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Bakalářská Práce JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Katedra zpěvu Gospelová hudba Magisterská práce Autor práce: BcA. Jana Melišková Vedoucí práce: odb. as. MgA. Jan Dalecký Oponent práce: PhDr. Alena Borková Brno 2015 „A potom hovoril: Mužovia izraelskí, dobre si rozvážte, čo urobiť s týmito ľuďmi. Lebo pred nedávnom povstal Teudas, ktorý sa vydával za nejakého veľkého, a pripojilo sa k nemu asi štyristo mužov. Ale ho zabili a všetci, ktorí ho poslúchali, sa rozpŕchli a vyšli navnivoč. Po ňom, v dňoch popisu, povstal Judáš Galilejský a strhol so sebou ľud; aj on zahynul a všetci, ktorí ho poslúchali, boli rozprášení. Preto vám teraz hovorím: Dajte pokoj týmto ľuďom a nechajte ich. Lebo ak je z ľudí táto rada alebo toto dielo, rozpadne sa;ak je však z Boha, nebudete ich môcť zahubiť. Aby sa nedokázalo, že bojujete aj proti Bohu.“ Sk 5, 35-39 Bibliografický záznam MELIŠKOVÁ, Jana. Gospelová hudba [Gospel Music]. Brno. Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Hudební fakulta, Katedra zpěvu, 2015. s. 98. Vedoucí Magisterské práce odb. as. MgA. Jan Dalecký. Anotácia Magisterská práca „Gospelová hudba“ pojednáva o vzniku, histórii a vývoji gospelovej hudby na území Ameriky a jej rozšírení do ostatných oblastí sveta. V kontexte krátko predstavuje dôležité osobnosti gospelu a ich význam pre vývoj a bohatosť gospelovej hudby. Stručne se zaoberá hudobne-teoretickými špecifikami a žánrovým rozdelením tejto hudby. Annotation Diploma thesis „Gospel Music” deals with the origin, history and evolution of gospel music in America and its expansion to other areas of the world. Presents important figures of gospel and their importance for the development and richness of gospel music and deals briefly with musical-theoretical specifics and genre division of this music. Kľúčové slová Gospel, spirituál, černošská hudba, sbory, mužské kvartety. Keywords Gospel, spritual, negro-music, choirs, male quartets. Prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som predloženú prácu vypracovala samostatne iba s použitím uvedenej literatúry a prameňov. V Brne, dňa 1. 5. 2015 Jana Melišková Poďakovanie Na tomto mieste by som chcela poďakovať vedúcemu práce odb. as. MgA. Janovi Daleckému a Mgr. Ivete Weis Viskupovej. Ďalej BcA. Zdeňkovi Šimkovi za cenné rady a podporu. Obsah Predslov ______________________________________________________________________ 8 Úvod __________________________________________________________________________ 9 1. História, vývoj, súčasnosť _______________________________________________ 11 1.1 Počiatok a vývoj gospelovej hudby do 1. pol. 20. storočia __________________________ 12 1.1.1 Hudobná forma ________________________________________________________ 13 1.1.2 Rytmus a hudobná štruktúra ______________________________________________ 14 1.1.3 Interpretácia __________________________________________________________ 16 1.1.4 Rozdiel medzi spirituálom a gospelom ______________________________________ 19 1.2 Vývoj gospelu po II. sv. vojne: začiatok Zlatej éry (1945-1955) _____________________ 21 1.2.1 Gospel v Chicagu ______________________________________________________ 23 1.2.1.1 Thomas Andrew Dorsey (1899-1993) __________________________________ 24 1.2.1.2 Sallie Martin (1895-1988) ___________________________________________ 29 1.2.1.3 Theodore R. Frye (1899-1963) _______________________________________ 32 1.2.1.4 Mahalia Jackson (1911-1972) ________________________________________ 33 1.2.1.5 Magnolia Lewis Butts (1880-1949) ____________________________________ 39 1.2.1.6 Roberta Martin (1907-1969) _________________________________________ 39 1.2.1.7 Eugene Smith (1921-2009) a gospel blues ______________________________ 41 1.2.1.8 Kenneth Morris (1917-1988) _________________________________________ 42 1.2.1.9 James Lee _______________________________________________________ 44 1.2.2 Gospelové kvartety v Chicagu ____________________________________________ 45 1.2.2.1 The Soul Stirrers __________________________________________________ 46 1.2.2.2 The Famous Blue Jay Singers ________________________________________ 48 1.2.3 Gospel vo Philadelphii __________________________________________________ 50 1.2.3.1 The Ward Singers _________________________________________________ 50 1.2.3.2 The Davis Sisters __________________________________________________ 52 1.2.3.3 The Dixie Hummingbirds ___________________________________________ 53 1.2.4 Gospel v New Yorku ____________________________________________________ 55 1.2.4.1 Sestra Rosetta Tharpe (1915-1973) ____________________________________ 55 1.3 Rozmach gospelovej hudby vo svete (1955-1965)_________________________________ 58 1.3.1 The Five Blind Boys of Mississippi ________________________________________ 60 1.3.2 The Five Blind Boys of Alabama __________________________________________ 61 1.3.3 The Original Gospel Harmonettes __________________________________________ 62 1.3.4 James Cleveland (1931-1991) _____________________________________________ 64 1.3.5 Lawrence Roberts (1936-2008) ____________________________________________ 65 1.3.6 Edward Smith (1935-1994) _______________________________________________ 65 1.4 Gospelová hudba do súčasnosti (1965-2015) ____________________________________ 67 1.4.1 Andraé Crouch (1941-2015) ______________________________________________ 68 1.4.2 Ron Kenoly (*1944) ____________________________________________________ 70 1.4.3 Súčasné zbory _________________________________________________________ 71 1.4.3.1 Harlem Gospel Choir _______________________________________________ 72 1.4.3.2 The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir ______________________________________ 73 1.4.3.3 The Mississippi Mass Choir _________________________________________ 74 1.4.3.4 Oslo Gospel Choir _________________________________________________ 75 1.4.3.5 The Hope Gospel Singers and Band ___________________________________ 76 2. Stručná hudobná teória, technika a žánre _______________________________ 77 2.1 Notový zápis, akordické značky a aranžmá _____________________________________ 77 2.2 Melodika _________________________________________________________________ 79 2.3 Harmónia_________________________________________________________________ 80 2.4 Frázovanie ________________________________________________________________ 81 2.5 Rytmus ___________________________________________________________________ 84 2.6 Forma a text ______________________________________________________________ 85 2.7 Rozdelenie gospelovej hudby podľa žánru ______________________________________ 86 Záver ________________________________________________________________________ 89 Použité informačné zdroje ___________________________________________________ 91 Zoznam ilustrácií ____________________________________________________________ 96 Zoznam notových ukážok ____________________________________________________ 97 Zoznam skratiek a značiek ___________________________________________________ 98 Predslov Hudba je súčasťou každého z nás. ‚Oslovuje‘ nás či už z televízie, rozhlasu alebo MP3 prehrávačov. Robí nám spoločnosť na cestách i pri chvíľkach oddychu. Jednoducho povedané – patrí k životu. Každému uchu však lahodí niečo iné. Našťastie má hudba mnoho rozmanitých štýlov, stačí sa iba započúvať a vybrať si ten svoj srdcu blízky. Hoci sa venujem klasickému oboru, môjmu srdcu učaroval i svet gospelovej hudby. Na produkovaní tohto žánru sa aktívne podieľam už 15 rokov v zoskupení The Hope Gospel Singers. Gospel v preklade znamená evanjelium – dobrá správa, ktorá je obsiahnutá v evanjeliách Nového Zákona. Prakticky s týmto tvrdením môžeme súhlasiť, nakoľko umelci prostredníctvom gospelových piesní šíria ‚do sveta‘ dobré a radostné správy. Mnoho ľudí si pod týmto pojmom predstaví iba rytmické, energiou nabité skladby, ktoré vyvolávajú radosť a nadšenie. Avšak gospelové piesne, resp. ich texty ukrývajú hlboké a precítené myšlienky. Tým, že som veriaci človek, ich odkaz a obsah na mňa hlboko pôsobí. Táto hudba je plná nádeje, prináša ľuďom silné posolstvo a neraz ovplyvňuje ich konanie a životy, ukrýva tak v sebe niekoľko funkcií. Mnoho súčasných gospelových piesní je akousi vnútornou spoveďou ich autora, akýmsi vyjadrením jeho viery a presvedčenia. Pre mnohých je však tento hudobný žáner stále neprebádaným ‚kútom‘ hudobného sveta. Práve táto skutočnosť ma podnietila k výberu témy mojej diplomovej práce – Gospel Music. 8 Úvod O máloktorom hudobnom žánre môžeme prehlásiť, že by vznikal za tak vypätých a krajných okolností ako práve gospel. Je to ale až s údivom paradoxné, že pri počúvaní akejkoľvek gospelovej piesne je práve smútok, bolesť a bezvýchodnosť to posledné, čo nás napadne, že mohlo byť podnetom ku vzniku tak radostnej hudby. Gospel je jedným z mála hudobných žánrov, ktorý vznikal akosi spontánne, prirodzene z človeka – bez cieľavedomého zasahovania a skladateľskej práce autorov, hľadajúcích nový, moderný, neprekonaný hudobný smer v pohodlí svojich hudobných pracovní. Samozrejme netvrdíme, že v gospelovej hudbe nenachádzame zhodné a široko platné hudobne teoretické zákonitosti, s ktorými prichádzame denno denne do styku. Avšak prazákladný pôvod týchto pravidiel, využívanie techniky zvolania a odpovede resp. nám známe malé piesňové formy dvojdielne a viacdielne majú základ v brutálnom období otroctva, neľudských pracovných podmienkach a neistote uchovania si vlastného života. Nie je nadsázkou, keď povieme, že prvým spevákom, ktorí sa účastnili tajných schôdzí, kde spievali piesne, ktoré si pamätali z africkej domoviny, modlili sa a podporovali sa navzájom, hrozil trest smrti v prípade ich odhalenia. Nie je
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