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Stem Cells in Marine Organisms Baruch Rinkevich · Valeria Matranga Editors

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Stem Cells in Marine Organisms Baruch Rinkevich · Valeria Matranga Editors Stem Cells in Marine Organisms Baruch Rinkevich · Valeria Matranga Editors Stem Cells in Marine Organisms 123 Editors Prof. Dr. Baruch Rinkevich Dr. Valeria Matranga Israel Oceanographic & Istituto di Biomedicina e Limnological Research Immunologia 31 080 Haifa Molecolare “Alberto Monroy” Consiglio Nazionale delle Israel Ricerche [email protected] Via La Malfa, 153 90146 Palermo Italy [email protected] ISBN 978-90-481-2766-5 e-ISBN 978-90-481-2767-2 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2767-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927004 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Front Cover: Botryllus schlosseri, a colonial tunicate, with extended blind termini of vasculature in the periphery. At least two disparate stem cell lineages (somatic and germ cell lines) circulate in the blood system, affecting life history parameters. Photo by Guy Paz. Back Cover: Paracentrotus lividus four-week-old larvae with fully grown rudiments. Sea urchin juveniles will develop from the echinus rudiment which followed the asymmetrical proliferation of left set-aside cells budding from the primitive intestine of the embryo. Photo by Rosa Bonaventura. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Stem cell biology is a fast developing scientific discipline. Based on solid basic aspects, this emerging cell biology field is associated with highly popular applied features. Growing attention is devoted in recent years toward studies on stem cells biology in model organisms (mainly mammalians) including stem cells differen- tiation and gene expression in selective vertebrates. These studies, in addition to their inherent interest in the general biological phenomenon of stem cells, are moti- vated by the rationale that stem cells might serve in fighting against human diseases, or in regenerating damaged organs in humans. While the literature on stem cell from vertebrates is rich and expanding in an exponential rate, investigations on marine organisms’ stem cells are very limited and scarce. This is in spite of the results, pointing that marine organisms’ stem cells are important in various biolog- ical disciplines that involve understanding of mechanisms promoting cell growth and differentiation, in developmental biology aspects such as regeneration and bud- ding processes in marine invertebrates, body maintenance of marine organisms (including those that may live for decades), aging and senescence. It is unfortunate that the research on marine organisms is lagging behind the studies on vertebrates and some invertebrate model organism (like Drosophila melanogater and Caenorhabditis elegans), in spite the discoveries that very potent stem cells exist, even in the most primitive multicellular marine organisms (like sponges and cnidarians). Recent studies further revealed similarities between the biological properties of stem cells in marine organisms and the vertebrates, and confirmed the existence of unique properties associated with stem cells from marine organisms that lead to phenomena such as somatic and germ cell parasitism, or whole body regeneration. These results also showed that marine invertebrates’ stem cells are characterized by an efficient motility within an organism and between organisms, that they have the ability to parasitize effectively host organisms, in the same species or in other species, with stemness and unlimited replication charac- terization. Marine invertebrate stem cells have the ability to blend with other cell lineages, blurring the line between distinct somatic and germ cell lineages, co-opting and managing somatic cells to collaborate in parasitic agenda and in many cases (like sponges and cnidarians) they lack of a distinct niche where they reside. The book is the outcome of discussions raised during and original presentations at the Exploratory Workshop on Stem Cells in Marine Organisms held in Palermo v vi Preface (Italy), in November 2006 (http://www.ibim.cnr.it/stemcell/index.htm), under the umbrella of the NoE Marine Genomics Europe and hosted by the CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology “Alberto Monroy”. In addition, solicited contributions were brought together to gather recent knowledge in the identifica- tion and functional characterization of stem cells in marine organisms and genes expressed in growing and differentiating cells of these organisms. The book holds 14 chapters on marine stem cells, including theoretical chapters, overview essays and specific research outcomes. In addition to the aim in summarizing much of the knowledge on marine invertebrates’ stem cells biology, another important aim is to reach a larger scientific community in order to encourage the study on marine invertebrate stem cells, theoretically, practically and through innovative technology. This might lead to biotechnologically relevant discoveries or breakthrough in the mainstream research on stem cell biology. Last we would like to thank all the contributors to this book as we are confident that the high scientific value of their reviews on past and current findings will serve as a forum of ideas for the exploitation of marine invertebrate stem cells biology and will promote the development of studies in the new exciting field. In honor of the bicentenary of Charles Darwin’s birth (February 12th, 1809), we would like to close this preface by the recommendation to look at the sea as a source of knowledge and life experience. Darwin used to say “It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change”. Thus, very much can be learnt from marine invertebrates, have been surviving on Earth for so many geological periods, posing major challenges to scientists that try to reveal their most intimate secretes. Special warm thanks go Francesca Zito for her generous assistance and friendly collaboration in handling all the matters related to the editorial work. The Editors Haifa, Israel Baruch Rinkevich Palermo, Italy Valeria Matranga Contents 1 Stem Cells: Autonomy Interactors that Emerge as Causal Agents and Legitimate Units of Selection ............... 1 Baruch Rinkevich 2 Putative Stem Cell Origins in Solitary Tunicates ........... 21 Edwin L. Cooper 3 Cnidarian Interstitial Cells: The Dawn of Stem Cell Research ... 33 Uri Frank, Günter Plickert, and Werner A. Müller 4 Stem Cells in Aquatic Invertebrates: Common Premises and Emerging Unique Themes .................... 61 Yuval Rinkevich, Valeria Matranga and Baruch Rinkevich 5 Stem Cells in Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates ... 105 Helen Nilsson Sköld, Matthias Obst, Mattias Sköld, and Bertil Åkesson 6 Neuroimmune Chemical Messengers and Their Conservation During Evolution .............. 139 George B. Stefano, Michel Salzet, and Enzo Ottaviani 7 Regenerating Echinoderms: A Promise to Understand Stem Cells Potential .......................... 165 M. Daniela Candia-Carnevali, Michael C. Thorndyke, and Valeria Matranga 8 Secondary Mesenchyme Cells as Potential Stem Cells of the Sea Urchin Embryo ........................... 187 Francesca Zito and Valeria Matranga 9 Cell Dynamics in Early Embryogenesis and Pluripotent Embryonic Cell Lines: From Sea Urchin to Mammals ....... 215 Anne-Marie Genevière, Antoine Aze, Yasmine Even, Maria Imschenetzky, Clara Nervi, and Luigi Vitelli 10 Regeneration in Hemichordates and Echinoderms ......... 245 Amanda L. Rychel and Billie J. Swalla vii viii Contents 11 Stem Cells in Sexual and Asexual Reproduction of Botryllus schlosseri (Ascidiacea, Tunicata): An Overview ........... 267 Loriano Ballarin and Lucia Manni 12 Stem Cells, Chimerism and Tolerance: Lessons from Mammals and Ascidians ................ 281 Ayelet Voskoboynik, Baruch Rinkevich, and Irving L. Weissman 13 Effect of Bacterial Infection on Stem Cell Pattern in Porifera ... 309 Werner E.G. Müller, Márcio Reis Custódio, Matthias Wiens, Carla Zilberberg, Amélie Châtel, Isabel M. Müller, and Heinz C. Schröder 14 Defence Mechanisms and Stem Cells in Holothuria polii and Sipunculus nudus ......................... 337 Giuseppina D’Ancona Lunetta Index ..................................... 369 Contributors Antoine Aze Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, CNRS, UMR 7628, Banyuls-sur-mer, BP44, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66651 France, [email protected] Bertil Åkesson Zoology, Göteborg University, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden, [email protected] Loriano Ballarin Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U.Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy, [email protected] M. Daniela Candia-Carnevali Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy, [email protected] Amélie Châtel Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany, [email protected] Edwin L. Cooper Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School Of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA, [email protected] Márcio Reis Custódio Departamento
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