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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „American Firefighters. Aufstieg und Fall der Helden von 9/11 in den US- Medien“ Verfasserin Sandra Schabauer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Gissenwehrer 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ......................................................................................................................7 2. Helden............................................................................................................................9 2.1 Helden im Wandel der Zeit ..............................................................................................9 2.2 Der Held im Mythos.......................................................................................................13 2.3 Der Monomythos als filmische Erzählstruktur...............................................................20 2.4 Kulturelle, historische und politische Aspekte der USA................................................24 2.5 Entstehung und Entwicklung des Heldenmythos in den USA.......................................27 2.6 Heldenmythos und Religion...........................................................................................31 2.7 Paradoxe des Heldenmythos ..........................................................................................31 2.8 Demokratischer Heroismus ............................................................................................33 3. Mediale Berichterstattung......................................................................................... 36 3.1 Das US-amerikanische Mediensystem...........................................................................36 3.2 Realität vs. Medienwirklichkeit .....................................................................................39 3.3 9/11 in den US-Medien .................................................................................................43 4. Heroisierung der Feuerwehrmänner........................................................................ 53 4.1 Feuerwehrmänner in der realen Berichterstattung .........................................................55 4.2 Fiktionale Medien nach 9/11..........................................................................................59 4. 3 „9/11“- die Dokumentation ...........................................................................................64 4.3.1 Aufbruch/Exposition................................................................................................66 4.3.2 Initiation/Krise .........................................................................................................68 4.3.3 Rückkehr/Auflösung ................................................................................................72 4.3.4 Parallelen zur realen Berichterstattung ....................................................................76 5. Vermenschlichung...................................................................................................... 78 5.1 Traumabewältigung in den Medien................................................................................78 5.2 „The Guys“.....................................................................................................................80 5.3 Grundbegriffe der Semiotik............................................................................................85 5.4 Analyse „The Guys“.......................................................................................................87 5.5 Vermenschlichung des Protagonisten.............................................................................89 6. Dekonstruktion ........................................................................................................... 91 6.1 Antihelden ......................................................................................................................91 6.2 „Rescue Me“...................................................................................................................93 3 6.2.1 Tommy Gavin ..........................................................................................................95 6.3 Analyse...........................................................................................................................96 6.3.1 Sprachebene ...........................................................................................................101 6.3.2 Makrostruktur.........................................................................................................102 7. Nachwort ................................................................................................................... 108 8. Bibliographie............................................................................................................. 111 8.1 Internetquellen..............................................................................................................116 8.2 Filmographie ................................................................................................................117 8.3 Abbildungsverzeichnis .................................................................................................117 9. Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 119 Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................................. 121 4 Danksagung Ich widme diese Arbeit meinen Eltern, denen ich unsagbar dankbar für ihre Unterstützung bin. Des Weiteren bedanke ich mich herzlich bei meinem geduldigen und stressresistenten Be- treuer, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Gissenwehrer, sowie bei Mag. MSc. Herbert Peklar und Mag. Elisabeth Tappauf. Besonderer Dank gebührt außerdem meinem Freund, Markus Zulehner BSc. 5 6 1. Einleitung Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit setzt sich, wie aus dem Titel entnommen werden kann, mit der Heroisierung der Feuerwehrmänner in den US-Medien nach 9/11 auseinander. Die Hel- denfiguren finden sich in allen Epochen und sämtlichen Kulturen. Es scheint ein originäres, menschliches Bedürfnis zu sein, an eine Erlöser- bzw. Retterfigur zu glauben und darüber Geschichten zu erzählen. Anhand der Heldenerzählungen kann auf das Wertesystem der Gesellschaft geschlossen werden, aus der die Geschichte stammt, denn Helden verkörpern zumeist die Eigenschaften, die als besonders nobel und positiv gelten. Neben den Werten verweisen die Figuren zusätzlich auf die Technologie einer Gesellschaft, die einen großen Einfluss auf die Charakterisierung der Helden hat. Nachdem ein Überblick über den historischen Wandel der Heldenfiguren unter Berücksich- tigung des technologischen Fortschritts gegeben wird, widmet sich das anschließende Kapi- tel der Struktur und den Funktionen von Heldenerzählungen. Der amerikanische Mythologe Joseph Campbell hat durch das Studium zahlreicher Mythen eine Struktur der Heldenerzäh- lung definiert, welche er als Monomythos bezeichnet. Dieser Monomythos bildet nicht nur die Grundlage aller Heldennarrationen, sondern die Grundstruktur für Erzählungen im All- gemeinen. Seit Jahrtausenden hat sich diese Struktur nicht verändert und kann sogar auf die Erzählweise von Hollywoodfilmen umgelegt werden. Der Monomythos wird danach im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der Heldenfiguren in den USA zum American Monomyth, dem Prototyp des amerikanischen Helden. Wie sich dieser Prototyp in die Geschehnisse des 11. September 2001 einfügt, beziehungs- weise welche Funktion die Heroisierung der Feuerwehrmänner nach 9/11 für die amerikani- sche Gesellschaft erfüllt hat, ist Gegenstand des darauf folgenden Kapitels. Im Zuge der medialen Berichterstattung wurden die Feuerwehrmänner zu nationalen Helden und Symbo- len der Hoffnung. Neben dem Vergleich von Medienberichten soll vor allem die Auseinan- dersetzung mit der Dokumentation 9/11 der Naudet-Brüder die Heroisierung verdeutlichen. Inwiefern sich der Heldenstatus im Laufe der letzten zehn Jahre verändert hat, wird durch eine Analyse des Films „The Guys“ und der TV-Serie „Rescue Me“ veranschaulicht. „The Guys“ erzählt die Geschichte eines Feuerwehrchiefs, der für acht seiner Kollegen Nachrufe schreiben soll und dabei Hilfe von einer Journalistin bekommt. Der Film themati- 7 siert die Trauer und das Trauma, welche die Anschläge bei Betroffenen und Angehörigen ausgelöst haben. Die Feuerwehrmänner werden darin erstmals menschlich und verletzlich charakterisiert. Mit dem methodischen Rückgriff auf das Modell der semiotischen Textana- lyse soll das Phänomen der Vermenschlichung aufgedeckt werden. Als vorläufiger Abschluss der Entwicklung der Feuerwehrmänner zu Heldenfiguren kann die TV-Serie „Rescue Me“ gelten, in der es zu einer Dekonstruktion der Helden kommt. Die Serie thematisiert den Alltag einer New Yorker Feuerwache nach 9/11. Die Feuerwehrmän- ner werden dabei als alkoholabhängige, testosterongesteuerte und wettsüchtige „Draufgän- ger“ dargestellt, die keinerlei Ähnlichkeiten mehr zu den Heldenfiguren des 11. September aufweisen. Das Erkenntnisinteresse dieser Arbeit liegt also darin, die dreistufige Entwicklung der Feu- erwehrmänner von der Heroisierung über die Vermenschlichung bis hin zur Dekonstruktion, also zu Antihelden, analytisch
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