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The Diversity of Hydras (Cnidaria: Hydridae) in the Baikal Region

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The Diversity of Hydras (Cnidaria: Hydridae) in the Baikal Region Limnology and Freshwater Biology 2018 (2): 107-112 DOI:10.31951/2658-3518-2018-A-2-107 Original Article The diversity of hydras (Cnidaria: Hydridae) in the Baikal region Peretolchina T.E.*, Khanaev I.V., Kravtsova L.S. Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia ABSTRACT. We have studied the fauna of Hydra in the waters of the Baikal region using morphological and molecular genetic methods. By the external morphological features of the structure of the polyp and the microscopic study of nematocysts, we have identified four species belonging to three different genetic groups: “oligactis group” (Hydra oligactis, H. oxycnida), “braueri group” (H. circumcincta) and “vulgaris group” (H. vulgaris). Molecular phylogenetic analysis has confirmed the species status of the hydras studied. The intraspecific genetic distances between the Baikal and European hydras are 1.5– 4.2% and 0.4–2.7% of the substitutions in COI and ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 markers, respectively, while, inter- specific distances for different species significantly exceed intraspecific and amount to 9.8−16.1% and 6.4−32.1% of substitutions for the markers COI and ITS1–5.8S–ITS2, respectively. The temperature regime of the water and the availability of food resources, which play a key role in the reproduction of hydras, determine the habitats of the identified species. The research performed has replenished the regional fauna with species whose findings were previously considered presumptive or doubtful. The first record of H. vulgaris in the artificial reservoir near the Angara River (Lake Kuzmikhinskoye) will help to clarify the distribution of this species. Keywords: Baikal region, Hydra, nematocysts, molecular phylogenetic analysis 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods Hydra is a member of the ancient phylum Hydras were collected at depths of 1 to 18 meters Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, order Hydroida, family by a scuba diver and with hands: 1) along the littoral Hydridae. Genus Hydra comprises 15 species (Jankowski zone of Lake Baikal; 2) in Posolsky Sor. Hydras together et al., 2008), five of them are found in Europe: Hydra with aquatic plants were also collected by hands from viridissima Pallas, 1766, H. circumcincta Schulze, 1914, lakes Zama (near Lake Baikal) and Kuzmikhinskoye H. oligactis Pallas, 1766, H. vulgaris Pallas, 1766 and H. (the artificial reservoir near the Angara River) at depths oxycnida Schulze, 1914 (Schuchert, 2010). of 0.5 m (Fig. 1). Typically, representatives of Hydra There have been no detailed studies of the were brought live to the laboratory, but some samples fauna of the cnidarians in Lake Baikal. According were fixed in 80% ethanol in the field. to available literature data, four species of fresh- The nematocysts of Hydra representatives water hydroids of the genus Hydra were recorded in (stenoteles, desmonemes holotrichous and atrichous Lake Baikal: H. baikalensis, H. oligactis and, rarely, H. isorhizas) were photographed using Olympus CX22 circumcincta, H. oxycnida (= H. oxycnidoides sensu microscope with 1000-fold magnification under Shultze, 1927) (Kozhov, 1962; Stepanyants et al., 2003; oil immersion. Morphometric measurements of 2006). Gajewskaja supposed the existence of H. vulgaris holotrichous isorhizas and stenoteles were carried out in Lake Baikal (Gajewskaja, 1933); however, subse- with the Image-Pro program (Table 1). Hydras spe- quent researchers never found H. vulgaris, as well as H. cimens were identified according to keys provided by oxycnida, and doubted their presence in the lake. In the Schuchert (2010) and Anokhin (2002). “Index of animal species inhabiting Lake Baikal and its DNA was extracted from a single live or fixed catchment area”, only two species are mentioned: H. specimen according to the protocol described by Doyle oligactis and H. baikalensis (Stepanyants and Anokhin, and Dickson (1987). Gene fragments of mitochondrial 2001). cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and internal The aim of this work was to study the diversity transcribed spacer 1 – 5.8S ribosomal DNA – internal of the fauna of the hydroids in the Baikal region using transcribed spacer 2 (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) were amplified morphological and molecular genetic methods. in PCR using the primers listed in Table 2. The PCR *Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (T.E. Peretolchina) © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. 107 Peretolchina T.E. et al. / Limnology and Freshwater Biology 2018 (2): 107-112 Fig. 1. A – Sampling sites of Hydra; B – photos of massively growing H. oligactis on the dying Porifera (a, b) and on the fila- mentous algae (c) (photos by I.V. Khanaev) amplification conditions for both molecular markers rior probabilities of the phylogenetic tree, we used were as follows: denaturation at 94 ºC for 5 min, 30 15,000,000 generations of Metropolis-coupled Markov cycles at 94 ºC for 30 sec, 50 ºC for 45 sec, 72 ºC for chain Monte Carlo simulation (two runs with four 2 min, and a final elongation step at 72 ºC for 10 min. chains). We used the jModelTest v.2.1 (Darriba et al., Direct sequencing of forward sequences was performed 2012) to determine the substitution models for the three in Research and Production Company SYNTOL (Russia) genes separately. The best-fit model for phylogenetic using an ABI 3130 automated sequencer. analysis in each case was GTR+I+G. We constructed The DNA sequences obtained were edited in a majority-rule (50%) consensus tree following 25% BioEdit v.7.2.5 (Hall, 2011) and aligned using ClustalW burn-in of all sampled trees to allow likelihood values (Thompson et al., 1994) and MAFFT v.6.240 (Katoh et to reach stationary equilibrium. al., 2002). Resulting COI alignment was translated to check for the absence of stop codons. To confirm species 3. Results and discussion identity, we compared our sequence dataset with the published ortholog sequences from other members of All Hydra samples collected were identified by Hydra and analyzed genetic distances using Mega v.6 external morphology of polyps and microscopic exa- (Table 3) (Tamura et al., 2013). mination of their nematocysts as H. oligactis, H. oxycnida Phylogenetic analysis was performed using (“oligactis group”), H. circumcincta (“braueri group”) MrBayes v.3.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, 2003). and H. vulgaris (“vulgaris group”) (Fig. 2). The dataset consisted of eight combined COI+ITS1– The consensus tree topology (Fig. 3) based on 5.8S–ITS2 sequences: four sequences of hydra spe- combined sequence data (COI and ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) cimens produced for this study and four ones of spe- have confirmed that hydras from the Baikal region cimens belonging to European species: H. circumcincta belong to four species: H. circumcincta, H. oligactis, H. (GU722853, GU722669), H. oligactis (GU722868, vulgaris and H. oxycnida. The intra-specific distances GU722691), H. vulgaris (GU722918, GU722744) and of hydras from the Baikal region and Europe do not H. oxycnida (GU722876, GU722690) (Martínez et al., exceed 5% that indicate species level of the samples 2010) retrieved from GenBank. To estimate the poste- studied (Martínez et al., 2010; Schwentner and Bosch, Table 1. The nematocysts sizes of different species of Hydra from the Baikal region Species holotrichous isorhiza stenotele width, µm length, µm n width, µm length, µm n x±m min max x±m min max x±m min max x±m min max H. oligactis 4.2±<0.1 3.1 5.2 8.8±0.1 7.4 11.4 100 9.6±0.1 9.1 9.9 12.9±0.2 12.2 13.6 8 H. oxycnida 4.2±0.1 3.9 4.8 10.1±0.2 8.9 11.4 15 11.8±0.2 10.7 12.8 20.3±0.5 18.0 22.8 9 H. circumcincta 5.8±0.1 4.9 6.7 8.6±0.1 7.5 9.4 29 11.6±0.5 10.6 12.6 13.6±<0.1 13.5 13.6 3 H. vulgaris 4.7±0.1 4.2 5.2 10.2±0.2 7.9 12.4 19 12.6±2.2 9.9 25.6 16.4±2.6 11.6 31.9 7 x- mean, m – standard error of mean, min and max – limits, n – number of measurements 108 Peretolchina T.E. et al. / Limnology and Freshwater Biology 2018 (2): 107-112 Table 2. Primers used in this study Gene Primer Reference COI LCO1490: 5’-GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3’ Folmer et al. (1994) HCO2198: 5’-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3’ ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 ITS1 (f): 5’-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G-3’ White et al. (1990) ITS4 (r): 5’- TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3 2015). Inter-specific distances varied from 9.8% to America (Hyman, 1930; Holstein, 1995; Stepanyants et 16.1% between COI sequences and from 6.4% to 32.1% al., 2006). between ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 sequences for different species Hydra oxycnida Schulze, 1914, syn.: Hydra of Hydra (Table 3). Large genetic distances between oxycnidoides Schulze, 1927, Hydra pirardi Brien, 1961. hydras belonging to different genetic groups deter- Description. Very large dark brown Hydra without mined by ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 marker can be explained by pedicel, stenoteles are markedly ovoid (Fig 2D), width/ presence of indels obtained after alignment. length ratio is 0.6, and upper part is characteristically Below are the ecological and morphological cha- pointed. Holotrichous isorhizas are ovoid to oval, the racteristics of the studied species (the description of the length/width ratio is >2 (Fig. 2B), there is shaft in species based on morphological characters according intact capsule thread in 3-4 oblique or transverse coils to Schuchert (2010) and measurements of nematocysts in the upper part of capsule.
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