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Chapter 4 Ecology Nematology Monographs & Perspectives, 2014, Vol. 10, 49-53 Chapter 4 Ecology Distribution Members of Hemicycliophoroidea, namely species belonging to the genera Hemicycliophora, Caloosia and Hemicaloosia, are not uniformly distributed throughout the world. Brzeski (1974) reasoned that the main factor influencing the distribution of member species is the research interest of nematologists. This reason certainly holds true when one reflects on the numbers of species documented from particular localities. Hemicycliophora, the most speciose of the three genera, has 132 species regarded as valid in this publication, and therefore should be expected to be distributed over a wider global range than the eight species recognised within Caloosia and nine species within Hemicaloosia. Details of geographical distribution of individual species are given in a separate section dealing with the description of species. Hemicycliophora species have been found on all continents as well as geopolitical Oceania and the Caribbean islands. However, the numbers vary: 47 species have been found in Asia, 37 species from North America (including three from Central America), 33 from Africa, 21 from Oceania, 20 from South America, 19 from Europe, two from the Caribbean (H. andrassyi and H. chilensis from Martinique) and only one species (H. aquatica) from Antarctica. Comparatively few species have been reported from more than two continents. Hemicycliophora typica has been reported from every continent and Oceania, but not the Caribbean islands. Hemicycliophora thienemanni has been reported only from North America, South America, Europe and Africa; H. poranga from North America, South America, Europe and Asia; H. labiata from South America, Asia, Africa and Oceania; H. arenaria from North America, South America and Oceania; H. belemnis from Africa, Asia and South America; H. chilensis from Asia, Caribbean and South America; H. demani from Asia, Australia and Europe; H. natalensis from Asia, Africa and Oceania; H. epicharoides and H. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2014 49 Sheath nematodes of Hemicycliophoroidea, Chitambar and Subbotin lutosa each from Europe, Asia and Africa; H. minora from North America, Asia and Europe; and H. ripa from South America, Europe and Africa. Several species are known from two continents (H. aberrans, H. andrassyi, H. aquatica, H. chathami, H. conida, H. corbetti, H. diolaensis, H. halophila, H. koreana, H. lutosoides, H. micoletzkyi, H. nortoni, H. obtusa, H. penetrans, H. ritteri, H. robusta, H. similis, H. triangulum). Ninety-two Hemicycliophora species are known only from single countries and a list is presented in Table 3. Distribution of a species within a continent or country may cover a range of different countries, states and/or geographical locations. Hemicycliophora conida, H. epicharoides, H. thienemanni, H. thornei, H. triangulum and H. typica are widespread in several countries in Europe, whereas H. aquatica, H. poranga and H. ripa occur in relatively fewer countries. In North America, H. arenaria, H. armandae, H. brevis, H. hesperis, H. poranga and H. raskii are only known from California, whilst H. aberrans and H. obesa are only known from Utah, H. amchitkaensis from Alaska, H. conida from Washington, H. epicharis from Florida, H. micoletzkyi from Maryland, and H. triangulum from Texas. However, other species are widely distributed over a number of states, including H. gigas, H. gracilis, H. similis, H. typica and H. vidua. Species belonging to Caloosia and Hemicaloosia are limited in their global distribution. Both genera have been found in North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Hemicaloosia spp. have also been found in South America. Most species of Caloosia and Hemicaloosia are known from India. Except for C. paxi, which is known from eight locations in seven Indian states, species have been reported from one to three locations and only C. brevicaudata, C. exilis, C. parlona, C. paxi, C. triannulata, H. americanae, H. langola,andH. psidii are known solely from India. Caloosia longicaudata is the only species known to occur in the USA (Hawaiian Islands) and Fiji, whereas C. exigua and C. peculiaris occur only in South Africa. Hemicaloosia paradoxa is the most widespread species known of the genus, distributed in Argentina, Indonesia, Surinam, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Burkina Faso. Hemicaloosia uarki and H. vagisclera are only known from USA. Hemicaloosia luci is known from Brazil and India, whereas H. delpradi and H. nudata are only known from Surinam and Australia (Queensland and New South Wales), respectively. 50 Nematology Monographs & Perspectives.
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