Airline Based Priority Flight Sequencing
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Airline based priority flight sequencing of aircraft arriving at an airport R.M. Vervaat ii Airline based priority flight sequencing of aircraft arriving at an airport by R.M. Vervaat to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Monday September 14, 2020 at 2:00 PM. Student number: 4351487 Project duration: September 16, 2019 – September 14, 2020 Thesis committee: Dr. M.A. Mitici, Delft University of Technology, Supervisor Dr. B.F.Santos, Delft University of Technology, Section chair Dr. C. Borst, Delft University of Technology, Examiner This thesis is confidential and cannot be made public until September 14, 2020. An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. i Preface This thesis marks the final step in the path to obtaining the degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineer- ing. The thesis research is conducted in collaboration with the Knowledge & Development Centre (KDC) and the Air Transport & Operations department of the Delft University of Technology. It was a privilege and com- pliment to the academic basis of the TU Delft education to be able to conduct the research with some of the powerhouses of the Dutch commercial aviation field. Special thanks go out to Gerard Verschoor, Marc de Lange, Anne Fennema and Martin Dijkzeul at KLM for their assistance and feedback throughout the project. I would like to express my gratitude towards the fellow students graduating at the KDC "Centre of Excel- lence", who were both academically as well as emotionally of great support during the many days working on the graduation project. My sincere thanks also go out to Ferdinand Dijkstra who provided guidance and expertise from his industry perspective. Ferdinand not only did so with a vast pool of knowledge, but also shared in his truly exceptional and inspirational passion for the aviation industry. I would like to thank my daily supervisor, Dr. Mihaela Mitici, for her coaching, thoughtful feedback and level of detail which undoubtedly pushed the work to a higher level. It was a pleasure and great learning experience completing the thesis under your supervision. At last, I wish to thank Mike Zoutendijk from Delft University of Technology for his feedback and advice throughout the final months of the thesis. R.M. Vervaat Delft, September 1, 2020 ii Contents List of Figures iv List of Tables v Nomenclature vi List of Abbreviations viii Introduction x I Scientific Article 1 II Literature Review (Previously graded under AE4020) 21 1 Introduction 22 2 Literature Review 24 2.1 The Aircraft Planning Process................................... 24 2.1.1 Flight Planning....................................... 24 2.1.2 Flight Execution and Monitoring.............................. 25 2.1.3 Aircraft Landing and Flight Completion.......................... 26 2.2 Problem Formulation....................................... 26 2.2.1 Time Discretization.................................... 28 2.2.2 Objectives......................................... 29 2.2.3 Constraints........................................ 32 2.3 Setup of the Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling Problem.................... 34 2.3.1 TMA and Airfield Arrival Management........................... 34 2.3.2 En-Route Arrival Management............................... 35 2.3.3 Airline-Based Arrival Sequencing and Scheduling..................... 39 2.4 Modelling Methods and Solution Techniques........................... 41 2.4.1 Modelling Methods.................................... 41 2.4.2 Solution Algorithms.................................... 42 3 Conclusion of Literature Review 44 Bibliography 45 III Supplemental Thesis Matter 52 A Fuel Flow modelling - BADA 3 53 B Schematics IPS Scheme 56 B.1 Nominal Arrival Process...................................... 57 B.2 IPS Steered Arrival process.................................... 58 B.3 IPS ATA calculation........................................ 59 B.4 IPS Advances and Push-back................................... 60 C Publication specific breakdown of Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling Problem features 61 iii List of Figures 1 Aircraft bunching before and after ATC intervention [3].........................2 2 Arrival delay variation observed in the test set...............................3 3 Arrival optimisation regions overlaid with nominal flight paths....................4 4 Optimisation horizon overview in the IPS scheme............................6 5 Specific Range (SR) as a function of cruise speed [36]..........................7 6 Schematic overview of arrival timing....................................8 7 Loss of Future Value delay cost function for a European Hub Carrier.................9 8 Distribution of flight demand (top) throughout a day of operations and active arrival runways (bottom)..................................................... 11 9 Runway configuration of Schiphol airport [courtesy: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]........ 11 10 (pre-)departure delay observed for flights arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol during the test period.................................................... 12 11 Random Distribution representing onward passenger connection slack (above minimum con- nection times)................................................. 12 12 Flight rearranging through the IPS algorithm............................... 14 13 On time performance within 15 minutes on 25-01-2019 before and after IPS implementation.. 14 14 Hourly Aircraft normalised average flight delay and aircraft normalised cost savings observed for KLM aircraft on the 25th of January................................... 15 15 Relative Frequency of en-route speed changes observed amongst IPS instructed aircraft on 25- 01-2019..................................................... 15 1.1 Example of aircraft bunching before and after ATC intervention.[Adapted from US patent 7-248- 963]....................................................... 22 2.1 Effect of selected cost index on the climb performance. (Adapted from Roberson[2007]).... 25 2.2 ATC control sections encountered during a nominal flight....................... 25 2.3 Top down view of the optimisation radii. (Eligibility horizon (outer Radius) & freeze horizon (inner Radius))................................................. 27 2.4 Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling optimisation Region as viewed from the side......... 27 2.5 Different optimisation strategies (Bennell et al.[2011])......................... 28 2.6 Receding Horizon Control scheme (adapted from Santos et al.[2017])................ 28 2.7 Extra (passenger) delay due to missed connections............................ 30 36figure.caption.17 2.9 Graphical representation of Interval Metering............................... 37 2.10 Operating fuel consumption and cost for aircraft............................. 38 A.1 In/Output relationship BADA modelling................................. 53 B.1 Schematic overview of a regular unsteerded arrival process....................... 57 B.2 Adjustments to the arrival sequence due to IPS input.......................... 58 B.3 Schematic overview of the IPS ATA and associated calculation..................... 59 B.4 Schematic overview of the IPS ATA gains and pains............................ 60 C.1 Overview of Time Discretisation Schemes used in Publications on the Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling Problem.............................................. 62 C.2 Overview of Objectives used in Publications on the Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling Problem. 63 C.3 Overview of Constraints used in Publications on the Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling Prob- lem........................................................ 64 C.4 Overview of Modelling- and Solution Techniques used in Publications on the Aircraft Sequenc- ing and Scheduling Problem......................................... 65 iv List of Tables 1 Comparison of model cost results for 25 January 2019. N = 573 aircraft................ 13 2 Flight rearranging through the IPS algorithm............................... 13 3 Sensitivity analysis with respect to the fuel price parameter....................... 16 4 Sensitivity analysis with respect to the missed connection cost parameter............. 16 5 Sensitivity analysis with respect to the Action Horizon parameter................... 16 6 Sensitivity analysis with respect to the Loss of Future Value function cost.............. 16 7 Sensitivity analysis with respect to speed control authority....................... 16 8 Optimisation results for the additional formulations of the IPS model................. 16 9 Overview of results from ten (10) simulation days............................. 18 B.1 Position in arrival queue before and after IPS implementation.................... 58 C.1 Overview of Time Discretisation Schemes used in Publications on the Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling Problem.............................................. 62 C.2 Overview of Objectives used in Publications on the Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling Problem. 63 C.3 Overview of Constraints used in Publications on the Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling Problem. 64 C.4 Overview of Modelling- and Solution Techniques used in Publications on the Aircraft Sequenc- ing and Scheduling Problem......................................... 65 v Nomenclature Greek Symbols ¯i ATC delay for aircraft i seconds ±i,j Landing sequence indicator variable between flight i and j - LFV ¢i Loss of Future Value Delay cost function as a function of total flight delay TDi EUR/pax γi IPS cruise