 1983 No 3. p. 6- 0, 9 refs. In- 9838 398-49

9823 3432; 02 Doszkocs. T.E. : Assoclative lndexing and searchlng: hlstory, applications, state-of-the-art. Orlg. en. In: The InformatlOn Community. Proc.44th Ann.Meeting ASIS, Vol .18. White Plains-. NY: Knowledge Ind.Pub.Inc. 1981. p.328 9839 398-75 Weinberg, B.H. : Multiple sets of human indexing for civil 9824 3434 engi neering documents: comparison of structure and occurrence Leonteva ,N.N. ; Reznitskaya. D.L. : Tools for the collection of rates in full text. Orig. en. Science & Technol .Libraries textual . factual infonHation. Orig. ru. Nauchn.-tehn . Infonn •• Vol 2, No 3, 1982. p.13-33 Ser.2. No 2, 1983. p.9-16. 10 refs.

9825 345 Craven. LC.: A NEPHIS screen editor as an aid in pennuted 4 ON UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS index generation. Or lg. en. J.lnfollll.Scl . Vol 5. No 5, 1983. p.187-191. 10 refs. 41 On Universal CS & T in General 9826 345 9840 411 Dillon, M., Gray, A.S.: FASIT: a fully automatic syntactical­ Ballmer. Th.T. : Zur Gewinnung einer Fundamentalklassifikation ly based indexing sys tem. Orig.en. J.ASIS, Vol .34. No. 2.1983. des menschlichen "hssens. (un how to tlnd a fundamental clas-

180 Int.Classif. 10(1983)No.3 Classification Literature sifica'tion of human knowledge, Pt. I) Orig. de. Int.Classif. common ordering schemes applicable both in multilingual the­ Vol 10, No 2, 1983. p.69-77 sauri as needed for int.informa tion systems and multilingual Human knowledge is not an incoherent patchwork of bits and classified specialised vocabu laries. Special features of con­ pieces but rather a well structured system. The procedure to cept and subject classifications are considered from the justify this claim is based on an analysis of linguistic ex­ viewpoint of different relationships of their members. (Author) pressions, namely verbs. Approaches based upon numerical fea­ ture analyses of linguistic expressions could not be appl ied. 9852 42-6; -69; 06 Using the two semantic relations 'similarity' and 'presuppos­ Arntz, H.: 46.Sitzung des DK-Revisionskomitees FID/C3+92/99 ition' a three dimensional space was found containins about "Sozialwissenschaften und Geschichte", 1.-6.5.1983, Wien. 1300 categories and about 45 larger units (called model s). (46th Meeting ot the ODC Kevlslon Commlttee on Soc lal Scien­ Pt.I contains an elaboration of the dimension and some major ces and History , May 1-6, 1983, Vienna) Orig. de. Int.Aufg.d. interpretations of the classification results: a numerical OGD Vol 5, No 5/6. 1983. p. l03-104 analysis of the data, the relation of linguistic categories Short account on the new developments in the fields of UDC such as "aktionsart" and transitivity. and the paraphrasti­ 30/31+39. 32, 33, - 331. 34, 36, 37. 92/99. It was decided to cally basic Verbs. (Author. mod.) hold plenary meetings only once a year from 1985 on, whereas the task groups could meet more frequently in between. 42 On the Universal Decimal Classification 06 See also 9666, 9667. 9956 9841 42.05 Ori g. DK-Mitteilungen. Inhaltsverzeichnls 1.blS 25.Jahrganug 1956 Short report on , esp. regard­ blS 1981. (COntents (index) to the flrst 25 years of DK-Mit­ ing UDC 330.6, 330.8. 331.1, 331.2, 332.1. 332.8, 334, 336.1/ tellungen (UDC lnformation) from 1956 to 1981) Orig. de. .5. 336.7 and a.o., the incorporation of UDC 658 into 33. OK-Mitt. Vol 26, No 5-6, 1982 25 years ' index to the periodical "DK-Mitteilungen" (UDC In­ 9855 42-76 formations) containing an author + title index and a subject Zajdberg. H.M.: The UDC classification formula for the index­ index according to the UDC with authors and titles. Added to ing of trade catalogues. Orig.ru. In: Razrab.i Soversh.Lingv. this is a list of the supplementary pages of UDC revisions to Obespech.Inform.Poiska. Moskva, SU 1982. p.45-52. 9 refs. the German Full Ed ., included in each issue of the OK-Mi tt. 9856 42-91 1.: 9842 42.07 Schiopu. ,:nO� :�, orn:¥'ie.:cSl�a�'�'�i �fl�' c�aTtfi T0n" �PT,o�blem�,��ofml�i%ng�u�i�'�t�i c, Robinson.G. :' Breve Introducao a CDU. (Short introduction into works. Orig.ro.. o Probl .Inform.Doc.16(l982)No,, � �4,� p.234-8, 3rfs. the UDC) Orig. pt. Brasllia: As soc.Bibliotecarios do Distrito Federal (ABDF) 1983. 13p. 9856 42.842 The translation into Portuguese from the original English Uematsu, T.: The information retrieval of standards and the has been prepared by Mrs. Regina Maria Soares de Oliveira. Universal Decimal Classification. Or1g.en. Copies are available from ABDF. CRN 702/3 Bloco "Gil. Ed.Coen­ Int.Forum Inform.& Doc. Vol 8, No 3. 1983. p.21-24 cisa Sobreloja, Entrada 49. 70710 Brasilia, OF. Brazil. 9843 42.09 43 On the Dewey Decimal Classification Muraikovskaja, E.A. et al .: Collection of normative and meth­ odological materials concernlnq ODC. Orig. ru. Moskva. so: 9858 43.07 Gos.Publ .Nauch.-tehn.Biblioteka SSSR 1982. 522 p. Osborn. J.: Dewey Decimal Classification. 19th ed. A stUdy The collection includes general methods of classification. manual. Ori9. en. Llttleton, co: librarles Unhml ted 1982. recommendations for the use of publications "Extensions and 366p .• ISBN 0-87287-293-9 corrections to the UDC" and "News in the UDC", methodological advice on the clas�ification of specialized literature and a 9859 43.218 translation of the FlO document N.598 "PrinCiples. rules of Bradford libraries: Subject index: how to find information revision and publication of the UDC". in a school librar or the children's part of a Dubllc libra­ * • f1.. Orlg. en. Bra ford, GB: City of Bradford Libraries Div •« g.13 1982. 20p •• ISBN 0-907734-03-0 Vlad. E.: A geometrical model for the Universal Decimal Clas­ sification. Ur lg. roo Prob! .Intorm.Ooc. Vol £6, f'lo Z. 1982. 9860 43.92 p.93-98 Cockshutt, M.E.: Annual report of the Decimal Classification Editorial Pol icy Commlttee. Ju ly I, 1981-June 30. 1982. orlg. 9845 42.27-56 en. libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. Vol 27, No 1, 1983. p.108-10 Arata. F.: Revision problems of UDC 37. Orig. hu. Konyvtari The Editorial Policy Committee (EPC) met twice in the period Figyelo Vol 28. No 2, 1982. p. 143-147, refs. indicated and resolved the following: 301-307 Sociology. Ex­ panded Version based on Ed.19 of the DOC was accepted; propo­ 9846 42.218 sals and drafts of editorial rules for Ed.20 were reviewed; Shcherbina-Samojlova. I.S.: Die universel le Dezimalklassifi­ thanks were given to M.J.Warren who retired early in 1982 and kation als eine der Informationsrecherches rachen in einem who had been Assistant Editor of DOC. Ed 18 and 19. Also. the automatlslerten Informatlonssystem. as one of t e ln ex­ future of the DOC was discussed, segmentation policy, current ing languages in an automated information system) Orig. de. index, the phoenix schedule for Education and various recent Dok./lnfonn .• INER, Ilmenau. No 56, 1981. p. 1l2-116, 5 refs. articles, reviews and notes on the �OC. 9847 42.26; 06 9861 43.98 Schmidt,A.F.: Tagung von FIO/CCC/SN "Structure and Notation", Comaromi, J.P. et al : Manual on the use of Dewey Decimal Clas­ 13.-14.6.1983. Koln. Orlg. de. Int.Aufg.d.DGD Vol 5. No 5/6, sification edition 19. Orig. en. Albany, NY: Forest Press 1983. p.1l1-112 1982. 551p., IS8N 0-910608-32-6 9848 Vladimirova 44 On the Library of Congress Classification AND THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS 9849 42.278-6 See also 9878, 9949 Regt. W.de: Social sciences in the UDC. Revision work in the 1960's and 1970's: impl ications for users. Orig. ' en. Int. Fo-­ 9862 44.86 rum Inform.& Doc. Vol 8. No 3. 1983. p.25-28, 3 refs. LC Classification. Orig. en. Cataloging Service Bul l., No 19. After a brief presentation of the general procedure for UDC 1982. p.21-24 revision, the author describes in a historical perspective the revision work on class 3 Social Sciences. (Author, abbr.) 9863 448 Subject headin9s. Orig. en. Cataloging Service Bull., No 19. 9850 42.34 1982. p.3-21 Cheney . B.J.: Some notes on compu ter sorting of UDC subject headings. Orig.en. Austral.Spec.libr.News Vol 15. No 1. 1982. 9864 448 p.12-13 Cochrane. P.A.; Kirtland, M.: An ERIC Information Analysis Product in two pa rts: 1. Critical views of LCSH - the Library 9851 42; 78 of Congress Subject Headings: a bibliographic and bibliome­ Felber, H.: UDC and terminology. Orig. en. tric essay. 2. An analysis of vocabulary control in the li­ Int.Forum Infonn.& Doc. Vol 8, No 2, 1983. p.7-9, 11 refs. brary of Congress List of Subject Headings (LCSH»). Orig.en. Urges the need for classification specialists. information Syracuse, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Infonn.Resources 1981. specialists and tenninologists to collaborate in creating 197 p., IR-53

Int.Classif. 10(1983)No.3 Classification Literature 181 46 On the Colon Classification (RCC) 9879 486 Changes in the ISTIS Subject Authority. Orig. sb. Spravod. ,.9865 46 Sloven.techn.knizn., No 1, 1982. p.7-13 Chopra. V.: Processing of Sanskrit books. Orig. en. Herald of Ubr.Sci. Vol 20. No 3/4. 1981. p. 160-172 9880 486 Discusses the various classificatory problems faced due to Baruskova, R.T.: Der Rubrikator als Klassifikationss stem der language, commentaries and sUb-commentaries. year of birth of wissenschaftlich-technischen Information methodisches Mate­ authors and the peculiarity of reading materials in this lan­ .!:.!.!U.L. line Kuorlcator as c-Iasslt'ication system of scientific guage. States the various cataloguing problems and points out and technical information (methodological materi a 1) Orig .de. the supremacy of the Colon Classification over other schemes Berlin, OD: Zentralinst.f. lnfonn.u.Dokum.d.DOR (ZIID) 1982. as far as the classification of Indological subject is con­ 44p., ZIID-Schriftenreihe cerned. (Author, abbr.) 98B:l 486 Bielicka, L.A. : The ISST Rubricator. Orig. pl. Aktual .Probl . 47 On the Library Bibliographical Classif. Infonn.Dok., No 4, 1983. p. 17-21 (LBC/BBK) See also 9956, 9991 9882 486 Scibor. E. : New version of the Polish Sublect-field Classifi­ 9866 47.17 cation. Orig. pl. Aktual.probI.Inform.Dok. , No 3, 1983. p.3-6 Ivlieva. K.A.: Difficulties in the implementation of the li­ brary-Bibliographi cal ClasSlfication in some sectl0ns of the 9883 486 technical and mathematical sciences. Orig. ru. Sb.Nauchn.Tr.­ Ungvary, R.: Some remarks on the structure of the sub'ect Blbl.Akad.Nauk SS5R 1982. p.36-43, 1 ref. classification s stem Ru rlcator 0 I rom t e Vlew­ po nt of c assification theory. Orig. hu. Tudomanyos es Mlis­ 9867 zaki Tajekoztatas Vol 30, No 1-2, 1983. p.22-27 The rubricator of the International Scientific and Technical Infonnation System of the CHEA countries (ISTIS) is a' roono­ hierarchical and practically closed classification system (CS) with an objective to accomplish comprehensive tasks in 9868 47.18 controlling the rubricators of the sectorial subsystems. One Main trends and n�thods of developme nt of the Library-Biblio­ of its general contradictions is the result of this; it is graphical Classification. orig . ru. Sb.Nauch.Tr./BAN SSSR Le­ impossible to solve comprehensive tasks using a monohierarchi­ nin9rad, SU 1982. 147p. cal CS. This contradiction is worsened by several deficien­ In 1981 a 9roup of the principal compilers of the Soviet Li­ cies as to classification theory, and to the lack of coordi­ brary-Bibliographical Classification were granted the highest Hation in elaborating the sectoral subsystems. (Author, abbr.) governmental award - the State Prize of the USSR. The collec­ . tion of scientific papers opens with an article written by 9884 487 winners of this prize presenting results and prospects of re­ Balk, M.: Dokumentenaufwand der Internationalen Patentklassi­ search in the field of the LBC. fikation. (Patent copies necessary in using the International Patent Classification) Orig. de. Mitt.dt.Patentanwalte Vol 74, 9869 47.21 No 7/8, 1983. p.144-148 Zhurzhalina,N. ; Handzhjan, I.: LBC - the Soviet general clas­ The appl ication of the IPC demands too many copies of patents sification. Orig. ru. Obshchest.Nauki, No 5, 1982. p. 142-147 in the offices of the collaborators of the patent office. To avoid further investments into an overproduction of patents 9870 47.218 for searching purposes, it is recommended to change over to Rozenshil 'd, L. K. : Coordination of optimization work on the an online retrieval of patents. LBC in the natural sciences library of the USSR AcademY of sC lences. urlg. ru. sb .Nauch. lr."lh bl .Akad.Nauk 55SR 1982. 9885 487 p.29-35 Britton.J.P.: Recent developments in the British Patent Clas­ sification for improved dlssemlnatton ot informatlon on uses, 9871 47.242 appl ications and utilities of inventions. Orig. en. World Pa­ Verblovskaja, M.V.: Towards the problem of pa radigmatic rela­ tent Intonn. Vol 5, No 2, 1983. p.83-90 tionships in the lBC indexing language. Orig. ru. Sov.Bibl ..- blbll0gr.Klasslt., No 4, 1982. p.141-174, 20 refs. 9886 4891 Hines, T.C.; Winkel , L.: A new information access tool for children's media. Orig. en. libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. Vol 27, No I, 1983. p.94-104 5 ON SPECIAL OBJECTS CS 9873 47.27 Zharikova, L.A.: Perfectin!.} the structure of the lBC in al l (TAXONOMIES) of the technlcal sciences. Orlg. ru. Sb.Nauchn.Tr.-Bibl .Akad. Arrangement follows the ICC as outlined in Int.Classif.82-2 Nauk SSSR 19B2. p.7-16, 6 refs. 9887 576 9874 47.814 Potkowi k. G. ; Hetmeier. H.-W.: GUterverzeichnis fUr Produk­ Classing of printed works according to tables of the lBC: Ge­ tionsstatistiken. AusQabe 1982. (list of goods for production neral methodology. Orig . ru. MOskva, sO: Knlga 1980. 228p. stabsbcs. lssue 1982) Ong. de. Wirtschaft u.Statistik, No 11, 1982. p.782-792 9875 47-24 The article describes the systematic position of the list of Zharikova, l.A.: Applying the categorial analtvsis and synthe­ goods within the system of official statistics, it mentions sis method to the refinement of lBC subclass 3 85 Electron­ its application fields. explains the criteria for subdivision ics". Orlg. ru. Sb.Nauch.Tr./Bibl .AN SSSR i AN sOjuz.resp. , and the structure of this list. Finally the most important No 2, 1982. p.39-51, 2 refs. changes introduced by this new list are stated. 9876 47-26; -4 9888 591 Belen'kaja, M.V. ; Babajan, LA., Limariva, M.A.: Main lines Buysschaert. J.: Criteria for the classification of Engl ish of work on extensions and corrections to the Lac sChedules adverbials. Orig. en. Verh.Kunkl .Acad.Wetenschappen, Lette­ for the biolo�ical and chemical sciences. Orig. ru. Sb.Nauch. ren, schone Kunsten v.Belgie/Kl .d.letteren Vol 44, No 99, Ir./Blbllotekl AN SS$R 1 AN $oJuz.Resp. , No 2, 1981. p.20-30, 1982. 176p. 12 refs. 9889 591 On Other Universal Systems Verschuren, J.: Book review of Ballmer/Brennenstuhl : Speech 48 act classification. A study in the lexical analysis of En9- 1 ish speech activity verbs. Orig. en. Language Vol 59, No 1, See also 9917 1983. p.I66-IIS 9877 482 9890 5918 Jabrzemska,E.: Thesaurus of common to ics. Ori in, structure, elaboration. Orig.pl . Aktual .Probl .Inf.Ook. 1983 No 4, p.11-6 �m 485 McKinlay, J,: lCSH, FLASH and machine readable subject autho­ 9891 5918 rity files: a progress report on the work of the ABN 8iblio­ Serebrennikov, B.A. (Ed.): Theoretical foundations for a clas­ grapri lc Standards Subject 8,Headings Subcommi ttee. Orig. en. sification of the languages of the world: Relatlonshlp prob­ Ca taiogulng Austra lla Vo l No 3, 1982. p.2-9 lems. Orig. ru. fuskva, SU: Nauka 1982. 312p.

182 Int.Classif. l(i(1983)No.3 Classification literatUre 9907 653 6 ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS & T Berg-Schorn. E.: Comparability of mortality statistics based on the 8th and 9th revl sion of the International Classifica­ (Arrangement fol lows ICC as outlined in Int.Classif.1982-2) tion of Oiseases. Orig.en. Int.Classif. 10(1983)No 2, p.87-8 The causes ot death are coded in accordance with the rules of 62 On CS & T in the Energy and Matter Area 2 the International Classification of Diseases (ICO) as adopted by the World Health Assembly. As a study of the changes show­ See also 9582. 9586, 9875, 626: 9876. 628: 9583-5 ed inconsistencies in classification rather than an actual _ increase or decrease in deaths, a conversion table is being 9892 626 established (to be ready by Spring 1984) to meet the differ­ ent demands of the users. 9908 6544 Sviridov, N.K.; -Uarolomeeva. V.N.: Subject headings list and 63 On CS & T in the Cosmos and Earth Area 3 thesaurus in clinical radiology. Ong. en. SClent.& lechn . Inform.Process., No 5, 1981. p.33-37 9894 6334 Egorav.B.V. : One version of a descriptor indexing language in 9909 655 �eodesy and cartography. Orig. ru. Nauch.-tehn.Infonn. ,Ser.2. Platonov, K.K. ; Mirimanova. M.S.: Thesaurus in psychology. ru. o 9, 1982. p.20-23 Nauch.-tehn. Infonn. ,Ser.2, (1983)NO 3, p.14-L 24 refs. 9895 636 9910 656 Superchi. M.: Proposal for the introduction of gemmological Roberts, N. : Book review of Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors. 9th keywords in the Earth SClences Thesaurus. Orlg. it. Rend .Soc. ed. Oryx Press 19B2. 569 p. Ong. en. Soc.Sc1.Infonll.Studies Ital.Miner.e Pe trol. Vol 37. No 2, 1981. p,695-702, 15 refs. Vol 2, No 2. 1982. p.130-131 637/8: see a1 so 9589-9592 66 On CS & T in the Socio Area 6 64 On CS & T in the Bio Area 4 See also 9577. 9609-9619 See also 9565, 9578, 9593-9596. 9876 6612 9896 6458 Auber,P.R.: Bringing structure to a mu ltidisciplinary subject usi"' clusters: Laborator animal sciences and lSI BIOMED. ng. en. n: n we n onna lon. tn. ee lng. x ord, GB: learned Information 1982. p.379-386 67 On CS & T in the Econ. & Production Area 7 9897 646 Aubrac. R.: Le thesaurus multilinque AGROVOC. (The multilin­ See also 8566, 9620, 9712 gual AGROVOC the saurus) Orlg. fr o Mu ltilingua, No I, 1982. p.169-173 9912 671/2; 665 Toldi. D.: com ilation of the thesaurus for the data process­ 989B 646 ing in the f1er d of econom.y. soclal progress and selfmanage­ Oruma. B.: Develo in the Hi erian a ricultural thesaurus. ment. Or19.sh. Informatologia Yugoslav1ca Vol 13, No 1-4,1981 Orig. en. Quart. u .Int. ssoc. gricult.Librns.Docs. 2 1982) No.4, p.lll-llS. S refs. 9913 672 Gordon. D.: Controlled vocabularies in business databases: a 9899 646.237 fresh look. or lg.en. 3rd Natl .Online Meeting. March 31, 1982. New York. Medford, NJ: Learned Information 1982. p.133-143

Probleme. : future Ver1 .Enzyklopadie 1981. p.249-67 de; it. In: Atti del X Congresso Nazionale di Theme: Classification and the characteristics of es. 9900 6462 Palel1l1o. 14-17 Oct. 1983. p.307-363 Posnett. N.W.: Thesaurus of land terms and its relationshi with a feature car system. r g. en. uart. u . nt. ssoc. 9915 676 Agrlcult.Librns.Docs. Vol 27, No 3, 1982. p.74-86, 7 refs. Kutzelnigg. A. : Praktische und wissenschaftl1che As ekte der Warenklassifikation. Practical and scientific aspects of 9901 646 commodity classification) Orig.de. Forum Ware Vol 10. No 1-4. Wu. Wan-Jiun et al: Agri-thesaurus: a Chinese thesaurus for 1982. p.33-36 the a ricultural science and technolo lnfonnatlon mana e- The difficulties of commodity classification arise from the ment s�stem. Orig. en. In: Petrarca. A.E. et al Eds. ; In­ necessity to consider not only intrinsic characteristics but fonnatlOn lnteraction. Proc.45th ASIS Ann.Meeting. Vol.19. also fu nctional characteristics. Also it is also demonstrated White Pla;-ns, NY: Knowledge Industry 1982. p.342-344 that various Commodity Classifications (customs tariff, SITC. Patent Classif. ) show considerable logical deficiencies. 9902 648 (Author. abbr.) 8ell,M.; Cohen,E.: FSTA user aids. Orig.en. Database, Weston CT, Vol 5, No 4. 1982. p.66-67 9916 6746 Przepiorkowska. G. ; Obrebska, E.: Thesaurus for the light in­ On CS & T in the Human Area dustry: structure and elaboration. Orig. pl . Aktual .Probl.In­ 65 5 fonn.Dok. Vol 28, No 3, 1983. p. 17-22, 3 refs. See also 9597-9606. 9802 9903 651/4 l. V.: Donnelly, W.H. : The Systematized Nomenclature for Medicine (SIKMED1: Its appl ication to paediatric pathology. Orig. en. Medical Informatics Vol 8, No 1, 1983. p.33-39 9904 651/4 Rothwel l.D.J. ; Hause, l.L.: SNQMED and microcompu ters in ana­ 9918 676.218 tomic pathology. Orig. en. Medical Infonnatics Vol 8, No 1. 1983. p.23-31 ru. 9905 652 Cote, R.A.: International classifications for health and dis­ 9919 676 ease: the expandable common core concept. Or19. en. Kozlova, A.V.; Sharipova, L.V. : The Subject Authority List of MedlCal Informatics Vol 8, No 1. 1983. p.5-16 the International Special ised lnfornation System for Irade Catalogues. 9906 6527; 487 Orig. ru. Probl .MSBTI.lnf.Upr.Sistemy, No 2, Kendereski,D. et al : A thesaurus to suppl ement the Internatio­ 1982. p.9-11. 3 refs. nal Patent Classificatl0n 1n the tleld of blomedl cal enqln­ eering. Orig.en World Pate.nt Inform. 5(1983}No 2, p.101-109 9920 676 Tafi pol 'skaja, M.Ja. ; Furalev, O.A.: A key tern language in a Int.Classif. 10(1983)No.3 Classification Literature 183 trade· catalogues IR system. Orig. ru. In: Razrab.i soversh. 72 Semantics lingv.obespech.inform.poiska. r�os kva,SU 1982. p.SI-9. 6 refs. See also 9646, 9648-54. 9779, 9822 9921 6784 Programme de recherche routiere. Thesaurus 1983. (Program for 9932 7244 road research. Thesaurus of 1983) Orig. fro Paris,tR: OCDE Sayward. C.: Must synonymous predicates be coextensives? Orig. (Drg.for Economic Cooperation and Development) 1983. n.p.• en. logique et Analyse Vol 24, No 3-4, 1982. p.431-435 3 vol s, 27 em. ISBN 92-64-22390-8 9933 7244 68 ON CS & T in the Science & Inform. Area 8 Ty e. �1 .: A note on the synonymy pr inci§le of property identi- �. Orig. en. Analysis Vol 42, No I, ,1 82. p.52-55 See also 9567. 9569. 9570, 9624. 9630-9632. 9568. 9629 9922 682 75 Question�Answering Systems, Chrenka. A. : Towards the additional work on the specialised Oltline Te chniques subject headings list in informatics. Orig. sb. Inf.a nad. See also 9828, 9952 syst. Vol 6. No 4. 1981 . p.25-47, 41 refs. The ISTIS macro-subject authority now under development will 9934 751 in the future be used by al l the subsystems of the specializ­ Cejtin. G.S. ; Fitialov, S.Ja., Butorov, V.O.• Otkypshchikova, ed STI systems under the authority of the Slovak Socialist M.L, lejkina, a.M., Gerd, A.S.: Development of the linguis­ Republic's Ministry of Culture. The two first levels of divi­ tic support to man-compu ter dia10�ue at Leningrad universit�. sion have been developed and the scope defined for the third. ung. ru. In: lez.uokr .Vses.Konf. Dlalog Chelovek-EVM". th.. leningrad. SU 1982. p.42-45 9923 682 9935 751 Lipow. A.G. : Practical considerations of the current capabi­ fro lities of subject access in online pu blic catalogs. Orig. en. L1br.Resources & Techn.Serv. vo l 21. No 1,1983. p.81-7, 1 ref. of""",,,,"" and communication After discussing the present s1tuation with the use of online contents by fields. e.g. public catalogs it is concluded that one should keep both. e. media10gie. bibliologie, iconolo­ keyword and subject-heading access in online catalogs. As on­ documentologie. etudes de presse. commu­ line catalogs are still in the midst of change and develop­ de masse. informato1ogie, communi cologie fonctio­ ment, one should take the opportunity to shape them accord­ nelle, - persuasive. - didactfque. - artistique, - scienti­ ing to the demands. fique. animation socio-cu1turel1e, technologie de la communi­ cation, sciences socia1es de l'infonnation. economie de l'in­ 9936 751 formation. science politique de 1 'information, psychologie, Pavljuk. O.V. : Main requirements to man-computer interaction droit, histoire. geographie. sOclo10gie de 1 'infonnation. languages and a method of classltlcat10n ot aialogue types. Oriq. ru. In: Tez .Dok1 .Vses.Konf."Dialog Che10vek-EVM". Ch.2. 9924 683 lenlngrad. SU 1982. p. 78-79 Scotti. F.: A new instrument for dOing away with the linguis­ tic Babel in the description of databases. Orig. it. Sist.e 9937 751 automaz. Vol 28. No 227. 1982. p.469-479. 15 refs. Svenonius, E.: Use of classification in online retrieval. Orig. en. Libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. Vol 27. No I, 1983. On CS & Tin the Humanities Area 9 p.76-80, 7 refs. 69 Discussion of 8 kinds of uses of classification in online re­ See also 9633, 9635. 9744 trieval systems of -the future, namely for recall and preci­ sion. to save the time of the user, to contextua1ize the 9926 694 meaning of vague search terms, to provide a structure for Fink, E.F.: Thesaurus on American works of art. Orig. en. meaningful browsing and also to provide a framework for the In: Joint Cont.on Ea sler and More Productlve Use of Computing representation and retrieval of nonbibligraphic information. Systems, Ann Arbor.MI. 20-22 May 1981. SIGSOC Bu ll. Vol 12-13. Automatic c1assiffcation can be used to col locate citations No 481. 1981. p.60 in ways not possible in manual systems and final ly classifi­ cation can be used to achieve compatibility of retrieval lan­ 9927 694 guages by serving as a mediating or switching language. ,C lass�i ficati�o�n-u�r�v"s �e,-y.. Orig. en. ARLIS News Sheet. No 40, 1983��¥. �p.6-1�K�� 9938 753 Dewey, P.R. ; Garber. M.: Eas to use microcom uter enerated 9928 6944 "subject guide" wall chart. Orig. en. Online Weston Vol 7. Castonguay,D.: A thesaurus for Canadian icono ra . Orig.en. No.2, 1983. p.32-43 In: Joint Conf.on Easler an More Productive Use of Computing Systems. Ann Arbor,MI. 20-22 May 1981. SIGSOG Bull. Vol 12-13 9939 754 No 481. 1981. p.59-60 Englert, M. : Aufbau e1nes Suchbaums - Erfahrungen im F.A.Z.­ Archiv. (Constructlon of a search tree - exper1ences 1n tfie archive of the F.A.Z.(Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitun9)) Ori9. 7 CLASSIFICAT. AND LANGUAGE de. Nachr.Dok. Vol 34. No 1, 1983. p.40-44 (Some 100 titles prepared for this section must wait for the 9940 757 next issue (IC 84-1) because of lack of space in this issue) Doszkocs.T.E.: Automatic vocabu lar rna in 1n online search­ l.!!9.. Orig. en. nt.Classif. 10 1983 No 2. p. 7B-83. 7 refs. 71 GENERAL PROBLEMS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE The tenninological differences between the language of au­ thors, indexers, classifiers. searchers and controlled voca­ 9929 711 bulary experts can be effectively bridged by automatic tech­ Baranow,U.G. : Perspectives on the contribution of linguistics nics for mapping natural language queries to control led voca­ and related fields to information SClence. Orig. pt. t1.In- bulary entries in an end user oriented retrieval system, envi­ fonn .. BraSilia, Vol 12, No I, 1983. p.23�35 ronment. The US National library of Medicine's CITE (Compu­ There is, today. a renewed interest in natural language pro­ terized Infonnation Transfer in English) system ;s described ceSsing. As Linguistics is of continuing importance to Infor­ to . illustrate key concepts and implementation technics for mation Science. it is tried to establish those parts of it that uSlng natural language as a compatible intra- and inter-sys­ could eventually be included in the regular Brazilian COUl".­ tem retrieval language interface. (Author) ses for information scientists. Along with this, Computatio­ nal Linguistics. Reading Research, Science of Terminology and Translation Science are suggested as complementary dis� 77 General Problems of Terminology ciplines. Each of these subareas is briefly analyzed with re­ gard to Information Science. See also 9641, 9642, 9654, 9656, 9723. 9731. 9851 9930 714 ml 77.� Lieb.H.-H.: Das "semiotische Dreied" bel Ogden und Richards. Hess-lUttlch, E.W.B.: Fachsorache '82. (Technical language Eine Neufonnulierun1 des Zeichenmodells von Aristoteles. (The 1982) Ortg. de. Fachsprache Vol 5, No 2. 1983. p.73-75 semlot1C trlangle 0 Ogden and Richards . A new approach to the ,Report on a conference under the title mentioned in Bonn, model of a sign of Aristotle) Orig. de? Jel tudomanyi dokumen­ �issenschaftszentrum. Nov.l0-12, 1982. meant to mediate be­ tokBudaoest, HU: Eloadasok 1979. p.9-56 tween theory and practice by bringing together scientists. teachers and experts in language training outside of the 9931 717 schools. especially in connection with the integration of McCabe, V. : The di rect perception of universals: a theory of students and scholars from abroad. The report summarizes the knowl edge acqUisitions. Synthese 52{I982)No.3, p.495-513 contents of the 30 papers presented and discussed.

184 Int.C1assif. 10(1983)No.3 Classification Literature 9942 77.93 infonnation transfer. Orig. sh. Infonnatol .Yugoslav. Vol 14. Galinski. C.: The TermNet Information Strategy. Orig. en. No 1-2, 1982. p.95-97. 9 refs. TennNet News. No 6. 1982. p.36-46. List of reference material REport on the perspectives of the TermNet data flow manage­ ment strategy drafted by Infoterm and discussed at the Info­ 84 C & I of Primary Literature (Except 85) term Advisory Board Meeting. April 21-23, 1982 in Vienna. Concentration on the active information pol icy of TermNet See also 9666. 9816, 9841. 9856 with respect to. bibliographic and factographic data in ter­ lIIilJul u�y

9943 776 Galinski . C.: Terminological data banks. Orig. en. TennNet News . No 6. 19B2. p.34-36 An updating on the state of surveys on and the establishment of terminological data banks. 9964 842 9944 776 Chaffey . P.: The Norwegian Tenn Bank Project. Orig.en. TermNet News, No 6, 1982. p. 30-33

9945 776 Hotard. L.: La Banque de Terminologi e de Quebec. Orig. fro �ennNet News, No" 6, 1982. p. 25-29 9965 842 Wagner,H. : Bewertun von Patentakten beim Amt fUr Erfindun s­ und Patentwesen. The analysis of patent acts at the German 8 De mocrat1c Republic's Patent Office) Orig. de. Archiv-Mitt. APPLIED CLASSING AND Vol 32, No 2. 1982. p.48-51. 10 refs. INDEXING (C & I) 9966 843 81 General Problems of Applied C & I Chandler, J.: Indexes for local and family history: a user IS view. Orig. en. Indexer Vol 13, No 4. 1983. p.223-227 See a�so 9812. 9813. 9B74, 9935 9967 844 9946 81. 06 Fraser. R. : New aids to cumulative periodical indexing. Orig. Bakewell, K.G.B.: Sub "ect indexes: roduction and use in the en. Indexer Vol 13, No 4, 1983. p.228-231 �. Orig. en. Indexer 13 1983 No 4, p. 249-251. 1 ref. Report on the papers of the Annual Weekend Semi nar of the li­ 9968 844 brary Assoc.Cataloguing and Indexing Group, he1d at Chester Gordon, J.A.: Indexing The Indexer. Orig. en. Indexer Vol 13. College. GB. 8-11 Apri l 1983. The 7 papers presented were: No 4. 1983. p.253-254 9947 Revill.O.: The subject approach: the library manager, During the 12 years of its existence there have been a great the user and psychology. - 9948 Austin.D. : On vocabulary con­ variety of indexes to the journal, relating to the character­ trol . - 9949 Metcalfe.N. : LCSH and online subject assecc. - istics of the different indexers. Beginning with vol .12 a set 9950 Peters.H. : Investlgation of user reactions to PRECIS in­ of rules was establ ished for further application and subse­ dexes. - 9951 Chan,G. : Keyword catalogues at Liverpool Poly­ quent consistent production of indexes to The Indexer. technic Library. - 9952 Foster.A.: Online data bases: criter­ ia for selection and use in subject searching. - 9953 Burton. 9969 844 P.: Microcomputers in libraries and indexing. Napier, K. : Indexing a local newspaper. Orig.en. New Zealand Libraries Vol 43, No 12, 1982. p.197-199 9954 812 Achalaja. T.N. ; Al ltschuller, V.A •• Sukiasjan, E.R. : Estima­ 9970 846 tion of the qual ity of sys tematic catalogs. Methodol og� Aderibi recommendations. Orig. ru. Moskva. SU: Gosudarstv.Ordena Le­ nina Biblioteka SSSR im .V.I.lenina 1983. 64p.

9955 812 Chan. G.K.L. : Keywo rd catalogues at Liverpool Polytechnic. 85 Book Indexing Orig. en. Catalogue & Index. No 69. 1983. p.5-B, 5 refs. Description on the hi storical background, the current system 9971 851 of keyword cataloguing (together with classification by DDC) Adimorah. E.N.O.: Indexing and publishers in Nigeria: a plea. the reasons for providin9 keywo rd access. the disadvantages Orig. en. Indexer Vol 13. No 4. 1983. p.246-247, 3 rlifs. of keyword catalogues and conclusions. 9972 851 9%6 812; 42; 47; 95 Barnett.P. : Bevond the appendix with gun and camera. Orig.en. Daragan, A.P.; Kaganova, M.Ja.: Practical scientific seminar Indexer Vol 13. No 4, 1983. p.232-235 at the central scientific library of the AcademY of Sciences of the Ukraine. devoted to the pe rfection of systematic cata­ 9973 857 lo�ues. Orlg. ru. Sb.Nauchn.Tr. - Bibl .Akad.Nauk SSSR. Nauk Anderson, Ch.: "ANSWERII: an 'off-the-shelf I program for com­ SOJuz.Resp. 1982. p.56-63 puter-aided indexing. Orig.en. Indexer 13(l9S3)NO 4, p.236-8

9957 812 9974 857 Harinov. A.: On the effectiveness of the use of a classified Thompson, J.: Index creation on the Wang 01S 130. Orig. en. catalogue. Orig. bg. Arh.pregl .• No I, 1982. p.37-46 Electronic Library Vo l 1. No 3, 1983. p.181-6

9958 812 Serrai, A. : Libraries and catalogues. Orig. it. Firenze, IT: 86 C & I of Secondary Literature Sansoni 1983. 123p. For a review by M.Cochetti see Int.Classif.83-3, p.169. 9975 863 Grabows ka. M.; Wojtasiewicz. O.A.: A tentative classification 9959 814.99- of summaries. Orig. en. J.lnfonn.SC1. Vol 5. No 2-3. 1982. GeiBelmann. F.: Die EinfUhrung der Rege ln fUr den Schlagwort­ p.93-96. 9 refs. katalo RSWK an den bayerischen Bibliotheken. (Introducin9 t e ru es or su Ject cata ogu1ng at t e avarian libraries) 9976 864 Orig. �e. Bibl .Forum Bayern 11(1983)No 1, p.3-23. 10 refs. Aberdeen University. Univ.Teaching Centre: Qualified Citation Indexing Project. Information Retrieval Program ISaOCll'. 9960 81B Users Manual. version 1.0. Orig. en. Paper presented at ETIC Victor-Rood. J.: A critical survey of publ ished computer-gen­ Conf.April . 1981. Arl ington, VA: ERIC 1981. 16p •• EO 208 839 erated indexes and concordances to modern Ge rman I1terature. The database comprises 45 references generated from four key Orig. en. Auc Bull . Vol 9, No 2, 19B1. p.I-8. 71 refs. articles on evaluation. SOUCIT is a qualified citation in­ dex for educational technology designed by the Computer Ser­ vices Unit of Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology. 83 Titie C & I 9977 864 9961 831 Fla tter, G.A.; Broms, H. : The myth of Garfield and citation Kri tovac, D.: The role of the title. abstract and keywo rds in indexing. Orig.en. Tidskrift Dokum. 39(1983)No 1, p.I-8

Int.Classif. 1O(1983)No.3 Classification literature 185 87 C & I on Non-Book Materials 927 9978 872 Hill. T.T.: Indexing of a �hotographic collection. Orig. en. Photographic ConservatlOn 01 4, No I, 1982. p.2-5 9979 872 9990 n7 Stielow, F.J.: Sllb�ect indexing a large photograph collection. Felber, H.: Oas lnternationale Infonnationszentrum fur Ter­ Orig. en. Amer.Arc • Vol 46, No 1, 1983. p.72-74 minolo fe Infoterm ln ien. The International Information enter for ennino ogy Infotem) in Vienna) Orig. de. Multilingua Vol I, No I, 1982. p.175-178. 1 tab. , 2 refs. 88 C & I in Subject Fields 9991 928 See also 9831, 9839, 9841, 9855, 9856 Kartashov, N.S.: The State Prize of the USSR to the library­ BiblioHra�hic Classification. Orig. ru. Sovetskaja Bibliogra­ 9980 88-284; 93 fija, 0 ,1982. p.3-11. 5 refs. Scheel. H. i Worstenfeld. W.: Indexieren in einem internatio­ nalen Infonnationss stem. (Indexlng 1n an lnternatlOnal In­ formation system Orig. de. Informatik Vol 29, No 4, 1982. 93 Organisation on a Natl_ & Internatl. Level p.30-34, 10 refs. See also 9942 9981 88-384 Valle Bracero, A. ; Fernandez Garcia, J.A.: Automatic indexing 9992 934 and coordination of descriptors. Orig. es. Rev.espanola de Kofnovec. L.; Skolek. J. : Der einheitliche Kompl ex von Infonn­ Doc.cient. Vo l 6, No I, 1983, p.9-16, 3 refs. ationsrecherchesprachen in der CSSR. Orig. de. Infonnatik Vol 30, No 2. 1983. p.22-24 9982 88-567 Minns. Ai: Educating adults in indexing adult education. Orig. 9993 934 en. Libr.Assoc.Record Vol 85, No 5, 1983. p. 185 Kralova. A.: Making an inventory of IR languages in the Cze­ choslovak STn system. Orlg. cs. Cs.Infornl. Vol 24, No 7-8. 9983 88-94 1982. p.200-204 Crouch, D. et al .: Indexing in art and architecture: an in­ The inventory is the first testing phase of the planned cur­ vestigation and analysis. Report to the Council on library rent inventory (registration) of prinCipal elements of the Re sources. ung.en. Arlington,VA: ERIC 1981. SIp. ED 214 497 IR languages set of the Czechoslovak STEI system, that is. of thesauri and subject authority files. (Author, abbr.) 9984 88-95 Cartwright, J.: A visual index to plays in perfonnance. Orig. 9994 934 en. Jagger J. Vol I, 1980. p.3-5 Ruchimskaja, E.M.: Analysis of possible methods of coordinat­ Description of the project at the University of Cape Town li­ inS subject indexing of the All-Dnlon Book Chamber and GPNIS brary for the development of a Visual Index to major drama/ 5S R. orig. ru. In: Razrab.l soversh. llngv.obe spech.lnt.pols­ theatrical periodicals and the illustrations contained. The �oskva, SU 1982. p. 27-44, 3 refs. main entry is by title and an author index is provided. 9995 934 Bozha. M.Ja.: Central ized catalOQUlnQ in the Latvian SSR. 9 CLASSIFICATION Orig. ru. In: Razvitie i tendencii soversh.gos.b1bliogr. Riga. SU 1982. p. 97-103 ENVIRONMENT 9985 91 9996 934 Frohmann, n.: A bibliometric analysis of the literature of Zharikova. L.A.; Pimonenko, N.I., Pushkareva, L.B.: Problems cataloguing and classification. Orig. en. libr.Research, No of centralized s stematization in a re ional network of sci- 4, 1982 . p.3S5-373, 10 rets. en 1 lC 1 rarles concernln t e exam e 0 te l erlan On the basis of the review articles "The year's work in cata­ SectlOn of t e cad of SClences . ng.ru. Sbor.Nauc n.Tr. loguing and classificationU during the 12-year period 1969� Bi .A ad Nauk SSSR Akad Nauk Sojuz Resp. 1982. p.44-55. 1980 and their altogether 1615 references a statistical eva­ 7 refs. luation of our literature was made. The 10 tables give data on source items, accessible documents, publication fonnat and medium age, distr1bution of articles among journals, parame­ 95 Education and Training ters and predicted values, distribution of cited articles in the literature of cataloguing and classification, non-libra­ See also 9657. 9956, 9982 ry/ infonnation science journals with four or roore citations, subject, language and author type distributions, author di­ 9997 95 stributions, authors cited six times or more. - Apparently Education and training in developed and develooina"countries: the IC feature "Classification Literature" was not considered with pa rtlcular attentlon to the ASlan Regl on. orlg. en. an adequate source for such an investigation! The Hague: Feder.lnt.Doc. 1983. VII,218p .. ISBN 02-66-00625-4. FID-Publ .No.625 21 papers of the FIDlEr Workshop in Hong Kong, 6-9 Sept. 1982 92 Persons and Institutions presented in 5 Sessions. The volume is concluded by the list of 60 participants. See also 9849, 9860. 9943-9945, 9955 Economic Aspects 9986 924 97 Dahlberg. I. (Comp. ): Who is Who in Classification and Index­ ..i.!!.!:L. Orig. en. Frankfurt/DE: INDEKS VerI . 1983. 174 p .• ISBN 9998 97 3-88672-201-5; FID-Publ.620 Croft. W.n.: Is classification necessary for retrieval? Orig. Contains the addresses of sOOle 700 members of national and en. In: The InfonnatlOn Community. Proc.44th ASIS An n.Meeting. international classification and indexing societies and Vo1 .l8. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Ind.Pub.Inc. 1981. p.336 groups. Infonns also on their affiliations. professional da­ ta, special fields of interest in classification, subject specialties and cites their 4 major article and books. 98 USER STUDIES: See also 9861. 9950, 9957 Arrangement is according to those 45 countries which supplied the data. Alphabetical country, name and subject indexes. - . 99 Standardization 9987 924 Krumholz, W. : �O ,;r;;:. K",!-r',-;,-Fi1l,-"8"O-,J",, ,,h,,re,-,,, ,lt, . Orig. de. DK-�li tt. See also 9734 Vol 26, No 5-6, 1982. p.ll-;-,; 9999 99.23 9988 924 Antopol 'skii.A.B. ; Beloozerov. V.N .• Gavrilova. V.I., Kazakov. lutterbeck, R.: In Memoriam: ProLDr.Martin Scheele. LN., lakhuti, D.G.• Fedosimov, V.I.: A new standard for in­ Orig. en. Int.Classlf. vo l lb, No 2, 1983. p.105-106, incl . formation retrieval thesaurus GOST 7.25-80 . Orig. en. his picture clent. ec n. norm. rocess 0 , 0 • 982. p.30-39 Summary of the life of one of the great classificationists Instruction on the features of a reviesed standard concerning of our times who contributed to the field of organization of thesaurus construction. GOST 18383-73 has been replaced by the knowledge in a number of ways although he was primarily a new standard GOST 7.25-80. The article shows and explains the biologist and establlshed a data bank and its documentation new features and other changes which also take into consider­ in 24 vols. of the entire Gennan biological literature from atign to use a computer for compllation and in automatic in­ 1796-1965. publ ished in some 152 German biological journals. dexlng.

186 Int.Classif. 1O(1983)No.3 Classification literature